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Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/git-worktree.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/git-worktree.txt | 407 |
1 files changed, 273 insertions, 134 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt index 85d92c9..2a240f5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt @@ -9,12 +9,14 @@ git-worktree - Manage multiple working trees SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git worktree add' [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock] [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>] -'git worktree list' [--porcelain] +'git worktree add' [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]] + [--orphan] [(-b | -B) <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>] +'git worktree list' [-v | --porcelain [-z]] 'git worktree lock' [--reason <string>] <worktree> 'git worktree move' <worktree> <new-path> 'git worktree prune' [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>] 'git worktree remove' [-f] <worktree> +'git worktree repair' [<path>...] 'git worktree unlock' <worktree> DESCRIPTION @@ -24,34 +26,51 @@ Manage multiple working trees attached to the same repository. A git repository can support multiple working trees, allowing you to check out more than one branch at a time. With `git worktree add` a new working -tree is associated with the repository. This new working tree is called a -"linked working tree" as opposed to the "main working tree" prepared by "git -init" or "git clone". A repository has one main working tree (if it's not a -bare repository) and zero or more linked working trees. When you are done -with a linked working tree, remove it with `git worktree remove`. +tree is associated with the repository, along with additional metadata +that differentiates that working tree from others in the same repository. +The working tree, along with this metadata, is called a "worktree". + +This new worktree is called a "linked worktree" as opposed to the "main +worktree" prepared by linkgit:git-init[1] or linkgit:git-clone[1]. +A repository has one main worktree (if it's not a bare repository) and +zero or more linked worktrees. When you are done with a linked worktree, +remove it with `git worktree remove`. + +In its simplest form, `git worktree add <path>` automatically creates a +new branch whose name is the final component of `<path>`, which is +convenient if you plan to work on a new topic. For instance, `git +worktree add ../hotfix` creates new branch `hotfix` and checks it out at +path `../hotfix`. To instead work on an existing branch in a new worktree, +use `git worktree add <path> <branch>`. On the other hand, if you just +plan to make some experimental changes or do testing without disturbing +existing development, it is often convenient to create a 'throwaway' +worktree not associated with any branch. For instance, +`git worktree add -d <path>` creates a new worktree with a detached `HEAD` +at the same commit as the current branch. If a working tree is deleted without using `git worktree remove`, then its associated administrative files, which reside in the repository (see "DETAILS" below), will eventually be removed automatically (see `gc.worktreePruneExpire` in linkgit:git-config[1]), or you can run -`git worktree prune` in the main or any linked working tree to -clean up any stale administrative files. +`git worktree prune` in the main or any linked worktree to clean up any +stale administrative files. -If a linked working tree is stored on a portable device or network share -which is not always mounted, you can prevent its administrative files from -being pruned by issuing the `git worktree lock` command, optionally -specifying `--reason` to explain why the working tree is locked. +If the working tree for a linked worktree is stored on a portable device +or network share which is not always mounted, you can prevent its +administrative files from being pruned by issuing the `git worktree lock` +command, optionally specifying `--reason` to explain why the worktree is +locked. COMMANDS -------- add <path> [<commit-ish>]:: -Create `<path>` and checkout `<commit-ish>` into it. The new working directory -is linked to the current repository, sharing everything except working -directory specific files such as HEAD, index, etc. `-` may also be -specified as `<commit-ish>`; it is synonymous with `@{-1}`. +Create a worktree at `<path>` and checkout `<commit-ish>` into it. The new worktree +is linked to the current repository, sharing everything except per-worktree +files such as `HEAD`, `index`, etc. As a convenience, `<commit-ish>` may +be a bare "`-`", which is synonymous with `@{-1}`. + -If <commit-ish> is a branch name (call it `<branch>`) and is not found, +If `<commit-ish>` is a branch name (call it `<branch>`) and is not found, and neither `-b` nor `-B` nor `--detach` are used, but there does exist a tracking branch in exactly one remote (call it `<remote>`) with a matching name, treat as equivalent to: @@ -66,82 +85,119 @@ one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the `<branch>` isn't unique across all remotes. Set it to e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` to always checkout remote branches from there if `<branch>` is ambiguous but exists on the -'origin' remote. See also `checkout.defaultRemote` in +`origin` remote. See also `checkout.defaultRemote` in linkgit:git-config[1]. + If `<commit-ish>` is omitted and neither `-b` nor `-B` nor `--detach` used, -then, as a convenience, the new worktree is associated with a branch -(call it `<branch>`) named after `$(basename <path>)`. If `<branch>` -doesn't exist, a new branch based on HEAD is automatically created as -if `-b <branch>` was given. If `<branch>` does exist, it will be -checked out in the new worktree, if it's not checked out anywhere -else, otherwise the command will refuse to create the worktree (unless -`--force` is used). +then, as a convenience, the new worktree is associated with a branch (call +it `<branch>`) named after `$(basename <path>)`. If `<branch>` doesn't +exist, a new branch based on `HEAD` is automatically created as if +`-b <branch>` was given. If `<branch>` does exist, it will be checked out +in the new worktree, if it's not checked out anywhere else, otherwise the +command will refuse to create the worktree (unless `--force` is used). ++ +If `<commit-ish>` is omitted, neither `--detach`, or `--orphan` is +used, and there are no valid local branches (or remote branches if +`--guess-remote` is specified) then, as a convenience, the new worktree is +associated with a new unborn branch named `<branch>` (after +`$(basename <path>)` if neither `-b` or `-B` is used) as if `--orphan` was +passed to the command. In the event the repository has a remote and +`--guess-remote` is used, but no remote or local branches exist, then the +command fails with a warning reminding the user to fetch from their remote +first (or override by using `-f/--force`). list:: -List details of each worktree. The main worktree is listed first, followed by -each of the linked worktrees. The output details include if the worktree is -bare, the revision currently checked out, and the branch currently checked out -(or 'detached HEAD' if none). +List details of each worktree. The main worktree is listed first, +followed by each of the linked worktrees. The output details include +whether the worktree is bare, the revision currently checked out, the +branch currently checked out (or "detached HEAD" if none), "locked" if +the worktree is locked, "prunable" if the worktree can be pruned by the +`prune` command. lock:: -If a working tree is on a portable device or network share which -is not always mounted, lock it to prevent its administrative -files from being pruned automatically. This also prevents it from -being moved or deleted. Optionally, specify a reason for the lock -with `--reason`. +If a worktree is on a portable device or network share which is not always +mounted, lock it to prevent its administrative files from being pruned +automatically. This also prevents it from being moved or deleted. +Optionally, specify a reason for the lock with `--reason`. move:: -Move a working tree to a new location. Note that the main working tree -or linked working trees containing submodules cannot be moved. +Move a worktree to a new location. Note that the main worktree or linked +worktrees containing submodules cannot be moved with this command. (The +`git worktree repair` command, however, can reestablish the connection +with linked worktrees if you move the main worktree manually.) prune:: -Prune working tree information in $GIT_DIR/worktrees. +Prune worktree information in `$GIT_DIR/worktrees`. remove:: -Remove a working tree. Only clean working trees (no untracked files -and no modification in tracked files) can be removed. Unclean working -trees or ones with submodules can be removed with `--force`. The main -working tree cannot be removed. +Remove a worktree. Only clean worktrees (no untracked files and no +modification in tracked files) can be removed. Unclean worktrees or ones +with submodules can be removed with `--force`. The main worktree cannot be +removed. + +repair [<path>...]:: + +Repair worktree administrative files, if possible, if they have become +corrupted or outdated due to external factors. ++ +For instance, if the main worktree (or bare repository) is moved, linked +worktrees will be unable to locate it. Running `repair` in the main +worktree will reestablish the connection from linked worktrees back to the +main worktree. ++ +Similarly, if the working tree for a linked worktree is moved without +using `git worktree move`, the main worktree (or bare repository) will be +unable to locate it. Running `repair` within the recently-moved worktree +will reestablish the connection. If multiple linked worktrees are moved, +running `repair` from any worktree with each tree's new `<path>` as an +argument, will reestablish the connection to all the specified paths. ++ +If both the main worktree and linked worktrees have been moved manually, +then running `repair` in the main worktree and specifying the new `<path>` +of each linked worktree will reestablish all connections in both +directions. unlock:: -Unlock a working tree, allowing it to be pruned, moved or deleted. +Unlock a worktree, allowing it to be pruned, moved or deleted. OPTIONS ------- -f:: --force:: - By default, `add` refuses to create a new working tree when + By default, `add` refuses to create a new worktree when `<commit-ish>` is a branch name and is already checked out by - another working tree, or if `<path>` is already assigned to some - working tree but is missing (for instance, if `<path>` was deleted + another worktree, or if `<path>` is already assigned to some + worktree but is missing (for instance, if `<path>` was deleted manually). This option overrides these safeguards. To add a missing but - locked working tree path, specify `--force` twice. + locked worktree path, specify `--force` twice. + -`move` refuses to move a locked working tree unless `--force` is specified -twice. +`move` refuses to move a locked worktree unless `--force` is specified +twice. If the destination is already assigned to some other worktree but is +missing (for instance, if `<new-path>` was deleted manually), then `--force` +allows the move to proceed; use `--force` twice if the destination is locked. + -`remove` refuses to remove an unclean working tree unless `--force` is used. -To remove a locked working tree, specify `--force` twice. +`remove` refuses to remove an unclean worktree unless `--force` is used. +To remove a locked worktree, specify `--force` twice. -b <new-branch>:: -B <new-branch>:: With `add`, create a new branch named `<new-branch>` starting at - `<commit-ish>`, and check out `<new-branch>` into the new working tree. - If `<commit-ish>` is omitted, it defaults to HEAD. + `<commit-ish>`, and check out `<new-branch>` into the new worktree. + If `<commit-ish>` is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`. By default, `-b` refuses to create a new branch if it already exists. `-B` overrides this safeguard, resetting `<new-branch>` to `<commit-ish>`. +-d:: --detach:: - With `add`, detach HEAD in the new working tree. See "DETACHED HEAD" + With `add`, detach `HEAD` in the new worktree. See "DETACHED HEAD" in linkgit:git-checkout[1]. --[no-]checkout:: @@ -152,7 +208,7 @@ To remove a locked working tree, specify `--force` twice. --[no-]guess-remote:: With `worktree add <path>`, without `<commit-ish>`, instead - of creating a new branch from HEAD, if there exists a tracking + of creating a new branch from `HEAD`, if there exists a tracking branch in exactly one remote matching the basename of `<path>`, base the new branch on the remote-tracking branch, and mark the remote-tracking branch as "upstream" from the new branch. @@ -164,84 +220,100 @@ This can also be set up as the default behaviour by using the When creating a new branch, if `<commit-ish>` is a branch, mark it as "upstream" from the new branch. This is the default if `<commit-ish>` is a remote-tracking branch. See - "--track" in linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. + `--track` in linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. --lock:: - Keep the working tree locked after creation. This is the + Keep the worktree locked after creation. This is the equivalent of `git worktree lock` after `git worktree add`, - but without race condition. + but without a race condition. -n:: --dry-run:: With `prune`, do not remove anything; just report what it would remove. +--orphan:: + With `add`, make the new worktree and index empty, associating + the worktree with a new unborn branch named `<new-branch>`. + --porcelain:: With `list`, output in an easy-to-parse format for scripts. This format will remain stable across Git versions and regardless of user - configuration. See below for details. + configuration. It is recommended to combine this with `-z`. + See below for details. + +-z:: + Terminate each line with a NUL rather than a newline when + `--porcelain` is specified with `list`. This makes it possible + to parse the output when a worktree path contains a newline + character. -q:: --quiet:: - With 'add', suppress feedback messages. + With `add`, suppress feedback messages. -v:: --verbose:: With `prune`, report all removals. ++ +With `list`, output additional information about worktrees (see below). --expire <time>:: - With `prune`, only expire unused working trees older than <time>. + With `prune`, only expire unused worktrees older than `<time>`. ++ +With `list`, annotate missing worktrees as prunable if they are older than +`<time>`. --reason <string>:: - With `lock`, an explanation why the working tree is locked. + With `lock` or with `add --lock`, an explanation why the worktree + is locked. <worktree>:: - Working trees can be identified by path, either relative or - absolute. + Worktrees can be identified by path, either relative or absolute. + -If the last path components in the working tree's path is unique among -working trees, it can be used to identify worktrees. For example if -you only have two working trees, at "/abc/def/ghi" and "/abc/def/ggg", -then "ghi" or "def/ghi" is enough to point to the former working tree. +If the last path components in the worktree's path is unique among +worktrees, it can be used to identify a worktree. For example if you only +have two worktrees, at `/abc/def/ghi` and `/abc/def/ggg`, then `ghi` or +`def/ghi` is enough to point to the former worktree. REFS ---- -In multiple working trees, some refs may be shared between all working -trees, some refs are local. One example is HEAD is different for all -working trees. This section is about the sharing rules and how to access -refs of one working tree from another. - -In general, all pseudo refs are per working tree and all refs starting -with "refs/" are shared. Pseudo refs are ones like HEAD which are -directly under GIT_DIR instead of inside GIT_DIR/refs. There is one -exception to this: refs inside refs/bisect and refs/worktree is not -shared. - -Refs that are per working tree can still be accessed from another -working tree via two special paths, main-worktree and worktrees. The -former gives access to per-worktree refs of the main working tree, -while the latter to all linked working trees. - -For example, main-worktree/HEAD or main-worktree/refs/bisect/good -resolve to the same value as the main working tree's HEAD and -refs/bisect/good respectively. Similarly, worktrees/foo/HEAD or -worktrees/bar/refs/bisect/bad are the same as -GIT_COMMON_DIR/worktrees/foo/HEAD and -GIT_COMMON_DIR/worktrees/bar/refs/bisect/bad. - -To access refs, it's best not to look inside GIT_DIR directly. Instead +When using multiple worktrees, some refs are shared between all worktrees, +but others are specific to an individual worktree. One example is `HEAD`, +which is different for each worktree. This section is about the sharing +rules and how to access refs of one worktree from another. + +In general, all pseudo refs are per-worktree and all refs starting with +`refs/` are shared. Pseudo refs are ones like `HEAD` which are directly +under `$GIT_DIR` instead of inside `$GIT_DIR/refs`. There are exceptions, +however: refs inside `refs/bisect`, `refs/worktree` and `refs/rewritten` are +not shared. + +Refs that are per-worktree can still be accessed from another worktree via +two special paths, `main-worktree` and `worktrees`. The former gives +access to per-worktree refs of the main worktree, while the latter to all +linked worktrees. + +For example, `main-worktree/HEAD` or `main-worktree/refs/bisect/good` +resolve to the same value as the main worktree's `HEAD` and +`refs/bisect/good` respectively. Similarly, `worktrees/foo/HEAD` or +`worktrees/bar/refs/bisect/bad` are the same as +`$GIT_COMMON_DIR/worktrees/foo/HEAD` and +`$GIT_COMMON_DIR/worktrees/bar/refs/bisect/bad`. + +To access refs, it's best not to look inside `$GIT_DIR` directly. Instead use commands such as linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] or linkgit:git-update-ref[1] which will handle refs correctly. CONFIGURATION FILE ------------------ -By default, the repository "config" file is shared across all working -trees. If the config variables `core.bare` or `core.worktree` are -already present in the config file, they will be applied to the main -working trees only. +By default, the repository `config` file is shared across all worktrees. +If the config variables `core.bare` or `core.worktree` are present in the +common config file and `extensions.worktreeConfig` is disabled, then they +will be applied to the main worktree only. -In order to have configuration specific to working trees, you can turn -on "worktreeConfig" extension, e.g.: +In order to have worktree-specific configuration, you can turn on the +`worktreeConfig` extension, e.g.: ------------ $ git config extensions.worktreeConfig true @@ -253,72 +325,78 @@ configuration in this file with `git config --worktree`. Older Git versions will refuse to access repositories with this extension. Note that in this file, the exception for `core.bare` and `core.worktree` -is gone. If you have them in $GIT_DIR/config before, you must move -them to the `config.worktree` of the main working tree. You may also -take this opportunity to review and move other configuration that you -do not want to share to all working trees: +is gone. If they exist in `$GIT_DIR/config`, you must move +them to the `config.worktree` of the main worktree. You may also take this +opportunity to review and move other configuration that you do not want to +share to all worktrees: + + - `core.worktree` should never be shared. + + - `core.bare` should not be shared if the value is `core.bare=true`. - - `core.worktree` and `core.bare` should never be shared + - `core.sparseCheckout` should not be shared, unless you are sure you + always use sparse checkout for all worktrees. - - `core.sparseCheckout` is recommended per working tree, unless you - are sure you always use sparse checkout for all working trees. +See the documentation of `extensions.worktreeConfig` in +linkgit:git-config[1] for more details. DETAILS ------- -Each linked working tree has a private sub-directory in the repository's -$GIT_DIR/worktrees directory. The private sub-directory's name is usually -the base name of the linked working tree's path, possibly appended with a +Each linked worktree has a private sub-directory in the repository's +`$GIT_DIR/worktrees` directory. The private sub-directory's name is usually +the base name of the linked worktree's path, possibly appended with a number to make it unique. For example, when `$GIT_DIR=/path/main/.git` the command `git worktree add /path/other/test-next next` creates the linked -working tree in `/path/other/test-next` and also creates a +worktree in `/path/other/test-next` and also creates a `$GIT_DIR/worktrees/test-next` directory (or `$GIT_DIR/worktrees/test-next1` if `test-next` is already taken). -Within a linked working tree, $GIT_DIR is set to point to this private +Within a linked worktree, `$GIT_DIR` is set to point to this private directory (e.g. `/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next` in the example) and -$GIT_COMMON_DIR is set to point back to the main working tree's $GIT_DIR +`$GIT_COMMON_DIR` is set to point back to the main worktree's `$GIT_DIR` (e.g. `/path/main/.git`). These settings are made in a `.git` file located at -the top directory of the linked working tree. +the top directory of the linked worktree. Path resolution via `git rev-parse --git-path` uses either -$GIT_DIR or $GIT_COMMON_DIR depending on the path. For example, in the -linked working tree `git rev-parse --git-path HEAD` returns +`$GIT_DIR` or `$GIT_COMMON_DIR` depending on the path. For example, in the +linked worktree `git rev-parse --git-path HEAD` returns `/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next/HEAD` (not `/path/other/test-next/.git/HEAD` or `/path/main/.git/HEAD`) while `git rev-parse --git-path refs/heads/master` uses -$GIT_COMMON_DIR and returns `/path/main/.git/refs/heads/master`, -since refs are shared across all working trees, except refs/bisect and -refs/worktree. +`$GIT_COMMON_DIR` and returns `/path/main/.git/refs/heads/master`, +since refs are shared across all worktrees, except `refs/bisect`, +`refs/worktree` and `refs/rewritten`. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] for more information. The rule of thumb is do not make any assumption about whether a path belongs to -$GIT_DIR or $GIT_COMMON_DIR when you need to directly access something -inside $GIT_DIR. Use `git rev-parse --git-path` to get the final path. +`$GIT_DIR` or `$GIT_COMMON_DIR` when you need to directly access something +inside `$GIT_DIR`. Use `git rev-parse --git-path` to get the final path. -If you manually move a linked working tree, you need to update the 'gitdir' file -in the entry's directory. For example, if a linked working tree is moved +If you manually move a linked worktree, you need to update the `gitdir` file +in the entry's directory. For example, if a linked worktree is moved to `/newpath/test-next` and its `.git` file points to `/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next`, then update `/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next/gitdir` to reference `/newpath/test-next` -instead. +instead. Better yet, run `git worktree repair` to reestablish the connection +automatically. -To prevent a $GIT_DIR/worktrees entry from being pruned (which +To prevent a `$GIT_DIR/worktrees` entry from being pruned (which can be useful in some situations, such as when the -entry's working tree is stored on a portable device), use the +entry's worktree is stored on a portable device), use the `git worktree lock` command, which adds a file named -'locked' to the entry's directory. The file contains the reason in -plain text. For example, if a linked working tree's `.git` file points +`locked` to the entry's directory. The file contains the reason in +plain text. For example, if a linked worktree's `.git` file points to `/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next` then a file named `/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next/locked` will prevent the `test-next` entry from being pruned. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] for details. -When extensions.worktreeConfig is enabled, the config file +When `extensions.worktreeConfig` is enabled, the config file `.git/worktrees/<id>/config.worktree` is read after `.git/config` is. LIST OUTPUT FORMAT ------------------ -The worktree list command has two output formats. The default format shows the +The `worktree list` command has two output formats. The default format shows the details on a single line with columns. For example: ------------ @@ -328,13 +406,47 @@ $ git worktree list /path/to/other-linked-worktree 1234abc (detached HEAD) ------------ +The command also shows annotations for each worktree, according to its state. +These annotations are: + + * `locked`, if the worktree is locked. + * `prunable`, if the worktree can be pruned via `git worktree prune`. + +------------ +$ git worktree list +/path/to/linked-worktree abcd1234 [master] +/path/to/locked-worktree acbd5678 (brancha) locked +/path/to/prunable-worktree 5678abc (detached HEAD) prunable +------------ + +For these annotations, a reason might also be available and this can be +seen using the verbose mode. The annotation is then moved to the next line +indented followed by the additional information. + +------------ +$ git worktree list --verbose +/path/to/linked-worktree abcd1234 [master] +/path/to/locked-worktree-no-reason abcd5678 (detached HEAD) locked +/path/to/locked-worktree-with-reason 1234abcd (brancha) + locked: worktree path is mounted on a portable device +/path/to/prunable-worktree 5678abc1 (detached HEAD) + prunable: gitdir file points to non-existent location +------------ + +Note that the annotation is moved to the next line if the additional +information is available, otherwise it stays on the same line as the +worktree itself. + Porcelain Format ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The porcelain format has a line per attribute. Attributes are listed with a -label and value separated by a single space. Boolean attributes (like 'bare' -and 'detached') are listed as a label only, and are only present if and only -if the value is true. The first attribute of a worktree is always `worktree`, -an empty line indicates the end of the record. For example: +The porcelain format has a line per attribute. If `-z` is given then the lines +are terminated with NUL rather than a newline. Attributes are listed with a +label and value separated by a single space. Boolean attributes (like `bare` +and `detached`) are listed as a label only, and are present only +if the value is true. Some attributes (like `locked`) can be listed as a label +only or with a value depending upon whether a reason is available. The first +attribute of a worktree is always `worktree`, an empty line indicates the +end of the record. For example: ------------ $ git worktree list --porcelain @@ -349,6 +461,33 @@ worktree /path/to/other-linked-worktree HEAD 1234abc1234abc1234abc1234abc1234abc1234a detached +worktree /path/to/linked-worktree-locked-no-reason +HEAD 5678abc5678abc5678abc5678abc5678abc5678c +branch refs/heads/locked-no-reason +locked + +worktree /path/to/linked-worktree-locked-with-reason +HEAD 3456def3456def3456def3456def3456def3456b +branch refs/heads/locked-with-reason +locked reason why is locked + +worktree /path/to/linked-worktree-prunable +HEAD 1233def1234def1234def1234def1234def1234b +detached +prunable gitdir file points to non-existent location + +------------ + +Unless `-z` is used any "unusual" characters in the lock reason such as newlines +are escaped and the entire reason is quoted as explained for the +configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see linkgit:git-config[1]). +For Example: + +------------ +$ git worktree list --porcelain +... +locked "reason\nwhy is locked" +... ------------ EXAMPLES @@ -358,7 +497,7 @@ demands that you fix something immediately. You might typically use linkgit:git-stash[1] to store your changes away temporarily, however, your working tree is in such a state of disarray (with new, moved, and removed files, and other bits and pieces strewn around) that you don't want to risk -disturbing any of it. Instead, you create a temporary linked working tree to +disturbing any of it. Instead, you create a temporary linked worktree to make the emergency fix, remove it when done, and then resume your earlier refactoring session. |