diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
100 files changed, 2821 insertions, 1257 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines index 57da6aa..69f7e9b 100644 --- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines +++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines @@ -112,6 +112,14 @@ For C programs: - We try to keep to at most 80 characters per line. + - We try to support a wide range of C compilers to compile git with, + including old ones. That means that you should not use C99 + initializers, even if a lot of compilers grok it. + + - Variables have to be declared at the beginning of the block. + + - NULL pointers shall be written as NULL, not as 0. + - When declaring pointers, the star sides with the variable name, i.e. "char *string", not "char* string" or "char * string". This makes it easier to understand code diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index 267dfe1..971977b 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -21,11 +21,33 @@ ARTICLES += git-tools ARTICLES += git-bisect-lk2009 # with their own formatting rules. SP_ARTICLES = user-manual +SP_ARTICLES += howto/new-command SP_ARTICLES += howto/revert-branch-rebase SP_ARTICLES += howto/using-merge-subtree SP_ARTICLES += howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request +SP_ARTICLES += howto/use-git-daemon +SP_ARTICLES += howto/update-hook-example +SP_ARTICLES += howto/setup-git-server-over-http +SP_ARTICLES += howto/separating-topic-branches +SP_ARTICLES += howto/revert-a-faulty-merge +SP_ARTICLES += howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object +SP_ARTICLES += howto/rebuild-from-update-hook +SP_ARTICLES += howto/rebase-from-internal-branch +SP_ARTICLES += howto/maintain-git API_DOCS = $(patsubst %.txt,%,$(filter-out technical/api-index-skel.txt technical/api-index.txt, $(wildcard technical/api-*.txt))) SP_ARTICLES += $(API_DOCS) + +TECH_DOCS = technical/index-format +TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-format +TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-heuristics +TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-protocol +TECH_DOCS += technical/protocol-capabilities +TECH_DOCS += technical/protocol-common +TECH_DOCS += technical/racy-git +TECH_DOCS += technical/send-pack-pipeline +TECH_DOCS += technical/shallow +TECH_DOCS += technical/trivial-merge +SP_ARTICLES += $(TECH_DOCS) SP_ARTICLES += technical/api-index DOC_HTML += $(patsubst %,%.html,$(ARTICLES) $(SP_ARTICLES)) @@ -156,8 +178,6 @@ all: html man html: $(DOC_HTML) -$(DOC_HTML) $(DOC_MAN1) $(DOC_MAN5) $(DOC_MAN7): asciidoc.conf - man: man1 man5 man7 man1: $(DOC_MAN1) man5: $(DOC_MAN5) @@ -231,11 +251,11 @@ clean: $(RM) *.texi *.texi+ *.texi++ git.info gitman.info $(RM) *.pdf $(RM) howto-index.txt howto/*.html doc.dep - $(RM) technical/api-*.html technical/api-index.txt + $(RM) technical/*.html technical/api-index.txt $(RM) $(cmds_txt) *.made $(RM) manpage-base-url.xsl -$(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt +$(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ $(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 -d manpage -f asciidoc.conf \ $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< && \ @@ -248,7 +268,7 @@ manpage-base-url.xsl: manpage-base-url.xsl.in $(QUIET_XMLTO)$(RM) $@ && \ $(XMLTO) -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) $(XMLTO_EXTRA) man $< -%.xml : %.txt +%.xml : %.txt asciidoc.conf $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ $(ASCIIDOC) -b docbook -d manpage -f asciidoc.conf \ $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< && \ @@ -264,7 +284,7 @@ technical/api-index.txt: technical/api-index-skel.txt \ $(QUIET_GEN)cd technical && '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./api-index.sh technical/%.html: ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-relative-html-prefix=../ -$(patsubst %,%.html,$(API_DOCS) technical/api-index): %.html : %.txt +$(patsubst %,%.html,$(API_DOCS) technical/api-index $(TECH_DOCS)): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 -f asciidoc.conf \ $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) $*.txt @@ -309,7 +329,7 @@ $(patsubst %.txt,%.texi,$(MAN_TXT)): %.texi : %.xml howto-index.txt: howto-index.sh $(wildcard howto/*.txt) $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./howto-index.sh $(wildcard howto/*.txt) >$@+ && \ + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./howto-index.sh $(sort $(wildcard howto/*.txt)) >$@+ && \ mv $@+ $@ $(patsubst %,%.html,$(ARTICLES)) : %.html : %.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt index ebf20e2..d41984d 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt @@ -45,9 +45,3 @@ Fixes since v1.5.2 - git-fastimport --import-marks was broken; fixed. - A lot of documentation updates, clarifications and fixes. - --- -exec >/var/tmp/1 -O=v1.5.2-65-g996e2d6 -echo O=`git describe refs/heads/maint` -git shortlog --no-merges $O..refs/heads/maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt index e1e24b3..7d8fb85 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt @@ -79,9 +79,3 @@ Fixes since v1.6.0.1 packfile. Also contains many documentation updates. - --- -exec >/var/tmp/1 -O=v1.6.0.1-78-g3632cfc -echo O=$(git describe maint) -git shortlog --no-merges $O..maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt index 6f0bde1..cd08d81 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt @@ -26,7 +26,3 @@ Fixes since v1.6.1.2 * RPM binary package installed the html manpages in a wrong place. Also includes minor documentation fixes and updates. - - --- -git shortlog --no-merges v1.6.1.2-33-gc789350.. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.4.txt index 0ce6316..ccbad79 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.4.txt @@ -39,6 +39,3 @@ Fixes since v1.6.1.3 This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.3. Also includes minor documentation fixes and updates. - --- -git shortlog --no-merges v1.6.1.3.. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.txt index adb7cca..7b152a6 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.1.txt @@ -278,9 +278,3 @@ release, unless otherwise noted. * "gitweb" did not mark non-ASCII characters imported from external HTML fragments correctly. - --- -exec >/var/tmp/1 -O=v1.6.1-rc3-74-gf66bc5f -echo O=$(git describe master) -git shortlog --no-merges $O..master ^maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f372fa --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +Git v1.8.0.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.0 +------------------ + + * The configuration parser had an unnecessary hardcoded limit on + variable names that was not checked consistently. + + * The "say" function in the test scaffolding incorrectly allowed + "echo" to interpret "\a" as if it were a C-string asking for a + BEL output. + + * "git mergetool" feeds /dev/null as a common ancestor when dealing + with an add/add conflict, but p4merge backend cannot handle + it. Work it around by passing a temporary empty file. + + * "git log -F -E --grep='<ere>'" failed to use the given <ere> + pattern as extended regular expression, and instead looked for the + string literally. + + * "git grep -e pattern <tree>" asked the attribute system to read + "<tree>:.gitattributes" file in the working tree, which was + nonsense. + + * A symbolic ref refs/heads/SYM was not correctly removed with "git + branch -d SYM"; the command removed the ref pointed by SYM + instead. + + * Earlier we fixed documentation to hyphenate "remote-tracking branch" + to clarify that these are not a remote entity, but unhyphenated + spelling snuck in to a few places since then. + + * "git pull --rebase" run while the HEAD is detached tried to find + the upstream branch of the detached HEAD (which by definition + does not exist) and emitted unnecessary error messages. + + * The refs/replace hierarchy was not mentioned in the + repository-layout docs. + + * Sometimes curl_multi_timeout() function suggested a wrong timeout + value when there is no file descriptors to wait on and the http + transport ended up sleeping for minutes in select(2) system call. + A workaround has been added for this. + + * Various rfc2047 quoting issues around a non-ASCII name on the + From: line in the output from format-patch have been corrected. + + * "git diff -G<pattern>" did not honor textconv filter when looking + for changes. + + * Bash completion script (in contrib/) did not correctly complete a + lazy "git checkout $name_of_remote_tracking_branch_that_is_unique" + command line. + + * RSS feed from "gitweb" had a xss hole in its title output. + + * "git config --path $key" segfaulted on "[section] key" (a boolean + "true" spelled without "=", not "[section] key = true"). + + * "git checkout -b foo" while on an unborn branch did not say + "Switched to a new branch 'foo'" like other cases. + +Also contains other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8497e05 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git v1.8.0.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.0.1 +-------------------- + + * Various codepaths have workaround for a common misconfiguration to + spell "UTF-8" as "utf8", but it was not used uniformly. Most + notably, mailinfo (which is used by "git am") lacked this support. + + * We failed to mention a file without any content change but whose + permission bit was modified, or (worse yet) a new file without any + content in the "git diff --stat" output. + + * When "--stat-count" hides a diffstat for binary contents, the total + number of added and removed lines at the bottom was computed + incorrectly. + + * When "--stat-count" hides a diffstat for unmerged paths, the total + number of affected files at the bottom of the "diff --stat" output + was computed incorrectly. + + * "diff --shortstat" miscounted the total number of affected files + when there were unmerged paths. + + * "git p4" used to try expanding malformed "$keyword$" that spans + across multiple lines. + + * "git update-ref -d --deref SYM" to delete a ref through a symbolic + ref that points to it did not remove it correctly. + + * Syntax highlighting in "gitweb" was not quite working. + +Also contains other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..92b1e4b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Git v1.8.0.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.8.0.2 +-------------------- + + * "git log -p -S<string>" did not apply the textconv filter while + looking for the <string>. + + * In the documentation, some invalid example e-mail addresses were + formatted into mailto: links. + +Also contains many documentation updates backported from the 'master' +branch that is preparing for the upcoming 1.8.1 release. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43883c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ +Git v1.8.0 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +In the next major release (not *this* one), we will change the +behavior of the "git push" command. + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). We will use the "simple" semantics that pushes the +current branch to the branch with the same name, only when the current +branch is set to integrate with that remote branch. There is a user +preference configuration variable "push.default" to change this, and +"git push" will warn about the upcoming change until you set this +variable in this release. + +"git branch --set-upstream" is deprecated and may be removed in a +relatively distant future. "git branch [-u|--set-upstream-to]" has +been introduced with a saner order of arguments. + + +Updates since v1.7.12 +--------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * A credential helper for Win32 to allow access to the keychain of + the logged-in user has been added. + + * An initial port to HP NonStop. + + * A credential helper to allow access to the Gnome keyring has been + added. + + * When "git am" sanitizes the "Subject:" line, we strip the prefix from + "Re: subject" and also from a less common "re: subject", but left + the even less common "RE: subject" intact. Now we strip that too. + + * It was tempting to say "git branch --set-upstream origin/master", + but that tells Git to arrange the local branch "origin/master" to + integrate with the currently checked out branch, which is highly + unlikely what the user meant. The option is deprecated; use the + new "--set-upstream-to" (with a short-and-sweet "-u") option + instead. + + * "git cherry-pick" learned the "--allow-empty-message" option to + allow it to replay a commit without any log message. + + * After "git cherry-pick -s" gave control back to the user asking + help to resolve conflicts, concluding "git commit" used to need to + be run with "-s" if the user wants to sign it off; now the command + leaves the sign-off line in the log template. + + * "git daemon" learned the "--access-hook" option to allow an + external command to decline service based on the client address, + repository path, etc. + + * "git difftool --dir-diff" learned to use symbolic links to prepare + a temporary copy of the working tree when available. + + * "git grep" learned to use a non-standard pattern type by default if + a configuration variable tells it to. + + * Accumulated updates to "git gui" has been merged. + + * "git log -g" learned the "--grep-reflog=<pattern>" option to limit + its output to commits with a reflog message that matches the given + pattern. + + * "git merge-base" learned the "--is-ancestor A B" option to tell if A is + an ancestor of B. The result is indicated by its exit status code. + + * "git mergetool" now allows users to override the actual command used + with the mergetool.$name.cmd configuration variable even for built-in + mergetool backends. + + * "git rebase -i" learned the "--edit-todo" option to open an editor + to edit the instruction sheet. + + +Foreign Interface + + * "git svn" has been updated to work with SVN 1.7. + + * "git p4" learned the "--conflicts" option to specify what to do when + encountering a conflict during "p4 submit". + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * Git ships with a fall-back regexp implementation for platforms with + buggy regexp library, but it was easy for people to keep using their + platform regexp by mistake. A new test has been added to check this. + + * The "check-docs" build target has been updated and greatly + simplified. + + * The test suite is run under MALLOC_CHECK_ when running with a glibc + that supports the feature. + + * The documentation in the TeXinfo format was using indented output + for materials meant to be examples that are better typeset in + monospace. + + * Compatibility wrapper around some mkdir(2) implementations that + reject parameters with trailing slash has been introduced. + + * Compatibility wrapper for systems that lack usable setitimer() has + been added. + + * The option parsing of "git checkout" had error checking, dwim and + defaulting missing options, all mixed in the code, and issuing an + appropriate error message with useful context was getting harder. + The code has been reorganized to allow giving a proper diagnosis + when the user says "git checkout -b -t foo bar" (e.g. "-t" is not a + good name for a branch). + + * Many internal uses of a "git merge-base" equivalent were only to see + if one commit fast-forwards to the other, which did not need the + full set of merge bases to be computed. They have been updated to + use less expensive checks. + + * The heuristics to detect and silently convert latin1 to utf8 when + we were told to use utf-8 in the log message has been transplanted + from "mailinfo" to "commit" and "commit-tree". + + * Messages given by "git <subcommand> -h" from many subcommands have + been marked for translation. + + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.7.12 +------------------- + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.7.12 in the +maintenance track are contained in this release (see release notes +to them for details). + + * The attribute system may be asked for a path that itself or its + leading directories no longer exists in the working tree, and it is + fine if we cannot open .gitattribute file in such a case. Failure + to open per-directory .gitattributes with error status other than + ENOENT and ENOTDIR should be diagnosed, but it wasn't. + + * When looking for $HOME/.gitconfig etc., it is OK if we cannot read + them because they do not exist, but we did not diagnose existing + files that we cannot read. + + * When "git am" is fed an input that has multiple "Content-type: ..." + header, it did not grok charset= attribute correctly. + + * "git am" mishandled a patch attached as application/octet-stream + (e.g. not text/*); Content-Transfer-Encoding (e.g. base64) was not + honored correctly. + + * "git blame MAKEFILE" run in a history that has "Makefile" but not + "MAKEFILE" should say "No such file MAKEFILE in HEAD", but got + confused on a case insensitive filesystem and failed to do so. + + * Even during a conflicted merge, "git blame $path" always meant to + blame uncommitted changes to the "working tree" version; make it + more useful by showing cleanly merged parts as coming from the other + branch that is being merged. + + * It was unclear in the documentation for "git blame" that it is + unnecessary for users to use the "--follow" option. + + * Output from "git branch -v" contains "(no branch)" that could be + localized, but the code to align it along with the names of + branches was counting in bytes, not in display columns. + + * "git cherry-pick A C B" used to replay changes in A and then B and + then C if these three commits had committer timestamps in that + order, which is not what the user who said "A C B" naturally + expects. + + * A repository created with "git clone --single" had its fetch + refspecs set up just like a clone without "--single", leading the + subsequent "git fetch" to slurp all the other branches, defeating + the whole point of specifying "only this branch". + + * Documentation talked about "first line of commit log" when it meant + the title of the commit. The description was clarified by defining + how the title is decided and rewording the casual mention of "first + line" to "title". + + * "git cvsimport" did not thoroughly cleanse tag names that it + inferred from the names of the tags it obtained from CVS, which + caused "git tag" to barf and stop the import in the middle. + + * Earlier we made the diffstat summary line that shows the number of + lines added/deleted localizable, but it was found irritating having + to see them in various languages on a list whose discussion language + is English, and this change has been reverted. + + * "git fetch --all", when passed "--no-tags", did not honor the + "--no-tags" option while fetching from individual remotes (the same + issue existed with "--tags", but the combination "--all --tags" makes + much less sense than "--all --no-tags"). + + * "git fetch" over http had an old workaround for an unlikely server + misconfiguration; it turns out that this hurts debuggability of the + configuration in general, and has been reverted. + + * "git fetch" over http advertised that it supports "deflate", which + is much less common, and did not advertise the more common "gzip" on + its Accept-Encoding header. + + * "git fetch" over the dumb-http revision walker could segfault when + curl's multi interface was used. + + * "git gc --auto" notified the user that auto-packing has triggered + even under the "--quiet" option. + + * After "gitk" showed the contents of a tag, neither "Reread + references" nor "Reload" updated what is shown as the + contents of it when the user overwrote the tag with "git tag -f". + + * "git log --all-match --grep=A --grep=B" ought to show commits that + mention both A and B, but when these three options are used with + --author or --committer, it showed commits that mention either A or + B (or both) instead. + + * The "-Xours" backend option to "git merge -s recursive" was ignored + for binary files. + + * "git p4", when "--use-client-spec" and "--detect-branches" are used + together, misdetected branches. + + * "git receive-pack" (the counterpart to "git push") did not give + progress output while processing objects it received to the puser + when run over the smart-http protocol. + + * When you misspell the command name you give to the "exec" action in + the "git rebase -i" instruction sheet you were told that 'rebase' is not a + git subcommand from "git rebase --continue". + + * The subcommand in "git remote" to remove a defined remote was + "rm" and the command did not take a fully-spelled "remove". + + * The interactive prompt that "git send-email" gives was error prone. It + asked "What e-mail address do you want to use?" with the address it + guessed (correctly) the user would want to use in its prompt, + tempting the user to say "y". But the response was taken as "No, + please use 'y' as the e-mail address instead", which is most + certainly not what the user meant. + + * "git show --format='%ci'" did not give the timestamp correctly for + commits created without human readable name on the "committer" line. + + * "git show --quiet" ought to be a synonym for "git show -s", but + wasn't. + + * "git submodule frotz" was not diagnosed as "frotz" being an unknown + subcommand to "git submodule"; the user instead got a complaint + that "git submodule status" was run with an unknown path "frotz". + + * "git status" honored the ignore=dirty settings in .gitmodules but + "git commit" didn't. + + * "gitweb" did not give the correct committer timezone in its feed + output due to a typo. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6cde07b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +Git 1.8.1.1 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v1.8.1 +------------------ + + * The attribute mechanism didn't allow limiting attributes to be + applied to only a single directory itself with "path/" like the + exclude mechanism does. + + * When attempting to read the XDG-style $HOME/.config/git/config and + finding that $HOME/.config/git is a file, we gave a wrong error + message, instead of treating the case as "a custom config file does + not exist there" and moving on. + + * After failing to create a temporary file using mkstemp(), failing + pathname was not reported correctly on some platforms. + + * http transport was wrong to ask for the username when the + authentication is done by certificate identity. + + * The behaviour visible to the end users was confusing, when they + attempt to kill a process spawned in the editor that was in turn + launched by Git with SIGINT (or SIGQUIT), as Git would catch that + signal and die. We ignore these signals now. + + * A child process that was killed by a signal (e.g. SIGINT) was + reported in an inconsistent way depending on how the process was + spawned by us, with or without a shell in between. + + * After "git add -N" and then writing a tree object out of the + index, the cache-tree data structure got corrupted. + + * "git apply" misbehaved when fixing whitespace breakages by removing + excess trailing blank lines in some corner cases. + + * A tar archive created by "git archive" recorded a directory in a + way that made NetBSD's implementation of "tar" sometimes unhappy. + + * When "git clone --separate-git-dir=$over_there" is interrupted, it + failed to remove the real location of the $GIT_DIR it created. + This was most visible when interrupting a submodule update. + + * "git fetch --mirror" and fetch that uses other forms of refspec + with wildcard used to attempt to update a symbolic ref that match + the wildcard on the receiving end, which made little sense (the + real ref that is pointed at by the symbolic ref would be updated + anyway). Symbolic refs no longer are affected by such a fetch. + + * The "log --graph" codepath fell into infinite loop in some + corner cases. + + * "git merge" started calling prepare-commit-msg hook like "git + commit" does some time ago, but forgot to pay attention to the exit + status of the hook. + + * "git pack-refs" that ran in parallel to another process that + created new refs had a race that can lose new ones. + + * When a line to be wrapped has a solid run of non space characters + whose length exactly is the wrap width, "git shortlog -w" failed + to add a newline after such a line. + + * The way "git svn" asked for password using SSH_ASKPASS and + GIT_ASKPASS was not in line with the rest of the system. + + * "gitweb", when sorting by age to show repositories with new + activities first, used to sort repositories with absolutely + nothing in it early, which was not very useful. + + * "gitweb", when sorting by age to show repositories with new + activities first, used to sort repositories with absolutely + nothing in it early, which was not very useful. + + * When autoconf is used, any build on a different commit always ran + "config.status --recheck" even when unnecessary. + + * Some scripted programs written in Python did not get updated when + PYTHON_PATH changed. + + * We have been carrying a translated and long-unmaintained copy of an + old version of the tutorial; removed. + + * Portability issues in many self-test scripts have been addressed. + + +Also contains other minor fixes and documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ab7b18 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Git 1.8.1.2 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v1.8.1.1 +-------------------- + + * An element on GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES list that does not name the + real path to a directory (i.e. a symbolic link) could have caused + the GIT_DIR discovery logic to escape the ceiling. + + * Command line completion for "tcsh" emitted an unwanted space + after completing a single directory name. + + * Command line completion leaked an unnecessary error message while + looking for possible matches with paths in <tree-ish>. + + * "git archive" did not record uncompressed size in the header when + streaming a zip archive, which confused some implementations of unzip. + + * When users spelled "cc:" in lowercase in the fake "header" in the + trailer part, "git send-email" failed to pick up the addresses from + there. As e-mail headers field names are case insensitive, this + script should follow suit and treat "cc:" and "Cc:" the same way. + +Also contains various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6f9555 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +Git v1.8.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +In the next major release (not *this* one), we will change the +behavior of the "git push" command. + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). We will use the "simple" semantics that pushes the +current branch to the branch with the same name, only when the current +branch is set to integrate with that remote branch. There is a user +preference configuration variable "push.default" to change this, and +"git push" will warn about the upcoming change until you set this +variable in this release. + +"git branch --set-upstream" is deprecated and may be removed in a +relatively distant future. "git branch [-u|--set-upstream-to]" has +been introduced with a saner order of arguments to replace it. + + +Updates since v1.8.0 +-------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Command-line completion scripts for tcsh and zsh have been added. + + * "git-prompt" scriptlet (in contrib/completion) can be told to paint + pieces of the hints in the prompt string in colors. + + * Some documentation pages that used to ship only in the plain text + format are now formatted in HTML as well. + + * We used to have a workaround for a bug in ancient "less" that + causes it to exit without any output when the terminal is resized. + The bug has been fixed in "less" version 406 (June 2007), and the + workaround has been removed in this release. + + * When "git checkout" checks out a branch, it tells the user how far + behind (or ahead) the new branch is relative to the remote tracking + branch it builds upon. The message now also advises how to sync + them up by pushing or pulling. This can be disabled with the + advice.statusHints configuration variable. + + * "git config --get" used to diagnose presence of multiple + definitions of the same variable in the same configuration file as + an error, but it now applies the "last one wins" rule used by the + internal configuration logic. Strictly speaking, this may be an + API regression but it is expected that nobody will notice it in + practice. + + * A new configuration variable "diff.context" can be used to + give the default number of context lines in the patch output, to + override the hardcoded default of 3 lines. + + * "git format-patch" learned the "--notes=<ref>" option to give + notes for the commit after the three-dash lines in its output. + + * "git log -p -S<string>" now looks for the <string> after applying + the textconv filter (if defined); earlier it inspected the contents + of the blobs without filtering. + + * "git log --grep=<pcre>" learned to honor the "grep.patterntype" + configuration set to "perl". + + * "git replace -d <object>" now interprets <object> as an extended + SHA-1 (e.g. HEAD~4 is allowed), instead of only accepting full hex + object name. + + * "git rm $submodule" used to punt on removing a submodule working + tree to avoid losing the repository embedded in it. Because + recent git uses a mechanism to separate the submodule repository + from the submodule working tree, "git rm" learned to detect this + case and removes the submodule working tree when it is safe to do so. + + * "git send-email" used to prompt for the sender address, even when + the committer identity is well specified (e.g. via user.name and + user.email configuration variables). The command no longer gives + this prompt when not necessary. + + * "git send-email" did not allow non-address garbage strings to + appear after addresses on Cc: lines in the patch files (and when + told to pick them up to find more recipients), e.g. + + Cc: Stable Kernel <stable@k.org> # for v3.2 and up + + The command now strips " # for v3.2 and up" part before adding the + remainder of this line to the list of recipients. + + * "git submodule add" learned to add a new submodule at the same + path as the path where an unrelated submodule was bound to in an + existing revision via the "--name" option. + + * "git submodule sync" learned the "--recursive" option. + + * "diff.submodule" configuration variable can be used to give custom + default value to the "git diff --submodule" option. + + * "git symbolic-ref" learned the "-d $symref" option to delete the + named symbolic ref, which is more intuitive way to spell it than + "update-ref -d --no-deref $symref". + + +Foreign Interface + + * "git cvsimport" can be told to record timezones (other than GMT) + per-author via its author info file. + + * The remote helper interface to interact with subversion + repositories (one of the GSoC 2012 projects) has been merged. + + * A new remote-helper interface for Mercurial has been added to + contrib/remote-helpers. + + * The documentation for git(1) was pointing at a page at an external + site for the list of authors that no longer existed. The link has + been updated to point at an alternative site. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * Compilation on Cygwin with newer header files are supported now. + + * A couple of low-level implementation updates on MinGW. + + * The logic to generate the initial advertisement from "upload-pack" + (i.e. what is invoked by "git fetch" on the other side of the + connection) to list what refs are available in the repository has + been optimized. + + * The logic to find set of attributes that match a given path has + been optimized. + + * Use preloadindex in "git diff-index" and "git update-index", which + has a nice speedup on systems with slow stat calls (and even on + Linux). + + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.8.0 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.8.0 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see release notes to them for +details). + + * The configuration parser had an unnecessary hardcoded limit on + variable names that was not checked consistently. + + * The "say" function in the test scaffolding incorrectly allowed + "echo" to interpret "\a" as if it were a C-string asking for a + BEL output. + + * "git mergetool" feeds /dev/null as a common ancestor when dealing + with an add/add conflict, but p4merge backend cannot handle + it. Work it around by passing a temporary empty file. + + * "git log -F -E --grep='<ere>'" failed to use the given <ere> + pattern as extended regular expression, and instead looked for the + string literally. + + * "git grep -e pattern <tree>" asked the attribute system to read + "<tree>:.gitattributes" file in the working tree, which was + nonsense. + + * A symbolic ref refs/heads/SYM was not correctly removed with "git + branch -d SYM"; the command removed the ref pointed by SYM + instead. + + * Update "remote tracking branch" in the documentation to + "remote-tracking branch". + + * "git pull --rebase" run while the HEAD is detached tried to find + the upstream branch of the detached HEAD (which by definition + does not exist) and emitted unnecessary error messages. + + * The refs/replace hierarchy was not mentioned in the + repository-layout docs. + + * Various rfc2047 quoting issues around a non-ASCII name on the + From: line in the output from format-patch have been corrected. + + * Sometimes curl_multi_timeout() function suggested a wrong timeout + value when there is no file descriptor to wait on and the http + transport ended up sleeping for minutes in select(2) system call. + A workaround has been added for this. + + * For a fetch refspec (or the result of applying wildcard on one), + we always want the RHS to map to something inside "refs/" + hierarchy, but the logic to check it was not exactly right. + (merge 5c08c1f jc/maint-fetch-tighten-refname-check later to maint). + + * "git diff -G<pattern>" did not honor textconv filter when looking + for changes. + + * Some HTTP servers ask for auth only during the actual packing phase + (not in ls-remote phase); this is not really a recommended + configuration, but the clients used to fail to authenticate with + such servers. + (merge 2e736fd jk/maint-http-half-auth-fetch later to maint). + + * "git p4" used to try expanding malformed "$keyword$" that spans + across multiple lines. + + * Syntax highlighting in "gitweb" was not quite working. + + * RSS feed from "gitweb" had a xss hole in its title output. + + * "git config --path $key" segfaulted on "[section] key" (a boolean + "true" spelled without "=", not "[section] key = true"). + + * "git checkout -b foo" while on an unborn branch did not say + "Switched to a new branch 'foo'" like other cases. + + * Various codepaths have workaround for a common misconfiguration to + spell "UTF-8" as "utf8", but it was not used uniformly. Most + notably, mailinfo (which is used by "git am") lacked this support. + + * We failed to mention a file without any content change but whose + permission bit was modified, or (worse yet) a new file without any + content in the "git diff --stat" output. + + * When "--stat-count" hides a diffstat for binary contents, the total + number of added and removed lines at the bottom was computed + incorrectly. + + * When "--stat-count" hides a diffstat for unmerged paths, the total + number of affected files at the bottom of the "diff --stat" output + was computed incorrectly. + + * "diff --shortstat" miscounted the total number of affected files + when there were unmerged paths. + + * "update-ref -d --deref SYM" to delete a ref through a symbolic ref + that points to it did not remove it correctly. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c93f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ +Git v1.8.2 Release Notes +======================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + +In the upcoming major release (tentatively called 1.8.2), we will +change the behavior of the "git push" command. + +When "git push [$there]" does not say what to push, we have used the +traditional "matching" semantics so far (all your branches were sent +to the remote as long as there already are branches of the same name +over there). We will use the "simple" semantics that pushes the +current branch to the branch with the same name, only when the current +branch is set to integrate with that remote branch. There is a user +preference configuration variable "push.default" to change this. + +"git push $there tag v1.2.3" used to allow replacing a tag v1.2.3 +that already exists in the repository $there, if the rewritten tag +you are pushing points at a commit that is a decendant of a commit +that the old tag v1.2.3 points at. This was found to be error prone +and starting with this release, any attempt to update an existing +ref under refs/tags/ hierarchy will fail, without "--force". + + +Updates since v1.8.1 +-------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Initial ports to QNX and z/OS UNIX System Services have started. + + * Output from the tests is coloured using "green is okay, yellow is + questionable, red is bad and blue is informative" scheme. + + * In bare repositories, "git shortlog" and other commands now read + mailmap files from the tip of the history, to help running these + tools in server settings. + + * Color specifiers, e.g. "%C(blue)Hello%C(reset)", used in the + "--format=" option of "git log" and friends can be disabled when + the output is not sent to a terminal by prefixing them with + "auto,", e.g. "%C(auto,blue)Hello%C(auto,reset)". + + * Scripts can ask Git that wildcard patterns in pathspecs they give do + not have any significance, i.e. take them as literal strings. + + * The patterns in .gitignore and .gitattributes files can have **/, + as a pattern that matches 0 or more levels of subdirectory. + E.g. "foo/**/bar" matches "bar" in "foo" itself or in a + subdirectory of "foo". + + * "git blame" (and "git diff") learned the "--no-follow" option. + + * "git check-ignore" command to help debugging .gitignore files has + been added. + + * "git cherry-pick" can be used to replay a root commit to an unborn + branch. + + * "git commit" can be told to use --cleanup=whitespace by setting the + configuration variable commit.cleanup to 'whitespace'. + + * "git fetch --mirror" and fetch that uses other forms of refspec + with wildcard used to attempt to update a symbolic ref that match + the wildcard on the receiving end, which made little sense (the + real ref that is pointed at by the symbolic ref would be updated + anyway). Symbolic refs no longer are affected by such a fetch. + + * "git format-patch" now detects more cases in which a whole branch + is being exported, and uses the description for the branch, when + asked to write a cover letter for the series. + + * "git format-patch" learned "-v $count" option, and prepends a + string "v$count-" to the names of its output files, and also + automatically sets the subject prefix to "PATCH v$count". This + allows patches from rerolled series to be stored under different + names and makes it easier to reuse cover letter messsages. + + * "git log" and friends can be told with --use-mailmap option to + rewrite the names and email addresses of people using the mailmap + mechanism. + + * "git push" now requires "-f" to update a tag, even if it is a + fast-forward, as tags are meant to be fixed points. + + * "git push" will stop without doing anything if the new "pre-push" + hook exists and exits with a failure. + + * When "git rebase" fails to generate patches to be applied (e.g. due + to oom), it failed to detect the failure and instead behaved as if + there were nothing to do. A workaround to use a temporary file has + been applied, but we probably would want to revisit this later, as + it hurts the common case of not failing at all. + + * Input and preconditions to "git reset" has been loosened where + appropriate. "git reset $fromtree Makefile" requires $fromtree to + be any tree (it used to require it to be a commit), for example. + "git reset" (without options or parameters) used to error out when + you do not have any commits in your history, but it now gives you + an empty index (to match non-existent commit you are not even on). + + * "git submodule" started learning a new mode to integrate with the + tip of the remote branch (as opposed to integrating with the commit + recorded in the superproject's gitlink). + + +Foreign Interface + + * "git fast-export" has been updated for its use in the context of + the remote helper interface. + + * A new remote helper to interact with bzr has been added to contrib/. + + * "git p4" got various bugfixes around its branch handling. + + * The remote helper to interact with Hg in contrib/ has seen a few + fixes. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, etc. + + * "git fsck" has been taught to be pickier about entries in tree + objects that should not be there, e.g. ".", ".git", and "..". + + * Matching paths with common forms of pathspecs that contain wildcard + characters has been optimized further. + + * "git reset" internals has been reworked and should be faster in + general. We tried to be careful not to break any behaviour but + there could be corner cases, especially when running the command + from a conflicted state, that we may have missed. + + * The implementation of "imap-send" has been updated to reuse xml + quoting code from http-push codepath, and lost a lot of unused + code. + + * There is a simple-minded checker for the test scripts in t/ + directory to catch most common mistakes (it is not enabled by + default). + + * You can build with USE_WILDMATCH=YesPlease to use a replacement + implementation of pattern matching logic used for pathname-like + things, e.g. refnames and paths in the repository. This new + implementation is not expected change the existing behaviour of Git + in this release, except for "git for-each-ref" where you can now + say "refs/**/master" and match with both refs/heads/master and + refs/remotes/origin/master. We plan to use this new implementation + in wider places (e.g. "git ls-files '**/Makefile' may find Makefile + at the top-level, and "git log '**/t*.sh'" may find commits that + touch a shell script whose name begins with "t" at any level) in + future versions of Git, but we are not there yet. By building with + USE_WILDMATCH, using the resulting Git daily and reporting when you + find breakages, you can help us get closer to that goal. + + +Also contains minor documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v1.8.1 +------------------ + +Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes since v1.8.1 in the maintenance +track are contained in this release (see release notes to them for +details). + + * An element on GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES list that does not name the + real path to a directory (i.e. a symbolic link) could have caused + the GIT_DIR discovery logic to escape the ceiling. + + * When attempting to read the XDG-style $HOME/.config/git/config and + finding that $HOME/.config/git is a file, we gave a wrong error + message, instead of treating the case as "a custom config file does + not exist there" and moving on. + + * The behaviour visible to the end users was confusing, when they + attempt to kill a process spawned in the editor that was in turn + launched by Git with SIGINT (or SIGQUIT), as Git would catch that + signal and die. We ignore these signals now. + (merge 1250857 pf/editor-ignore-sigint later to maint). + + * A child process that was killed by a signal (e.g. SIGINT) was + reported in an inconsistent way depending on how the process was + spawned by us, with or without a shell in between. + + * After failing to create a temporary file using mkstemp(), failing + pathname was not reported correctly on some platforms. + + * The attribute mechanism didn't allow limiting attributes to be + applied to only a single directory itself with "path/" like the + exclude mechanism does. The initial implementation of this that + was merged to 'maint' and 1.8.1.2 was with a severe performance + degradations and needs to merge a fix-up topic. + (merge 9db9eec nd/fix-directory-attrs-off-by-one later to maint). + + * "git am" did not parse datestamp correctly from Hg generated patch, + when it is run in a locale outside C (or en). + (merge 5185b97 dl/am-hg-locale later to maint). + + * "git apply" misbehaved when fixing whitespace breakages by removing + excess trailing blank lines. + + * A tar archive created by "git archive" recorded a directory in a + way that made NetBSD's implementation of "tar" sometimes unhappy. + + * "git archive" did not record uncompressed size in the header when + streaming a zip archive, which confused some implementations of unzip. + + * "git clean" showed what it was going to do, but sometimes end up + finding that it was not allowed to do so, which resulted in a + confusing output (e.g. after saying that it will remove an + untracked directory, it found an embedded git repository there + which it is not allowed to remove). It now performs the actions + and then reports the outcome more faithfully. + (merge f538a91 zk/clean-report-failure later to maint). + + * When "git clone --separate-git-dir=$over_there" is interrupted, it + failed to remove the real location of the $GIT_DIR it created. + This was most visible when interrupting a submodule update. + + * The way "git svn" asked for password using SSH_ASKPASS and + GIT_ASKPASS was not in line with the rest of the system. + + * The --graph code fell into infinite loop when asked to do what the + code did not expect. + + * http transport was wrong to ask for the username when the + authentication is done by certificate identity. + + * "git pack-refs" that ran in parallel to another process that + created new refs had a nasty race. + + * After "git add -N" and then writing a tree object out of the + index, the cache-tree data structure got corrupted. + + * "git clone" used to allow --bare and --separate-git-dir=$there + options at the same time, which was nonsensical. + (merge 95b63f1 nd/clone-no-separate-git-dir-with-bare later to maint). + + * "git rebase --preserve-merges" lost empty merges in recent versions + of Git. + (merge 9869778 ph/rebase-preserve-all-merges later to maint). + + * "git merge --no-edit" computed who were involved in the work done + on the side branch, even though that information is to be discarded + without getting seen in the editor. + + * "git merge" started calling prepare-commit-msg hook like "git + commit" does some time ago, but forgot to pay attention to the exit + status of the hook. + + * When users spell "cc:" in lowercase in the fake "header" in the + trailer part, "git send-email" failed to pick up the addresses from + there. As e-mail headers field names are case insensitive, this + script should follow suit and treat "cc:" and "Cc:" the same way. + + * Output from "git status --ignored" showed an unexpected interaction + with "--untracked". + + * "gitweb", when sorting by age to show repositories with new + activities first, used to sort repositories with absolutely + nothing in it early, which was not very useful. + + * "gitweb"'s code to sanitize control characters before passing it to + "highlight" filter lost known-to-be-safe control characters by + mistake. + + * When a line to be wrapped has a solid run of non space characters + whose length exactly is the wrap width, "git shortlog -w" failed + to add a newline after such a line. + + * Command line completion leaked an unnecessary error message while + looking for possible matches with paths in <tree-ish>. + + * Command line completion for "tcsh" emitted an unwanted space + after completing a single directory name. + + * Command line completion code was inadvertently made incompatible with + older versions of bash by using a newer array notation. + (merge 50c5885 bc/fix-array-syntax-for-3.0-in-completion-bash later to maint). + + * Some shells do not behave correctly when IFS is unset; work it + around by explicitly setting it to the default value. + + * Some scripted programs written in Python did not get updated when + PYTHON_PATH changed. + (cherry-pick 96a4647fca54031974cd6ad1 later to maint). + + * When autoconf is used, any build on a different commit always ran + "config.status --recheck" even when unnecessary. + + * We have been carrying a translated and long-unmaintained copy of an + old version of the tutorial; removed. + + * t0050 had tests expecting failures from a bug that was fixed some + time ago. + (merge 336e2e2 tb/t0050-maint later to maint). + + * t4014, t9502 and t0200 tests had various portability issues that + broke on OpenBSD. + + * t9020 and t3600 tests had various portability issues. + + * t9200 runs "cvs init" on a directory that already exists, but a + platform can configure this fail for the current user (e.g. you + need to be in the cvsadmin group on NetBSD 6.0). + + * t9020 and t9810 had a few non-portable shell script construct. diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index 0dbf2c9..90133d8 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -1,65 +1,5 @@ -Checklist (and a short version for the impatient): - - Commits: - - - make commits of logical units - - check for unnecessary whitespace with "git diff --check" - before committing - - do not check in commented out code or unneeded files - - the first line of the commit message should be a short - description (50 characters is the soft limit, see DISCUSSION - in git-commit(1)), and should skip the full stop - - the body should provide a meaningful commit message, which: - . explains the problem the change tries to solve, iow, what - is wrong with the current code without the change. - . justifies the way the change solves the problem, iow, why - the result with the change is better. - . alternate solutions considered but discarded, if any. - - describe changes in imperative mood, e.g. "make xyzzy do frotz" - instead of "[This patch] makes xyzzy do frotz" or "[I] changed - xyzzy to do frotz", as if you are giving orders to the codebase - to change its behaviour. - - try to make sure your explanation can be understood without - external resources. Instead of giving a URL to a mailing list - archive, summarize the relevant points of the discussion. - - add a "Signed-off-by: Your Name <you@example.com>" line to the - commit message (or just use the option "-s" when committing) - to confirm that you agree to the Developer's Certificate of Origin - - make sure that you have tests for the bug you are fixing - - make sure that the test suite passes after your commit - - Patch: - - - use "git format-patch -M" to create the patch - - do not PGP sign your patch - - do not attach your patch, but read in the mail - body, unless you cannot teach your mailer to - leave the formatting of the patch alone. - - be careful doing cut & paste into your mailer, not to - corrupt whitespaces. - - provide additional information (which is unsuitable for - the commit message) between the "---" and the diffstat - - if you change, add, or remove a command line option or - make some other user interface change, the associated - documentation should be updated as well. - - if your name is not writable in ASCII, make sure that - you send off a message in the correct encoding. - - send the patch to the list (git@vger.kernel.org) and the - maintainer (gitster@pobox.com) if (and only if) the patch - is ready for inclusion. If you use git-send-email(1), - please test it first by sending email to yourself. - - see below for instructions specific to your mailer - -Long version: - -I started reading over the SubmittingPatches document for Linux -kernel, primarily because I wanted to have a document similar to -it for the core GIT to make sure people understand what they are -doing when they write "Signed-off-by" line. - -But the patch submission requirements are a lot more relaxed -here on the technical/contents front, because the core GIT is -thousand times smaller ;-). So here is only the relevant bits. +Here are some guidelines for people who want to contribute their code +to this software. (0) Decide what to base your work on. @@ -86,6 +26,10 @@ change is relevant to. wait until some of the dependent topics graduate to 'master', and rebase your work. + - Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own + repositories (see the section "Subsystems" below). Changes to + these parts should be based on their trees. + To find the tip of a topic branch, run "git log --first-parent master..pu" and look for the merge commit. The second parent of this commit is the tip of the topic branch. @@ -113,26 +57,53 @@ change, the approach taken by the change, and if relevant how this differs substantially from the prior version, are all good things to have. +Make sure that you have tests for the bug you are fixing. + +When adding a new feature, make sure that you have new tests to show +the feature triggers the new behaviour when it should, and to show the +feature does not trigger when it shouldn't. Also make sure that the +test suite passes after your commit. Do not forget to update the +documentation to describe the updated behaviour. + Oh, another thing. I am picky about whitespaces. Make sure your changes do not trigger errors with the sample pre-commit hook shipped in templates/hooks--pre-commit. To help ensure this does not happen, run git diff --check on your changes before you commit. -(1a) Try to be nice to older C compilers +(2) Describe your changes well. + +The first line of the commit message should be a short description (50 +characters is the soft limit, see DISCUSSION in git-commit(1)), and +should skip the full stop. It is also conventional in most cases to +prefix the first line with "area: " where the area is a filename or +identifier for the general area of the code being modified, e.g. + + . archive: ustar header checksum is computed unsigned + . git-cherry-pick.txt: clarify the use of revision range notation + +If in doubt which identifier to use, run "git log --no-merges" on the +files you are modifying to see the current conventions. -We try to support a wide range of C compilers to compile -git with. That means that you should not use C99 initializers, even -if a lot of compilers grok it. +The body should provide a meaningful commit message, which: -Also, variables have to be declared at the beginning of the block -(you can check this with gcc, using the -Wdeclaration-after-statement -option). + . explains the problem the change tries to solve, iow, what is wrong + with the current code without the change. -Another thing: NULL pointers shall be written as NULL, not as 0. + . justifies the way the change solves the problem, iow, why the + result with the change is better. + . alternate solutions considered but discarded, if any. -(2) Generate your patch using git tools out of your commits. +Describe your changes in imperative mood, e.g. "make xyzzy do frotz" +instead of "[This patch] makes xyzzy do frotz" or "[I] changed xyzzy +to do frotz", as if you are giving orders to the codebase to change +its behaviour. Try to make sure your explanation can be understood +without external resources. Instead of giving a URL to a mailing list +archive, summarize the relevant points of the discussion. + + +(3) Generate your patch using git tools out of your commits. git based diff tools generate unidiff which is the preferred format. @@ -140,22 +111,27 @@ You do not have to be afraid to use -M option to "git diff" or "git format-patch", if your patch involves file renames. The receiving end can handle them just fine. -Please make sure your patch does not include any extra files -which do not belong in a patch submission. Make sure to review +Please make sure your patch does not add commented out debugging code, +or include any extra files which do not relate to what your patch +is trying to achieve. Make sure to review your patch after generating it, to ensure accuracy. Before sending out, please make sure it cleanly applies to the "master" branch head. If you are preparing a work based on "next" branch, that is fine, but please mark it as such. -(3) Sending your patches. +(4) Sending your patches. People on the git mailing list need to be able to read and comment on the changes you are submitting. It is important for a developer to be able to "quote" your changes, using standard e-mail tools, so that they may comment on specific portions of your code. For this reason, all patches should be submitted -"inline". WARNING: Be wary of your MUAs word-wrap +"inline". If your log message (including your name on the +Signed-off-by line) is not writable in ASCII, make sure that +you send off a message in the correct encoding. + +WARNING: Be wary of your MUAs word-wrap corrupting your patch. Do not cut-n-paste your patch; you can lose tabs that way if you are not careful. @@ -179,7 +155,8 @@ message starts, you can put a "From: " line to name that person. You often want to add additional explanation about the patch, other than the commit message itself. Place such "cover letter" -material between the three dash lines and the diffstat. +material between the three dash lines and the diffstat. Git-notes +can also be inserted using the `--notes` option. Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not. Do not let your e-mail client send quoted-printable. Do not let @@ -207,19 +184,25 @@ patch, format it as "multipart/signed", not a text/plain message that starts with '-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----'. That is not a text/plain, it's something else. -Unless your patch is a very trivial and an obviously correct one, -first send it with "To:" set to the mailing list, with "cc:" listing +Send your patch with "To:" set to the mailing list, with "cc:" listing people who are involved in the area you are touching (the output from "git blame $path" and "git shortlog --no-merges $path" would help to -identify them), to solicit comments and reviews. After the list -reached a consensus that it is a good idea to apply the patch, re-send -it with "To:" set to the maintainer and optionally "cc:" the list for -inclusion. Do not forget to add trailers such as "Acked-by:", -"Reviewed-by:" and "Tested-by:" after your "Signed-off-by:" line as -necessary. +identify them), to solicit comments and reviews. + +After the list reached a consensus that it is a good idea to apply the +patch, re-send it with "To:" set to the maintainer [*1*] and "cc:" the +list [*2*] for inclusion. + +Do not forget to add trailers such as "Acked-by:", "Reviewed-by:" and +"Tested-by:" lines as necessary to credit people who helped your +patch. + [Addresses] + *1* The current maintainer: gitster@pobox.com + *2* The mailing list: git@vger.kernel.org -(4) Sign your work + +(5) Sign your work To improve tracking of who did what, we've borrowed the "sign-off" procedure from the Linux kernel project on patches @@ -290,6 +273,26 @@ You can also create your own tag or use one that's in common usage such as "Thanks-to:", "Based-on-patch-by:", or "Mentored-by:". ------------------------------------------------ +Subsystems with dedicated maintainers + +Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own +repositories. + + - git-gui/ comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pat Thoyts: + + git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git + + - gitk-git/ comes from Paul Mackerras's gitk project: + + git://ozlabs.org/~paulus/gitk + + - po/ comes from the localization coordinator, Jiang Xin: + + https://github.com/git-l10n/git-po/ + +Patches to these parts should be based on their trees. + +------------------------------------------------ An ideal patch flow Here is an ideal patch flow for this project the current maintainer diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index 122e3c4..d7ec507 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -140,10 +140,11 @@ advice.*:: can tell Git that you do not need help by setting these to 'false': + -- - pushNonFastForward:: + pushUpdateRejected:: Set this variable to 'false' if you want to disable - 'pushNonFFCurrent', 'pushNonFFDefault', and - 'pushNonFFMatching' simultaneously. + 'pushNonFFCurrent', 'pushNonFFDefault', + 'pushNonFFMatching', and 'pushAlreadyExists' + simultaneously. pushNonFFCurrent:: Advice shown when linkgit:git-push[1] fails due to a non-fast-forward update to the current branch. @@ -158,11 +159,15 @@ advice.*:: 'matching refs' explicitly (i.e. you used ':', or specified a refspec that isn't your current branch) and it resulted in a non-fast-forward error. + pushAlreadyExists:: + Shown when linkgit:git-push[1] rejects an update that + does not qualify for fast-forwarding (e.g., a tag.) statusHints:: Show directions on how to proceed from the current - state in the output of linkgit:git-status[1] and in + state in the output of linkgit:git-status[1], in the template shown when writing commit messages in - linkgit:git-commit[1]. + linkgit:git-commit[1], and in the help message shown + by linkgit:git-checkout[1] when switching branch. commitBeforeMerge:: Advice shown when linkgit:git-merge[1] refuses to merge to avoid overwriting local changes. @@ -230,6 +235,12 @@ core.trustctime:: crawlers and some backup systems). See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. True by default. +core.checkstat:: + Determines which stat fields to match between the index + and work tree. The user can set this to 'default' or + 'minimal'. Default (or explicitly 'default'), is to check + all fields, including the sub-second part of mtime and ctime. + core.quotepath:: The commands that output paths (e.g. 'ls-files', 'diff'), when not given the `-z` option, will quote @@ -538,14 +549,14 @@ core.pager:: `LESS` variable to some other value. Alternately, these settings can be overridden on a project or global basis by setting the `core.pager` option. - Setting `core.pager` has no affect on the `LESS` + Setting `core.pager` has no effect on the `LESS` environment variable behaviour above, so if you want to override git's default settings this way, you need to be explicit. For example, to disable the S option in a backward compatible manner, set `core.pager` - to `less -+$LESS -FRX`. This will be passed to the - shell by git, which will translate the final command to - `LESS=FRSX less -+FRSX -FRX`. + to `less -+S`. This will be passed to the shell by + git, which will translate the final command to + `LESS=FRSX less -+S`. core.whitespace:: A comma separated list of common whitespace problems to @@ -734,6 +745,12 @@ branch.<name>.rebase:: it unless you understand the implications (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details). +branch.<name>.description:: + Branch description, can be edited with + `git branch --edit-description`. Branch description is + automatically added in the format-patch cover letter or + request-pull summary. + browser.<tool>.cmd:: Specify the command to invoke the specified browser. The specified command is evaluated in shell with the URLs passed @@ -912,6 +929,15 @@ column.tag:: Specify whether to output tag listing in `git tag` in columns. See `column.ui` for details. +commit.cleanup:: + This setting overrides the default of the `--cleanup` option in + `git commit`. See linkgit:git-commit[1] for details. Changing the + default can be useful when you always want to keep lines that begin + with comment character `#` in your log message, in which case you + would do `git config commit.cleanup whitespace` (note that you will + have to remove the help lines that begin with `#` in the commit log + template yourself, if you do this). + commit.status:: A boolean to enable/disable inclusion of status information in the commit message template when using an editor to prepare the commit @@ -962,12 +988,6 @@ difftool.<tool>.cmd:: difftool.prompt:: Prompt before each invocation of the diff tool. -diff.wordRegex:: - A POSIX Extended Regular Expression used to determine what is a "word" - when performing word-by-word difference calculations. Character - sequences that match the regular expression are "words", all other - characters are *ignorable* whitespace. - fetch.recurseSubmodules:: This option can be either set to a boolean value or to 'on-demand'. Setting it to a boolean changes the behavior of fetch and pull to @@ -1211,8 +1231,16 @@ gitweb.snapshot:: grep.lineNumber:: If set to true, enable '-n' option by default. +grep.patternType:: + Set the default matching behavior. Using a value of 'basic', 'extended', + 'fixed', or 'perl' will enable the '--basic-regexp', '--extended-regexp', + '--fixed-strings', or '--perl-regexp' option accordingly, while the + value 'default' will return to the default matching behavior. + grep.extendedRegexp:: - If set to true, enable '--extended-regexp' option by default. + If set to true, enable '--extended-regexp' option by default. This + option is ignored when the 'grep.patternType' option is set to a value + other than 'default'. gpg.program:: Use this custom program instead of "gpg" found on $PATH when @@ -1348,6 +1376,12 @@ help.autocorrect:: value is 0 - the command will be just shown but not executed. This is the default. +help.htmlpath:: + Specify the path where the HTML documentation resides. File system paths + and URLs are supported. HTML pages will be prefixed with this path when + help is displayed in the 'web' format. This defaults to the documentation + path of your Git installation. + http.proxy:: Override the HTTP proxy, normally configured using the 'http_proxy', 'https_proxy', and 'all_proxy' environment variables (see @@ -1506,6 +1540,10 @@ log.showroot:: Tools like linkgit:git-log[1] or linkgit:git-whatchanged[1], which normally hide the root commit will now show it. True by default. +log.mailmap:: + If true, makes linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1], and + linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] assume `--use-mailmap`. + mailmap.file:: The location of an augmenting mailmap file. The default mailmap, located in the root of the repository, is loaded @@ -1514,6 +1552,14 @@ mailmap.file:: subdirectory, or somewhere outside of the repository itself. See linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1]. +mailmap.blob:: + Like `mailmap.file`, but consider the value as a reference to a + blob in the repository. If both `mailmap.file` and + `mailmap.blob` are given, both are parsed, with entries from + `mailmap.file` taking precedence. In a bare repository, this + defaults to `HEAD:.mailmap`. In a non-bare repository, it + defaults to empty. + man.viewer:: Specify the programs that may be used to display help in the 'man' format. See linkgit:git-help[1]. @@ -1992,6 +2038,12 @@ submodule.<name>.update:: URL and other values found in the `.gitmodules` file. See linkgit:git-submodule[1] and linkgit:gitmodules[5] for details. +submodule.<name>.branch:: + The remote branch name for a submodule, used by `git submodule + update --remote`. Set this option to override the value found in + the `.gitmodules` file. See linkgit:git-submodule[1] and + linkgit:gitmodules[5] for details. + submodule.<name>.fetchRecurseSubmodules:: This option can be used to control recursive fetching of this submodule. It can be overridden by using the --[no-]recurse-submodules diff --git a/Documentation/diff-config.txt b/Documentation/diff-config.txt index 67a90a8..4314ad0 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-config.txt @@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ diff.statGraphWidth:: Limit the width of the graph part in --stat output. If set, applies to all commands generating --stat output except format-patch. +diff.context:: + Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of the default + of 3. This value is overridden by the -U option. + diff.external:: If this config variable is set, diff generation is not performed using the internal diff machinery, but using the @@ -103,6 +107,19 @@ diff.suppressBlankEmpty:: A boolean to inhibit the standard behavior of printing a space before each empty output line. Defaults to false. +diff.submodule:: + Specify the format in which differences in submodules are + shown. The "log" format lists the commits in the range like + linkgit:git-submodule[1] `summary` does. The "short" format + format just shows the names of the commits at the beginning + and end of the range. Defaults to short. + +diff.wordRegex:: + A POSIX Extended Regular Expression used to determine what is a "word" + when performing word-by-word difference calculations. Character + sequences that match the regular expression are "words", all other + characters are *ignorable* whitespace. + diff.<driver>.command:: The custom diff driver command. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt index cf4b216..39f2c50 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt @@ -170,7 +170,8 @@ any of those replacements occurred. the commits in the range like linkgit:git-submodule[1] `summary` does. Omitting the `--submodule` option or specifying `--submodule=short`, uses the 'short' format. This format just shows the names of the commits - at the beginning and end of the range. + at the beginning and end of the range. Can be tweaked via the + `diff.submodule` configuration variable. --color[=<when>]:: Show colored diff. @@ -308,7 +309,11 @@ endif::git-log[] index (i.e. amount of addition/deletions compared to the file's size). For example, `-M90%` means git should consider a delete/add pair to be a rename if more than 90% of the file - hasn't changed. + hasn't changed. Without a `%` sign, the number is to be read as + a fraction, with a decimal point before it. I.e., `-M5` becomes + 0.5, and is thus the same as `-M50%`. Similarly, `-M05` is + the same as `-M5%`. To limit detection to exact renames, use + `-M100%`. -C[<n>]:: --find-copies[=<n>]:: diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt index b4d6476..9cb6496 100644 --- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt @@ -8,11 +8,15 @@ option old data in `.git/FETCH_HEAD` will be overwritten. --depth=<depth>:: - Deepen the history of a 'shallow' repository created by + Deepen or shorten the history of a 'shallow' repository created by `git clone` with `--depth=<depth>` option (see linkgit:git-clone[1]) to the specified number of commits from the tip of each remote branch history. Tags for the deepened commits are not fetched. +--unshallow:: + Convert a shallow repository to a complete one, removing all + the limitations imposed by shallow repositories. + ifndef::git-pull[] --dry-run:: Show what would be done, without making any changes. @@ -57,14 +61,11 @@ endif::git-pull[] ifndef::git-pull[] -t:: --tags:: - Most of the tags are fetched automatically as branch - heads are downloaded, but tags that do not point at - objects reachable from the branch heads that are being - tracked will not be fetched by this mechanism. This - flag lets all tags and their associated objects be - downloaded. The default behavior for a remote may be - specified with the remote.<name>.tagopt setting. See - linkgit:git-config[1]. + This is a short-hand for giving "refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*" + refspec from the command line, to ask all tags to be fetched + and stored locally. Because this acts as an explicit + refspec, the default refspecs (configured with the + remote.$name.fetch variable) are overridden and not used. --recurse-submodules[=yes|on-demand|no]:: This option controls if and under what conditions new commits of diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt index 8a2ba37..ec4497e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt @@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 Linux 2.6.26-rc1 -:100644 100644 5cf8258195331a4dbdddff08b8d68642638eea57 4492984efc09ab72ff6219a7bc21fb6a957c4cd5 M Makefile +:100644 100644 5cf82581... 4492984e... M Makefile ------------- At this point we can see what the commit does, check it out (if it's @@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 Linux 2.6.26-rc1 -:100644 100644 5cf8258195331a4dbdddff08b8d68642638eea57 4492984efc09ab72ff6219a7bc21fb6a957c4cd5 M Makefile +:100644 100644 5cf82581... 4492984e... M Makefile bisect run success ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt index 4f44131..45a225e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt @@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ SYNOPSIS [--column[=<options>] | --no-column] [(--merged | --no-merged | --contains) [<commit>]] [<pattern>...] 'git branch' [--set-upstream | --track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] +'git branch' (--set-upstream-to=<upstream> | -u <upstream>) [<branchname>] +'git branch' --unset-upstream [<branchname>] 'git branch' (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch> 'git branch' (-d | -D) [-r] <branchname>... 'git branch' --edit-description [<branchname>] @@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ branch so that 'git pull' will appropriately merge from the remote-tracking branch. This behavior may be changed via the global `branch.autosetupmerge` configuration flag. That setting can be overridden by using the `--track` and `--no-track` options, and -changed later using `git branch --set-upstream`. +changed later using `git branch --set-upstream-to`. With a `-m` or `-M` option, <oldbranch> will be renamed to <newbranch>. If <oldbranch> had a corresponding reflog, it is renamed to match @@ -175,6 +177,16 @@ start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch. like `--track` would when creating the branch, except that where branch points to is not changed. +-u <upstream>:: +--set-upstream-to=<upstream>:: + Set up <branchname>'s tracking information so <upstream> is + considered <branchname>'s upstream branch. If no <branchname> + is specified, then it defaults to the current branch. + +--unset-upstream:: + Remove the upstream information for <branchname>. If no branch + is specified it defaults to the current branch. + --edit-description:: Open an editor and edit the text to explain what the branch is for, to be used by various other commands (e.g. `request-pull`). diff --git a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt index 16a6b0a..bc023cc 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt @@ -112,13 +112,12 @@ machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle master machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master ---------------- -Then you transfer file.bundle to the target machine B. If you are creating -the repository on machine B, then you can clone from the bundle as if it -were a remote repository instead of creating an empty repository and then -pulling or fetching objects from the bundle: +Then you transfer file.bundle to the target machine B. Because this +bundle does not require any existing object to be extracted, you can +create a new repository on machine B by cloning from it: ---------------- -machineB$ git clone /home/me/tmp/file.bundle R2 +machineB$ git clone -b master /home/me/tmp/file.bundle R2 ---------------- This will define a remote called "origin" in the resulting repository that diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..854e4d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +git-check-ignore(1) +=================== + +NAME +---- +git-check-ignore - Debug gitignore / exclude files + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git check-ignore' [options] pathname... +'git check-ignore' [options] --stdin < <list-of-paths> + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +For each pathname given via the command-line or from a file via +`--stdin`, show the pattern from .gitignore (or other input files to +the exclude mechanism) that decides if the pathname is excluded or +included. Later patterns within a file take precedence over earlier +ones. + +OPTIONS +------- +-q, --quiet:: + Don't output anything, just set exit status. This is only + valid with a single pathname. + +-v, --verbose:: + Also output details about the matching pattern (if any) + for each given pathname. + +--stdin:: + Read file names from stdin instead of from the command-line. + +-z:: + The output format is modified to be machine-parseable (see + below). If `--stdin` is also given, input paths are separated + with a NUL character instead of a linefeed character. + +OUTPUT +------ + +By default, any of the given pathnames which match an ignore pattern +will be output, one per line. If no pattern matches a given path, +nothing will be output for that path; this means that path will not be +ignored. + +If `--verbose` is specified, the output is a series of lines of the form: + +<source> <COLON> <linenum> <COLON> <pattern> <HT> <pathname> + +<pathname> is the path of a file being queried, <pattern> is the +matching pattern, <source> is the pattern's source file, and <linenum> +is the line number of the pattern within that source. If the pattern +contained a `!` prefix or `/` suffix, it will be preserved in the +output. <source> will be an absolute path when referring to the file +configured by `core.excludesfile`, or relative to the repository root +when referring to `.git/info/exclude` or a per-directory exclude file. + +If `-z` is specified, the pathnames in the output are delimited by the +null character; if `--verbose` is also specified then null characters +are also used instead of colons and hard tabs: + +<source> <NULL> <linenum> <NULL> <pattern> <NULL> <pathname> <NULL> + + +EXIT STATUS +----------- + +0:: + One or more of the provided paths is ignored. + +1:: + None of the provided paths are ignored. + +128:: + A fatal error was encountered. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitignore[5] +linkgit:gitconfig[5] +linkgit:git-ls-files[5] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt index 7958a47..6f04d22 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt @@ -21,18 +21,34 @@ or the specified tree. If no paths are given, 'git checkout' will also update `HEAD` to set the specified branch as the current branch. -'git checkout' [<branch>]:: +'git checkout' <branch>:: + To prepare for working on <branch>, switch to it by updating + the index and the files in the working tree, and by pointing + HEAD at the branch. Local modifications to the files in the + working tree are kept, so that they can be committed to the + <branch>. ++ +If <branch> is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in +exactly one remote (call it <remote>) with a matching name, treat as +equivalent to ++ +------------ +$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch> +------------ ++ +You could omit <branch>, in which case the command degenerates to +"check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with a +rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information, +if exists, for the current branch. + 'git checkout' -b|-B <new_branch> [<start point>]:: -'git checkout' [--detach] [<commit>]:: - This form switches branches by updating the index, working - tree, and HEAD to reflect the specified branch or commit. -+ -If `-b` is given, a new branch is created as if linkgit:git-branch[1] -were called and then checked out; in this case you can -use the `--track` or `--no-track` options, which will be passed to -'git branch'. As a convenience, `--track` without `-b` implies branch -creation; see the description of `--track` below. + Specifying `-b` causes a new branch to be created as if + linkgit:git-branch[1] were called and then checked out. In + this case you can use the `--track` or `--no-track` options, + which will be passed to 'git branch'. As a convenience, + `--track` without `-b` implies branch creation; see the + description of `--track` below. + If `-B` is given, <new_branch> is created if it doesn't exist; otherwise, it is reset. This is the transactional equivalent of @@ -45,6 +61,21 @@ $ git checkout <branch> that is to say, the branch is not reset/created unless "git checkout" is successful. +'git checkout' --detach [<branch>]:: +'git checkout' <commit>:: + + Prepare to work on top of <commit>, by detaching HEAD at it + (see "DETACHED HEAD" section), and updating the index and the + files in the working tree. Local modifications to the files + in the working tree are kept, so that the resulting working + tree will be the state recorded in the commit plus the local + modifications. ++ +Passing `--detach` forces this behavior in the case of a <branch> (without +the option, giving a branch name to the command would check out the branch, +instead of detaching HEAD at it), or the current commit, +if no <branch> is specified. + 'git checkout' [-p|--patch] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...:: When <paths> or `--patch` are given, 'git checkout' does *not* diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt index 0e170a5..c205d23 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt @@ -118,6 +118,11 @@ effect to your index in a row. previous commit are dropped. To force the inclusion of those commits use `--keep-redundant-commits`. +--allow-empty-message:: + By default, cherry-picking a commit with an empty message will fail. + This option overrides that behaviour, allowing commits with empty + messages to be cherry picked. + --keep-redundant-commits:: If a commit being cherry picked duplicates a commit already in the current history, it will become empty. By default these diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt index 6d98ef3..7fefdb0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt @@ -196,9 +196,9 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. `--no-single-branch` is given to fetch the histories near the tips of all branches. Further fetches into the resulting repository will only update the - remote tracking branch for the branch this option was used for the + remote-tracking branch for the branch this option was used for the initial cloning. If the HEAD at the remote did not point at any - branch when `--single-branch` clone was made, no remote tracking + branch when `--single-branch` clone was made, no remote-tracking branch is created. --recursive:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt index 6d5a04c..a221169 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt @@ -72,13 +72,13 @@ if set: GIT_COMMITTER_NAME GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL GIT_COMMITTER_DATE - EMAIL (nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped) In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not -present, system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken +present, the environment variable EMAIL, or, if that is not set, +system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken from `/etc/mailname` and falling back to the fully qualified hostname when that file does not exist). diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index 9594ac8..41b27da 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty] [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>] [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--status | --no-status] - [-i | -o] [--] [<file>...] + [-i | -o] [-S[<keyid>]] [--] [<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -109,6 +109,10 @@ OPTIONS format. See linkgit:git-status[1] for details. Implies `--dry-run`. +--long:: + When doing a dry-run, give the output in a the long-format. + Implies `--dry-run`. + -z:: --null:: When showing `short` or `porcelain` status output, terminate @@ -175,7 +179,9 @@ OPTIONS only if the message is to be edited. Otherwise only whitespace removed. The 'verbatim' mode does not change message at all, 'whitespace' removes just leading/trailing whitespace lines - and 'strip' removes both whitespace and commentary. + and 'strip' removes both whitespace and commentary. The default + can be changed by the 'commit.cleanup' configuration variable + (see linkgit:git-config[1]). -e:: --edit:: @@ -184,6 +190,11 @@ OPTIONS commit log message unmodified. This option lets you further edit the message taken from these sources. +--no-edit:: + Use the selected commit message without launching an editor. + For example, `git commit --amend --no-edit` amends a commit + without changing its commit message. + --amend:: Used to amend the tip of the current branch. Prepare the tree object you would want to replace the latest commit as usual @@ -193,10 +204,6 @@ OPTIONS current tip -- if it was a merge, it will have the parents of the current tip as parents -- so the current top commit is discarded. - ---no-post-rewrite:: - Bypass the post-rewrite hook. - + -- It is a rough equivalent for: @@ -213,6 +220,9 @@ You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you amend a commit that has already been published. (See the "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1].) +--no-post-rewrite:: + Bypass the post-rewrite hook. + -i:: --include:: Before making a commit out of staged contents so far, @@ -276,6 +286,10 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. commit message template when using an editor to prepare the default commit message. +-S[<keyid>]:: +--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: + GPG-sign commit. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index eaea079..9ae2508 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -240,6 +240,10 @@ GIT_CONFIG:: Using the "--global" option forces this to ~/.gitconfig. Using the "--system" option forces this to $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig. +GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM:: + Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide + $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig file. See linkgit:git[1] for details. + See also <<FILES>>. diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt index 6695ab3..f059ea9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt @@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- +*WARNING:* `git cvsimport` uses cvsps version 2, which is considered +deprecated; it does not work with cvsps version 3 and later. If you are +performing a one-shot import of a CVS repository consider using +link:http://cvs2svn.tigris.org/cvs2git.html[cvs2git] or +link:https://github.com/BartMassey/parsecvs[parsecvs]. + Imports a CVS repository into git. It will either create a new repository, or incrementally import into an existing one. @@ -137,17 +143,19 @@ This option can be used several times to provide several detection regexes. -A <author-conv-file>:: CVS by default uses the Unix username when writing its commit logs. Using this option and an author-conv-file - in this format + maps the name recorded in CVS to author name, e-mail and + optional timezone: + --------- exon=Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se> - spawn=Simon Pawn <spawn@frog-pond.org> + spawn=Simon Pawn <spawn@frog-pond.org> America/Chicago --------- + 'git cvsimport' will make it appear as those authors had their GIT_AUTHOR_NAME and GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL set properly -all along. +all along. If a timezone is specified, GIT_AUTHOR_DATE will +have the corresponding offset applied. + For convenience, this data is saved to `$GIT_DIR/cvs-authors` each time the '-A' option is provided and read from that same @@ -211,11 +219,9 @@ Problems related to tags: * Multiple tags on the same revision are not imported. If you suspect that any of these issues may apply to the repository you -want to import consider using these alternative tools which proved to be -more stable in practice: +want to imort, consider using cvs2git: -* cvs2git (part of cvs2svn), `http://cvs2svn.tigris.org` -* parsecvs, `http://cgit.freedesktop.org/~keithp/parsecvs` +* cvs2git (part of cvs2svn), `http://subversion.apache.org/` GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt index 88d814a..940c2ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt @@ -359,6 +359,43 @@ Operations supported All the operations required for normal use are supported, including checkout, diff, status, update, log, add, remove, commit. + +Most CVS command arguments that read CVS tags or revision numbers +(typically -r) work, and also support any git refspec +(tag, branch, commit ID, etc). +However, CVS revision numbers for non-default branches are not well +emulated, and cvs log does not show tags or branches at +all. (Non-main-branch CVS revision numbers superficially resemble CVS +revision numbers, but they actually encode a git commit ID directly, +rather than represent the number of revisions since the branch point.) + +Note that there are two ways to checkout a particular branch. +As described elsewhere on this page, the "module" parameter +of cvs checkout is interpreted as a branch name, and it becomes +the main branch. It remains the main branch for a given sandbox +even if you temporarily make another branch sticky with +cvs update -r. Alternatively, the -r argument can indicate +some other branch to actually checkout, even though the module +is still the "main" branch. Tradeoffs (as currently +implemented): Each new "module" creates a new database on disk with +a history for the given module, and after the database is created, +operations against that main branch are fast. Or alternatively, +-r doesn't take any extra disk space, but may be significantly slower for +many operations, like cvs update. + +If you want to refer to a git refspec that has characters that are +not allowed by CVS, you have two options. First, it may just work +to supply the git refspec directly to the appropriate CVS -r argument; +some CVS clients don't seem to do much sanity checking of the argument. +Second, if that fails, you can use a special character escape mechanism +that only uses characters that are valid in CVS tags. A sequence +of 4 or 5 characters of the form (underscore (`"_"`), dash (`"-"`), +one or two characters, and dash (`"-"`)) can encode various characters based +on the one or two letters: `"s"` for slash (`"/"`), `"p"` for +period (`"."`), `"u"` for underscore (`"_"`), or two hexadecimal digits +for any byte value at all (typically an ASCII number, or perhaps a part +of a UTF-8 encoded character). + Legacy monitoring operations are not supported (edit, watch and related). Exports and tagging (tags and branches) are not supported at this stage. diff --git a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt index e8f7577..7e5098a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt @@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--reuseaddr] [--detach] [--pid-file=<file>] [--enable=<service>] [--disable=<service>] [--allow-override=<service>] [--forbid-override=<service>] + [--access-hook=<path>] [--inetd | [--listen=<host_or_ipaddr>] [--port=<n>] [--user=<user> [--group=<group>]] [<directory>...] @@ -171,6 +172,21 @@ the facility of inet daemon to achieve the same before spawning errors are not enabled, all errors report "access denied" to the client. The default is --no-informative-errors. +--access-hook=<path>:: + Every time a client connects, first run an external command + specified by the <path> with service name (e.g. "upload-pack"), + path to the repository, hostname (%H), canonical hostname + (%CH), ip address (%IP), and tcp port (%P) as its command line + arguments. The external command can decide to decline the + service by exiting with a non-zero status (or to allow it by + exiting with a zero status). It can also look at the $REMOTE_ADDR + and $REMOTE_PORT environment variables to learn about the + requestor when making this decision. ++ +The external command can optionally write a single line to its +standard output to be sent to the requestor as an error message when +it declines the service. + <directory>:: A directory to add to the whitelist of allowed directories. Unless --strict-paths is specified this will also include subdirectories diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt index f8d0819..f8c0601 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git diff' [options] [<commit>] [--] [<path>...] 'git diff' [options] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...] 'git diff' [options] <commit> <commit> [--] [<path>...] +'git diff' [options] <blob> <blob> 'git diff' [options] [--no-index] [--] <path> <path> DESCRIPTION @@ -55,6 +56,11 @@ directories. This behavior can be forced by --no-index. This is to view the changes between two arbitrary <commit>. +'git diff' [options] <blob> <blob>:: + + This form is to view the differences between the raw + contents of two blob objects. + 'git diff' [--options] <commit>..<commit> [--] [<path>...]:: This is synonymous to the previous form. If <commit> on @@ -72,8 +78,7 @@ directories. This behavior can be forced by --no-index. Just in case if you are doing something exotic, it should be noted that all of the <commit> in the above description, except in the last two forms that use ".." notations, can be any -<tree>. The third form ('git diff <commit> <commit>') can also -be used to compare two <blob> objects. +<tree>. For a more complete list of ways to spell <commit>, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. diff --git a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt index 31fc2e3..73ca702 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt @@ -69,6 +69,14 @@ with custom merge tool commands and has the same value as `$MERGED`. --tool-help:: Print a list of diff tools that may be used with `--tool`. +--symlinks:: +--no-symlinks:: + 'git difftool''s default behavior is create symlinks to the + working tree when run in `--dir-diff` mode. ++ + Specifying `--no-symlinks` instructs 'git difftool' to create + copies instead. `--no-symlinks` is the default on Windows. + -x <command>:: --extcmd=<command>:: Specify a custom command for viewing diffs. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt index 6603a7a..bf1a02a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt @@ -33,38 +33,46 @@ the frontend program in use. OPTIONS ------- ---date-format=<fmt>:: - Specify the type of dates the frontend will supply to - fast-import within `author`, `committer` and `tagger` commands. - See ``Date Formats'' below for details about which formats - are supported, and their syntax. - --- done:: - Terminate with error if there is no 'done' command at the - end of the stream. --force:: Force updating modified existing branches, even if doing so would cause commits to be lost (as the new commit does not contain the old commit). ---max-pack-size=<n>:: - Maximum size of each output packfile. - The default is unlimited. +--quiet:: + Disable all non-fatal output, making fast-import silent when it + is successful. This option disables the output shown by + \--stats. ---big-file-threshold=<n>:: - Maximum size of a blob that fast-import will attempt to - create a delta for, expressed in bytes. The default is 512m - (512 MiB). Some importers may wish to lower this on systems - with constrained memory. +--stats:: + Display some basic statistics about the objects fast-import has + created, the packfiles they were stored into, and the + memory used by fast-import during this run. Showing this output + is currently the default, but can be disabled with \--quiet. ---depth=<n>:: - Maximum delta depth, for blob and tree deltification. - Default is 10. +Options for Frontends +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ---active-branches=<n>:: - Maximum number of branches to maintain active at once. - See ``Memory Utilization'' below for details. Default is 5. +--cat-blob-fd=<fd>:: + Write responses to `cat-blob` and `ls` queries to the + file descriptor <fd> instead of `stdout`. Allows `progress` + output intended for the end-user to be separated from other + output. + +--date-format=<fmt>:: + Specify the type of dates the frontend will supply to + fast-import within `author`, `committer` and `tagger` commands. + See ``Date Formats'' below for details about which formats + are supported, and their syntax. + +--done:: + Terminate with error if there is no `done` command at the end of + the stream. This option might be useful for detecting errors + that cause the frontend to terminate before it has started to + write a stream. + +Locations of Marks Files +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --export-marks=<file>:: Dumps the internal marks table to <file> when complete. @@ -87,31 +95,33 @@ OPTIONS Like --import-marks but instead of erroring out, silently skips the file if it does not exist. ---relative-marks:: +--[no-]relative-marks:: After specifying --relative-marks the paths specified with --import-marks= and --export-marks= are relative to an internal directory in the current repository. In git-fast-import this means that the paths are relative to the .git/info/fast-import directory. However, other importers may use a different location. ++ +Relative and non-relative marks may be combined by interweaving +--(no-)-relative-marks with the --(import|export)-marks= options. ---no-relative-marks:: - Negates a previous --relative-marks. Allows for combining - relative and non-relative marks by interweaving - --(no-)-relative-marks with the --(import|export)-marks= - options. +Performance and Compression Tuning +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ---cat-blob-fd=<fd>:: - Write responses to `cat-blob` and `ls` queries to the - file descriptor <fd> instead of `stdout`. Allows `progress` - output intended for the end-user to be separated from other - output. +--active-branches=<n>:: + Maximum number of branches to maintain active at once. + See ``Memory Utilization'' below for details. Default is 5. ---done:: - Require a `done` command at the end of the stream. - This option might be useful for detecting errors that - cause the frontend to terminate before it has started to - write a stream. +--big-file-threshold=<n>:: + Maximum size of a blob that fast-import will attempt to + create a delta for, expressed in bytes. The default is 512m + (512 MiB). Some importers may wish to lower this on systems + with constrained memory. + +--depth=<n>:: + Maximum delta depth, for blob and tree deltification. + Default is 10. --export-pack-edges=<file>:: After creating a packfile, print a line of data to @@ -122,16 +132,9 @@ OPTIONS as these commits can be used as edge points during calls to 'git pack-objects'. ---quiet:: - Disable all non-fatal output, making fast-import silent when it - is successful. This option disables the output shown by - \--stats. - ---stats:: - Display some basic statistics about the objects fast-import has - created, the packfiles they were stored into, and the - memory used by fast-import during this run. Showing this output - is currently the default, but can be disabled with \--quiet. +--max-pack-size=<n>:: + Maximum size of each output packfile. + The default is unlimited. Performance @@ -427,7 +430,7 @@ they made it. Here `<name>` is the person's display name (for example ``Com M Itter'') and `<email>` is the person's email address -(``cm@example.com''). `LT` and `GT` are the literal less-than (\x3c) +(``\cm@example.com''). `LT` and `GT` are the literal less-than (\x3c) and greater-than (\x3e) symbols. These are required to delimit the email address from the other fields in the line. Note that `<name>` and `<email>` are free-form and may contain any sequence @@ -442,7 +445,9 @@ their syntax. ^^^^^^ The `from` command is used to specify the commit to initialize this branch from. This revision will be the first ancestor of the -new commit. +new commit. The state of the tree built at this commit will begin +with the state at the `from` commit, and be altered by the content +modifications in this commit. Omitting the `from` command in the first commit of a new branch will cause fast-import to create that commit with no ancestor. This @@ -492,7 +497,9 @@ existing value of the branch. `merge` ^^^^^^^ -Includes one additional ancestor commit. If the `from` command is +Includes one additional ancestor commit. The additional ancestry +link does not change the way the tree state is built at this commit. +If the `from` command is omitted when creating a new branch, the first `merge` commit will be the first ancestor of the current commit, and the branch will start out with no files. An unlimited number of `merge` commands per @@ -558,8 +565,12 @@ A `<path>` string must use UNIX-style directory separators (forward slash `/`), may contain any byte other than `LF`, and must not start with double quote (`"`). -If an `LF` or double quote must be encoded into `<path>` shell-style -quoting should be used, e.g. `"path/with\n and \" in it"`. +A path can use C-style string quoting; this is accepted in all cases +and mandatory if the filename starts with double quote or contains +`LF`. In C-style quoting, the complete name should be surrounded with +double quotes, and any `LF`, backslash, or double quote characters +must be escaped by preceding them with a backslash (e.g., +`"path/with\n, \\ and \" in it"`). The value of `<path>` must be in canonical form. That is it must not: diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt index 474fa30..b81e90d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt @@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ git-fetch-pack - Receive missing objects from another repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git fetch-pack' [--all] [--quiet|-q] [--keep|-k] [--thin] [--include-tag] [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] [--depth=<n>] [--no-progress] [-v] [<host>:]<directory> [<refs>...] +'git fetch-pack' [--all] [--quiet|-q] [--keep|-k] [--thin] [--include-tag] + [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] + [--depth=<n>] [--no-progress] + [-v] [<host>:]<directory> [<refs>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -81,6 +84,8 @@ be in a separate packet, and the list must end with a flush packet. --depth=<n>:: Limit fetching to ancestor-chains not longer than n. + 'git-upload-pack' treats the special depth 2147483647 as + infinite even if there is an ancestor-chain that long. --no-progress:: Do not show the progress. diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt index db55a4e..f2e08d1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ returns an empty string instead. As a special case for the date-type fields, you may specify a format for the date by adding one of `:default`, `:relative`, `:short`, `:local`, -`:iso8601` or `:rfc2822` to the end of the fieldname; e.g. +`:iso8601`, `:rfc2822` or `:raw` to the end of the fieldname; e.g. `%(taggerdate:relative)`. diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index 6d43f56..9a914d0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ SYNOPSIS [--start-number <n>] [--numbered-files] [--in-reply-to=Message-Id] [--suffix=.<sfx>] [--ignore-if-in-upstream] - [--subject-prefix=Subject-Prefix] + [--subject-prefix=Subject-Prefix] [(--reroll-count|-v) <n>] [--to=<email>] [--cc=<email>] - [--cover-letter] [--quiet] + [--cover-letter] [--quiet] [--notes[=<ref>]] [<common diff options>] [ <since> | <revision range> ] @@ -166,6 +166,15 @@ will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. allows for useful naming of a patch series, and can be combined with the `--numbered` option. +-v <n>:: +--reroll-count=<n>:: + Mark the series as the <n>-th iteration of the topic. The + output filenames have `v<n>` pretended to them, and the + subject prefix ("PATCH" by default, but configurable via the + `--subject-prefix` option) has ` v<n>` appended to it. E.g. + `--reroll-count=4` may produce `v4-0001-add-makefile.patch` + file that has "Subject: [PATCH v4 1/20] Add makefile" in it. + --to=<email>:: Add a `To:` header to the email headers. This is in addition to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. @@ -191,6 +200,18 @@ will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. containing the shortlog and the overall diffstat. You can fill in a description in the file before sending it out. +--notes[=<ref>]:: + Append the notes (see linkgit:git-notes[1]) for the commit + after the three-dash line. ++ +The expected use case of this is to write supporting explanation for +the commit that does not belong to the commit log message proper, +and include it with the patch submission. While one can simply write +these explanations after `format-patch` has run but before sending, +keeping them as git notes allows them to be maintained between versions +of the patch series (but see the discussion of the `notes.rewrite` +configuration options in linkgit:git-notes[1] to use this workflow). + --[no]-signature=<signature>:: Add a signature to each message produced. Per RFC 3676 the signature is separated from the body by a line with '-- ' on it. If the diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt index 3bec036..cfecf84 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt @@ -42,8 +42,16 @@ CONFIGURATION grep.lineNumber:: If set to true, enable '-n' option by default. +grep.patternType:: + Set the default matching behavior. Using a value of 'basic', 'extended', + 'fixed', or 'perl' will enable the '--basic-regexp', '--extended-regexp', + '--fixed-strings', or '--perl-regexp' option accordingly, while the + value 'default' will return to the default matching behavior. + grep.extendedRegexp:: - If set to true, enable '--extended-regexp' option by default. + If set to true, enable '--extended-regexp' option by default. This + option is ignored when the 'grep.patternType' option is set to a value + other than 'default'. OPTIONS diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt index 585dac4..22c0d6e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-log.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt @@ -47,6 +47,11 @@ OPTIONS Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each commit was reached. +--use-mailmap:: + Use mailmap file to map author and committer names and email + to canonical real names and email addresses. See + linkgit:git-shortlog[1]. + --full-diff:: Without this flag, "git log -p <path>..." shows commits that touch the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified @@ -167,7 +172,7 @@ log.showroot:: `git log -p` output would be shown without a diff attached. The default is `true`. -mailmap.file:: +mailmap.*:: See linkgit:git-shortlog[1]. notes.displayRef:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt index b295bf8..87842e3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt @@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git merge-base' [-a|--all] <commit> <commit>... 'git merge-base' [-a|--all] --octopus <commit>... +'git merge-base' --is-ancestor <commit> <commit> 'git merge-base' --independent <commit>... DESCRIPTION @@ -50,6 +51,12 @@ from linkgit:git-show-branch[1] when used with the `--merge-base` option. from any other. This mimics the behavior of 'git show-branch --independent'. +--is-ancestor:: + Check if the first <commit> is an ancestor of the second <commit>, + and exit with status 0 if true, or with status 1 if not. + Errors are signaled by a non-zero status that is not 1. + + OPTIONS ------- -a:: @@ -110,6 +117,27 @@ both '1' and '2' are merge-bases of A and B. Neither one is better than the other (both are 'best' merge bases). When the `--all` option is not given, it is unspecified which best one is output. +A common idiom to check "fast-forward-ness" between two commits A +and B is (or at least used to be) to compute the merge base between +A and B, and check if it is the same as A, in which case, A is an +ancestor of B. You will see this idiom used often in older scripts. + + A=$(git rev-parse --verify A) + if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)" + then + ... A is an ancestor of B ... + fi + +In modern git, you can say this in a more direct way: + + if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B + then + ... A is an ancestor of B ... + fi + +instead. + + See also -------- linkgit:git-rev-list[1], diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt index 20f9228..d34ea3c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ commit or stash your changes before running 'git merge'. more than two parents (affectionately called an Octopus merge). + If no commit is given from the command line, and if `merge.defaultToUpstream` -configuration variable is set, merge the remote tracking branches +configuration variable is set, merge the remote-tracking branches that the current branch is configured to use as its upstream. See also the configuration section of this manual page. diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt index d7207bd..6b563c5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt @@ -64,6 +64,9 @@ variable `mergetool.<tool>.trustExitCode` can be set to `true`. Otherwise, 'git mergetool' will prompt the user to indicate the success of the resolution after the custom tool has exited. +--tool-help:: + Print a list of merge tools that may be used with `--tool`. + -y:: --no-prompt:: Don't prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution diff --git a/Documentation/git-notes.txt b/Documentation/git-notes.txt index b95aafa..46ef046 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-notes.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-notes.txt @@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ message stored in the commit object, the notes are indented like the message, after an unindented line saying "Notes (<refname>):" (or "Notes:" for `refs/notes/commits`). +Notes can also be added to patches prepared with `git format-patch` by +using the `--notes` option. Such notes are added as a patch commentary +after a three dash separator line. + To change which notes are shown by 'git log', see the "notes.displayRef" configuration in linkgit:git-log[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/git-p4.txt b/Documentation/git-p4.txt index 8228f33..f70ef9d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-p4.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-p4.txt @@ -112,6 +112,11 @@ will be fetched and consulted first during a 'git p4 sync'. Since importing directly from p4 is considerably slower than pulling changes from a git remote, this can be useful in a multi-developer environment. +If there are multiple branches, doing 'git p4 sync' will automatically +use the "BRANCH DETECTION" algorithm to try to partition new changes +into the right branch. This can be overridden with the '--branch' +option to specify just a single branch to update. + Rebase ~~~~~~ @@ -163,7 +168,7 @@ All commands except clone accept these options. --git-dir <dir>:: Set the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable. See linkgit:git[1]. ---verbose:: +--verbose, -v:: Provide more progress information. Sync options @@ -173,9 +178,11 @@ subsequent 'sync' operations. --branch <branch>:: Import changes into given branch. If the branch starts with - 'refs/', it will be used as is, otherwise the path 'refs/heads/' - will be prepended. The default branch is 'master'. If used - with an initial clone, no HEAD will be checked out. + 'refs/', it will be used as is. Otherwise if it does not start + with 'p4/', that prefix is added. The branch is assumed to + name a remote tracking, but this can be modified using + '--import-local', or by giving a full ref name. The default + branch is 'master'. + This example imports a new remote "p4/proj2" into an existing git repository: @@ -269,6 +276,29 @@ These options can be used to modify 'git p4 submit' behavior. Export tags from git as p4 labels. Tags found in git are applied to the perforce working directory. +--dry-run, -n:: + Show just what commits would be submitted to p4; do not change + state in git or p4. + +--prepare-p4-only:: + Apply a commit to the p4 workspace, opening, adding and deleting + files in p4 as for a normal submit operation. Do not issue the + final "p4 submit", but instead print a message about how to + submit manually or revert. This option always stops after the + first (oldest) commit. Git tags are not exported to p4. + +--conflict=(ask|skip|quit):: + Conflicts can occur when applying a commit to p4. When this + happens, the default behavior ("ask") is to prompt whether to + skip this commit and continue, or quit. This option can be used + to bypass the prompt, causing conflicting commits to be automatically + skipped, or to quit trying to apply commits, without prompting. + +--branch <branch>:: + After submitting, sync this named branch instead of the default + p4/master. See the "Sync options" section above for more + information. + Rebase options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These options can be used to modify 'git p4 rebase' behavior. @@ -376,8 +406,10 @@ the path elements in the p4 repository. The example above relied on the presence of the p4 branch. Without p4 branches, the same result will occur with: ---- +git init depot +cd depot git config git-p4.branchList main:branch1 -git p4 clone --detect-branches //depot@all +git p4 clone --detect-branches //depot@all . ---- @@ -519,6 +551,10 @@ git-p4.labelExportRegexp:: Only p4 labels matching this regular expression will be exported. The default value is '[a-zA-Z0-9_\-.]+$'. +git-p4.conflict:: + Specify submit behavior when a conflict with p4 is found, as per + --conflict. The default behavior is 'ask'. + IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS ---------------------- * Changesets from p4 are imported using git fast-import. diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt index cb97cc1..c964b79 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt @@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ OPTIONS[[OPTIONS]] `+`, followed by the source ref <src>, followed by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>. It is used to specify with what <src> object the <dst> ref - in the remote repository is to be updated. + in the remote repository is to be updated. If not specified, + the behavior of the command is controlled by the `push.default` + configuration variable. + The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as `master~4` or @@ -49,10 +51,11 @@ be named. If `:`<dst> is omitted, the same ref as <src> will be updated. + The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference -on the remote side, but by default this is only allowed if the -update can fast-forward <dst>. By having the optional leading `+`, -you can tell git to update the <dst> ref even when the update is not a -fast-forward. This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See +on the remote side. By default this is only allowed if <dst> is not +a tag (annotated or lightweight), and then only if it can fast-forward +<dst>. By having the optional leading `+`, you can tell git to update +the <dst> ref even if it is not allowed by default (e.g., it is not a +fast-forward.) This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See EXAMPLES below for details. + `tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`. @@ -65,7 +68,8 @@ directs git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name already exists on the remote side. This is the default operation mode if no explicit refspec is found (that is neither on the command line -nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below). +nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below) and +no `push.default` configuration variable is set. --all:: Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all @@ -172,7 +176,7 @@ useful if you write an alias or script around 'git push'. --recurse-submodules=check|on-demand:: Make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be - pushed are available on a remote tracking branch. If 'check' is + pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch. If 'check' is used git will verify that all submodule commits that changed in the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one remote of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will be @@ -283,7 +287,8 @@ leading to commit A. The history looks like this: ---------------- Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A -back to the original repository you two obtained the original commit X. +back to the original repository from which you two obtained the original +commit X. The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward. @@ -357,7 +362,8 @@ Examples `git push origin :`. + The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can be -configured by setting the `push` option of the remote. +configured by setting the `push` option of the remote, or the `push.default` +configuration variable. + For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to `origin` use `git config remote.origin.push HEAD`. Any valid <refspec> (like @@ -380,11 +386,23 @@ the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the default for A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the remote. -`git push origin master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev`:: +`git push mothership master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev`:: Use the source ref that matches `master` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) to update the ref that matches `satellite/master` (most probably - `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `origin` repository, then + `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `mothership` repository; do the same for `dev` and `satellite/dev`. ++ +This is to emulate `git fetch` run on the `mothership` using `git +push` that is run in the opposite direction in order to integrate +the work done on `satellite`, and is often necessary when you can +only make connection in one way (i.e. satellite can ssh into +mothership but mothership cannot initiate connection to satellite +because the latter is behind a firewall or does not run sshd). ++ +After running this `git push` on the `satellite` machine, you would +ssh into the `mothership` and run `git merge` there to complete the +emulation of `git pull` that were run on `mothership` to pull changes +made on `satellite`. `git push origin HEAD:master`:: Push the current branch to the remote ref matching `master` in the diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index fd535b0..da067ec 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [<upstream>] [<branch>] 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>] -'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort +'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort | --edit-todo DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -245,6 +245,9 @@ leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. --skip:: Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch. +--edit-todo:: + Edit the todo list during an interactive rebase. + -m:: --merge:: Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt index f5836e4..6d696e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt @@ -35,6 +35,37 @@ transport protocols, such as 'git-remote-http', 'git-remote-https', 'git-remote-ftp' and 'git-remote-ftps'. They implement the capabilities 'fetch', 'option', and 'push'. +INVOCATION +---------- + +Remote helper programs are invoked with one or (optionally) two +arguments. The first argument specifies a remote repository as in git; +it is either the name of a configured remote or a URL. The second +argument specifies a URL; it is usually of the form +'<transport>://<address>', but any arbitrary string is possible. +The 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set up for the remote helper +and can be used to determine where to store additional data or from +which directory to invoke auxiliary git commands. + +When git encounters a URL of the form '<transport>://<address>', where +'<transport>' is a protocol that it cannot handle natively, it +automatically invokes 'git remote-<transport>' with the full URL as +the second argument. If such a URL is encountered directly on the +command line, the first argument is the same as the second, and if it +is encountered in a configured remote, the first argument is the name +of that remote. + +A URL of the form '<transport>::<address>' explicitly instructs git to +invoke 'git remote-<transport>' with '<address>' as the second +argument. If such a URL is encountered directly on the command line, +the first argument is '<address>', and if it is encountered in a +configured remote, the first argument is the name of that remote. + +Additionally, when a configured remote has 'remote.<name>.vcs' set to +'<transport>', git explicitly invokes 'git remote-<transport>' with +'<name>' as the first argument. If set, the second argument is +'remote.<name>.url'; otherwise, the second argument is omitted. + INPUT FORMAT ------------ @@ -57,53 +88,17 @@ Each remote helper is expected to support only a subset of commands. The operations a helper supports are declared to git in the response to the `capabilities` command (see COMMANDS, below). -'option':: - For specifying settings like `verbosity` (how much output to - write to stderr) and `depth` (how much history is wanted in the - case of a shallow clone) that affect how other commands are - carried out. - -'connect':: - For fetching and pushing using git's native packfile protocol - that requires a bidirectional, full-duplex connection. - -'push':: - For listing remote refs and pushing specified objects from the - local object store to remote refs. - -'fetch':: - For listing remote refs and fetching the associated history to - the local object store. - -'import':: - For listing remote refs and fetching the associated history as - a fast-import stream. - -'refspec' <refspec>:: - This modifies the 'import' capability, allowing the produced - fast-import stream to modify refs in a private namespace - instead of writing to refs/heads or refs/remotes directly. - It is recommended that all importers providing the 'import' - capability use this. -+ -A helper advertising the capability -`refspec refs/heads/*:refs/svn/origin/branches/*` -is saying that, when it is asked to `import refs/heads/topic`, the -stream it outputs will update the `refs/svn/origin/branches/topic` -ref. -+ -This capability can be advertised multiple times. The first -applicable refspec takes precedence. The left-hand of refspecs -advertised with this capability must cover all refs reported by -the list command. If no 'refspec' capability is advertised, -there is an implied `refspec *:*`. +In the following, we list all defined capabilities and for +each we list which commands a helper with that capability +must provide. Capabilities for Pushing -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 'connect':: Can attempt to connect to 'git receive-pack' (for pushing), - 'git upload-pack', etc for communication using the - packfile protocol. + 'git upload-pack', etc for communication using + git's native packfile protocol. This + requires a bidirectional, full-duplex connection. + Supported commands: 'connect'. @@ -113,16 +108,26 @@ Supported commands: 'connect'. + Supported commands: 'list for-push', 'push'. -If a helper advertises both 'connect' and 'push', git will use -'connect' if possible and fall back to 'push' if the helper requests -so when connecting (see the 'connect' command under COMMANDS). +'export':: + Can discover remote refs and push specified objects from a + fast-import stream to remote refs. ++ +Supported commands: 'list for-push', 'export'. + +If a helper advertises 'connect', git will use it if possible and +fall back to another capability if the helper requests so when +connecting (see the 'connect' command under COMMANDS). +When choosing between 'push' and 'export', git prefers 'push'. +Other frontends may have some other order of preference. + Capabilities for Fetching -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 'connect':: Can try to connect to 'git upload-pack' (for fetching), 'git receive-pack', etc for communication using the - packfile protocol. + git's native packfile protocol. This + requires a bidirectional, full-duplex connection. + Supported commands: 'connect'. @@ -144,14 +149,27 @@ connecting (see the 'connect' command under COMMANDS). When choosing between 'fetch' and 'import', git prefers 'fetch'. Other frontends may have some other order of preference. +Miscellaneous capabilities +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +'option':: + For specifying settings like `verbosity` (how much output to + write to stderr) and `depth` (how much history is wanted in the + case of a shallow clone) that affect how other commands are + carried out. + 'refspec' <refspec>:: - This modifies the 'import' capability. + This modifies the 'import' capability, allowing the produced + fast-import stream to modify refs in a private namespace + instead of writing to refs/heads or refs/remotes directly. + It is recommended that all importers providing the 'import' + capability use this. + -A helper advertising +A helper advertising the capability `refspec refs/heads/*:refs/svn/origin/branches/*` -in its capabilities is saying that, when it handles -`import refs/heads/topic`, the stream it outputs will update the -`refs/svn/origin/branches/topic` ref. +is saying that, when it is asked to `import refs/heads/topic`, the +stream it outputs will update the `refs/svn/origin/branches/topic` +ref. + This capability can be advertised multiple times. The first applicable refspec takes precedence. The left-hand of refspecs @@ -159,36 +177,33 @@ advertised with this capability must cover all refs reported by the list command. If no 'refspec' capability is advertised, there is an implied `refspec *:*`. -INVOCATION ----------- +'bidi-import':: + This modifies the 'import' capability. + The fast-import commands 'cat-blob' and 'ls' can be used by remote-helpers + to retrieve information about blobs and trees that already exist in + fast-import's memory. This requires a channel from fast-import to the + remote-helper. + If it is advertised in addition to "import", git establishes a pipe from + fast-import to the remote-helper's stdin. + It follows that git and fast-import are both connected to the + remote-helper's stdin. Because git can send multiple commands to + the remote-helper it is required that helpers that use 'bidi-import' + buffer all 'import' commands of a batch before sending data to fast-import. + This is to prevent mixing commands and fast-import responses on the + helper's stdin. -Remote helper programs are invoked with one or (optionally) two -arguments. The first argument specifies a remote repository as in git; -it is either the name of a configured remote or a URL. The second -argument specifies a URL; it is usually of the form -'<transport>://<address>', but any arbitrary string is possible. -The 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set up for the remote helper -and can be used to determine where to store additional data or from -which directory to invoke auxiliary git commands. +'export-marks' <file>:: + This modifies the 'export' capability, instructing git to dump the + internal marks table to <file> when complete. For details, + read up on '--export-marks=<file>' in linkgit:git-fast-export[1]. + +'import-marks' <file>:: + This modifies the 'export' capability, instructing git to load the + marks specified in <file> before processing any input. For details, + read up on '--import-marks=<file>' in linkgit:git-fast-export[1]. -When git encounters a URL of the form '<transport>://<address>', where -'<transport>' is a protocol that it cannot handle natively, it -automatically invokes 'git remote-<transport>' with the full URL as -the second argument. If such a URL is encountered directly on the -command line, the first argument is the same as the second, and if it -is encountered in a configured remote, the first argument is the name -of that remote. -A URL of the form '<transport>::<address>' explicitly instructs git to -invoke 'git remote-<transport>' with '<address>' as the second -argument. If such a URL is encountered directly on the command line, -the first argument is '<address>', and if it is encountered in a -configured remote, the first argument is the name of that remote. -Additionally, when a configured remote has 'remote.<name>.vcs' set to -'<transport>', git explicitly invokes 'git remote-<transport>' with -'<name>' as the first argument. If set, the second argument is -'remote.<name>.url'; otherwise, the second argument is omitted. COMMANDS -------- @@ -198,9 +213,11 @@ Commands are given by the caller on the helper's standard input, one per line. 'capabilities':: Lists the capabilities of the helper, one per line, ending with a blank line. Each capability may be preceded with '*', - which marks them mandatory for git version using the remote - helper to understand (unknown mandatory capability is fatal - error). + which marks them mandatory for git versions using the remote + helper to understand. Any unknown mandatory capability is a + fatal error. ++ +Support for this command is mandatory. 'list':: Lists the refs, one per line, in the format "<value> <name> @@ -210,9 +227,20 @@ Commands are given by the caller on the helper's standard input, one per line. the name; unrecognized attributes are ignored. The list ends with a blank line. + -If 'push' is supported this may be called as 'list for-push' -to obtain the current refs prior to sending one or more 'push' -commands to the helper. +See REF LIST ATTRIBUTES for a list of currently defined attributes. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "fetch" or "import" capability. + +'list for-push':: + Similar to 'list', except that it is used if and only if + the caller wants to the resulting ref list to prepare + push commands. + A helper supporting both push and fetch can use this + to distinguish for which operation the output of 'list' + is going to be used, possibly reducing the amount + of work that needs to be performed. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "push" or "export" capability. 'option' <name> <value>:: Sets the transport helper option <name> to <value>. Outputs a @@ -222,6 +250,8 @@ commands to the helper. for it). Options should be set before other commands, and may influence the behavior of those commands. + +See OPTIONS for a list of currently defined options. ++ Supported if the helper has the "option" capability. 'fetch' <sha1> <name>:: @@ -230,7 +260,7 @@ Supported if the helper has the "option" capability. per line, terminated with a blank line. Outputs a single blank line when all fetch commands in the same batch are complete. Only objects which were reported - in the ref list with a sha1 may be fetched this way. + in the output of 'list' with a sha1 may be fetched this way. + Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating a file under GIT_DIR/objects/pack which is keeping a pack until refs can be @@ -286,8 +316,29 @@ terminated with a blank line. For each batch of 'import', the remote helper should produce a fast-import stream terminated by a 'done' command. + +Note that if the 'bidi-import' capability is used the complete batch +sequence has to be buffered before starting to send data to fast-import +to prevent mixing of commands and fast-import responses on the helper's +stdin. ++ Supported if the helper has the "import" capability. +'export':: + Instructs the remote helper that any subsequent input is + part of a fast-import stream (generated by 'git fast-export') + containing objects which should be pushed to the remote. ++ +Especially useful for interoperability with a foreign versioning +system. ++ +The 'export-marks' and 'import-marks' capabilities, if specified, +affect this command in so far as they are passed on to 'git +fast-export', which then will load/store a table of marks for +local objects. This can be used to implement for incremental +operations. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "export" capability. + 'connect' <service>:: Connects to given service. Standard input and standard output of helper are connected to specified service (git prefix is @@ -313,10 +364,9 @@ capabilities reported by the helper. REF LIST ATTRIBUTES ------------------- -'for-push':: - The caller wants to use the ref list to prepare push - commands. A helper might chose to acquire the ref list by - opening a different type of connection to the destination. +The 'list' command produces a list of refs in which each ref +may be followed by a list of attributes. The following ref list +attributes are defined. 'unchanged':: This ref is unchanged since the last import or fetch, although @@ -324,6 +374,10 @@ REF LIST ATTRIBUTES OPTIONS ------- + +The following options are defined and (under suitable circumstances) +set by git if the remote helper has the 'option' capability. + 'option verbosity' <n>:: Changes the verbosity of messages displayed by the helper. A value of 0 for <n> means that processes operate diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt index 2a67d45..612a625 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ testcase for the remote-helper functionality, and as an example to show remote-helper authors one possible implementation. The best way to learn more is to read the comments and source code in -'git-remote-testgit.py'. +'git-remote-testgit'. SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt index 117e374..a404b47 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt @@ -8,20 +8,20 @@ git-reset - Reset current HEAD to the specified state SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git reset' [-q] [<commit>] [--] <paths>... -'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<commit>] [--] [<paths>...] -'git reset' (--soft | --mixed | --hard | --merge | --keep) [-q] [<commit>] +'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... +'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-sh>] [--] [<paths>...] +'git reset' [--soft | --mixed | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>] DESCRIPTION ----------- -In the first and second form, copy entries from <commit> to the index. +In the first and second form, copy entries from <tree-ish> to the index. In the third form, set the current branch head (HEAD) to <commit>, optionally -modifying index and working tree to match. The <commit> defaults to HEAD -in all forms. +modifying index and working tree to match. The <tree-ish>/<commit> defaults +to HEAD in all forms. -'git reset' [-q] [<commit>] [--] <paths>...:: +'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>...:: This form resets the index entries for all <paths> to their - state at <commit>. (It does not affect the working tree, nor + state at <tree-ish>. (It does not affect the working tree, nor the current branch.) + This means that `git reset <paths>` is the opposite of `git add @@ -34,20 +34,20 @@ Alternatively, using linkgit:git-checkout[1] and specifying a commit, you can copy the contents of a path out of a commit to the index and to the working tree in one go. -'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<commit>] [--] [<paths>...]:: +'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...]:: Interactively select hunks in the difference between the index - and <commit> (defaults to HEAD). The chosen hunks are applied + and <tree-ish> (defaults to HEAD). The chosen hunks are applied in reverse to the index. + This means that `git reset -p` is the opposite of `git add -p`, i.e. you can use it to selectively reset hunks. See the ``Interactive Mode'' section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. -'git reset' --<mode> [<commit>]:: +'git reset' [<mode>] [<commit>]:: This form resets the current branch head to <commit> and possibly updates the index (resetting it to the tree of <commit>) and - the working tree depending on <mode>, which - must be one of the following: + the working tree depending on <mode>. If <mode> is omitted, + defaults to "--mixed". The <mode> must be one of the following: + -- --soft:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt index 5d31860..262436b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt @@ -134,6 +134,21 @@ use the following command: git diff --name-only --diff-filter=D -z | xargs -0 git rm --cached ---------------- +Submodules +~~~~~~~~~~ +Only submodules using a gitfile (which means they were cloned +with a git version 1.7.8 or newer) will be removed from the work +tree, as their repository lives inside the .git directory of the +superproject. If a submodule (or one of those nested inside it) +still uses a .git directory, `git rm` will fail - no matter if forced +or not - to protect the submodule's history. + +A submodule is considered up-to-date when the HEAD is the same as +recorded in the index, no tracked files are modified and no untracked +files that aren't ignored are present in the submodules work tree. +Ignored files are deemed expendable and won't stop a submodule's work +tree from being removed. + EXAMPLES -------- `git rm Documentation/\*.txt`:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index 3241170..eeb561c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -126,6 +126,10 @@ The --to option must be repeated for each user you want on the to list. + Note that no attempts whatsoever are made to validate the encoding. +--compose-encoding=<encoding>:: + Specify encoding of compose message. Default is the value of the + 'sendemail.composeencoding'; if that is unspecified, UTF-8 is assumed. + Sending ~~~~~~~ diff --git a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt index afeb4cd..c308e91 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt @@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ OPTIONS line of each entry is indented by `indent1` spaces, and the second and subsequent lines are indented by `indent2` spaces. `width`, `indent1`, and `indent2` default to 76, 6 and 9 respectively. ++ +If width is `0` (zero) then indent the lines of the output without wrapping +them. MAPPING AUTHORS diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt index 0aa4e20..711ffe1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Remove a single stashed state from the stash list. When no `<stash>` is given, it removes the latest one. i.e. `stash@{0}`, otherwise - `<stash>` must a valid stash log reference of the form + `<stash>` must be a valid stash log reference of the form `stash@{<revision>}`. create:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt index 67e5f53..9f1ef9a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-status.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt @@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ OPTIONS across git versions and regardless of user configuration. See below for details. +--long:: + Give the output in the long-format. This is the default. + -u[<mode>]:: --untracked-files[=<mode>]:: Show untracked files. diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index b4683bb..b1996f1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ git-submodule - Initialize, update or inspect submodules SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git submodule' [--quiet] add [-b branch] [-f|--force] +'git submodule' [--quiet] add [-b <branch>] [-f|--force] [--name <name>] [--reference <repository>] [--] <repository> [<path>] 'git submodule' [--quiet] status [--cached] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] init [--] [<path>...] -'git submodule' [--quiet] update [--init] [-N|--no-fetch] [--rebase] +'git submodule' [--quiet] update [--init] [--remote] [-N|--no-fetch] [--rebase] [--reference <repository>] [--merge] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] 'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [--cached|--files] [(-n|--summary-limit) <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...] @@ -208,6 +208,8 @@ OPTIONS -b:: --branch:: Branch of repository to add as submodule. + The name of the branch is recorded as `submodule.<path>.branch` in + `.gitmodules` for `update --remote`. -f:: --force:: @@ -236,6 +238,27 @@ OPTIONS (the default). This limit only applies to modified submodules. The size is always limited to 1 for added/deleted/typechanged submodules. +--remote:: + This option is only valid for the update command. Instead of using + the superproject's recorded SHA-1 to update the submodule, use the + status of the submodule's remote tracking branch. The remote used + is branch's remote (`branch.<name>.remote`), defaulting to `origin`. + The remote branch used defaults to `master`, but the branch name may + be overridden by setting the `submodule.<name>.branch` option in + either `.gitmodules` or `.git/config` (with `.git/config` taking + precedence). ++ +This works for any of the supported update procedures (`--checkout`, +`--rebase`, etc.). The only change is the source of the target SHA-1. +For example, `submodule update --remote --merge` will merge upstream +submodule changes into the submodules, while `submodule update +--merge` will merge superproject gitlink changes into the submodules. ++ +In order to ensure a current tracking branch state, `update --remote` +fetches the submodule's remote repository before calculating the +SHA-1. If you don't want to fetch, you should use `submodule update +--remote --no-fetch`. + -N:: --no-fetch:: This option is only valid for the update command. @@ -265,6 +288,11 @@ OPTIONS Initialize all submodules for which "git submodule init" has not been called so far before updating. +--name:: + This option is only valid for the add command. It sets the submodule's + name to the given string instead of defaulting to its path. The name + must be valid as a directory name and may not end with a '/'. + --reference <repository>:: This option is only valid for add and update commands. These commands sometimes need to clone a remote repository. In this case, diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index cfe8d2b..34d438b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -146,6 +146,13 @@ Skip "branches" and "tags" of first level directories;; ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- +--log-window-size=<n>;; + Fetch <n> log entries per request when scanning Subversion history. + The default is 100. For very large Subversion repositories, larger + values may be needed for 'clone'/'fetch' to complete in reasonable + time. But overly large values may lead to higher memory usage and + request timeouts. + 'clone':: Runs 'init' and 'fetch'. It will automatically create a directory based on the basename of the URL passed to it; @@ -339,6 +346,16 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git log' corresponding git commit hash (this can optionally be followed by a tree-ish to specify which branch should be searched). When given a tree-ish, returns the corresponding SVN revision number. ++ +--before;; + Don't require an exact match if given an SVN revision, instead find + the commit corresponding to the state of the SVN repository (on the + current branch) at the specified revision. ++ +--after;; + Don't require an exact match if given an SVN revision; if there is + not an exact match return the closest match searching forward in the + history. 'set-tree':: You should consider using 'dcommit' instead of this command. @@ -621,10 +638,19 @@ ADVANCED OPTIONS Default: "svn" --follow-parent:: + This option is only relevant if we are tracking branches (using + one of the repository layout options --trunk, --tags, + --branches, --stdlayout). For each tracked branch, try to find + out where its revision was copied from, and set + a suitable parent in the first git commit for the branch. This is especially helpful when we're tracking a directory - that has been moved around within the repository, or if we - started tracking a branch and never tracked the trunk it was - descended from. This feature is enabled by default, use + that has been moved around within the repository. If this + feature is disabled, the branches created by 'git svn' will all + be linear and not share any history, meaning that there will be + no information on where branches were branched off or merged. + However, following long/convoluted histories can take a long + time, so disabling this feature may speed up the cloning + process. This feature is enabled by default, use --no-follow-parent to disable it. + [verse] @@ -732,7 +758,8 @@ for rewriteRoot and rewriteUUID which can be used together. BASIC EXAMPLES -------------- -Tracking and contributing to the trunk of a Subversion-managed project: +Tracking and contributing to the trunk of a Subversion-managed project +(ignoring tags and branches): ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Clone a repo (like git clone): @@ -757,8 +784,10 @@ Tracking and contributing to an entire Subversion-managed project (complete with a trunk, tags and branches): ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -# Clone a repo (like git clone): - git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project -T trunk -b branches -t tags +# Clone a repo with standard SVN directory layout (like git clone): + git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project --stdlayout +# Or, if the repo uses a non-standard directory layout: + git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project -T tr -b branch -t tag # View all branches and tags you have cloned: git branch -r # Create a new branch in SVN @@ -823,6 +852,52 @@ inside git back upstream to SVN users. Therefore it is advised that users keep history as linear as possible inside git to ease compatibility with SVN (see the CAVEATS section below). +HANDLING OF SVN BRANCHES +------------------------ +If 'git svn' is configured to fetch branches (and --follow-branches +is in effect), it sometimes creates multiple git branches for one +SVN branch, where the addtional branches have names of the form +'branchname@nnn' (with nnn an SVN revision number). These additional +branches are created if 'git svn' cannot find a parent commit for the +first commit in an SVN branch, to connect the branch to the history of +the other branches. + +Normally, the first commit in an SVN branch consists +of a copy operation. 'git svn' will read this commit to get the SVN +revision the branch was created from. It will then try to find the +git commit that corresponds to this SVN revision, and use that as the +parent of the branch. However, it is possible that there is no suitable +git commit to serve as parent. This will happen, among other reasons, +if the SVN branch is a copy of a revision that was not fetched by 'git +svn' (e.g. because it is an old revision that was skipped with +'--revision'), or if in SVN a directory was copied that is not tracked +by 'git svn' (such as a branch that is not tracked at all, or a +subdirectory of a tracked branch). In these cases, 'git svn' will still +create a git branch, but instead of using an existing git commit as the +parent of the branch, it will read the SVN history of the directory the +branch was copied from and create appropriate git commits. This is +indicated by the message "Initializing parent: <branchname>". + +Additionally, it will create a special branch named +'<branchname>@<SVN-Revision>', where <SVN-Revision> is the SVN revision +number the branch was copied from. This branch will point to the newly +created parent commit of the branch. If in SVN the branch was deleted +and later recreated from a different version, there will be multiple +such branches with an '@'. + +Note that this may mean that multiple git commits are created for a +single SVN revision. + +An example: in an SVN repository with a standard +trunk/tags/branches layout, a directory trunk/sub is created in r.100. +In r.200, trunk/sub is branched by copying it to branches/. 'git svn +clone -s' will then create a branch 'sub'. It will also create new git +commits for r.100 through r.199 and use these as the history of branch +'sub'. Thus there will be two git commits for each revision from r.100 +to r.199 (one containing trunk/, one containing trunk/sub/). Finally, +it will create a branch 'sub@200' pointing to the new parent commit of +branch 'sub' (i.e. the commit for r.200 and trunk/sub/). + CAVEATS ------- @@ -864,6 +939,21 @@ already dcommitted. It is considered bad practice to --amend commits you've already pushed to a remote repository for other users, and dcommit with SVN is analogous to that. +When cloning an SVN repository, if none of the options for describing +the repository layout is used (--trunk, --tags, --branches, +--stdlayout), 'git svn clone' will create a git repository with +completely linear history, where branches and tags appear as separate +directories in the working copy. While this is the easiest way to get a +copy of a complete repository, for projects with many branches it will +lead to a working copy many times larger than just the trunk. Thus for +projects using the standard directory structure (trunk/branches/tags), +it is recommended to clone with option '--stdlayout'. If the project +uses a non-standard structure, and/or if branches and tags are not +required, it is easiest to only clone one directory (typically trunk), +without giving any repository layout options. If the full history with +branches and tags is required, the options '--trunk' / '--branches' / +'--tags' must be used. + When using multiple --branches or --tags, 'git svn' does not automatically handle name collisions (for example, if two branches from different paths have the same name, or if a branch and a tag have the same name). In these cases, @@ -887,6 +977,12 @@ the possible corner cases (git doesn't do it, either). Committing renamed and copied files is fully supported if they're similar enough for git to detect them. +In SVN, it is possible (though discouraged) to commit changes to a tag +(because a tag is just a directory copy, thus technically the same as a +branch). When cloning an SVN repository, 'git svn' cannot know if such a +commit to a tag will happen in the future. Thus it acts conservatively +and imports all SVN tags as branches, prefixing the tag name with 'tags/'. + CONFIGURATION ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt index 981d3a8..ef68ad2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt @@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ git-symbolic-ref(1) NAME ---- -git-symbolic-ref - Read and modify symbolic refs +git-symbolic-ref - Read, modify and delete symbolic refs SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git symbolic-ref' [-m <reason>] <name> <ref> 'git symbolic-ref' [-q] [--short] <name> +'git symbolic-ref' --delete [-q] <name> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -21,6 +22,9 @@ argument to see which branch your working tree is on. Given two arguments, creates or updates a symbolic ref <name> to point at the given branch <ref>. +Given `--delete` and an additional argument, deletes the given +symbolic ref. + A symbolic ref is a regular file that stores a string that begins with `ref: refs/`. For example, your `.git/HEAD` is a regular file whose contents is `ref: refs/heads/master`. @@ -28,6 +32,10 @@ a regular file whose contents is `ref: refs/heads/master`. OPTIONS ------- +-d:: +--delete:: + Delete the symbolic ref <name>. + -q:: --quiet:: Do not issue an error message if the <name> is not a diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt index 247534e..6470cff 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt @@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ This option is only applicable when listing tags without annotation lines. CONFIGURATION ------------- By default, 'git tag' in sign-with-default mode (-s) will use your -committer identity (of the form "Your Name <your@email.address>") to +committer identity (of the form "Your Name <\your@email.address>") to find a key. If you want to use a different default key, you can specify it in the repository configuration as follows: diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index fbdd2a5..555250d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -43,6 +43,20 @@ unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master' branch of the `git.git` repository. Documentation for older releases are available here: +* link:v1.8.1.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.1] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1], + link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1]. + +* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3], + link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2], + link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1], + link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0]. + * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4] * release notes for @@ -415,6 +429,11 @@ help ...`. Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. +--literal-pathspecs:: + Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is + equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment + variable to `1`. + GIT COMMANDS ------------ @@ -643,6 +662,7 @@ git so take care if using Cogito etc. If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` for the base of the repository. + The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value. 'GIT_WORK_TREE':: Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be @@ -758,6 +778,14 @@ for further details. and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass' option in linkgit:git-config[1]. +'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM':: + Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide + `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can + be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a + predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it + temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while + waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it. + 'GIT_FLUSH':: If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log', @@ -782,6 +810,16 @@ for further details. as a file path and will try to write the trace messages into it. +GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS:: + Setting this variable to `1` will cause git to treat all + pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example, + running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search + for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the + glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding + literal paths to git (e.g., paths previously given to you by + `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc). + + Discussion[[Discussion]] ------------------------ @@ -862,8 +900,10 @@ Authors ------- Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list -<git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see -http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the +<git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary +gives you a more complete list of contributors. + +If you have a clone of git.git itself, the output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you the authors for specific parts of the project. diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index 52ab93d..2698f63 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ When more than one pattern matches the path, a later line overrides an earlier line. This overriding is done per attribute. The rules how the pattern matches paths are the same as in `.gitignore` files; see linkgit:gitignore[5]. +Unlike `.gitignore`, negative patterns are forbidden. When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, git consults `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file (which has the highest @@ -516,6 +517,8 @@ configuration file (you still need to enable this with the attribute mechanism, via `.gitattributes`). The following built in patterns are available: +- `ada` suitable for source code in the Ada language. + - `bibtex` suitable for files with BibTeX coded references. - `cpp` suitable for source code in the C and C++ languages. diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index b9003fe..d839233 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -176,6 +176,35 @@ save and restore any form of metadata associated with the working tree (eg: permissions/ownership, ACLS, etc). See contrib/hooks/setgitperms.perl for an example of how to do this. +pre-push +~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is called by 'git push' and can be used to prevent a push from taking +place. The hook is called with two parameters which provide the name and +location of the destination remote, if a named remote is not being used both +values will be the same. + +Information about what is to be pushed is provided on the hook's standard +input with lines of the form: + + <local ref> SP <local sha1> SP <remote ref> SP <remote sha1> LF + +For instance, if the command +git push origin master:foreign+ were run the +hook would receive a line like the following: + + refs/heads/master 67890 refs/heads/foreign 12345 + +although the full, 40-character SHA1s would be supplied. If the foreign ref +does not yet exist the `<remote SHA1>` will be 40 `0`. If a ref is to be +deleted, the `<local ref>` will be supplied as `(delete)` and the `<local +SHA1>` will be 40 `0`. If the local commit was specified by something other +than a name which could be expanded (such as `HEAD~`, or a SHA1) it will be +supplied as it was originally given. + +If this hook exits with a non-zero status, 'git push' will abort without +pushing anything. Information about why the push is rejected may be sent +to the user by writing to standard error. + [[pre-receive]] pre-receive ~~~~~~~~~~~ diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt index 1b82fe1..0da205f 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt @@ -108,6 +108,25 @@ PATTERN FORMAT For example, "/{asterisk}.c" matches "cat-file.c" but not "mozilla-sha1/sha1.c". +Two consecutive asterisks ("`**`") in patterns matched against +full pathname may have special meaning: + + - A leading "`**`" followed by a slash means match in all + directories. For example, "`**/foo`" matches file or directory + "`foo`" anywhere, the same as pattern "`foo`". "**/foo/bar" + matches file or directory "`bar`" anywhere that is directly + under directory "`foo`". + + - A trailing "/**" matches everything inside. For example, + "abc/**" matches all files inside directory "abc", relative + to the location of the `.gitignore` file, with infinite depth. + + - A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash + matches zero or more directories. For example, "`a/**/b`" + matches "`a/b`", "`a/x/b`", "`a/x/y/b`" and so on. + + - Other consecutive asterisks are considered invalid. + NOTES ----- @@ -165,8 +184,10 @@ The second .gitignore prevents git from ignoring SEE ALSO -------- -linkgit:git-rm[1], linkgit:git-update-index[1], -linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] +linkgit:git-rm[1], +linkgit:git-update-index[1], +linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5], +linkgit:git-check-ignore[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt index 4effd78..52d7ae4 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt @@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ working tree, is a text file with a syntax matching the requirements of linkgit:git-config[1]. The file contains one subsection per submodule, and the subsection value -is the name of the submodule. Each submodule section also contains the +is the name of the submodule. The name is set to the path where the +submodule has been added unless it was customized with the '--name' +option of 'git submodule add'. Each submodule section also contains the following required keys: submodule.<name>.path:: @@ -47,6 +49,11 @@ submodule.<name>.update:: This config option is overridden if 'git submodule update' is given the '--merge', '--rebase' or '--checkout' options. +submodule.<name>.branch:: + A remote branch name for tracking updates in the upstream submodule. + If the option is not specified, it defaults to 'master'. See the + `--remote` documentation in linkgit:git-submodule[1] for details. + submodule.<name>.fetchRecurseSubmodules:: This option can be used to control recursive fetching of this submodule. If this option is also present in the submodules entry in diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt index 5c891f1..9f62886 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt @@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ refs/remotes/`name`:: records tip-of-the-tree commit objects of branches copied from a remote repository. +refs/replace/`<obj-sha1>`:: + records the SHA1 of the object that replaces `<obj-sha1>`. + This is similar to info/grafts and is internally used and + maintained by linkgit:git-replace[1]. Such refs can be exchanged + between repositories while grafts are not. + packed-refs:: records the same information as refs/heads/, refs/tags/, and friends record in a more efficient way. See diff --git a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt index 8823a37..816c791 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt @@ -5,36 +5,47 @@ Abstract: Imagine that git development is racing along as usual, when our friend neighborhood maintainer is struck down by a wayward bus. Out of the hordes of suckers (loyal developers), you have been tricked (chosen) to step up as the new maintainer. This howto will show you "how to" do it. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to maintain Git +=================== + +Activities +---------- The maintainer's git time is spent on three activities. - - Communication (60%) + - Communication (45%) Mailing list discussions on general design, fielding user questions, diagnosing bug reports; reviewing, commenting on, suggesting alternatives to, and rejecting patches. - - Integration (30%) + - Integration (50%) Applying new patches from the contributors while spotting and correcting minor mistakes, shuffling the integration and testing branches, pushing the results out, cutting the releases, and making announcements. - - Own development (10%) + - Own development (5%) Scratching my own itch and sending proposed patch series out. +The Policy +---------- + The policy on Integration is informally mentioned in "A Note from the maintainer" message, which is periodically posted to this mailing list after each feature release is made. -The policy. - - Feature releases are numbered as vX.Y.Z and are meant to contain bugfixes and enhancements in any area, including functionality, performance and usability, without regression. + - One release cycle for a feature release is expected to last for + eight to ten weeks. + - Maintenance releases are numbered as vX.Y.Z.W and are meant to contain only bugfixes for the corresponding vX.Y.Z feature release and earlier maintenance releases vX.Y.Z.V (V < W). @@ -58,12 +69,15 @@ The policy. - 'pu' branch is used to publish other proposed changes that do not yet pass the criteria set for 'next'. - - The tips of 'master', 'maint' and 'next' branches will always - fast-forward, to allow people to build their own - customization on top of them. + - The tips of 'master' and 'maint' branches will not be rewound to + allow people to build their own customization on top of them. + Early in a new development cycle, 'next' is rewound to the tip of + 'master' once, but otherwise it will not be rewound until the end + of the cycle. - - Usually 'master' contains all of 'maint', 'next' contains all - of 'master' and 'pu' contains all of 'next'. + - Usually 'master' contains all of 'maint' and 'next' contains all + of 'master'. 'pu' contains all the topics merged to 'next', but + is rebuilt directly on 'master'. - The tip of 'master' is meant to be more stable than any tagged releases, and the users are encouraged to follow it. @@ -73,14 +87,22 @@ The policy. are found before new topics are merged to 'master'. +A Typical Git Day +----------------- + A typical git day for the maintainer implements the above policy by doing the following: - - Scan mailing list and #git channel log. Respond with review - comments, suggestions etc. Kibitz. Collect potentially - usable patches from the mailing list. Patches about a single - topic go to one mailbox (I read my mail in Gnus, and type - \C-o to save/append messages in files in mbox format). + - Scan mailing list. Respond with review comments, suggestions + etc. Kibitz. Collect potentially usable patches from the + mailing list. Patches about a single topic go to one mailbox (I + read my mail in Gnus, and type \C-o to save/append messages in + files in mbox format). + + - Write his own patches to address issues raised on the list but + nobody has stepped up solving. Send it out just like other + contributors do, and pick them up just like patches from other + contributors (see above). - Review the patches in the saved mailboxes. Edit proposed log message for typofixes and clarifications, and add Acks @@ -96,40 +118,32 @@ by doing the following: - Obviously correct fixes that pertain to the tip of 'master' are directly applied to 'master'. + - Other topics are not handled in this step. + This step is done with "git am". $ git checkout master ;# or "git checkout maint" - $ git am -3 -s mailbox + $ git am -sc3 mailbox $ make test - - Merge downwards (maint->master): - - $ git checkout master - $ git merge maint - $ make test + In practice, almost no patch directly goes to 'master' or + 'maint'. - Review the last issue of "What's cooking" message, review the - topics scheduled for merging upwards (topic->master and - topic->maint), and merge. + topics ready for merging (topic->master and topic->maint). Use + "Meta/cook -w" script (where Meta/ contains a checkout of the + 'todo' branch) to aid this step. + + And perform the merge. Use "Meta/Reintegrate -e" script (see + later) to aid this step. + + $ Meta/cook -w last-issue-of-whats-cooking.mbox $ git checkout master ;# or "git checkout maint" - $ git merge ai/topic ;# or "git merge ai/maint-topic" + $ echo ai/topic | Meta/Reintegrate -e ;# "git merge ai/topic" $ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. ;# final review $ git diff ORIG_HEAD.. ;# final review $ make test ;# final review - $ git branch -d ai/topic ;# or "git branch -d ai/maint-topic" - - - Merge downwards (maint->master) if needed: - - $ git checkout master - $ git merge maint - $ make test - - - Merge downwards (master->next) if needed: - - $ git checkout next - $ git merge master - $ make test - Handle the remaining patches: @@ -138,9 +152,9 @@ by doing the following: and not in 'master') is applied to a new topic branch that is forked from the tip of 'master'. This includes both enhancements and unobvious fixes to 'master'. A topic - branch is named as ai/topic where "ai" is typically - author's initial and "topic" is a descriptive name of the - topic (in other words, "what's the series is about"). + branch is named as ai/topic where "ai" is two-letter string + named after author's initial and "topic" is a descriptive name + of the topic (in other words, "what's the series is about"). - An unobvious fix meant for 'maint' is applied to a new topic branch that is forked from the tip of 'maint'. The @@ -158,7 +172,8 @@ by doing the following: The above except the "replacement" are all done with: - $ git am -3 -s mailbox + $ git checkout ai/topic ;# or "git checkout -b ai/topic master" + $ git am -sc3 mailbox while patch replacement is often done by: @@ -166,93 +181,170 @@ by doing the following: then replace some parts with the new patch, and reapplying: + $ git checkout ai/topic $ git reset --hard ai/topic~$n - $ git am -3 -s 000*.txt + $ git am -sc3 -s 000*.txt The full test suite is always run for 'maint' and 'master' after patch application; for topic branches the tests are run as time permits. - - Update "What's cooking" message to review the updates to - existing topics, newly added topics and graduated topics. - - This step is helped with Meta/cook script (where Meta/ contains - a checkout of the 'todo' branch). + - Merge maint to master as needed: - - Merge topics to 'next'. For each branch whose tip is not - merged to 'next', one of three things can happen: + $ git checkout master + $ git merge maint + $ make test - - The commits are all next-worthy; merge the topic to next: + - Merge master to next as needed: $ git checkout next - $ git merge ai/topic ;# or "git merge ai/maint-topic" + $ git merge master $ make test + - Review the last issue of "What's cooking" again and see if topics + that are ready to be merged to 'next' are still in good shape + (e.g. has there any new issue identified on the list with the + series?) + + - Prepare 'jch' branch, which is used to represent somewhere + between 'master' and 'pu' and often is slightly ahead of 'next'. + + $ Meta/Reintegrate master..pu >Meta/redo-jch.sh + + The result is a script that lists topics to be merged in order to + rebuild 'pu' as the input to Meta/Reintegrate script. Remove + later topics that should not be in 'jch' yet. Add a line that + consists of '### match next' before the name of the first topic + in the output that should be in 'jch' but not in 'next' yet. + + - Now we are ready to start merging topics to 'next'. For each + branch whose tip is not merged to 'next', one of three things can + happen: + + - The commits are all next-worthy; merge the topic to next; - The new parts are of mixed quality, but earlier ones are - next-worthy; merge the early parts to next: + next-worthy; merge the early parts to next; + - Nothing is next-worthy; do not do anything. + + This step is aided with Meta/redo-jch.sh script created earlier. + If a topic that was already in 'next' gained a patch, the script + would list it as "ai/topic~1". To include the new patch to the + updated 'next', drop the "~1" part; to keep it excluded, do not + touch the line. If a topic that was not in 'next' should be + merged to 'next', add it at the end of the list. Then: + + $ git checkout -B jch master + $ Meta/redo-jch.sh -c1 + + to rebuild the 'jch' branch from scratch. "-c1" tells the script + to stop merging at the first line that begins with '###' + (i.e. the "### match next" line you added earlier). + + At this point, build-test the result. It may reveal semantic + conflicts (e.g. a topic renamed a variable, another added a new + reference to the variable under its old name), in which case + prepare an appropriate merge-fix first (see appendix), and + rebuild the 'jch' branch from scratch, starting at the tip of + 'master'. + + Then do the same to 'next' $ git checkout next - $ git merge ai/topic~2 ;# the tip two are dubious - $ make test + $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -c1 -e - - Nothing is next-worthy; do not do anything. + The "-e" option allows the merge message that comes from the + history of the topic and the comments in the "What's cooking" to + be edited. The resulting tree should match 'jch' as the same set + of topics are merged on 'master'; otherwise there is a mismerge. + Investigate why and do not proceed until the mismerge is found + and rectified. - - [** OBSOLETE **] Optionally rebase topics that do not have any commit - in next yet, when they can take advantage of low-level framework - change that is merged to 'master' already. + $ git diff jch next - $ git rebase master ai/topic + When all is well, clean up the redo-jch.sh script with - This step is helped with Meta/git-topic.perl script to - identify which topic is rebaseable. There also is a - pre-rebase hook to make sure that topics that are already in - 'next' are not rebased beyond the merged commit. + $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -u - - [** OBSOLETE **] Rebuild "pu" to merge the tips of topics not in 'next'. + This removes topics listed in the script that have already been + merged to 'master'. This may lose '### match next' marker; + add it again to the appropriate place when it happens. - $ git checkout pu - $ git reset --hard next - $ git merge ai/topic ;# repeat for all remaining topics - $ make test + - Rebuild 'pu'. - This step is helped with Meta/PU script + $ Meta/Reintegrate master..pu >Meta/redo-pu.sh - - Push four integration branches to a private repository at - k.org and run "make test" on all of them. + Edit the result by adding new topics that are not still in 'pu' + in the script. Then - - Push four integration branches to /pub/scm/git/git.git at - k.org. This triggers its post-update hook which: + $ git checkout -B pu jch + $ sh Meta/redo-pu.sh - (1) runs "git pull" in $HOME/git-doc/ repository to pull - 'master' just pushed out; + When all is well, clean up the redo-pu.sh script with - (2) runs "make doc" in $HOME/git-doc/, install the generated - documentation in staging areas, which are separate - repositories that have html and man branches checked - out. + $ sh Meta/redo-pu.sh -u - (3) runs "git commit" in the staging areas, and run "git - push" back to /pub/scm/git/git.git/ to update the html - and man branches. + Double check by running - (4) installs generated documentation to /pub/software/scm/git/docs/ - to be viewed from http://www.kernel.org/ + $ git branch --no-merged pu - - Fetch html and man branches back from k.org, and push four - integration branches and the two documentation branches to - repo.or.cz and other mirrors. + to see there is no unexpected leftover topics. + At this point, build-test the result for semantic conflicts, and + if there are, prepare an appropriate merge-fix first (see + appendix), and rebuild the 'pu' branch from scratch, starting at + the tip of 'jch'. + + - Update "What's cooking" message to review the updates to + existing topics, newly added topics and graduated topics. + + This step is helped with Meta/cook script. + + $ Meta/cook + + This script inspects the history between master..pu, finds tips + of topic branches, compares what it found with the current + contents in Meta/whats-cooking.txt, and updates that file. + Topics not listed in the file but are found in master..pu are + added to the "New topics" section, topics listed in the file that + are no longer found in master..pu are moved to the "Graduated to + master" section, and topics whose commits changed their states + (e.g. used to be only in 'pu', now merged to 'next') are updated + with change markers "<<" and ">>". + + Look for lines enclosed in "<<" and ">>"; they hold contents from + old file that are replaced by this integration round. After + verifying them, remove the old part. Review the description for + each topic and update its doneness and plan as needed. To review + the updated plan, run + + $ Meta/cook -w + + which will pick up comments given to the topics, such as "Will + merge to 'next'", etc. (see Meta/cook script to learn what kind + of phrases are supported). + + - Compile, test and install all four (five) integration branches; + Meta/Dothem script may aid this step. + + - Format documentation if the 'master' branch was updated; + Meta/dodoc.sh script may aid this step. + + - Push the integration branches out to public places; Meta/pushall + script may aid this step. + +Observations +------------ Some observations to be made. - * Each topic is tested individually, and also together with - other topics cooking in 'next'. Until it matures, none part - of it is merged to 'master'. + * Each topic is tested individually, and also together with other + topics cooking first in 'pu', then in 'jch' and then in 'next'. + Until it matures, no part of it is merged to 'master'. * A topic already in 'next' can get fixes while still in 'next'. Such a topic will have many merges to 'next' (in other words, "git log --first-parent next" will show many - "Merge ai/topic to next" for the same topic. + "Merge branch 'ai/topic' to next" for the same topic. * An unobvious fix for 'maint' is cooked in 'next' and then merged to 'master' to make extra sure it is Ok and then @@ -274,3 +366,80 @@ Some observations to be made. * Being in the 'next' branch is not a guarantee for a topic to be included in the next feature release. Being in the 'master' branch typically is. + + +Appendix +-------- + +Preparing a "merge-fix" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +A merge of two topics may not textually conflict but still have +conflict at the semantic level. A classic example is for one topic +to rename an variable and all its uses, while another topic adds a +new use of the variable under its old name. When these two topics +are merged together, the reference to the variable newly added by +the latter topic will still use the old name in the result. + +The Meta/Reintegrate script that is used by redo-jch and redo-pu +scripts implements a crude but usable way to work this issue around. +When the script merges branch $X, it checks if "refs/merge-fix/$X" +exists, and if so, the effect of it is squashed into the result of +the mechanical merge. In other words, + + $ echo $X | Meta/Reintegrate + +is roughly equivalent to this sequence: + + $ git merge --rerere-autoupdate $X + $ git commit + $ git cherry-pick -n refs/merge-fix/$X + $ git commit --amend + +The goal of this "prepare a merge-fix" step is to come up with a +commit that can be squashed into a result of mechanical merge to +correct semantic conflicts. + +After finding that the result of merging branch "ai/topic" to an +integration branch had such a semantic conflict, say pu~4, check the +problematic merge out on a detached HEAD, edit the working tree to +fix the semantic conflict, and make a separate commit to record the +fix-up: + + $ git checkout pu~4 + $ git show -s --pretty=%s ;# double check + Merge branch 'ai/topic' to pu + $ edit + $ git commit -m 'merge-fix/ai/topic' -a + +Then make a reference "refs/merge-fix/ai/topic" to point at this +result: + + $ git update-ref refs/merge-fix/ai/topic HEAD + +Then double check the result by asking Meta/Reintegrate to redo the +merge: + + $ git checkout pu~5 ;# the parent of the problem merge + $ echo ai/topic | Meta/Reintegrate + $ git diff pu~4 + +This time, because you prepared refs/merge-fix/ai/topic, the +resulting merge should have been tweaked to include the fix for the +semantic conflict. + +Note that this assumes that the order in which conflicting branches +are merged does not change. If the reason why merging ai/topic +branch needs this merge-fix is because another branch merged earlier +to the integration branch changed the underlying assumption ai/topic +branch made (e.g. ai/topic branch added a site to refer to a +variable, while the other branch renamed that variable and adjusted +existing use sites), and if you changed redo-jch (or redo-pu) script +to merge ai/topic branch before the other branch, then the above +merge-fix should not be applied while merging ai/topic, but should +instead be applied while merging the other branch. You would need +to move the fix to apply to the other branch, perhaps like this: + + $ mf=refs/merge-fix + $ git update-ref $mf/$the_other_branch $mf/ai/topic + $ git update-ref -d $mf/ai/topic diff --git a/Documentation/howto/new-command.txt b/Documentation/howto/new-command.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36502f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/howto/new-command.txt @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +From: Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com> +Abstract: This is how-to documentation for people who want to add extension + commands to git. It should be read alongside api-builtin.txt. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to integrate new subcommands +================================ + +This is how-to documentation for people who want to add extension +commands to git. It should be read alongside api-builtin.txt. + +Runtime environment +------------------- + +git subcommands are standalone executables that live in the git exec +path, normally /usr/lib/git-core. The git executable itself is a +thin wrapper that knows where the subcommands live, and runs them by +passing command-line arguments to them. + +(If "git foo" is not found in the git exec path, the wrapper +will look in the rest of your $PATH for it. Thus, it's possible +to write local git extensions that don't live in system space.) + +Implementation languages +------------------------ + +Most subcommands are written in C or shell. A few are written in +Perl. + +While we strongly encourage coding in portable C for portability, +these specific scripting languages are also acceptable. We won't +accept more without a very strong technical case, as we don't want +to broaden the git suite's required dependencies. Import utilities, +surgical tools, remote helpers and other code at the edges of the +git suite are more lenient and we allow Python (and even Tcl/tk), +but they should not be used for core functions. + +This may change in the future. Especially Python is not allowed in +core because we need better Python integration in the git Windows +installer before we can be confident people in that environment +won't experience an unacceptably large loss of capability. + +C commands are normally written as single modules, named after the +command, that link a collection of functions called libgit. Thus, +your command 'git-foo' would normally be implemented as a single +"git-foo.c" (or "builtin/foo.c" if it is to be linked to the main +binary); this organization makes it easy for people reading the code +to find things. + +See the CodingGuidelines document for other guidance on what we consider +good practice in C and shell, and api-builtin.txt for the support +functions available to built-in commands written in C. + +What every extension command needs +---------------------------------- + +You must have a man page, written in asciidoc (this is what git help +followed by your subcommand name will display). Be aware that there is +a local asciidoc configuration and macros which you should use. It's +often helpful to start by cloning an existing page and replacing the +text content. + +You must have a test, written to report in TAP (Test Anything Protocol). +Tests are executables (usually shell scripts) that live in the 't' +subdirectory of the tree. Each test name begins with 't' and a sequence +number that controls where in the test sequence it will be executed; +conventionally the rest of the name stem is that of the command +being tested. + +Read the file t/README to learn more about the conventions to be used +in writing tests, and the test support library. + +Integrating a command +--------------------- + +Here are the things you need to do when you want to merge a new +subcommand into the git tree. + +1. Don't forget to sign off your patch! + +2. Append your command name to one of the variables BUILTIN_OBJS, +EXTRA_PROGRAMS, SCRIPT_SH, SCRIPT_PERL or SCRIPT_PYTHON. + +3. Drop its test in the t directory. + +4. If your command is implemented in an interpreted language with a +p-code intermediate form, make sure .gitignore in the main directory +includes a pattern entry that ignores such files. Python .pyc and +.pyo files will already be covered. + +5. If your command has any dependency on a particular version of +your language, document it in the INSTALL file. + +6. There is a file command-list.txt in the distribution main directory +that categorizes commands by type, so they can be listed in appropriate +subsections in the documentation's summary command list. Add an entry +for yours. To understand the categories, look at git-cmmands.txt +in the main directory. + +7. Give the maintainer one paragraph to include in the RelNotes file +to describe the new feature; a good place to do so is in the cover +letter [PATCH 0/n]. + +That's all there is to it. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt b/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt index 74a1c0c..4627ee4 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt @@ -8,7 +8,12 @@ Abstract: In this article, JC talks about how he rebases the the "master" branch, and how "rebase" works. Also discussed is how this applies to individual developers who sends patches upstream. +Content-type: text/asciidoc +How to rebase from an internal branch +===================================== + +-------------------------------------- Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> writes: > Dear diary, on Sun, Aug 14, 2005 at 09:57:13AM CEST, I got a letter @@ -19,6 +24,7 @@ Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> writes: >> > branch to the real branches. >> > Actually, wouldn't this be also precisely for what StGIT is intended to? +-------------------------------------- Exactly my feeling. I was sort of waiting for Catalin to speak up. With its basing philosophical ancestry on quilt, this is @@ -156,8 +162,3 @@ you continue on starting from the new "master" head, which is the #1' commit. -jc - -- -To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe git" in -the body of a message to majordomo@vger.kernel.org -More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html diff --git a/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt b/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt index 48c6756..00c1b45 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt @@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2005 18:19:10 -0700 Abstract: In this how-to article, JC talks about how he uses the post-update hook to automate git documentation page shown at http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to rebuild from update hook +=============================== The pages under http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/ are built from Documentation/ directory of the git.git project diff --git a/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.txt b/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.txt index 323b513..7484735 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-blob-object.txt @@ -3,11 +3,17 @@ From: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Subject: corrupt object on git-gc Abstract: Some tricks to reconstruct blob objects in order to fix a corrupted repository. +Content-type: text/asciidoc +How to recover a corrupted blob object +====================================== + +----------------------------------------------------------- On Fri, 9 Nov 2007, Yossi Leybovich wrote: > > Did not help still the repository look for this object? > Any one know how can I track this object and understand which file is it +----------------------------------------------------------- So exactly *because* the SHA1 hash is cryptographically secure, the hash itself doesn't actually tell you anything, in order to fix a corrupt @@ -31,19 +37,23 @@ original object, so right now the corrupt object is useless, but it's very interesting for the future, in the hope that you can re-create a non-corrupt version. +----------------------------------------------------------- So: > ib]$ mv .git/objects/4b/9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200 ../ +----------------------------------------------------------- This is the right thing to do, although it's usually best to save it under it's full SHA1 name (you just dropped the "4b" from the result ;). Let's see what that tells us: +----------------------------------------------------------- > ib]$ git-fsck --full > broken link from tree 2d9263c6d23595e7cb2a21e5ebbb53655278dff8 > to blob 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200 > missing blob 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200 +----------------------------------------------------------- Ok, I removed the "dangling commit" messages, because they are just messages about the fact that you probably have rebased etc, so they're not diff --git a/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt b/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt index 6fd7119..8a68548 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt @@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ Abstract: Sometimes a branch that was already merged to the mainline after the offending branch is fixed. Message-ID: <7vocz8a6zk.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org> References: <alpine.LFD.2.00.0812181949450.14014@localhost.localdomain> +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to revert a faulty merge +============================ Alan <alan@clueserver.org> said: diff --git a/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt b/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt index 093c656..a59ced8 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2005 21:39:02 -0700 Content-type: text/asciidoc Message-ID: <7voe7g3uop.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net> -Reverting an existing commit -============================ +How to revert an existing commit +================================ One of the changes I pulled into the 'master' branch turns out to break building GIT with GCC 2.95. While they were well intentioned diff --git a/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt b/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt index 6d3eb8e..bd10274 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt @@ -1,6 +1,10 @@ From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Subject: Separating topic branches Abstract: In this article, JC describes how to separate topic branches. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to separate topic branches +============================== This text was originally a footnote to a discussion about the behaviour of the git diff commands. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt b/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt index 622ee5c..a695f01 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt @@ -1,6 +1,10 @@ From: Rutger Nijlunsing <rutger@nospam.com> Subject: Setting up a git repository which can be pushed into and pulled from over HTTP(S). Date: Thu, 10 Aug 2006 22:00:26 +0200 +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to setup git server over http +================================= Since Apache is one of those packages people like to compile themselves while others prefer the bureaucrat's dream Debian, it is diff --git a/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt b/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt index b7f8d41..a5193b1 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt @@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ Message-ID: <7vfypumlu3.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net> Abstract: An example hooks/update script is presented to implement repository maintenance policies, such as who can push into which branch and who can make a tag. +Content-type: text/asciidoc + +How to use the update hook +========================== When your developer runs git-push into the repository, git-receive-pack is run (either locally or over ssh) as that @@ -32,8 +36,7 @@ like this as your hooks/update script. [jc: editorial note. This is a much improved version by Carl since I posted the original outline] --- >8 -- beginning of script -- >8 -- - +---------------------------------------------------- #!/bin/bash umask 002 @@ -111,12 +114,12 @@ then info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'" for user_pattern in $user_patterns; do - info "Checking user: '$username' against pattern: '$user_pattern'" - matchlen=$(expr "$username" : "$user_pattern") - if test "$matchlen" = "${#username}" - then - grant "Allowing user: '$username' with pattern: '$user_pattern'" - fi + info "Checking user: '$username' against pattern: '$user_pattern'" + matchlen=$(expr "$username" : "$user_pattern") + if test "$matchlen" = "${#username}" + then + grant "Allowing user: '$username' with pattern: '$user_pattern'" + fi done deny "The user is not in the access list for this branch" done @@ -149,13 +152,13 @@ then info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'" for group_pattern in $group_patterns; do - for groupname in $groups; do - info "Checking group: '$groupname' against pattern: '$group_pattern'" - matchlen=$(expr "$groupname" : "$group_pattern") - if test "$matchlen" = "${#groupname}" - then - grant "Allowing group: '$groupname' with pattern: '$group_pattern'" - fi + for groupname in $groups; do + info "Checking group: '$groupname' against pattern: '$group_pattern'" + matchlen=$(expr "$groupname" : "$group_pattern") + if test "$matchlen" = "${#groupname}" + then + grant "Allowing group: '$groupname' with pattern: '$group_pattern'" + fi done done deny "None of the user's groups are in the access list for this branch" @@ -169,24 +172,21 @@ then fi deny >/dev/null "There are no more rules to check. Denying access" - --- >8 -- end of script -- >8 -- +---------------------------------------------------- This uses two files, $GIT_DIR/info/allowed-users and allowed-groups, to describe which heads can be pushed into by whom. The format of each file would look like this: - refs/heads/master junio - +refs/heads/pu junio - refs/heads/cogito$ pasky - refs/heads/bw/.* linus - refs/heads/tmp/.* .* - refs/tags/v[0-9].* junio + refs/heads/master junio + +refs/heads/pu junio + refs/heads/cogito$ pasky + refs/heads/bw/.* linus + refs/heads/tmp/.* .* + refs/tags/v[0-9].* junio With this, Linus can push or create "bw/penguin" or "bw/zebra" or "bw/panda" branches, Pasky can do only "cogito", and JC can do master and pu branches and make versioned tags. And anybody can do tmp/blah branches. The '+' sign at the pu record means that JC can make non-fast-forward pushes on it. - ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt index 4e2f75c..23cdf35 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ +Content-type: text/asciidoc + How to use git-daemon +===================== Git can be run in inetd mode and in stand alone mode. But all you want is let a coworker pull from you, and therefore need to set up a git server diff --git a/Documentation/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.txt b/Documentation/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.txt index 98c0033..00f693b 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.txt @@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ Abstract: Beginning v1.7.9, a contributor can push a signed tag to her later validate it. Content-type: text/asciidoc -Using signed tag in pull requests -================================= +How to use a signed tag in pull requests +======================================== A typical distributed workflow using Git is for a contributor to fork a project, build on it, publish the result to her public repository, and ask diff --git a/Documentation/mailmap.txt b/Documentation/mailmap.txt index 288f04e..4a8c276 100644 --- a/Documentation/mailmap.txt +++ b/Documentation/mailmap.txt @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ If the file `.mailmap` exists at the toplevel of the repository, or at -the location pointed to by the mailmap.file configuration option, it +the location pointed to by the mailmap.file or mailmap.blob +configuration options, it is used to map author and committer names and email addresses to canonical real names and email addresses. @@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ Jane Doe <jane@desktop.(none)> Joe R. Developer <joe@example.com> ------------ -Note how there is no need for an entry for <jane@laptop.(none)>, because the +Note how there is no need for an entry for `<jane@laptop.(none)>`, because the real name of that author is already correct. Example 2: Your repository contains commits from the following diff --git a/Documentation/merge-config.txt b/Documentation/merge-config.txt index 861bd6f..9bb4956 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-config.txt @@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ merge.conflictstyle:: merge.defaultToUpstream:: If merge is called without any commit argument, merge the upstream branches configured for the current branch by using their last - observed values stored in their remote tracking branches. + observed values stored in their remote-tracking branches. The values of the `branch.<current branch>.merge` that name the branches at the remote named by `branch.<current branch>.remote` are consulted, and then they are mapped via `remote.<remote>.fetch` - to their corresponding remote tracking branches, and the tips of + to their corresponding remote-tracking branches, and the tips of these tracking branches are merged. merge.ff:: diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index d9edded..105f18a 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -144,7 +144,11 @@ The placeholders are: - '%Cgreen': switch color to green - '%Cblue': switch color to blue - '%Creset': reset color -- '%C(...)': color specification, as described in color.branch.* config option +- '%C(...)': color specification, as described in color.branch.* config option; + adding `auto,` at the beginning will emit color only when colors are + enabled for log output (by `color.diff`, `color.ui`, or `--color`, and + respecting the `auto` settings of the former if we are going to a + terminal) - '%m': left, right or boundary mark - '%n': newline - '%%': a raw '%' diff --git a/Documentation/pt_BR/gittutorial.txt b/Documentation/pt_BR/gittutorial.txt deleted file mode 100644 index beba065..0000000 --- a/Documentation/pt_BR/gittutorial.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,675 +0,0 @@ -gittutorial(7) -============== - -NOME ----- -gittutorial - Um tutorial de introdução ao git (para versão 1.5.1 ou mais nova) - -SINOPSE --------- -git * - -DESCRIÇÃO ------------ - -Este tutorial explica como importar um novo projeto para o git, -adicionar mudanças a ele, e compartilhar mudanças com outros -desenvolvedores. - -Se, ao invés disso, você está interessado primariamente em usar git para -obter um projeto, por exemplo, para testar a última versão, você pode -preferir começar com os primeiros dois capítulos de -link:user-manual.html[O Manual do Usuário Git]. - -Primeiro, note que você pode obter documentação para um comando como -`git log --graph` com: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ man git-log ------------------------------------------------- - -ou: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git help log ------------------------------------------------- - -Com a última forma, você pode usar o visualizador de manual de sua -escolha; veja linkgit:git-help[1] para maior informação. - -É uma boa idéia informar ao git seu nome e endereço público de email -antes de fazer qualquer operação. A maneira mais fácil de fazê-lo é: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git config --global user.name "Seu Nome Vem Aqui" -$ git config --global user.email voce@seudominio.exemplo.com ------------------------------------------------- - - -Importando um novo projeto ------------------------ - -Assuma que você tem um tarball project.tar.gz com seu trabalho inicial. -Você pode colocá-lo sob controle de revisão git da seguinte forma: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ tar xzf project.tar.gz -$ cd project -$ git init ------------------------------------------------- - -Git irá responder - ------------------------------------------------- -Initialized empty Git repository in .git/ ------------------------------------------------- - -Agora que você iniciou seu diretório de trabalho, você deve ter notado que um -novo diretório foi criado com o nome de ".git". - -A seguir, diga ao git para gravar um instantâneo do conteúdo de todos os -arquivos sob o diretório atual (note o '.'), com 'git-add': - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git add . ------------------------------------------------- - -Este instantâneo está agora armazenado em uma área temporária que o git -chama de "index" ou índice. Você pode armazenar permanentemente o -conteúdo do índice no repositório com 'git-commit': - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git commit ------------------------------------------------- - -Isto vai te pedir por uma mensagem de commit. Você agora gravou sua -primeira versão de seu projeto no git. - -Fazendo mudanças --------------- - -Modifique alguns arquivos, e, então, adicione seu conteúdo atualizado ao -índice: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git add file1 file2 file3 ------------------------------------------------- - -Você está agora pronto para fazer o commit. Você pode ver o que está -para ser gravado usando 'git-diff' com a opção --cached: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git diff --cached ------------------------------------------------- - -(Sem --cached, o comando 'git-diff' irá te mostrar quaisquer mudanças -que você tenha feito mas ainda não adicionou ao índice.) Você também -pode obter um breve sumário da situação com 'git-status': - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git status -# On branch master -# Changes to be committed: -# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) -# -# modified: file1 -# modified: file2 -# modified: file3 -# ------------------------------------------------- - -Se você precisar fazer qualquer outro ajuste, faça-o agora, e, então, -adicione qualquer conteúdo modificado ao índice. Finalmente, grave suas -mudanças com: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git commit ------------------------------------------------- - -Ao executar esse comando, ele irá te pedir uma mensagem descrevendo a mudança, -e, então, irá gravar a nova versão do projeto. - -Alternativamente, ao invés de executar 'git-add' antes, você pode usar - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git commit -a ------------------------------------------------- - -o que irá automaticamente notar quaisquer arquivos modificados (mas não -novos), adicioná-los ao índices, e gravar, tudo em um único passo. - -Uma nota em mensagens de commit: Apesar de não ser exigido, é uma boa -idéia começar a mensagem com uma simples e curta (menos de 50 -caracteres) linha sumarizando a mudança, seguida de uma linha em branco -e, então, uma descrição mais detalhada. Ferramentas que transformam -commits em email, por exemplo, usam a primeira linha no campo de -cabeçalho "Subject:" e o resto no corpo. - -Git rastreia conteúdo, não arquivos ----------------------------- - -Muitos sistemas de controle de revisão provêem um comando `add` que diz -ao sistema para começar a rastrear mudanças em um novo arquivo. O -comando `add` do git faz algo mais simples e mais poderoso: 'git-add' é -usado tanto para arquivos novos e arquivos recentemente modificados, e -em ambos os casos, ele tira o instantâneo dos arquivos dados e armazena -o conteúdo no índice, pronto para inclusão do próximo commit. - -Visualizando a história do projeto ------------------------ - -Em qualquer ponto você pode visualizar a história das suas mudanças -usando - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git log ------------------------------------------------- - -Se você também quiser ver a diferença completa a cada passo, use - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git log -p ------------------------------------------------- - -Geralmente, uma visão geral da mudança é útil para ter a sensação de -cada passo - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git log --stat --summary ------------------------------------------------- - -Gerenciando "branches"/ramos ------------------ - -Um simples repositório git pode manter múltiplos ramos de -desenvolvimento. Para criar um novo ramo chamado "experimental", use - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git branch experimental ------------------------------------------------- - -Se você executar agora - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git branch ------------------------------------------------- - -você vai obter uma lista de todos os ramos existentes: - ------------------------------------------------- - experimental -* master ------------------------------------------------- - -O ramo "experimental" é o que você acaba de criar, e o ramo "master" é o -ramo padrão que foi criado pra você automaticamente. O asterisco marca -o ramo em que você está atualmente; digite - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout experimental ------------------------------------------------- - -para mudar para o ramo experimental. Agora edite um arquivo, grave a -mudança, e mude de volta para o ramo master: - ------------------------------------------------- -(edita arquivo) -$ git commit -a -$ git checkout master ------------------------------------------------- - -Verifique que a mudança que você fez não está mais visível, já que ela -foi feita no ramo experimental e você está de volta ao ramo master. - -Você pode fazer uma mudança diferente no ramo master: - ------------------------------------------------- -(edit file) -$ git commit -a ------------------------------------------------- - -neste ponto, os dois ramos divergiram, com diferentes mudanças feitas em -cada um. Para unificar as mudanças feitas no experimental para o -master, execute - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git merge experimental ------------------------------------------------- - -Se as mudanças não conflitarem, estará pronto. Se existirem conflitos, -marcadores serão deixados nos arquivos problemáticos exibindo o -conflito; - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git diff ------------------------------------------------- - -vai exibir isto. Após você editar os arquivos para resolver os -conflitos, - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git commit -a ------------------------------------------------- - -irá gravar o resultado da unificação. Finalmente, - ------------------------------------------------- -$ gitk ------------------------------------------------- - -vai mostrar uma bela representação gráfica da história resultante. - -Neste ponto você pode remover seu ramo experimental com - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git branch -d experimental ------------------------------------------------- - -Este comando garante que as mudanças no ramo experimental já estão no -ramo atual. - -Se você desenvolve em um ramo ideia-louca, e se arrepende, você pode -sempre remover o ramo com - -------------------------------------- -$ git branch -D ideia-louca -------------------------------------- - -Ramos são baratos e fáceis, então isto é uma boa maneira de experimentar -alguma coisa. - -Usando git para colaboração ---------------------------- - -Suponha que Alice começou um novo projeto com um repositório git em -/home/alice/project, e que Bob, que tem um diretório home na mesma -máquina, quer contribuir. - -Bob começa com: - ------------------------------------------------- -bob$ git clone /home/alice/project myrepo ------------------------------------------------- - -Isso cria um novo diretório "myrepo" contendo um clone do repositório de -Alice. O clone está no mesmo pé que o projeto original, possuindo sua -própria cópia da história do projeto original. - -Bob então faz algumas mudanças e as grava: - ------------------------------------------------- -(editar arquivos) -bob$ git commit -a -(repetir conforme necessário) ------------------------------------------------- - -Quanto está pronto, ele diz a Alice para puxar as mudanças do -repositório em /home/bob/myrepo. Ela o faz com: - ------------------------------------------------- -alice$ cd /home/alice/project -alice$ git pull /home/bob/myrepo master ------------------------------------------------- - -Isto unifica as mudanças do ramo "master" do Bob ao ramo atual de Alice. -Se Alice fez suas próprias mudanças no intervalo, ela, então, pode -precisar corrigir manualmente quaisquer conflitos. (Note que o argumento -"master" no comando acima é, de fato, desnecessário, já que é o padrão.) - -O comando "pull" executa, então, duas operações: ele obtém mudanças de -um ramo remoto, e, então, as unifica no ramo atual. - -Note que, em geral, Alice gostaria que suas mudanças locais fossem -gravadas antes de iniciar este "pull". Se o trabalho de Bob conflita -com o que Alice fez desde que suas histórias se ramificaram, Alice irá -usar seu diretório de trabalho e o índice para resolver conflitos, e -mudanças locais existentes irão interferir com o processo de resolução -de conflitos (git ainda irá realizar a obtenção mas irá se recusar a -unificar --- Alice terá que se livrar de suas mudanças locais de alguma -forma e puxar de novo quando isso acontecer). - -Alice pode espiar o que Bob fez sem unificar primeiro, usando o comando -"fetch"; isto permite Alice inspecionar o que Bob fez, usando um símbolo -especial "FETCH_HEAD", com o fim de determinar se ele tem alguma coisa -que vale puxar, assim: - ------------------------------------------------- -alice$ git fetch /home/bob/myrepo master -alice$ git log -p HEAD..FETCH_HEAD ------------------------------------------------- - -Esta operação é segura mesmo se Alice tem mudanças locais não gravadas. -A notação de intervalo "HEAD..FETCH_HEAD" significa mostrar tudo que é -alcançável de FETCH_HEAD mas exclua tudo o que é alcançável de HEAD. -Alice já sabe tudo que leva a seu estado atual (HEAD), e revisa o que Bob -tem em seu estado (FETCH_HEAD) que ela ainda não viu com esse comando. - -Se Alice quer visualizar o que Bob fez desde que suas histórias se -ramificaram, ela pode disparar o seguinte comando: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ gitk HEAD..FETCH_HEAD ------------------------------------------------- - -Isto usa a mesma notação de intervalo que vimos antes com 'git log'. - -Alice pode querer ver o que ambos fizeram desde que ramificaram. Ela -pode usar a forma com três pontos ao invés da forma com dois pontos: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ gitk HEAD...FETCH_HEAD ------------------------------------------------- - -Isto significa "mostre tudo que é alcançável de qualquer um deles, mas -exclua tudo que é alcançável a partir de ambos". - -Por favor, note que essas notações de intervalo podem ser usadas tanto -com gitk quanto com "git log". - -Após inspecionar o que Bob fez, se não há nada urgente, Alice pode -decidir continuar trabalhando sem puxar de Bob. Se a história de Bob -tem alguma coisa que Alice precisa imediatamente, Alice pode optar por -separar seu trabalho em progresso primeiro, fazer um "pull", e, então, -finalmente, retomar seu trabalho em progresso em cima da história -resultante. - -Quando você está trabalhando em um pequeno grupo unido, não é incomum -interagir com o mesmo repositório várias e várias vezes. Definindo um -repositório remoto antes de tudo, você pode fazê-lo mais facilmente: - ------------------------------------------------- -alice$ git remote add bob /home/bob/myrepo ------------------------------------------------- - -Com isso, Alice pode executar a primeira parte da operação "pull" usando -o comando 'git-fetch' sem unificar suas mudanças com seu próprio ramo, -usando: - -------------------------------------- -alice$ git fetch bob -------------------------------------- - -Diferente da forma longa, quando Alice obteve de Bob usando um -repositório remoto antes definido com 'git-remote', o que foi obtido é -armazenado em um ramo remoto, neste caso `bob/master`. Então, após isso: - -------------------------------------- -alice$ git log -p master..bob/master -------------------------------------- - -mostra uma lista de todas as mudanças que Bob fez desde que ramificou do -ramo master de Alice. - -Após examinar essas mudanças, Alice pode unificá-las em seu ramo master: - -------------------------------------- -alice$ git merge bob/master -------------------------------------- - -Esse `merge` pode também ser feito puxando de seu próprio ramo remoto, -assim: - -------------------------------------- -alice$ git pull . remotes/bob/master -------------------------------------- - -Note que 'git pull' sempre unifica ao ramo atual, independente do que -mais foi passado na linha de comando. - -Depois, Bob pode atualizar seu repositório com as últimas mudanças de -Alice, usando - -------------------------------------- -bob$ git pull -------------------------------------- - -Note que ele não precisa dar o caminho do repositório de Alice; quando -Bob clonou seu repositório, o git armazenou a localização de seu -repositório na configuração do mesmo, e essa localização é usada -para puxar: - -------------------------------------- -bob$ git config --get remote.origin.url -/home/alice/project -------------------------------------- - -(A configuração completa criada por 'git-clone' é visível usando `git -config -l`, e a página de manual linkgit:git-config[1] explica o -significado de cada opção.) - -Git também mantém uma cópia limpa do ramo master de Alice sob o nome -"origin/master": - -------------------------------------- -bob$ git branch -r - origin/master -------------------------------------- - -Se Bob decidir depois em trabalhar em um host diferente, ele ainda pode -executar clones e puxar usando o protocolo ssh: - -------------------------------------- -bob$ git clone alice.org:/home/alice/project myrepo -------------------------------------- - -Alternativamente, o git tem um protocolo nativo, ou pode usar rsync ou -http; veja linkgit:git-pull[1] para detalhes. - -Git pode também ser usado em um modo parecido com CVS, com um -repositório central para o qual vários usuários empurram modificações; -veja linkgit:git-push[1] e linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. - -Explorando história ------------------ - -A história no git é representada como uma série de commits -interrelacionados. Nós já vimos que o comando 'git-log' pode listar -esses commits. Note que a primeira linha de cada entrada no log também -dá o nome para o commit: - -------------------------------------- -$ git log -commit c82a22c39cbc32576f64f5c6b3f24b99ea8149c7 -Author: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> -Date: Tue May 16 17:18:22 2006 -0700 - - merge-base: Clarify the comments on post processing. -------------------------------------- - -Nós podemos dar este nome ao 'git-show' para ver os detalhes sobre este -commit. - -------------------------------------- -$ git show c82a22c39cbc32576f64f5c6b3f24b99ea8149c7 -------------------------------------- - -Mas há outras formas de se referir aos commits. Você pode usar qualquer -parte inicial do nome que seja longo o bastante para identificar -unicamente o commit: - -------------------------------------- -$ git show c82a22c39c # os primeiros caracteres do nome são o bastante - # usualmente -$ git show HEAD # a ponta do ramo atual -$ git show experimental # a ponta do ramo "experimental" -------------------------------------- - -Todo commit normalmente tem um commit "pai" que aponta para o estado -anterior do projeto: - -------------------------------------- -$ git show HEAD^ # para ver o pai de HEAD -$ git show HEAD^^ # para ver o avô de HEAD -$ git show HEAD~4 # para ver o trisavô de HEAD -------------------------------------- - -Note que commits de unificação podem ter mais de um pai: - -------------------------------------- -$ git show HEAD^1 # mostra o primeiro pai de HEAD (o mesmo que HEAD^) -$ git show HEAD^2 # mostra o segundo pai de HEAD -------------------------------------- - -Você também pode dar aos commits nomes à sua escolha; após executar - -------------------------------------- -$ git tag v2.5 1b2e1d63ff -------------------------------------- - -você pode se referir a 1b2e1d63ff pelo nome "v2.5". Se você pretende -compartilhar esse nome com outras pessoas (por exemplo, para identificar -uma versão de lançamento), você deveria criar um objeto "tag", e talvez -assiná-lo; veja linkgit:git-tag[1] para detalhes. - -Qualquer comando git que precise conhecer um commit pode receber -quaisquer desses nomes. Por exemplo: - -------------------------------------- -$ git diff v2.5 HEAD # compara o HEAD atual com v2.5 -$ git branch stable v2.5 # inicia um novo ramo chamado "stable" baseado - # em v2.5 -$ git reset --hard HEAD^ # reseta seu ramo atual e seu diretório de - # trabalho a seu estado em HEAD^ -------------------------------------- - -Seja cuidadoso com o último comando: além de perder quaisquer mudanças -em seu diretório de trabalho, ele também remove todos os commits -posteriores desse ramo. Se esse ramo é o único ramo contendo esses -commits, eles serão perdidos. Também, não use 'git-reset' num ramo -publicamente visível de onde outros desenvolvedores puxam, já que vai -forçar unificações desnecessárias para que outros desenvolvedores limpem -a história. Se você precisa desfazer mudanças que você empurrou, use -'git-revert' no lugar. - -O comando 'git-grep' pode buscar strings em qualquer versão de seu -projeto, então - -------------------------------------- -$ git grep "hello" v2.5 -------------------------------------- - -procura por todas as ocorrências de "hello" em v2.5. - -Se você deixar de fora o nome do commit, 'git-grep' irá procurar -quaisquer dos arquivos que ele gerencia no diretório corrente. Então - -------------------------------------- -$ git grep "hello" -------------------------------------- - -é uma forma rápida de buscar somente os arquivos que são rastreados pelo -git. - -Muitos comandos git também recebem um conjunto de commits, o que pode -ser especificado de várias formas. Aqui estão alguns exemplos com 'git-log': - -------------------------------------- -$ git log v2.5..v2.6 # commits entre v2.5 e v2.6 -$ git log v2.5.. # commits desde v2.5 -$ git log --since="2 weeks ago" # commits das últimas 2 semanas -$ git log v2.5.. Makefile # commits desde v2.5 que modificam - # Makefile -------------------------------------- - -Você também pode dar ao 'git-log' um "intervalo" de commits onde o -primeiro não é necessariamente um ancestral do segundo; por exemplo, se -as pontas dos ramos "stable" e "master" divergiram de um commit -comum algum tempo atrás, então - -------------------------------------- -$ git log stable..master -------------------------------------- - -irá listar os commits feitos no ramo "master" mas não no ramo -"stable", enquanto - -------------------------------------- -$ git log master..stable -------------------------------------- - -irá listar a lista de commits feitos no ramo "stable" mas não no ramo -"master". - -O comando 'git-log' tem uma fraqueza: ele precisa mostrar os commits em -uma lista. Quando a história tem linhas de desenvolvimento que -divergiram e então foram unificadas novamente, a ordem em que 'git-log' -apresenta essas mudanças é irrelevante. - -A maioria dos projetos com múltiplos contribuidores (como o kernel -Linux, ou o próprio git) tem unificações frequentes, e 'gitk' faz um -trabalho melhor de visualizar sua história. Por exemplo, - -------------------------------------- -$ gitk --since="2 weeks ago" drivers/ -------------------------------------- - -permite a você navegar em quaisquer commits desde as últimas duas semanas -de commits que modificaram arquivos sob o diretório "drivers". (Nota: -você pode ajustar as fontes do gitk segurando a tecla control enquanto -pressiona "-" ou "+".) - -Finalmente, a maioria dos comandos que recebem nomes de arquivo permitirão -também, opcionalmente, preceder qualquer nome de arquivo por um -commit, para especificar uma versão particular do arquivo: - -------------------------------------- -$ git diff v2.5:Makefile HEAD:Makefile.in -------------------------------------- - -Você pode usar 'git-show' para ver tal arquivo: - -------------------------------------- -$ git show v2.5:Makefile -------------------------------------- - -Próximos passos ----------- - -Este tutorial deve ser o bastante para operar controle de revisão -distribuído básico para seus projetos. No entanto, para entender -plenamente a profundidade e o poder do git você precisa entender duas -idéias simples nas quais ele se baseia: - - * A base de objetos é um sistema bem elegante usado para armazenar a - história de seu projeto--arquivos, diretórios, e commits. - - * O arquivo de índice é um cache do estado de uma árvore de diretório, - usado para criar commits, restaurar diretórios de trabalho, e - armazenar as várias árvores envolvidas em uma unificação. - -A parte dois deste tutorial explica a base de objetos, o arquivo de -índice, e algumas outras coisinhas que você vai precisar pra usar o -máximo do git. Você pode encontrá-la em linkgit:gittutorial-2[7]. - -Se você não quiser continuar com o tutorial agora nesse momento, algumas -outras digressões que podem ser interessantes neste ponto são: - - * linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-am[1]: Estes convertem - séries de commits em patches para email, e vice-versa, úteis para - projetos como o kernel Linux que dependem fortemente de patches - enviados por email. - - * linkgit:git-bisect[1]: Quando há uma regressão em seu projeto, uma - forma de rastrear um bug é procurando pela história para encontrar o - commit culpado. Git bisect pode ajudar a executar uma busca binária - por esse commit. Ele é inteligente o bastante para executar uma - busca próxima da ótima mesmo no caso de uma história complexa - não-linear com muitos ramos unificados. - - * link:everyday.html[GIT diariamente com 20 e tantos comandos] - - * linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]: Git para usuários de CVS. - -VEJA TAMBÉM --------- -linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], -linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], -linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], -linkgit:gitglossary[7], -linkgit:git-help[1], -link:everyday.html[git diariamente], -link:user-manual.html[O Manual do Usuário git] - -GIT ---- -Parte da suite linkgit:git[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index 1fc2a18..1ec14a0 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -51,6 +51,14 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are chosen (similarly for multiple `--committer=<pattern>`). +--grep-reflog=<pattern>:: + + Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that + match the specified pattern (regular expression). With + more than one `--grep-reflog`, commits whose reflog message + matches any of the given patterns are chosen. It is an + error to use this option unless `--walk-reflogs` is in use. + --grep=<pattern>:: Limit the commits output to ones with log message that @@ -58,6 +66,9 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] more than one `--grep=<pattern>`, commits whose message matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see `--all-match`). ++ +When `--show-notes` is in effect, the message from the notes as +if it is part of the log message. --all-match:: Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep, @@ -68,6 +79,11 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case. +--basic-regexp:: + + Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions; + this is the default. + -E:: --extended-regexp:: @@ -80,6 +96,11 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret pattern as a regular expression). +--perl-regexp:: + + Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regexp. + Requires libpcre to be compiled in. + --remove-empty:: Stop when a given path disappears from the tree. diff --git a/Documentation/revisions.txt b/Documentation/revisions.txt index 69d996b..991fcd8 100644 --- a/Documentation/revisions.txt +++ b/Documentation/revisions.txt @@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ when you run `git cherry-pick`. + Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from the '$GIT_DIR/refs' directory or from the '$GIT_DIR/packed-refs' file. +While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is prefered as +some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8. '<refname>@\{<date>\}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@\{5 minutes ago\}':: A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt index 43dbe09..542946b 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-allocation-growing.txt @@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ Dynamically growing an array using realloc() is error prone and boring. Define your array with: -* a pointer (`ary`) that points at the array, initialized to `NULL`; +* a pointer (`item`) that points at the array, initialized to `NULL` + (although please name the variable based on its contents, not on its + type); * an integer variable (`alloc`) that keeps track of how big the current allocation is, initialized to `0`; @@ -13,22 +15,22 @@ Define your array with: * another integer variable (`nr`) to keep track of how many elements the array currently has, initialized to `0`. -Then before adding `n`th element to the array, call `ALLOC_GROW(ary, n, +Then before adding `n`th element to the item, call `ALLOC_GROW(item, n, alloc)`. This ensures that the array can hold at least `n` elements by calling `realloc(3)` and adjusting `alloc` variable. ------------ -sometype *ary; +sometype *item; size_t nr; size_t alloc for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) - if (we like ary[i] already) + if (we like item[i] already) return; /* we did not like any existing one, so add one */ -ALLOC_GROW(ary, nr + 1, alloc); -ary[nr++] = value you like; +ALLOC_GROW(item, nr + 1, alloc); +item[nr++] = value you like; ------------ You are responsible for updating the `nr` variable. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt index 1a79781..a959517 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-argv-array.txt @@ -53,3 +53,11 @@ Functions `argv_array_clear`:: Free all memory associated with the array and return it to the initial, empty state. + +`argv_array_detach`:: + Detach the argv array from the `struct argv_array`, transfering + ownership of the allocated array and strings. + +`argv_array_free_detached`:: + Free the memory allocated by a `struct argv_array` that was later + detached and is now no longer needed. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt index add6f43..9d3e352 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt @@ -9,37 +9,40 @@ Data structure -------------- `struct dir_struct` structure is used to pass directory traversal -options to the library and to record the paths discovered. The notable -options are: +options to the library and to record the paths discovered. A single +`struct dir_struct` is used regardless of whether or not the traversal +recursively descends into subdirectories. + +The notable options are: `exclude_per_dir`:: The name of the file to be read in each directory for excluded files (typically `.gitignore`). -`collect_ignored`:: +`flags`:: - Include paths that are to be excluded in the result. + A bit-field of options: -`show_ignored`:: +`DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`::: The traversal is for finding just ignored files, not unignored files. -`show_other_directories`:: +`DIR_SHOW_OTHER_DIRECTORIES`::: Include a directory that is not tracked. -`hide_empty_directories`:: +`DIR_HIDE_EMPTY_DIRECTORIES`::: Do not include a directory that is not tracked and is empty. -`no_gitlinks`:: +`DIR_NO_GITLINKS`::: If set, recurse into a directory that looks like a git directory. Otherwise it is shown as a directory. -The result of the enumeration is left in these fields:: +The result of the enumeration is left in these fields: `entries[]`:: @@ -64,11 +67,13 @@ marked. If you to exclude files, make sure you have loaded index first. * Prepare `struct dir_struct dir` and clear it with `memset(&dir, 0, sizeof(dir))`. -* Call `add_exclude()` to add single exclude pattern, - `add_excludes_from_file()` to add patterns from a file - (e.g. `.git/info/exclude`), and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`. A - short-hand function `setup_standard_excludes()` can be used to set up - the standard set of exclude settings. +* To add single exclude pattern, call `add_exclude_list()` and then + `add_exclude()`. + +* To add patterns from a file (e.g. `.git/info/exclude`), call + `add_excludes_from_file()` , and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`. A + short-hand function `setup_standard_excludes()` can be used to set + up the standard set of exclude settings. * Set options described in the Data Structure section above. @@ -76,4 +81,6 @@ marked. If you to exclude files, make sure you have loaded index first. * Use `dir.entries[]`. +* Call `clear_directory()` when none of the contained elements are no longer in use. + (JC) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt index d6fc90a..18142b6 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt @@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ The following utility functions are wrappers around `graph_next_line()` and They can all be called with a NULL graph argument, in which case no graph output will be printed. -* `graph_show_commit()` calls `graph_next_line()` until it returns non-zero. - This prints all graph lines up to, and including, the line containing this - commit. Output is printed to stdout. The last line printed does not contain - a terminating newline. This should not be called if the commit line has - already been printed, or it will loop forever. +* `graph_show_commit()` calls `graph_next_line()` and + `graph_is_commit_finished()` until one of them return non-zero. This prints + all graph lines up to, and including, the line containing this commit. + Output is printed to stdout. The last line printed does not contain a + terminating newline. * `graph_show_oneline()` calls `graph_next_line()` and prints the result to stdout. The line printed does not contain a terminating newline. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt index af7cc2e..730cfac 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt @@ -11,5 +11,3 @@ documents them. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // table of contents end //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// - -2007-11-24 diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt index f18b4f4..5d7d7f2 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt @@ -55,10 +55,8 @@ The functions above do the following: non-zero. . If the program terminated due to a signal, then the return value is the - signal number - 128, ie. it is negative and so indicates an unusual - condition; a diagnostic is printed. This return value can be passed to - exit(2), which will report the same code to the parent process that a - POSIX shell's $? would report for a program that died from the signal. + signal number + 128, ie. the same value that a POSIX shell's $? would + report. A diagnostic is printed. `start_async`:: diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-sha1-array.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-sha1-array.txt index 4a4bae8..45d1c51 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-sha1-array.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-sha1-array.txt @@ -25,9 +25,6 @@ Functions the array (but note that some operations below may lose this ordering). -`sha1_array_sort`:: - Sort the elements in the array. - `sha1_array_lookup`:: Perform a binary search of the array for a specific sha1. If found, returns the offset (in number of elements) of the diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt index 95a8bf3..84686b5 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt @@ -279,6 +279,22 @@ same behaviour as well. Strip whitespace from a buffer. The second parameter controls if comments are considered contents to be removed or not. +`strbuf_split_buf`:: +`strbuf_split_str`:: +`strbuf_split_max`:: +`strbuf_split`:: + + Split a string or strbuf into a list of strbufs at a specified + terminator character. The returned substrings include the + terminator characters. Some of these functions take a `max` + parameter, which, if positive, limits the output to that + number of substrings. + +`strbuf_list_free`:: + + Free a list of strbufs (for example, the return values of the + `strbuf_split()` functions). + `launch_editor`:: Launch the user preferred editor to edit a file and fill the buffer diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt index 5a0c14f..20be348 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt @@ -1,8 +1,9 @@ string-list API =============== -The string_list API offers a data structure and functions to handle sorted -and unsorted string lists. +The string_list API offers a data structure and functions to handle +sorted and unsorted string lists. A "sorted" list is one whose +entries are sorted by string value in `strcmp()` order. The 'string_list' struct used to be called 'path_list', but was renamed because it is not specific to paths. @@ -20,8 +21,9 @@ If you need something advanced, you can manually malloc() the `items` member (you need this if you add things later) and you should set the `nr` and `alloc` members in that case, too. -. Adds new items to the list, using `string_list_append` or - `string_list_insert`. +. Adds new items to the list, using `string_list_append`, + `string_list_append_nodup`, `string_list_insert`, + `string_list_split`, and/or `string_list_split_in_place`. . Can check if a string is in the list using `string_list_has_string` or `unsorted_string_list_has_string` and get it from the list using @@ -29,18 +31,24 @@ member (you need this if you add things later) and you should set the . Can sort an unsorted list using `sort_string_list`. +. Can remove duplicate items from a sorted list using + `string_list_remove_duplicates`. + . Can remove individual items of an unsorted list using `unsorted_string_list_delete_item`. +. Can remove items not matching a criterion from a sorted or unsorted + list using `filter_string_list`, or remove empty strings using + `string_list_remove_empty_items`. + . Finally it should free the list using `string_list_clear`. Example: ---- -struct string_list list; +struct string_list list = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP; int i; -memset(&list, 0, sizeof(struct string_list)); string_list_append(&list, "foo"); string_list_append(&list, "bar"); for (i = 0; i < list.nr; i++) @@ -60,6 +68,20 @@ Functions * General ones (works with sorted and unsorted lists as well) +`filter_string_list`:: + + Apply a function to each item in a list, retaining only the + items for which the function returns true. If free_util is + true, call free() on the util members of any items that have + to be deleted. Preserve the order of the items that are + retained. + +`string_list_remove_empty_items`:: + + Remove any empty strings from the list. If free_util is true, + call free() on the util members of any items that have to be + deleted. Preserve the order of the items that are retained. + `print_string_list`:: Dump a string_list to stdout, useful mainly for debugging purposes. It @@ -96,15 +118,32 @@ write `string_list_insert(...)->util = ...;`. Look up a given string in the string_list, returning the containing string_list_item. If the string is not found, NULL is returned. +`string_list_remove_duplicates`:: + + Remove all but the first of consecutive entries that have the + same string value. If free_util is true, call free() on the + util members of any items that have to be deleted. + * Functions for unsorted lists only `string_list_append`:: - Append a new string to the end of the string_list. + Append a new string to the end of the string_list. If + `strdup_string` is set, then the string argument is copied; + otherwise the new `string_list_entry` refers to the input + string. + +`string_list_append_nodup`:: + + Append a new string to the end of the string_list. The new + `string_list_entry` always refers to the input string, even if + `strdup_string` is set. This function can be used to hand + ownership of a malloc()ed string to a `string_list` that has + `strdup_string` set. `sort_string_list`:: - Make an unsorted list sorted. + Sort the list's entries by string value in `strcmp()` order. `unsorted_string_list_has_string`:: @@ -124,6 +163,25 @@ counterpart for sorted lists, which performs a binary search. is set. The third parameter controls if the `util` pointer of the items should be freed or not. +`string_list_split`:: +`string_list_split_in_place`:: + + Split a string into substrings on a delimiter character and + append the substrings to a `string_list`. If `maxsplit` is + non-negative, then split at most `maxsplit` times. Return the + number of substrings appended to the list. ++ +`string_list_split` requires a `string_list` that has `strdup_strings` +set to true; it leaves the input string untouched and makes copies of +the substrings in newly-allocated memory. +`string_list_split_in_place` requires a `string_list` that has +`strdup_strings` set to false; it splits the input string in place, +overwriting the delimiter characters with NULs and creating new +string_list_items that point into the original string (the original +string must therefore not be modified or freed while the `string_list` +is in use). + + Data structures --------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt index 9d25b30..7324154 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ GIT index format ================ -= The git index file has the following format +== The git index file has the following format All binary numbers are in network byte order. Version 2 is described here unless stated otherwise. @@ -161,8 +161,9 @@ GIT index format this span of index as a tree. An entry can be in an invalidated state and is represented by having - -1 in the entry_count field. In this case, there is no object name - and the next entry starts immediately after the newline. + a negative number in the entry_count field. In this case, there is no + object name and the next entry starts immediately after the newline. + When writing an invalid entry, -1 should always be used as entry_count. The entries are written out in the top-down, depth-first order. The first entry represents the root level of the repository, followed by the diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt index 1803e64..a7871fb 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ GIT pack format =============== -= pack-*.pack files have the following format: +== pack-*.pack files have the following format: - A header appears at the beginning and consists of the following: @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ GIT pack format - The trailer records 20-byte SHA1 checksum of all of the above. -= Original (version 1) pack-*.idx files have the following format: +== Original (version 1) pack-*.idx files have the following format: - The header consists of 256 4-byte network byte order integers. N-th entry of this table records the number of @@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ Pack file entry: <+ -= Version 2 pack-*.idx files support packs larger than 4 GiB, and - have some other reorganizations. They have the format: +== Version 2 pack-*.idx files support packs larger than 4 GiB, and + have some other reorganizations. They have the format: - A 4-byte magic number '\377tOc' which is an unreasonable fanout[0] value. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt index d51e20f..f1a51ed 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ A few things to remember here: - The repository path is always quoted with single quotes. Fetching Data From a Server -=========================== +--------------------------- When one Git repository wants to get data that a second repository has, the first can 'fetch' from the second. This operation determines @@ -134,7 +134,8 @@ with the object name that each reference currently points to. $ echo -e -n "0039git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" | nc -v example.com 9418 - 00887217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag + 00887217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack + side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag 00441d3fcd5ced445d1abc402225c0b8a1299641f497 refs/heads/integration 003f7217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 refs/heads/master 003cb88d2441cac0977faf98efc80305012112238d9d refs/tags/v0.9 @@ -421,7 +422,7 @@ entire packfile without multiplexing. Pushing Data To a Server -======================== +------------------------ Pushing data to a server will invoke the 'receive-pack' process on the server, which will allow the client to tell it which references it should diff --git a/Documentation/technical/send-pack-pipeline.txt b/Documentation/technical/send-pack-pipeline.txt index 681efe4..9b5a0bc 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/send-pack-pipeline.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/send-pack-pipeline.txt @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -git-send-pack -============= +Git-send-pack internals +======================= Overall operation ----------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt b/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt index 559263a..ea2f69f 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt @@ -1,6 +1,12 @@ -Def.: Shallow commits do have parents, but not in the shallow +Shallow commits +=============== + +.Definition +********************************************************* +Shallow commits do have parents, but not in the shallow repo, and therefore grafts are introduced pretending that these commits have no parents. +********************************************************* The basic idea is to write the SHA1s of shallow commits into $GIT_DIR/shallow, and handle its contents like the contents @@ -47,3 +53,6 @@ It also writes an appropriate $GIT_DIR/shallow. You can deepen a shallow repository with "git-fetch --depth 20 repo branch", which will fetch branch from repo, but stop at depth 20, updating $GIT_DIR/shallow. + +The special depth 2147483647 (or 0x7fffffff, the largest positive +number a signed 32-bit integer can contain) means infinite depth. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt b/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt index 24c8410..c79d4a7 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/trivial-merge.txt @@ -74,24 +74,24 @@ For multiple ancestors, a '+' means that this case applies even if only one ancestor or remote fits; a '^' means all of the ancestors must be the same. -case ancest head remote result ----------------------------------------- -1 (empty)+ (empty) (empty) (empty) -2ALT (empty)+ *empty* remote remote -2 (empty)^ (empty) remote no merge -3ALT (empty)+ head *empty* head -3 (empty)^ head (empty) no merge -4 (empty)^ head remote no merge -5ALT * head head head -6 ancest+ (empty) (empty) no merge -8 ancest^ (empty) ancest no merge -7 ancest+ (empty) remote no merge -10 ancest^ ancest (empty) no merge -9 ancest+ head (empty) no merge -16 anc1/anc2 anc1 anc2 no merge -13 ancest+ head ancest head -14 ancest+ ancest remote remote -11 ancest+ head remote no merge + case ancest head remote result + ---------------------------------------- + 1 (empty)+ (empty) (empty) (empty) + 2ALT (empty)+ *empty* remote remote + 2 (empty)^ (empty) remote no merge + 3ALT (empty)+ head *empty* head + 3 (empty)^ head (empty) no merge + 4 (empty)^ head remote no merge + 5ALT * head head head + 6 ancest+ (empty) (empty) no merge + 8 ancest^ (empty) ancest no merge + 7 ancest+ (empty) remote no merge + 10 ancest^ ancest (empty) no merge + 9 ancest+ head (empty) no merge + 16 anc1/anc2 anc1 anc2 no merge + 13 ancest+ head ancest head + 14 ancest+ ancest remote remote + 11 ancest+ head remote no merge Only #2ALT and #3ALT use *empty*, because these are the only cases where there can be conflicts that didn't exist before. Note that we diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index 85651b5..1b377dc 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -1787,6 +1787,13 @@ $ git format-patch origin will produce a numbered series of files in the current directory, one for each patch in the current branch but not in origin/HEAD. +`git format-patch` can include an initial "cover letter". You can insert +commentary on individual patches after the three dash line which +`format-patch` places after the commit message but before the patch +itself. If you use `git notes` to track your cover letter material, +`git format-patch --notes` will include the commit's notes in a similar +manner. + You can then import these into your mail client and send them by hand. However, if you have a lot to send at once, you may prefer to use the linkgit:git-send-email[1] script to automate the process. |