diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
156 files changed, 6946 insertions, 965 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/.gitignore b/Documentation/.gitignore index c7096f1..3ef54e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/.gitignore +++ b/Documentation/.gitignore @@ -12,3 +12,4 @@ cmds-*.txt mergetools-*.txt manpage-base-url.xsl SubmittingPatches.txt +tmp-doc-diff/ diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines index c4cb5ff..48aa4ed 100644 --- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines +++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines @@ -386,6 +386,11 @@ For C programs: - Use Git's gettext wrappers to make the user interface translatable. See "Marking strings for translation" in po/README. + - Variables and functions local to a given source file should be marked + with "static". Variables that are visible to other source files + must be declared with "extern" in header files. However, function + declarations should not use "extern", as that is already the default. + For Perl programs: - Most of the C guidelines above apply. diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index 2ab6556..a42dcfc 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ MAN7_TXT += gitworkflows.txt MAN_TXT = $(MAN1_TXT) $(MAN5_TXT) $(MAN7_TXT) MAN_XML = $(patsubst %.txt,%.xml,$(MAN_TXT)) MAN_HTML = $(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(MAN_TXT)) +GIT_MAN_REF = master OBSOLETE_HTML += everyday.html OBSOLETE_HTML += git-remote-helpers.html @@ -71,11 +72,14 @@ TECH_DOCS += SubmittingPatches TECH_DOCS += technical/hash-function-transition TECH_DOCS += technical/http-protocol TECH_DOCS += technical/index-format +TECH_DOCS += technical/long-running-process-protocol TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-format TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-heuristics TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-protocol +TECH_DOCS += technical/partial-clone TECH_DOCS += technical/protocol-capabilities TECH_DOCS += technical/protocol-common +TECH_DOCS += technical/protocol-v2 TECH_DOCS += technical/racy-git TECH_DOCS += technical/send-pack-pipeline TECH_DOCS += technical/shallow @@ -182,7 +186,7 @@ ASCIIDOC = asciidoctor ASCIIDOC_CONF = ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml5 ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook45 -ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -acompat-mode +ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -acompat-mode -atabsize=8 ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -I. -rasciidoctor-extensions ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -alitdd='&\#x2d;&\#x2d;' DBLATEX_COMMON = @@ -437,14 +441,14 @@ require-manrepo:: then echo "git-manpages repository must exist at $(MAN_REPO)"; exit 1; fi quick-install-man: require-manrepo - '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-doc-quick.sh $(MAN_REPO) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir) + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-doc-quick.sh $(MAN_REPO) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir) $(GIT_MAN_REF) require-htmlrepo:: @if test ! -d $(HTML_REPO); \ then echo "git-htmldocs repository must exist at $(HTML_REPO)"; exit 1; fi quick-install-html: require-htmlrepo - '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-doc-quick.sh $(HTML_REPO) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-doc-quick.sh $(HTML_REPO) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) $(GIT_MAN_REF) print-man1: @for i in $(MAN1_TXT); do echo $$i; done diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt index e7e79d9..e743a2a 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Fixes since v1.7.11.6 references" nor "Reload" did not update what is shown as the contents of it, when the user overwrote the tag with "git tag -f". - * "git for-each-ref" did not currectly support more than one --sort + * "git for-each-ref" did not correctly support more than one --sort option. * "git log .." errored out saying it is both rev range and a path diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..130645f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Git v2.14.5 Release Notes +========================= + +This release is to address the recently reported CVE-2018-17456. + +Fixes since v2.14.4 +------------------- + + * Submodules' "URL"s come from the untrusted .gitmodules file, but + we blindly gave it to "git clone" to clone submodules when "git + clone --recurse-submodules" was used to clone a project that has + such a submodule. The code has been hardened to reject such + malformed URLs (e.g. one that begins with a dash). + +Credit for finding and fixing this vulnerability goes to joernchen +and Jeff King, respectively. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd2e6f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.15.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Git v2.15.3 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.5 to address +the recently reported CVE-2018-17456; see the release notes for that +version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c81c59 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,482 @@ +Git 2.16 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes and other notable changes. + + * Use of an empty string as a pathspec element that is used for + 'everything matches' is now an error. + + +Updates since v2.15 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * An empty string as a pathspec element that means "everything" + i.e. 'git add ""', is now illegal. We started this by first + deprecating and warning a pathspec that has such an element in + 2.11 (Nov 2016). + + * A hook script that is set unexecutable is simply ignored. Git + notifies when such a file is ignored, unless the message is + squelched via advice.ignoredHook configuration. + + * "git pull" has been taught to accept "--[no-]signoff" option and + pass it down to "git merge". + + * The "--push-option=<string>" option to "git push" now defaults to a + list of strings configured via push.pushOption variable. + + * "gitweb" checks if a directory is searchable with Perl's "-x" + operator, which can be enhanced by using "filetest 'access'" + pragma, which now we do. + + * "git stash save" has been deprecated in favour of "git stash push". + + * The set of paths output from "git status --ignored" was tied + closely with its "--untracked=<mode>" option, but now it can be + controlled more flexibly. Most notably, a directory that is + ignored because it is listed to be ignored in the ignore/exclude + mechanism can be handled differently from a directory that ends up + to be ignored only because all files in it are ignored. + + * The remote-helper for talking to MediaWiki has been updated to + truncate an overlong pagename so that ".mw" suffix can still be + added. + + * The remote-helper for talking to MediaWiki has been updated to + work with mediawiki namespaces. + + * The "--format=..." option "git for-each-ref" takes learned to show + the name of the 'remote' repository and the ref at the remote side + that is affected for 'upstream' and 'push' via "%(push:remotename)" + and friends. + + * Doc and message updates to teach users "bisect view" is a synonym + for "bisect visualize". + + * "git bisect run" that did not specify any command to run used to go + ahead and treated all commits to be tested as 'good'. This has + been corrected by making the command error out. + + * The SubmittingPatches document has been converted to produce an + HTML version via AsciiDoc/Asciidoctor. + + * We learned to optionally talk to a file system monitor via new + fsmonitor extension to speed up "git status" and other operations + that need to see which paths have been modified. Currently we only + support "watchman". See File System Monitor section of + git-update-index(1) for more detail. + + * The "diff" family of commands learned to ignore differences in + carriage return at the end of line. + + * Places that know about "sendemail.to", like documentation and shell + completion (in contrib/) have been taught about "sendemail.tocmd", + too. + + * "git add --renormalize ." is a new and safer way to record the fact + that you are correcting the end-of-line convention and other + "convert_to_git()" glitches in the in-repository data. + + * "git branch" and "git checkout -b" are now forbidden from creating + a branch whose name is "HEAD". + + * "git branch --list" learned to show its output through the pager by + default when the output is going to a terminal, which is controlled + by the pager.branch configuration variable. This is similar to a + recent change to "git tag --list". + + * "git grep -W", "git diff -W" and their friends learned a heuristic + to extend a pre-context beyond the line that matches the "function + pattern" (aka "diff.*.xfuncname") to include a comment block, if + exists, that immediately precedes it. + + * "git config --expiry-date gc.reflogexpire" can read "2.weeks" from + the configuration and report it as a timestamp, just like "--int" + would read "1k" and report 1024, to help consumption by scripts. + + * The shell completion (in contrib/) learned that "git pull" can take + the "--autostash" option. + + * The tagnames "git log --decorate" uses to annotate the commits can + now be limited to subset of available refs with the two additional + options, --decorate-refs[-exclude]=<pattern>. + + * "git grep" compiled with libpcre2 sometimes triggered a segfault, + which is being fixed. + + * "git send-email" tries to see if the sendmail program is available + in /usr/lib and /usr/sbin; extend the list of locations to be + checked to also include directories on $PATH. + + * "git diff" learned, "--anchored", a variant of the "--patience" + algorithm, to which the user can specify which 'unique' line to be + used as anchoring points. + + * The way "git worktree add" determines what branch to create from + where and checkout in the new worktree has been updated a bit. + + * Ancient part of codebase still shows dots after an abbreviated + object name just to show that it is not a full object name, but + these ellipses are confusing to people who newly discovered Git + who are used to seeing abbreviated object names and find them + confusing with the range syntax. + + * With a configuration variable rebase.abbreviateCommands set, + "git rebase -i" produces the todo list with a single-letter + command names. + + * "git worktree add" learned to run the post-checkout hook, just like + "git checkout" does, after the initial checkout. + + * "git svn" has been updated to strip CRs in the commit messages, as + recent versions of Subversion rejects them. + + * "git imap-send" did not correctly quote the folder name when + making a request to the server, which has been corrected. + + * Error messages from "git rebase" have been somewhat cleaned up. + + * Git has been taught to support an https:// URL used for http.proxy + when using recent versions of libcurl. + + * "git merge" learned to pay attention to merge.verifySignatures + configuration variable and pretend as if '--verify-signatures' + option was given from the command line. + + * "git describe" was taught to dig trees deeper to find a + <commit-ish>:<path> that refers to a given blob object. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * An earlier update made it possible to use an on-stack in-core + lockfile structure (as opposed to having to deliberately leak an + on-heap one). Many codepaths have been updated to take advantage + of this new facility. + + * Calling cmd_foo() as if it is a general purpose helper function is + a no-no. Correct two instances of such to set an example. + + * We try to see if somebody runs our test suite with a shell that + does not support "local" like bash/dash does. + + * An early part of piece-by-piece rewrite of "git bisect" in C. + + * GSoC to piece-by-piece rewrite "git submodule" in C. + + * Optimize the code to find shortest unique prefix of object names. + + * Pathspec-limited revision traversal was taught not to keep finding + unneeded differences once it knows two trees are different inside + given pathspec. + + * Conversion from uchar[20] to struct object_id continues. + + * Code cleanup. + + * A single-word "unsigned flags" in the diff options is being split + into a structure with many bitfields. + + * TravisCI build updates. + + * Parts of a test to drive the long-running content filter interface + has been split into its own module, hopefully to eventually become + reusable. + + * Drop (perhaps overly cautious) sanity check before using the index + read from the filesystem at runtime. + + * The build procedure has been taught to avoid some unnecessary + instability in the build products. + + * A new mechanism to upgrade the wire protocol in place is proposed + and demonstrated that it works with the older versions of Git + without harming them. + + * An infrastructure to define what hash function is used in Git is + introduced, and an effort to plumb that throughout various + codepaths has been started. + + * The code to iterate over loose object files got optimized. + + * An internal function that was left for backward compatibility has + been removed, as there is no remaining callers. + + * Historically, the diff machinery for rename detection had a + hardcoded limit of 32k paths; this is being lifted to allow users + trade cycles with a (possibly) easier to read result. + + * The tracing infrastructure has been optimized for cases where no + tracing is requested. + + * In preparation for implementing narrow/partial clone, the object + walking machinery has been taught a way to tell it to "filter" some + objects from enumeration. + + * A few structures and variables that are implementation details of + the decorate API have been renamed and then the API got documented + better. + + * Assorted updates for TravisCI integration. + (merge 4f26366679 sg/travis-fixes later to maint). + + * Introduce a helper to simplify code to parse a common pattern that + expects either "--key" or "--key=<something>". + + * "git version --build-options" learned to report the host CPU and + the exact commit object name the binary was built from. + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.15 +----------------- + + * "auto" as a value for the columnar output configuration ought to + judge "is the output consumed by humans?" with the same criteria as + "auto" for coloured output configuration, i.e. either the standard + output stream is going to tty, or a pager is in use. We forgot the + latter, which has been fixed. + + * The experimental "color moved lines differently in diff output" + feature was buggy around "ignore whitespace changes" edges, which + has been corrected. + + * Instead of using custom line comparison and hashing functions to + implement "moved lines" coloring in the diff output, use the pair + of these functions from lower-layer xdiff/ code. + + * Some codepaths did not check for errors when asking what branch the + HEAD points at, which have been fixed. + + * "git commit", after making a commit, did not check for errors when + asking on what branch it made the commit, which has been corrected. + + * "git status --ignored -u" did not stop at a working tree of a + separate project that is embedded in an ignored directory and + listed files in that other project, instead of just showing the + directory itself as ignored. + + * A broken access to object databases in recent update to "git grep + --recurse-submodules" has been fixed. + + * A recent regression in "git rebase -i" that broke execution of git + commands from subdirectories via "exec" instruction has been fixed. + + * A (possibly flakey) test fix. + + * "git check-ref-format --branch @{-1}" bit a "BUG()" when run + outside a repository for obvious reasons; clarify the documentation + and make sure we do not even try to expand the at-mark magic in + such a case, but still call the validation logic for branch names. + + * "git fetch --recurse-submodules" now knows that submodules can be + moved around in the superproject in addition to getting updated, + and finds the ones that need to be fetched accordingly. + + * Command line completion (in contrib/) update. + + * Description of blame.{showroot,blankboundary,showemail,date} + configuration variables have been added to "git config --help". + + * After an error from lstat(), diff_populate_filespec() function + sometimes still went ahead and used invalid data in struct stat, + which has been fixed. + + * UNC paths are also relevant in Cygwin builds and they are now + tested just like Mingw builds. + + * Correct start-up sequence so that a repository could be placed + immediately under the root directory again (which was broken at + around Git 2.13). + + * The credential helper for libsecret (in contrib/) has been improved + to allow possibly prompting the end user to unlock secrets that are + currently locked (otherwise the secrets may not be loaded). + + * MinGW updates. + + * Error checking in "git imap-send" for empty response has been + improved. + + * Recent update to the refs infrastructure implementation started + rewriting packed-refs file more often than before; this has been + optimized again for most trivial cases. + + * Some error messages did not quote filenames shown in it, which have + been fixed. + + * "git rebase -i" recently started misbehaving when a submodule that + is configured with 'submodule.<name>.ignore' is dirty; this has + been corrected. + + * Building with NO_LIBPCRE1_JIT did not disable it, which has been fixed. + + * We used to add an empty alternate object database to the system + that does not help anything; it has been corrected. + + * Doc update around use of "format-patch --subject-prefix" etc. + + * A fix for an ancient bug in "git apply --ignore-space-change" codepath. + + * Clarify and enhance documentation for "merge-base --fork-point", as + it was clear what it computed but not why/what for. + + * A few scripts (both in production and tests) incorrectly redirected + their error output. These have been corrected. + + * "git notes" sent its error message to its standard output stream, + which was corrected. + + * The three-way merge performed by "git cherry-pick" was confused + when a new submodule was added in the meantime, which has been + fixed (or "papered over"). + + * The sequencer machinery (used by "git cherry-pick A..B", and "git + rebase -i", among other things) would have lost a commit if stopped + due to an unlockable index file, which has been fixed. + + * "git apply --inaccurate-eof" when used with "--ignore-space-change" + triggered an internal sanity check, which has been fixed. + + * Command line completion (in contrib/) has been taught about the + "--copy" option of "git branch". + + * When "git rebase" prepared a mailbox of changes and fed it to "git + am" to replay them, it was confused when a stray "From " happened + to be in the log message of one of the replayed changes. This has + been corrected. + + * There was a recent semantic mismerge in the codepath to write out a + section of a configuration section, which has been corrected. + + * Mentions of "git-rebase" and "git-am" (dashed form) still remained + in end-user visible strings emitted by the "git rebase" command; + they have been corrected. + + * Contrary to the documentation, "git pull -4/-6 other-args" did not + ask the underlying "git fetch" to go over IPv4/IPv6, which has been + corrected. + + * "git checkout --recursive" may overwrite and rewind the history of + the branch that happens to be checked out in submodule + repositories, which might not be desirable. Detach the HEAD but + still allow the recursive checkout to succeed in such a case. + (merge 57f22bf997 sb/submodule-recursive-checkout-detach-head later to maint). + + * "git branch --set-upstream" has been deprecated and (sort of) + removed, as "--set-upstream-to" is the preferred one these days. + The documentation still had "--set-upstream" listed on its + synopsis section, which has been corrected. + (merge a060f3d3d8 tz/branch-doc-remove-set-upstream later to maint). + + * Internally we use 0{40} as a placeholder object name to signal the + codepath that there is no such object (e.g. the fast-forward check + while "git fetch" stores a new remote-tracking ref says "we know + there is no 'old' thing pointed at by the ref, as we are creating + it anew" by passing 0{40} for the 'old' side), and expect that a + codepath to locate an in-core object to return NULL as a sign that + the object does not exist. A look-up for an object that does not + exist however is quite costly with a repository with large number + of packfiles. This access pattern has been optimized. + (merge 87b5e236a1 jk/fewer-pack-rescan later to maint). + + * In addition to "git stash -m message", the command learned to + accept "git stash -mmessage" form. + (merge 5675473fcb ph/stash-save-m-option-fix later to maint). + + * @{-N} in "git checkout @{-N}" may refer to a detached HEAD state, + but the documentation was not clear about it, which has been fixed. + (merge 75ce149575 ks/doc-checkout-previous later to maint). + + * A regression in the progress eye-candy was fixed. + (merge 9c5951cacf jk/progress-delay-fix later to maint). + + * The code internal to the recursive merge strategy was not fully + prepared to see a path that is renamed to try overwriting another + path that is only different in case on case insensitive systems. + This does not matter in the current code, but will start to matter + once the rename detection logic starts taking hints from nearby + paths moving to some directory and moves a new path along with them. + (merge 4cba2b0108 en/merge-recursive-icase-removal later to maint). + + * An v2.12-era regression in pathspec match logic, which made it look + into submodule tree even when it is not desired, has been fixed. + (merge eef3df5a93 bw/pathspec-match-submodule-boundary later to maint). + + * Amending commits in git-gui broke the author name that is non-ascii + due to incorrect enconding conversion. + + * Recent update to the submodule configuration code broke "diff-tree" + by accidentally stopping to read from the index upfront. + (merge fd66bcc31f bw/submodule-config-cleanup later to maint). + + * Git shows a message to tell the user that it is waiting for the + user to finish editing when spawning an editor, in case the editor + opens to a hidden window or somewhere obscure and the user gets + lost. + (merge abfb04d0c7 ls/editor-waiting-message later to maint). + + * The "safe crlf" check incorrectly triggered for contents that does + not use CRLF as line endings, which has been corrected. + (merge 649f1f0948 tb/check-crlf-for-safe-crlf later to maint). + + * "git clone --shared" to borrow from a (secondary) worktree did not + work, even though "git clone --local" did. Both are now accepted. + (merge b3b05971c1 es/clone-shared-worktree later to maint). + + * The build procedure now allows not just the repositories but also + the refs to be used to take pre-formatted manpages and html + documents to install. + (merge 65289e9dcd rb/quick-install-doc later to maint). + + * Update the shell prompt script (in contrib/) to strip trailing CR + from strings read from various "state" files. + (merge 041fe8fc83 ra/prompt-eread-fix later to maint). + + * "git merge -s recursive" did not correctly abort when the index is + dirty, if the merged tree happened to be the same as the current + HEAD, which has been fixed. + + * Bytes with high-bit set were encoded incorrectly and made + credential helper fail. + (merge 4c267f2ae3 jd/fix-strbuf-add-urlencode-bytes later to maint). + + * "git rebase -p -X<option>" did not propagate the option properly + down to underlying merge strategy backend. + (merge dd6fb0053c js/fix-merge-arg-quoting-in-rebase-p later to maint). + + * "git merge -s recursive" did not correctly abort when the index is + dirty, if the merged tree happened to be the same as the current + HEAD, which has been fixed. + (merge f309e8e768 ew/empty-merge-with-dirty-index-maint later to maint). + + * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups. + (merge 1a1fc2d5b5 rd/man-prune-progress later to maint). + (merge 0ba014035a rd/man-reflog-add-n later to maint). + (merge e54b63359f rd/doc-notes-prune-fix later to maint). + (merge ff4c9b413a sp/doc-info-attributes later to maint). + (merge 7db2cbf4f1 jc/receive-pack-hook-doc later to maint). + (merge 5a0526264b tg/t-readme-updates later to maint). + (merge 5e83cca0b8 jk/no-optional-locks later to maint). + (merge 826c778f7c js/hashmap-update-sample later to maint). + (merge 176b2d328c sg/setup-doc-update later to maint). + (merge 1b09073514 rs/am-builtin-leakfix later to maint). + (merge addcf6cfde rs/fmt-merge-msg-string-leak-fix later to maint). + (merge c3ff8f6c14 rs/strbuf-read-once-reset-length later to maint). + (merge 6b0eb884f9 db/doc-workflows-neuter-the-maintainer later to maint). + (merge 8c87bdfb21 jk/cvsimport-quoting later to maint). + (merge 176cb979fe rs/fmt-merge-msg-leakfix later to maint). + (merge 5a03360e73 tb/delimit-pretty-trailers-args-with-comma later to maint). + (merge d0e6326026 ot/pretty later to maint). + (merge 44103f4197 sb/test-helper-excludes later to maint). + (merge 170078693f jt/transport-no-more-rsync later to maint). + (merge c07b3adff1 bw/path-doc later to maint). + (merge bf9d7df950 tz/lib-git-svn-svnserve-tests later to maint). + (merge dec366c9a8 sr/http-sslverify-config-doc later to maint). + (merge 3f824e91c8 jk/test-suite-tracing later to maint). + (merge 1feb061701 db/doc-config-section-names-with-bs later to maint). + (merge 74dea0e13c jh/memihash-opt later to maint). + (merge 2e9fdc795c ma/bisect-leakfix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66e6436 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Git v2.16.1 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.16 +----------------- + + * "git clone" segfaulted when cloning a project that happens to + track two paths that differ only in case on a case insensitive + filesystem. + +Does not contain any other documentation updates or code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a216466 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Git v2.16.2 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.16.1 +------------------- + + * An old regression in "git describe --all $annotated_tag^0" has been + fixed. + + * "git svn dcommit" did not take into account the fact that a + svn+ssh:// URL with a username@ (typically used for pushing) refers + to the same SVN repository without the username@ and failed when + svn.pushmergeinfo option is set. + + * "git merge -Xours/-Xtheirs" learned to use our/their version when + resolving a conflicting updates to a symbolic link. + + * "git clone $there $here" is allowed even when here directory exists + as long as it is an empty directory, but the command incorrectly + removed it upon a failure of the operation. + + * "git stash -- <pathspec>" incorrectly blew away untracked files in + the directory that matched the pathspec, which has been corrected. + + * "git add -p" was taught to ignore local changes to submodules as + they do not interfere with the partial addition of regular changes + anyway. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64a0bcb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Git v2.16.3 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.16.2 +------------------- + + * "git status" after moving a path in the working tree (hence making + it appear "removed") and then adding with the -N option (hence + making that appear "added") detected it as a rename, but did not + report the old and new pathnames correctly. + + * "git commit --fixup" did not allow "-m<message>" option to be used + at the same time; allow it to annotate resulting commit with more + text. + + * When resetting the working tree files recursively, the working tree + of submodules are now also reset to match. + + * Fix for a commented-out code to adjust it to a rather old API change + around object ID. + + * When there are too many changed paths, "git diff" showed a warning + message but in the middle of a line. + + * The http tracing code, often used to debug connection issues, + learned to redact potentially sensitive information from its output + so that it can be more safely sharable. + + * Crash fix for a corner case where an error codepath tried to unlock + what it did not acquire lock on. + + * The split-index mode had a few corner case bugs fixed. + + * Assorted fixes to "git daemon". + + * Completion of "git merge -s<strategy>" (in contrib/) did not work + well in non-C locale. + + * Workaround for segfault with more recent versions of SVN. + + * Recently introduced leaks in fsck have been plugged. + + * Travis CI integration now builds the executable in 'script' phase + to follow the established practice, rather than during + 'before_script' phase. This allows the CI categorize the failures + better ('failed' is project's fault, 'errored' is build + environment's). + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6be538b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Git v2.16.4 Release Notes +========================= + +This release is to forward-port the fixes made in the v2.13.7 version +of Git. See its release notes for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb8ee02 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.16.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Git v2.16.5 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.5 to address +the recently reported CVE-2018-17456; see the release notes for that +version for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2cf891 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,398 @@ +Git 2.17 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.16 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * "diff" family of commands learned "--find-object=<object-id>" option + to limit the findings to changes that involve the named object. + + * "git format-patch" learned to give 72-cols to diffstat, which is + consistent with other line length limits the subcommand uses for + its output meant for e-mails. + + * The log from "git daemon" can be redirected with a new option; one + relevant use case is to send the log to standard error (instead of + syslog) when running it from inetd. + + * "git rebase" learned to take "--allow-empty-message" option. + + * "git am" has learned the "--quit" option, in addition to the + existing "--abort" option; having the pair mirrors a few other + commands like "rebase" and "cherry-pick". + + * "git worktree add" learned to run the post-checkout hook, just like + "git clone" runs it upon the initial checkout. + + * "git tag" learned an explicit "--edit" option that allows the + message given via "-m" and "-F" to be further edited. + + * "git fetch --prune-tags" may be used as a handy short-hand for + getting rid of stale tags that are locally held. + + * The new "--show-current-patch" option gives an end-user facing way + to get the diff being applied when "git rebase" (and "git am") + stops with a conflict. + + * "git add -p" used to offer "/" (look for a matching hunk) as a + choice, even there was only one hunk, which has been corrected. + Also the single-key help is now given only for keys that are + enabled (e.g. help for '/' won't be shown when there is only one + hunk). + + * Since Git 1.7.9, "git merge" defaulted to --no-ff (i.e. even when + the side branch being merged is a descendant of the current commit, + create a merge commit instead of fast-forwarding) when merging a + tag object. This was appropriate default for integrators who pull + signed tags from their downstream contributors, but caused an + unnecessary merges when used by downstream contributors who + habitually "catch up" their topic branches with tagged releases + from the upstream. Update "git merge" to default to --no-ff only + when merging a tag object that does *not* sit at its usual place in + refs/tags/ hierarchy, and allow fast-forwarding otherwise, to + mitigate the problem. + + * "git status" can spend a lot of cycles to compute the relation + between the current branch and its upstream, which can now be + disabled with "--no-ahead-behind" option. + + * "git diff" and friends learned funcname patterns for Go language + source files. + + * "git send-email" learned "--reply-to=<address>" option. + + * Funcname pattern used for C# now recognizes "async" keyword. + + * In a way similar to how "git tag" learned to honor the pager + setting only in the list mode, "git config" learned to ignore the + pager setting when it is used for setting values (i.e. when the + purpose of the operation is not to "show"). + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * More perf tests for threaded grep + + * "perf" test output can be sent to codespeed server. + + * The build procedure for perl/ part has been greatly simplified by + weaning ourselves off of MakeMaker. + + * Perl 5.8 or greater has been required since Git 1.7.4 released in + 2010, but we continued to assume some core modules may not exist and + used a conditional "eval { require <<module>> }"; we no longer do + this. Some platforms (Fedora/RedHat/CentOS, for example) ship Perl + without all core modules by default (e.g. Digest::MD5, File::Temp, + File::Spec, Net::Domain, Net::SMTP). Users on such platforms may + need to install these additional modules. + + * As a convenience, we install copies of Perl modules we require which + are not part of the core Perl distribution (e.g. Error and + Mail::Address). Users and packagers whose operating system provides + these modules can set NO_PERL_CPAN_FALLBACKS to avoid installing the + bundled modules. + + * In preparation for implementing narrow/partial clone, the machinery + for checking object connectivity used by gc and fsck has been + taught that a missing object is OK when it is referenced by a + packfile specially marked as coming from trusted repository that + promises to make them available on-demand and lazily. + + * The machinery to clone & fetch, which in turn involves packing and + unpacking objects, has been told how to omit certain objects using + the filtering mechanism introduced by another topic. It now knows + to mark the resulting pack as a promisor pack to tolerate missing + objects, laying foundation for "narrow" clones. + + * The first step to getting rid of mru API and using the + doubly-linked list API directly instead. + + * Retire mru API as it does not give enough abstraction over + underlying list API to be worth it. + + * Rewrite two more "git submodule" subcommands in C. + + * The tracing machinery learned to report tweaking of environment + variables as well. + + * Update Coccinelle rules to catch and optimize strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s", str) + + * Prevent "clang-format" from breaking line after function return type. + + * The sequencer infrastructure is shared across "git cherry-pick", + "git rebase -i", etc., and has always spawned "git commit" when it + needs to create a commit. It has been taught to do so internally, + when able, by reusing the codepath "git commit" itself uses, which + gives performance boost for a few tens of percents in some sample + scenarios. + + * Push the submodule version of collision-detecting SHA-1 hash + implementation a bit harder on builders. + + * Avoid mmapping small files while using packed refs (especially ones + with zero size, which would cause later munmap() to fail). + + * Conversion from uchar[20] to struct object_id continues. + + * More tests for wildmatch functions. + + * The code to binary search starting from a fan-out table (which is + how the packfile is indexed with object names) has been refactored + into a reusable helper. + + * We now avoid using identifiers that clash with C++ keywords. Even + though it is not a goal to compile Git with C++ compilers, changes + like this help use of code analysis tools that targets C++ on our + codebase. + + * The executable is now built in 'script' phase in Travis CI integration, + to follow the established practice, rather than during 'before_script' + phase. This allows the CI categorize the failures better ('failed' + is project's fault, 'errored' is build environment's). + (merge 3c93b82920 sg/travis-build-during-script-phase later to maint). + + * Writing out the index file when the only thing that changed in it + is the untracked cache information is often wasteful, and this has + been optimized out. + + * Various pieces of Perl code we have have been cleaned up. + + * Internal API clean-up to allow write_locked_index() optionally skip + writing the in-core index when it is not modified. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.16 +----------------- + + * An old regression in "git describe --all $annotated_tag^0" has been + fixed. + + * "git status" after moving a path in the working tree (hence making + it appear "removed") and then adding with the -N option (hence + making that appear "added") detected it as a rename, but did not + report the old and new pathnames correctly. + + * "git svn dcommit" did not take into account the fact that a + svn+ssh:// URL with a username@ (typically used for pushing) refers + to the same SVN repository without the username@ and failed when + svn.pushmergeinfo option is set. + + * API clean-up around revision traversal. + + * "git merge -Xours/-Xtheirs" learned to use our/their version when + resolving a conflicting updates to a symbolic link. + + * "git clone $there $here" is allowed even when here directory exists + as long as it is an empty directory, but the command incorrectly + removed it upon a failure of the operation. + + * "git commit --fixup" did not allow "-m<message>" option to be used + at the same time; allow it to annotate resulting commit with more + text. + + * When resetting the working tree files recursively, the working tree + of submodules are now also reset to match. + + * "git stash -- <pathspec>" incorrectly blew away untracked files in + the directory that matched the pathspec, which has been corrected. + + * Instead of maintaining home-grown email address parsing code, ship + a copy of reasonably recent Mail::Address to be used as a fallback + in 'git send-email' when the platform lacks it. + (merge d60be8acab mm/send-email-fallback-to-local-mail-address later to maint). + + * "git add -p" was taught to ignore local changes to submodules as + they do not interfere with the partial addition of regular changes + anyway. + + * Avoid showing a warning message in the middle of a line of "git + diff" output. + (merge 4e056c989f nd/diff-flush-before-warning later to maint). + + * The http tracing code, often used to debug connection issues, + learned to redact potentially sensitive information from its output + so that it can be more safely sharable. + (merge 8ba18e6fa4 jt/http-redact-cookies later to maint). + + * Crash fix for a corner case where an error codepath tried to unlock + what it did not acquire lock on. + (merge 81fcb698e0 mr/packed-ref-store-fix later to maint). + + * The split-index mode had a few corner case bugs fixed. + (merge ae59a4e44f tg/split-index-fixes later to maint). + + * Assorted fixes to "git daemon". + (merge ed15e58efe jk/daemon-fixes later to maint). + + * Completion of "git merge -s<strategy>" (in contrib/) did not work + well in non-C locale. + (merge 7cc763aaa3 nd/list-merge-strategy later to maint). + + * Workaround for segfault with more recent versions of SVN. + (merge 7f6f75e97a ew/svn-branch-segfault-fix later to maint). + + * Plug recently introduced leaks in fsck. + (merge ba3a08ca0e jt/fsck-code-cleanup later to maint). + + * "git pull --rebase" did not pass verbosity setting down when + recursing into a submodule. + (merge a56771a668 sb/pull-rebase-submodule later to maint). + + * The way "git reset --hard" reports the commit the updated HEAD + points at is made consistent with the way how the commit title is + generated by the other parts of the system. This matters when the + title is spread across physically multiple lines. + (merge 1cf823fb68 tg/reset-hard-show-head-with-pretty later to maint). + + * Test fixes. + (merge 63b1a175ee sg/test-i18ngrep later to maint). + + * Some bugs around "untracked cache" feature have been fixed. This + will notice corrupt data in the untracked cache left by old and + buggy code and issue a warning---the index can be fixed by clearing + the untracked cache from it. + (merge 0cacebf099 nd/fix-untracked-cache-invalidation later to maint). + (merge 7bf0be7501 ab/untracked-cache-invalidation-docs later to maint). + + * "git blame HEAD COPYING" in a bare repository failed to run, while + "git blame HEAD -- COPYING" run just fine. This has been corrected. + + * "git add" files in the same directory, but spelling the directory + path in different cases on case insensitive filesystem, corrupted + the name hash data structure and led to unexpected results. This + has been corrected. + (merge c95525e90d bp/name-hash-dirname-fix later to maint). + + * "git rebase -p" mangled log messages of a merge commit, which is + now fixed. + (merge ed5144d7eb js/fix-merge-arg-quoting-in-rebase-p later to maint). + + * Some low level protocol codepath could crash when they get an + unexpected flush packet, which is now fixed. + (merge bb1356dc64 js/packet-read-line-check-null later to maint). + + * "git check-ignore" with multiple paths got confused when one is a + file and the other is a directory, which has been fixed. + (merge d60771e930 rs/check-ignore-multi later to maint). + + * "git describe $garbage" stopped giving any errors when the garbage + happens to be a string with 40 hexadecimal letters. + (merge a8e7a2bf0f sb/describe-blob later to maint). + + * Code to unquote single-quoted string (used in the parser for + configuration files, etc.) did not diagnose bogus input correctly + and produced bogus results instead. + (merge ddbbf8eb25 jk/sq-dequote-on-bogus-input later to maint). + + * Many places in "git apply" knew that "/dev/null" that signals + "there is no such file on this side of the diff" can be followed by + whitespace and garbage when parsing a patch, except for one, which + made an otherwise valid patch (e.g. ones from subversion) rejected. + (merge e454ad4bec tk/apply-dev-null-verify-name-fix later to maint). + + * We no longer create any *.spec file, so "make clean" should not + remove it. + (merge 4321bdcabb tz/do-not-clean-spec-file later to maint). + + * "git push" over http transport did not unquote the push-options + correctly. + (merge 90dce21eb0 jk/push-options-via-transport-fix later to maint). + + * "git send-email" learned to complain when the batch-size option is + not defined when the relogin-delay option is, since these two are + mutually required. + (merge 9caa70697b xz/send-email-batch-size later to maint). + + * Y2k20 fix ;-) for our perl scripts. + (merge a40e06ee33 bw/perl-timegm-timelocal-fix later to maint). + + * Threaded "git grep" has been optimized to avoid allocation in code + section that is covered under a mutex. + (merge 38ef24dccf rv/grep-cleanup later to maint). + + * "git subtree" script (in contrib/) scripted around "git log", whose + output got affected by end-user configuration like log.showsignature + (merge 8841b5222c sg/subtree-signed-commits later to maint). + + * While finding unique object name abbreviation, the code may + accidentally have read beyond the end of the array of object names + in a pack. + (merge 21abed500c ds/find-unique-abbrev-optim later to maint). + + * Micro optimization in revision traversal code. + (merge ebbed3ba04 ds/mark-parents-uninteresting-optim later to maint). + + * "git commit" used to run "gc --auto" near the end, which was lost + when the command was reimplemented in C by mistake. + (merge 095c741edd ab/gc-auto-in-commit later to maint). + + * Allow running a couple of tests with "sh -x". + (merge c20bf94abc sg/cvs-tests-with-x later to maint). + + * The codepath to replace an existing entry in the index had a bug in + updating the name hash structure, which has been fixed. + (merge 0e267b7a24 bp/refresh-cache-ent-rehash-fix later to maint). + + * The transfer.fsckobjects configuration tells "git fetch" to + validate the data and connected-ness of objects in the received + pack; the code to perform this check has been taught about the + narrow clone's convention that missing objects that are reachable + from objects in a pack that came from a promisor remote is OK. + + * There was an unused file-scope static variable left in http.c when + building for versions of libCURL that is older than 7.19.4, which + has been fixed. + (merge b8fd6008ec rj/http-code-cleanup later to maint). + + * Shell script portability fix. + (merge 206a6ae013 ml/filter-branch-portability-fix later to maint). + + * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups. + (merge e2a5a028c7 bw/oidmap-autoinit later to maint). + (merge ec3b4b06f8 cl/t9001-cleanup later to maint). + (merge e1b3f3dd38 ks/submodule-doc-updates later to maint). + (merge fbac558a9b rs/describe-unique-abbrev later to maint). + (merge 8462ff43e4 tb/crlf-conv-flags later to maint). + (merge 7d68bb0766 rb/hashmap-h-compilation-fix later to maint). + (merge 3449847168 cc/sha1-file-name later to maint). + (merge ad622a256f ds/use-get-be64 later to maint). + (merge f919ffebed sg/cocci-move-array later to maint). + (merge 4e801463c7 jc/mailinfo-cleanup-fix later to maint). + (merge ef5b3a6c5e nd/shared-index-fix later to maint). + (merge 9f5258cbb8 tz/doc-show-defaults-to-head later to maint). + (merge b780e4407d jc/worktree-add-short-help later to maint). + (merge ae239fc8e5 rs/cocci-strbuf-addf-to-addstr later to maint). + (merge 2e22a85e5c nd/ignore-glob-doc-update later to maint). + (merge 3738031581 jk/gettext-poison later to maint). + (merge 54360a1956 rj/sparse-updates later to maint). + (merge 12e31a6b12 sg/doc-test-must-fail-args later to maint). + (merge 760f1ad101 bc/doc-interpret-trailers-grammofix later to maint). + (merge 4ccf461f56 bp/fsmonitor later to maint). + (merge a6119f82b1 jk/test-hashmap-updates later to maint). + (merge 5aea9fe6cc rd/typofix later to maint). + (merge e4e5da2796 sb/status-doc-fix later to maint). + (merge 7976e901c8 gs/test-unset-xdg-cache-home later to maint). + (merge d023df1ee6 tg/worktree-create-tracking later to maint). + (merge 4cbe92fd41 sm/mv-dry-run-update later to maint). + (merge 75e5e9c3f7 sb/color-h-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 2708ef4af6 sg/t6300-modernize later to maint). + (merge d88e92d4e0 bw/doc-submodule-recurse-config-with-clone later to maint). + (merge f74bbc8dd2 jk/cached-commit-buffer later to maint). + (merge 1316416903 ms/non-ascii-ticks later to maint). + (merge 878056005e rs/strbuf-read-file-or-whine later to maint). + (merge 79f0ba1547 jk/strbuf-read-file-close-error later to maint). + (merge edfb8ba068 ot/ref-filter-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 11395a3b4b jc/test-must-be-empty later to maint). + (merge 768b9d6db7 mk/doc-pretty-fill later to maint). + (merge 2caa7b8d27 ab/man-sec-list later to maint). + (merge 40c17eb184 ks/t3200-typofix later to maint). + (merge bd9958c358 dp/merge-strategy-doc-fix later to maint). + (merge 9ee0540a40 js/ming-strftime later to maint). + (merge 1775e990f7 tz/complete-tag-delete-tagname later to maint). + (merge 00a4b03501 rj/warning-uninitialized-fix later to maint). + (merge b635ed97a0 jk/attributes-path-doc later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e01384f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +Git v2.17.1 Release Notes +========================= + +Fixes since v2.17 +----------------- + + * This release contains the same fixes made in the v2.13.7 version of + Git, covering CVE-2018-11233 and 11235, and forward-ported to + v2.14.4, v2.15.2 and v2.16.4 releases. See release notes to + v2.13.7 for details. + + * In addition to the above fixes, this release has support on the + server side to reject pushes to repositories that attempt to create + such problematic .gitmodules file etc. as tracked contents, to help + hosting sites protect their customers by preventing malicious + contents from spreading. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef021be --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.17.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Git v2.17.2 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.5 to address +the recently reported CVE-2018-17456; see the release notes for that +version for details. + +In addition, this release also teaches "fsck" and the server side +logic to reject pushes to repositories that attempt to create such a +problematic ".gitmodules" file as tracked contents, to help hosting +sites protect their customers by preventing malicious contents from +spreading. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ea280c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,583 @@ +Git 2.18 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.17 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * Rename detection logic that is used in "merge" and "cherry-pick" has + learned to guess when all of x/a, x/b and x/c have moved to z/a, + z/b and z/c, it is likely that x/d added in the meantime would also + want to move to z/d by taking the hint that the entire directory + 'x' moved to 'z'. A bug causing dirty files involved in a rename + to be overwritten during merge has also been fixed as part of this + work. Incidentally, this also avoids updating a file in the + working tree after a (non-trivial) merge whose result matches what + our side originally had. + + * "git filter-branch" learned to use a different exit code to allow + the callers to tell the case where there was no new commits to + rewrite from other error cases. + + * When built with more recent cURL, GIT_SSL_VERSION can now specify + "tlsv1.3" as its value. + + * "git gui" learned that "~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub" and + "~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub" are also possible SSH key files. + (merge 2e2f0288ef bb/git-gui-ssh-key-files later to maint). + + * "git gui" performs commit upon CTRL/CMD+ENTER but the + CTRL/CMD+KP_ENTER (i.e. enter key on the numpad) did not have the + same key binding. It now does. + (merge 28a1d94a06 bp/git-gui-bind-kp-enter later to maint). + + * "git gui" has been taught to work with old versions of tk (like + 8.5.7) that do not support "ttk::style theme use" as a way to query + the current theme. + (merge 4891961105 cb/git-gui-ttk-style later to maint). + + * "git rebase" has learned to honor "--signoff" option when using + backends other than "am" (but not "--preserve-merges"). + + * "git branch --list" during an interrupted "rebase -i" now lets + users distinguish the case where a detached HEAD is being rebased + and a normal branch is being rebased. + + * "git mergetools" learned talking to guiffy. + + * The scripts in contrib/emacs/ have outlived their usefulness and + have been replaced with a stub that errors out and tells the user + there are replacements. + + * The new "working-tree-encoding" attribute can ask Git to convert the + contents to the specified encoding when checking out to the working + tree (and the other way around when checking in). + + * The "git config" command uses separate options e.g. "--int", + "--bool", etc. to specify what type the caller wants the value to + be interpreted as. A new "--type=<typename>" option has been + introduced, which would make it cleaner to define new types. + + * "git config --get" learned the "--default" option, to help the + calling script. Building on top of the above changes, the + "git config" learns "--type=color" type. Taken together, you can + do things like "git config --get foo.color --default blue" and get + the ANSI color sequence for the color given to foo.color variable, + or "blue" if the variable does not exist. + + * "git ls-remote" learned an option to allow sorting its output based + on the refnames being shown. + + * The command line completion (in contrib/) has been taught that "git + stash save" has been deprecated ("git stash push" is the preferred + spelling in the new world) and does not offer it as a possible + completion candidate when "git stash push" can be. + + * "git gc --prune=nonsense" spent long time repacking and then + silently failed when underlying "git prune --expire=nonsense" + failed to parse its command line. This has been corrected. + + * Error messages from "git push" can be painted for more visibility. + + * "git http-fetch" (deprecated) had an optional and experimental + "feature" to fetch only commits and/or trees, which nobody used. + This has been removed. + + * The functionality of "$GIT_DIR/info/grafts" has been superseded by + the "refs/replace/" mechanism for some time now, but the internal + code had support for it in many places, which has been cleaned up + in order to drop support of the "grafts" mechanism. + + * "git worktree add" learned to check out an existing branch. + + * "git --no-pager cmd" did not have short-and-sweet single letter + option. Now it does as "-P". + (merge 7213c28818 js/no-pager-shorthand later to maint). + + * "git rebase" learned "--rebase-merges" to transplant the whole + topology of commit graph elsewhere. + + * "git status" learned to pay attention to UI related diff + configuration variables such as diff.renames. + + * The command line completion mechanism (in contrib/) learned to load + custom completion file for "git $command" where $command is a + custom "git-$command" that the end user has on the $PATH when using + newer version of bash-completion. + + * "git send-email" can sometimes offer confirmation dialog "Send this + email?" with choices 'Yes', 'No', 'Quit', and 'All'. A new action + 'Edit' has been added to this dialog's choice. + + * With merge.renames configuration set to false, the recursive merge + strategy can be told not to spend cycles trying to find renamed + paths and merge them accordingly. + + * "git status" learned to honor a new status.renames configuration to + skip rename detection, which could be useful for those who want to + do so without disabling the default rename detection done by the + "git diff" command. + + * Command line completion (in contrib/) learned to complete pathnames + for various commands better. + + * "git blame" learns to unhighlight uninteresting metadata from the + originating commit on lines that are the same as the previous one, + and also paint lines in different colors depending on the age of + the commit. + + * Transfer protocol v2 learned to support the partial clone. + + * When a short hexadecimal string is used to name an object but there + are multiple objects that share the string as the prefix of their + names, the code lists these ambiguous candidates in a help message. + These object names are now sorted according to their types for + easier eyeballing. + + * "git fetch $there $refspec" that talks over protocol v2 can take + advantage of server-side ref filtering; the code has been extended + so that this mechanism triggers also when fetching with configured + refspec. + + * Our HTTP client code used to advertise that we accept gzip encoding + from the other side; instead, just let cURL library to advertise + and negotiate the best one. + + * "git p4" learned to "unshelve" shelved commit from P4. + (merge 123f631761 ld/p4-unshelve later to maint). + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * A "git fetch" from a repository with insane number of refs into a + repository that is already up-to-date still wasted too many cycles + making many lstat(2) calls to see if these objects at the tips + exist as loose objects locally. These lstat(2) calls are optimized + away by enumerating all loose objects beforehand. + It is unknown if the new strategy negatively affects existing use + cases, fetching into a repository with many loose objects from a + repository with small number of refs. + + * Git can be built to use either v1 or v2 of the PCRE library, and so + far, the build-time configuration USE_LIBPCRE=YesPlease instructed + the build procedure to use v1, but now it means v2. USE_LIBPCRE1 + and USE_LIBPCRE2 can be used to explicitly choose which version to + use, as before. + + * The build procedure learned to optionally use symbolic links + (instead of hardlinks and copies) to install "git-foo" for built-in + commands, whose binaries are all identical. + + * Conversion from uchar[20] to struct object_id continues. + + * The way "git worktree prune" worked internally has been simplified, + by assuming how "git worktree move" moves an existing worktree to a + different place. + + * Code clean-up for the "repository" abstraction. + (merge 00a3da2a13 nd/remove-ignore-env-field later to maint). + + * Code to find the length to uniquely abbreviate object names based + on packfile content, which is a relatively recent addtion, has been + optimized to use the same fan-out table. + + * The mechanism to use parse-options API to automate the command line + completion continues to get extended and polished. + + * Copies of old scripted Porcelain commands in contrib/examples/ have + been removed. + + * Some tests that rely on the exact hardcoded values of object names + have been updated in preparation for hash function migration. + + * Perf-test update. + + * Test helper update. + + * The effort continues to refactor the internal global data structure + to make it possible to open multiple repositories, work with and + then close them, + + * Small test-helper programs have been consolidated into a single + binary. + + * API clean-up around ref-filter code. + + * Shell completion (in contrib) that gives list of paths have been + optimized somewhat. + + * The index file is updated to record the fsmonitor section after a + full scan was made, to avoid wasting the effort that has already + spent. + + * Performance measuring framework in t/perf learned to help bisecting + performance regressions. + + * Some multi-word source filenames are being renamed to separate + words with dashes instead of underscores. + + * An reusable "memory pool" implementation has been extracted from + fast-import.c, which in turn has become the first user of the + mem-pool API. + + * A build-time option has been added to allow Git to be told to refer + to its associated files relative to the main binary, in the same + way that has been possible on Windows for quite some time, for + Linux, BSDs and Darwin. + + * Precompute and store information necessary for ancestry traversal + in a separate file to optimize graph walking. + + * The effort to pass the repository in-core structure throughout the + API continues. This round deals with the code that implements the + refs/replace/ mechanism. + + * The build procedure "make DEVELOPER=YesPlease" learned to enable a + bit more warning options depending on the compiler used to help + developers more. There also is "make DEVOPTS=tokens" knob + available now, for those who want to help fixing warnings we + usually ignore, for example. + + * A new version of the transport protocol is being worked on. + + * The code to interface to GPG has been restructured somewhat to make + it cleaner to integrate with other types of signature systems later. + + * The code has been taught to use the duplicated information stored + in the commit-graph file to learn the tree object name for a commit + to avoid opening and parsing the commit object when it makes sense + to do so. + + * "git gc" in a large repository takes a lot of time as it considers + to repack all objects into one pack by default. The command has + been taught to pretend as if the largest existing packfile is + marked with ".keep" so that it is left untouched while objects in + other packs and loose ones are repacked. + + * The transport protocol v2 is getting updated further. + + * The codepath around object-info API has been taught to take the + repository object (which in turn tells the API which object store + the objects are to be located). + + * "git pack-objects" needs to allocate tons of "struct object_entry" + while doing its work, and shrinking its size helps the performance + quite a bit. + + * The implementation of "git rebase -i --root" has been updated to use + the sequencer machinery more. + + * Developer support update, by using BUG() macro instead of die() to + mark codepaths that should not happen more clearly. + + * Developer support. Use newer GCC on one of the builds done at + TravisCI.org to get more warnings and errors diagnosed. + + * Conversion from uchar[20] to struct object_id continues. + + * By code restructuring of submodule merge in merge-recursive, + informational messages from the codepath are now given using the + same mechanism as other output, and honor the merge.verbosity + configuration. The code also learned to give a few new messages + when a submodule three-way merge resolves cleanly when one side + records a descendant of the commit chosen by the other side. + + * Avoid unchecked snprintf() to make future code auditing easier. + (merge ac4896f007 jk/snprintf-truncation later to maint). + + * Many tests hardcode the raw object names, which would change once + we migrate away from SHA-1. While some of them must test against + exact object names, most of them do not have to use hardcoded + constants in the test. The latter kind of tests have been updated + to test the moral equivalent of the original without hardcoding the + actual object names. + + * The list of commands with their various attributes were spread + across a few places in the build procedure, but it now is getting a + bit more consolidated to allow more automation. + + * Quite a many tests assumed that newly created refs are made as + loose refs using the files backend, which have been updated to use + proper plumbing like rev-parse and update-ref, to avoid breakage + once we start using different ref backends. + + +Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups. + + +Fixes since v2.17 +----------------- + + * "git shortlog cruft" aborted with a BUG message when run outside a + Git repository. The command has been taught to complain about + extra and unwanted arguments on its command line instead in such a + case. + (merge 4aa0161e83 ma/shortlog-revparse later to maint). + + * "git stash push -u -- <pathspec>" gave an unnecessary and confusing + error message when there was no tracked files that match the + <pathspec>, which has been fixed. + (merge 353278687e tg/stash-untracked-with-pathspec-fix later to maint). + + * "git tag --contains no-such-commit" gave a full list of options + after giving an error message. + (merge 3bb0923f06 ps/contains-id-error-message later to maint). + + * "diff-highlight" filter (in contrib/) learned to understand "git log + --graph" output better. + (merge 4551fbba14 jk/diff-highlight-graph-fix later to maint). + + * when refs that do not point at committish are given, "git + filter-branch" gave a misleading error messages. This has been + corrected. + (merge f78ab355e7 yk/filter-branch-non-committish-refs later to maint). + + * "git submodule status" misbehaved on a submodule that has been + removed from the working tree. + (merge 74b6bda32f rs/status-with-removed-submodule later to maint). + + * When credential helper exits very quickly without reading its + input, it used to cause Git to die with SIGPIPE, which has been + fixed. + (merge a0d51e8d0e eb/cred-helper-ignore-sigpipe later to maint). + + * "git rebase --keep-empty" still removed an empty commit if the + other side contained an empty commit (due to the "does an + equivalent patch exist already?" check), which has been corrected. + (merge 3d946165e1 pw/rebase-keep-empty-fixes later to maint). + + * Some codepaths, including the refs API, get and keep relative + paths, that go out of sync when the process does chdir(2). The + chdir-notify API is introduced to let these codepaths adjust these + cached paths to the new current directory. + (merge fb9c2d2703 jk/relative-directory-fix later to maint). + + * "cd sub/dir && git commit ../path" ought to record the changes to + the file "sub/path", but this regressed long time ago. + (merge 86238e07ef bw/commit-partial-from-subdirectory-fix later to maint). + + * Recent introduction of "--log-destination" option to "git daemon" + did not work well when the daemon was run under "--inetd" mode. + (merge e67d906d73 lw/daemon-log-destination later to maint). + + * Small fix to the autoconf build procedure. + (merge 249482daf0 es/fread-reads-dir-autoconf-fix later to maint). + + * Fix an unexploitable (because the oversized contents are not under + attacker's control) buffer overflow. + (merge d8579accfa bp/fsmonitor-bufsize-fix later to maint). + + * Recent simplification of build procedure forgot a bit of tweak to + the build procedure of contrib/mw-to-git/ + (merge d8698987f3 ab/simplify-perl-makefile later to maint). + + * Moving a submodule that itself has submodule in it with "git mv" + forgot to make necessary adjustment to the nested sub-submodules; + now the codepath learned to recurse into the submodules. + + * "git config --unset a.b", when "a.b" is the last variable in an + otherwise empty section "a", left an empty section "a" behind, and + worse yet, a subsequent "git config a.c value" did not reuse that + empty shell and instead created a new one. These have been + (partially) corrected. + (merge c71d8bb38a js/empty-config-section-fix later to maint). + + * "git worktree remove" learned that "-f" is a shorthand for + "--force" option, just like for "git worktree add". + (merge d228eea514 sb/worktree-remove-opt-force later to maint). + + * The completion script (in contrib/) learned to clear cached list of + command line options upon dot-sourcing it again in a more efficient + way. + (merge 94408dc71c sg/completion-clear-cached later to maint). + + * "git svn" had a minor thinko/typo which has been fixed. + (merge 51db271587 ab/git-svn-get-record-typofix later to maint). + + * During a "rebase -i" session, the code could give older timestamp + to commits created by later "pick" than an earlier "reword", which + has been corrected. + (merge 12f7babd6b js/ident-date-fix later to maint). + + * "git submodule status" did not check the symbolic revision name it + computed for the submodule HEAD is not the NULL, and threw it at + printf routines, which has been corrected. + (merge 0b5e2ea7cf nd/submodule-status-fix later to maint). + + * When fed input that already has In-Reply-To: and/or References: + headers and told to add the same information, "git send-email" + added these headers separately, instead of appending to an existing + one, which is a violation of the RFC. This has been corrected. + (merge 256be1d3f0 sa/send-email-dedup-some-headers later to maint). + + * "git fast-export" had a regression in v2.15.0 era where it skipped + some merge commits in certain cases, which has been corrected. + (merge be011bbe00 ma/fast-export-skip-merge-fix later to maint). + + * The code did not propagate the terminal width to subprocesses via + COLUMNS environment variable, which it now does. This caused + trouble to "git column" helper subprocess when "git tag --column=row" + tried to list the existing tags on a display with non-default width. + (merge b5d5a567fb nd/term-columns later to maint). + + * We learned that our source files with ".pl" and ".py" extensions + are Perl and Python files respectively and changes to them are + better viewed as such with appropriate diff drivers. + (merge 7818b619e2 ab/perl-python-attrs later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i" sometimes left intermediate "# This is a + combination of N commits" message meant for the human consumption + inside an editor in the final result in certain corner cases, which + has been fixed. + (merge 15ef69314d js/rebase-i-clean-msg-after-fixup-continue later to maint). + + * A test to see if the filesystem normalizes UTF-8 filename has been + updated to check what we need to know in a more direct way, i.e. a + path created in NFC form can be accessed with NFD form (or vice + versa) to cope with APFS as well as HFS. + (merge 742ae10e35 tb/test-apfs-utf8-normalization later to maint). + + * "git format-patch --cover --attach" created a broken MIME multipart + message for the cover letter, which has been fixed by keeping the + cover letter as plain text file. + (merge 50cd54ef4e bc/format-patch-cover-no-attach later to maint). + + * The split-index feature had a long-standing and dormant bug in + certain use of the in-core merge machinery, which has been fixed. + (merge 7db118303a en/unpack-trees-split-index-fix later to maint). + + * Asciidoctor gives a reasonable imitation for AsciiDoc, but does not + render illustration in a literal block correctly when indented with + HT by default. The problem is fixed by forcing 8-space tabs. + (merge 379805051d bc/asciidoctor-tab-width later to maint). + + * Code clean-up to adjust to a more recent lockfile API convention that + allows lockfile instances kept on the stack. + (merge 0fa5a2ed8d ma/lockfile-cleanup later to maint). + + * the_repository->index is not a allocated piece of memory but + repo_clear() indiscriminately attempted to free(3) it, which has + been corrected. + (merge 74373b5f10 nd/repo-clear-keep-the-index later to maint). + + * Code clean-up to avoid non-standard-conformant pointer arithmetic. + (merge c112084af9 rs/no-null-ptr-arith-in-fast-export later to maint). + + * Code clean-up to turn history traversal more robust in a + semi-corrupt repository. + (merge 8702b30fd7 jk/unavailable-can-be-missing later to maint). + + * "git update-ref A B" is supposed to ensure that ref A does not yet + exist when B is a NULL OID, but this check was not done correctly + for pseudo-refs outside refs/ hierarchy, e.g. MERGE_HEAD. + + * "git submodule update" and "git submodule add" supported the + "--reference" option to borrow objects from a neighbouring local + repository like "git clone" does, but lacked the more recent + invention "--dissociate". Also "git submodule add" has been taught + to take the "--progress" option. + (merge a0ef29341a cf/submodule-progress-dissociate later to maint). + + * Update credential-netrc helper (in contrib/) to allow customizing + the GPG used to decrypt the encrypted .netrc file. + (merge 786ef50a23 lm/credential-netrc later to maint). + + * "git submodule update" attempts two different kinds of "git fetch" + against the upstream repository to grab a commit bound at the + submodule's path, but it incorrectly gave up if the first kind + (i.e. a normal fetch) failed, making the second "last resort" one + (i.e. fetching an exact commit object by object name) ineffective. + This has been corrected. + (merge e30d833671 sb/submodule-update-try-harder later to maint). + + * Error behaviour of "git grep" when it cannot read the index was + inconsistent with other commands that uses the index, which has + been corrected to error out early. + (merge b2aa84c789 sb/grep-die-on-unreadable-index later to maint). + + * We used to call regfree() after regcomp() failed in some codepaths, + which have been corrected. + (merge 17154b1576 ma/regex-no-regfree-after-comp-fail later to maint). + + * The import-tars script (in contrib/) has been taught to handle + tarballs with overly long paths that use PAX extended headers. + (merge 12ecea46e3 pa/import-tars-long-names later to maint). + + * "git rev-parse Y..." etc. misbehaved when given endpoints were + not committishes. + (merge 0ed556d38f en/rev-parse-invalid-range later to maint). + + * "git pull --recurse-submodules --rebase", when the submodule + repository's history did not have anything common between ours and + the upstream's, failed to execute. We need to fetch from them to + continue even in such a case. + (merge 4d36f88be7 jt/submodule-pull-recurse-rebase later to maint). + + * "git remote update" can take both a single remote nickname and a + nickname for remote groups, but only one of them was documented. + (merge a97447a42a nd/remote-update-doc later to maint). + + * "index-pack --strict" has been taught to make sure that it runs the + final object integrity checks after making the freshly indexed + packfile available to itself. + (merge 3737746120 jk/index-pack-maint later to maint). + + * Make zlib inflate codepath more robust against versions of zlib + that clobber unused portion of outbuf. + (merge b611396e97 jl/zlib-restore-nul-termination later to maint). + + * Fix old merge glitch in Documentation during v2.13-rc0 era. + (merge 28cb06020b mw/doc-merge-enumfix later to maint). + + * The code to read compressed bitmap was not careful to avoid reading + past the end of the file, which has been corrected. + (merge 1140bf01ec jk/ewah-bounds-check later to maint). + + * "make NO_ICONV=NoThanks" did not override NEEDS_LIBICONV + (i.e. linkage of -lintl, -liconv, etc. that are platform-specific + tweaks), which has been corrected. + (merge fdb1fbbc7d es/make-no-iconv later to maint). + + * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups. + (merge 248f66ed8e nd/trace-with-env later to maint). + (merge 14ced5562c ys/bisect-object-id-missing-conversion-fix later to maint). + (merge 5988eb631a ab/doc-hash-brokenness later to maint). + (merge a4d4e32a70 pk/test-avoid-pipe-hiding-exit-status later to maint). + (merge 05e293c1ac jk/flockfile-stdio later to maint). + (merge e9184b0789 jk/t5561-missing-curl later to maint). + (merge b1801b85a3 nd/worktree-move later to maint). + (merge bbd374dd20 ak/bisect-doc-typofix later to maint). + (merge 4855f06fb3 mn/send-email-credential-doc later to maint). + (merge 8523b1e355 en/doc-typoes later to maint). + (merge 43b44ccfe7 js/t5404-path-fix later to maint). + (merge decf711fc1 ps/test-chmtime-get later to maint). + (merge 22d11a6e8e es/worktree-docs later to maint). + (merge 92a5dbbc22 tg/use-git-contacts later to maint). + (merge adc887221f tq/t1510 later to maint). + (merge bed21a8ad6 sg/doc-gc-quote-mismatch-fix later to maint). + (merge 73364e4f10 tz/doc-git-urls-reference later to maint). + (merge cd1e606bad bc/mailmap-self later to maint). + (merge f7997e3682 ao/config-api-doc later to maint). + (merge ee930754d8 jk/apply-p-doc later to maint). + (merge 011b648646 nd/pack-format-doc later to maint). + (merge 87a6bb701a sg/t5310-jgit-bitmap-test later to maint). + (merge f6b82970aa sg/t5516-fixes later to maint). + (merge 4362da078e sg/t7005-spaces-in-filenames-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 7d0ee47c11 js/test-unset-prereq later to maint). + (merge 5356a3c354 ah/misc-doc-updates later to maint). + (merge 92c4a7a129 nd/completion-aliasfiletype-typofix later to maint). + (merge 58bd77b66a nd/pack-unreachable-objects-doc later to maint). + (merge 4ed79d5203 sg/t6500-no-redirect-of-stdin later to maint). + (merge 17b8a2d6cd jk/config-blob-sans-repo later to maint). + (merge 590551ca2c rd/tag-doc-lightweight later to maint). + (merge 44f560fc16 rd/init-typo later to maint). + (merge f156a0934a rd/p4-doc-markup-env later to maint). + (merge 2a00502b14 tg/doc-sec-list later to maint). + (merge 47cc91310a jk/submodule-fsck-loose-fixup later to maint). + (merge efde7b725c rd/comment-typofix-in-sha1-file later to maint). + (merge 7eedad15df rd/diff-options-typofix later to maint). + (merge 58ebd936cc km/doc-workflows-typofix later to maint). + (merge 30aa96cdf8 rd/doc-remote-tracking-with-hyphen later to maint). + (merge cf317877e3 ks/branch-set-upstream later to maint). + (merge 8de19d6be8 sg/t7406-chain-fix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2098cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.18.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Git v2.18.1 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.5 and in +v2.17.2 to address the recently reported CVE-2018-17456; see the +release notes for those versions for details. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a06ccf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,615 @@ +Git 2.19 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.18 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * "git diff" compares the index and the working tree. For paths + added with intent-to-add bit, the command shows the full contents + of them as added, but the paths themselves were not marked as new + files. They are now shown as new by default. + + "git apply" learned the "--intent-to-add" option so that an + otherwise working-tree-only application of a patch will add new + paths to the index marked with the "intent-to-add" bit. + + * "git grep" learned the "--column" option that gives not just the + line number but the column number of the hit. + + * The "-l" option in "git branch -l" is an unfortunate short-hand for + "--create-reflog", but many users, both old and new, somehow expect + it to be something else, perhaps "--list". This step warns when "-l" + is used as a short-hand for "--create-reflog" and warns about the + future repurposing of the it when it is used. + + * The userdiff pattern for .php has been updated. + + * The content-transfer-encoding of the message "git send-email" sends + out by default was 8bit, which can cause trouble when there is an + overlong line to bust RFC 5322/2822 limit. A new option 'auto' to + automatically switch to quoted-printable when there is such a line + in the payload has been introduced and is made the default. + + * "git checkout" and "git worktree add" learned to honor + checkout.defaultRemote when auto-vivifying a local branch out of a + remote tracking branch in a repository with multiple remotes that + have tracking branches that share the same names. + (merge 8d7b558bae ab/checkout-default-remote later to maint). + + * "git grep" learned the "--only-matching" option. + + * "git rebase --rebase-merges" mode now handles octopus merges as + well. + + * Add a server-side knob to skip commits in exponential/fibbonacci + stride in an attempt to cover wider swath of history with a smaller + number of iterations, potentially accepting a larger packfile + transfer, instead of going back one commit a time during common + ancestor discovery during the "git fetch" transaction. + (merge 42cc7485a2 jt/fetch-negotiator-skipping later to maint). + + * A new configuration variable core.usereplacerefs has been added, + primarily to help server installations that want to ignore the + replace mechanism altogether. + + * Teach "git tag -s" etc. a few configuration variables (gpg.format + that can be set to "openpgp" or "x509", and gpg.<format>.program + that is used to specify what program to use to deal with the format) + to allow x.509 certs with CMS via "gpgsm" to be used instead of + openpgp via "gnupg". + + * Many more strings are prepared for l10n. + + * "git p4 submit" learns to ask its own pre-submit hook if it should + continue with submitting. + + * The test performed at the receiving end of "git push" to prevent + bad objects from entering repository can be customized via + receive.fsck.* configuration variables; we now have gained a + counterpart to do the same on the "git fetch" side, with + fetch.fsck.* configuration variables. + + * "git pull --rebase=interactive" learned "i" as a short-hand for + "interactive". + + * "git instaweb" has been adjusted to run better with newer Apache on + RedHat based distros. + + * "git range-diff" is a reimplementation of "git tbdiff" that lets us + compare individual patches in two iterations of a topic. + + * The sideband code learned to optionally paint selected keywords at + the beginning of incoming lines on the receiving end. + + * "git branch --list" learned to take the default sort order from the + 'branch.sort' configuration variable, just like "git tag --list" + pays attention to 'tag.sort'. + + * "git worktree" command learned "--quiet" option to make it less + verbose. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The bulk of "git submodule foreach" has been rewritten in C. + + * The in-core "commit" object had an all-purpose "void *util" field, + which was tricky to use especially in library-ish part of the + code. All of the existing uses of the field has been migrated to a + more dedicated "commit-slab" mechanism and the field is eliminated. + + * A less often used command "git show-index" has been modernized. + (merge fb3010c31f jk/show-index later to maint). + + * The conversion to pass "the_repository" and then "a_repository" + throughout the object access API continues. + + * Continuing with the idea to programatically enumerate various + pieces of data required for command line completion, teach the + codebase to report the list of configuration variables + subcommands care about to help complete them. + + * Separate "rebase -p" codepath out of "rebase -i" implementation to + slim down the latter and make it easier to manage. + + * Make refspec parsing codepath more robust. + + * Some flaky tests have been fixed. + + * Continuing with the idea to programmatically enumerate various + pieces of data required for command line completion, the codebase + has been taught to enumerate options prefixed with "--no-" to + negate them. + + * Build and test procedure for netrc credential helper (in contrib/) + has been updated. + + * Remove unused function definitions and declarations from ewah + bitmap subsystem. + + * Code preparation to make "git p4" closer to be usable with Python 3. + + * Tighten the API to make it harder to misuse in-tree .gitmodules + file, even though it shares the same syntax with configuration + files, to read random configuration items from it. + + * "git fast-import" has been updated to avoid attempting to create + delta against a zero-byte-long string, which is pointless. + + * The codebase has been updated to compile cleanly with -pedantic + option. + (merge 2b647a05d7 bb/pedantic later to maint). + + * The character display width table has been updated to match the + latest Unicode standard. + (merge 570951eea2 bb/unicode-11-width later to maint). + + * test-lint now looks for broken use of "VAR=VAL shell_func" in test + scripts. + + * Conversion from uchar[40] to struct object_id continues. + + * Recent "security fix" to pay attention to contents of ".gitmodules" + while accepting "git push" was a bit overly strict than necessary, + which has been adjusted. + + * "git fsck" learns to make sure the optional commit-graph file is in + a sane state. + + * "git diff --color-moved" feature has further been tweaked. + + * Code restructuring and a small fix to transport protocol v2 during + fetching. + + * Parsing of -L[<N>][,[<M>]] parameters "git blame" and "git log" + take has been tweaked. + + * lookup_commit_reference() and friends have been updated to find + in-core object for a specific in-core repository instance. + + * Various glitches in the heuristics of merge-recursive strategy have + been documented in new tests. + + * "git fetch" learned a new option "--negotiation-tip" to limit the + set of commits it tells the other end as "have", to reduce wasted + bandwidth and cycles, which would be helpful when the receiving + repository has a lot of refs that have little to do with the + history at the remote it is fetching from. + + * For a large tree, the index needs to hold many cache entries + allocated on heap. These cache entries are now allocated out of a + dedicated memory pool to amortize malloc(3) overhead. + + * Tests to cover various conflicting cases have been added for + merge-recursive. + + * Tests to cover conflict cases that involve submodules have been + added for merge-recursive. + + * Look for broken "&&" chains that are hidden in subshell, many of + which have been found and corrected. + + * The singleton commit-graph in-core instance is made per in-core + repository instance. + + * "make DEVELOPER=1 DEVOPTS=pedantic" allows developers to compile + with -pedantic option, which may catch more problematic program + constructs and potential bugs. + + * Preparatory code to later add json output for telemetry data has + been added. + + * Update the way we use Coccinelle to find out-of-style code that + need to be modernised. + + * It is too easy to misuse system API functions such as strcat(); + these selected functions are now forbidden in this codebase and + will cause a compilation failure. + + * Add a script (in contrib/) to help users of VSCode work better with + our codebase. + + * The Travis CI scripts were taught to ship back the test data from + failed tests. + (merge aea8879a6a sg/travis-retrieve-trash-upon-failure later to maint). + + * The parse-options machinery learned to refrain from enclosing + placeholder string inside a "<bra" and "ket>" pair automatically + without PARSE_OPT_LITERAL_ARGHELP. Existing help text for option + arguments that are not formatted correctly have been identified and + fixed. + (merge 5f0df44cd7 rs/parse-opt-lithelp later to maint). + + * Noiseword "extern" has been removed from function decls in the + header files. + + * A few atoms like %(objecttype) and %(objectsize) in the format + specifier of "for-each-ref --format=<format>" can be filled without + getting the full contents of the object, but just with the object + header. These cases have been optimized by calling + oid_object_info() API (instead of reading and inspecting the data). + + * The end result of documentation update has been made to be + inspected more easily to help developers. + + * The API to iterate over all objects learned to optionally list + objects in the order they appear in packfiles, which helps locality + of access if the caller accesses these objects while as objects are + enumerated. + + * Improve built-in facility to catch broken &&-chain in the tests. + + * The more library-ish parts of the codebase learned to work on the + in-core index-state instance that is passed in by their callers, + instead of always working on the singleton "the_index" instance. + + * A test prerequisite defined by various test scripts with slightly + different semantics has been consolidated into a single copy and + made into a lazily defined one. + (merge 6ec633059a wc/make-funnynames-shared-lazy-prereq later to maint). + + * After a partial clone, repeated fetches from promisor remote would + have accumulated many packfiles marked with .promisor bit without + getting them coalesced into fewer packfiles, hurting performance. + "git repack" now learned to repack them. + + * Partially revert the support for multiple hash functions to regain + hash comparison performance; we'd think of a way to do this better + in the next cycle. + + * "git help --config" (which is used in command line completion) + missed the configuration variables not described in the main + config.txt file but are described in another file that is included + by it, which has been corrected. + + * The test linter code has learned that the end of here-doc mark + "EOF" can be quoted in a double-quote pair, not just in a + single-quote pair. + + +Fixes since v2.18 +----------------- + + * "git remote update" can take both a single remote nickname and a + nickname for remote groups, and the completion script (in contrib/) + has been taught about it. + (merge 9cd4382ad5 ls/complete-remote-update-names later to maint). + + * "git fetch --shallow-since=<cutoff>" that specifies the cut-off + point that is newer than the existing history used to end up + grabbing the entire history. Such a request now errors out. + (merge e34de73c56 nd/reject-empty-shallow-request later to maint). + + * Fix for 2.17-era regression around `core.safecrlf`. + (merge 6cb09125be as/safecrlf-quiet-fix later to maint). + + * The recent addition of "partial clone" experimental feature kicked + in when it shouldn't, namely, when there is no partial-clone filter + defined even if extensions.partialclone is set. + (merge cac1137dc4 jh/partial-clone later to maint). + + * "git send-pack --signed" (hence "git push --signed" over the http + transport) did not read user ident from the config mechanism to + determine whom to sign the push certificate as, which has been + corrected. + (merge d067d98887 ms/send-pack-honor-config later to maint). + + * "git fetch-pack --all" used to unnecessarily fail upon seeing an + annotated tag that points at an object other than a commit. + (merge c12c9df527 jk/fetch-all-peeled-fix later to maint). + + * When user edits the patch in "git add -p" and the user's editor is + set to strip trailing whitespaces indiscriminately, an empty line + that is unchanged in the patch would become completely empty + (instead of a line with a sole SP on it). The code introduced in + Git 2.17 timeframe failed to parse such a patch, but now it learned + to notice the situation and cope with it. + (merge f4d35a6b49 pw/add-p-recount later to maint). + + * The code to try seeing if a fetch is necessary in a submodule + during a fetch with --recurse-submodules got confused when the path + to the submodule was changed in the range of commits in the + superproject, sometimes showing "(null)". This has been corrected. + + * Bugfix for "rebase -i" corner case regression. + (merge a9279c6785 pw/rebase-i-keep-reword-after-conflict later to maint). + + * Recently added "--base" option to "git format-patch" command did + not correctly generate prereq patch ids. + (merge 15b76c1fb3 xy/format-patch-prereq-patch-id-fix later to maint). + + * POSIX portability fix in Makefile to fix a glitch introduced a few + releases ago. + (merge 6600054e9b dj/runtime-prefix later to maint). + + * "git filter-branch" when used with the "--state-branch" option + still attempted to rewrite the commits whose filtered result is + known from the previous attempt (which is recorded on the state + branch); the command has been corrected not to waste cycles doing + so. + (merge 709cfe848a mb/filter-branch-optim later to maint). + + * Clarify that setting core.ignoreCase to deviate from reality would + not turn a case-incapable filesystem into a case-capable one. + (merge 48294b512a ms/core-icase-doc later to maint). + + * "fsck.skipList" did not prevent a blob object listed there from + being inspected for is contents (e.g. we recently started to + inspect the contents of ".gitmodules" for certain malicious + patterns), which has been corrected. + (merge fb16287719 rj/submodule-fsck-skip later to maint). + + * "git checkout --recurse-submodules another-branch" did not report + in which submodule it failed to update the working tree, which + resulted in an unhelpful error message. + (merge ba95d4e4bd sb/submodule-move-head-error-msg later to maint). + + * "git rebase" behaved slightly differently depending on which one of + the three backends gets used; this has been documented and an + effort to make them more uniform has begun. + (merge b00bf1c9a8 en/rebase-consistency later to maint). + + * The "--ignore-case" option of "git for-each-ref" (and its friends) + did not work correctly, which has been fixed. + (merge e674eb2528 jk/for-each-ref-icase later to maint). + + * "git fetch" failed to correctly validate the set of objects it + received when making a shallow history deeper, which has been + corrected. + (merge cf1e7c0770 jt/connectivity-check-after-unshallow later to maint). + + * Partial clone support of "git clone" has been updated to correctly + validate the objects it receives from the other side. The server + side has been corrected to send objects that are directly + requested, even if they may match the filtering criteria (e.g. when + doing a "lazy blob" partial clone). + (merge a7e67c11b8 jt/partial-clone-fsck-connectivity later to maint). + + * Handling of an empty range by "git cherry-pick" was inconsistent + depending on how the range ended up to be empty, which has been + corrected. + (merge c5e358d073 jk/empty-pick-fix later to maint). + + * "git reset --merge" (hence "git merge ---abort") and "git reset --hard" + had trouble working correctly in a sparsely checked out working + tree after a conflict, which has been corrected. + (merge b33fdfc34c mk/merge-in-sparse-checkout later to maint). + + * Correct a broken use of "VAR=VAL shell_func" in a test. + (merge 650161a277 jc/t3404-one-shot-export-fix later to maint). + + * "git rev-parse ':/substring'" did not consider the history leading + only to HEAD when looking for a commit with the given substring, + when the HEAD is detached. This has been fixed. + (merge 6b3351e799 wc/find-commit-with-pattern-on-detached-head later to maint). + + * Build doc update for Windows. + (merge ede8d89bb1 nd/command-list later to maint). + + * core.commentchar is now honored when preparing the list of commits + to replay in "rebase -i". + + * "git pull --rebase" on a corrupt HEAD caused a segfault. In + general we substitute an empty tree object when running the in-core + equivalent of the diff-index command, and the codepath has been + corrected to do so as well to fix this issue. + (merge 3506dc9445 jk/has-uncommitted-changes-fix later to maint). + + * httpd tests saw occasional breakage due to the way its access log + gets inspected by the tests, which has been updated to make them + less flaky. + (merge e8b3b2e275 sg/httpd-test-unflake later to maint). + + * Tests to cover more D/F conflict cases have been added for + merge-recursive. + + * "git gc --auto" opens file descriptors for the packfiles before + spawning "git repack/prune", which would upset Windows that does + not want a process to work on a file that is open by another + process. The issue has been worked around. + (merge 12e73a3ce4 kg/gc-auto-windows-workaround later to maint). + + * The recursive merge strategy did not properly ensure there was no + change between HEAD and the index before performing its operation, + which has been corrected. + (merge 55f39cf755 en/dirty-merge-fixes later to maint). + + * "git rebase" started exporting GIT_DIR environment variable and + exposing it to hook scripts when part of it got rewritten in C. + Instead of matching the old scripted Porcelains' behaviour, + compensate by also exporting GIT_WORK_TREE environment as well to + lessen the damage. This can harm existing hooks that want to + operate on different repository, but the current behaviour is + already broken for them anyway. + (merge ab5e67d751 bc/sequencer-export-work-tree-as-well later to maint). + + * "git send-email" when using in a batched mode that limits the + number of messages sent in a single SMTP session lost the contents + of the variable used to choose between tls/ssl, unable to send the + second and later batches, which has been fixed. + (merge 636f3d7ac5 jm/send-email-tls-auth-on-batch later to maint). + + * The lazy clone support had a few places where missing but promised + objects were not correctly tolerated, which have been fixed. + + * One of the "diff --color-moved" mode "dimmed_zebra" that was named + in an unusual way has been deprecated and replaced by + "dimmed-zebra". + (merge e3f2f5f9cd es/diff-color-moved-fix later to maint). + + * The wire-protocol v2 relies on the client to send "ref prefixes" to + limit the bandwidth spent on the initial ref advertisement. "git + clone" when learned to speak v2 forgot to do so, which has been + corrected. + (merge 402c47d939 bw/clone-ref-prefixes later to maint). + + * "git diff --histogram" had a bad memory usage pattern, which has + been rearranged to reduce the peak usage. + (merge 79cb2ebb92 sb/histogram-less-memory later to maint). + + * Code clean-up to use size_t/ssize_t when they are the right type. + (merge 7726d360b5 jk/size-t later to maint). + + * The wire-protocol v2 relies on the client to send "ref prefixes" to + limit the bandwidth spent on the initial ref advertisement. "git + fetch $remote branch:branch" that asks tags that point into the + history leading to the "branch" automatically followed sent to + narrow prefix and broke the tag following, which has been fixed. + (merge 2b554353a5 jt/tag-following-with-proto-v2-fix later to maint). + + * When the sparse checkout feature is in use, "git cherry-pick" and + other mergy operations lost the skip_worktree bit when a path that + is excluded from checkout requires content level merge, which is + resolved as the same as the HEAD version, without materializing the + merge result in the working tree, which made the path appear as + deleted. This has been corrected by preserving the skip_worktree + bit (and not materializing the file in the working tree). + (merge 2b75fb601c en/merge-recursive-skip-fix later to maint). + + * The "author-script" file "git rebase -i" creates got broken when + we started to move the command away from shell script, which is + getting fixed now. + (merge 5522bbac20 es/rebase-i-author-script-fix later to maint). + + * The automatic tree-matching in "git merge -s subtree" was broken 5 + years ago and nobody has noticed since then, which is now fixed. + (merge 2ec4150713 jk/merge-subtree-heuristics later to maint). + + * "git fetch $there refs/heads/s" ought to fetch the tip of the + branch 's', but when "refs/heads/refs/heads/s", i.e. a branch whose + name is "refs/heads/s" exists at the same time, fetched that one + instead by mistake. This has been corrected to honor the usual + disambiguation rules for abbreviated refnames. + (merge 60650a48c0 jt/refspec-dwim-precedence-fix later to maint). + + * Futureproofing a helper function that can easily be misused. + (merge 65bb21e77e es/want-color-fd-defensive later to maint). + + * The http-backend (used for smart-http transport) used to slurp the + whole input until EOF, without paying attention to CONTENT_LENGTH + that is supplied in the environment and instead expecting the Web + server to close the input stream. This has been fixed. + (merge eebfe40962 mk/http-backend-content-length later to maint). + + * "git merge --abort" etc. did not clean things up properly when + there were conflicted entries in the index in certain order that + are involved in D/F conflicts. This has been corrected. + (merge ad3762042a en/abort-df-conflict-fixes later to maint). + + * "git diff --indent-heuristic" had a bad corner case performance. + (merge 301ef85401 sb/indent-heuristic-optim later to maint). + + * The "--exec" option to "git rebase --rebase-merges" placed the exec + commands at wrong places, which has been corrected. + + * "git verify-tag" and "git verify-commit" have been taught to use + the exit status of underlying "gpg --verify" to signal bad or + untrusted signature they found. + (merge 4e5dc9ca17 jc/gpg-status later to maint). + + * "git mergetool" stopped and gave an extra prompt to continue after + the last path has been handled, which did not make much sense. + (merge d651a54b8a ng/mergetool-lose-final-prompt later to maint). + + * Among the three codepaths we use O_APPEND to open a file for + appending, one used for writing GIT_TRACE output requires O_APPEND + implementation that behaves sensibly when multiple processes are + writing to the same file. POSIX emulation used in the Windows port + has been updated to improve in this area. + (merge d641097589 js/mingw-o-append later to maint). + + * "git pull --rebase -v" in a repository with a submodule barfed as + an intermediate process did not understand what "-v(erbose)" flag + meant, which has been fixed. + (merge e84c3cf3dc sb/pull-rebase-submodule later to maint). + + * Recent update to "git config" broke updating variable in a + subsection, which has been corrected. + (merge bff7df7a87 sb/config-write-fix later to maint). + + * When "git rebase -i" is told to squash two or more commits into + one, it labeled the log message for each commit with its number. + It correctly called the first one "1st commit", but the next one + was "commit #1", which was off-by-one. This has been corrected. + (merge dd2e36ebac pw/rebase-i-squash-number-fix later to maint). + + * "git rebase -i", when a 'merge <branch>' insn in its todo list + fails, segfaulted, which has been (minimally) corrected. + (merge bc9238bb09 pw/rebase-i-merge-segv-fix later to maint). + + * "git cherry-pick --quit" failed to remove CHERRY_PICK_HEAD even + though we won't be in a cherry-pick session after it returns, which + has been corrected. + (merge 3e7dd99208 nd/cherry-pick-quit-fix later to maint). + + * In a recent update in 2.18 era, "git pack-objects" started + producing a larger than necessary packfiles by missing + opportunities to use large deltas. This has been corrected. + + * The meaning of the possible values the "core.checkStat" + configuration variable can take were not adequately documented, + which has been fixed. + (merge 9bf5d4c4e2 nd/config-core-checkstat-doc later to maint). + + * Recent "git rebase -i" update started to write bogusly formatted + author-script, with a matching broken reading code. These are + fixed. + + * Recent addition of "directory rename" heuristics to the + merge-recursive backend makes the command susceptible to false + positives and false negatives. In the context of "git am -3", + which does not know about surrounding unmodified paths and thus + cannot inform the merge machinery about the full trees involved, + this risk is particularly severe. As such, the heuristic is + disabled for "git am -3" to keep the machinery "more stupid but + predictable". + + * "git merge-base" in 2.19-rc1 has performance regression when the + (experimental) commit-graph feature is in use, which has been + mitigated. + + * Code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge aee9be2ebe sg/update-ref-stdin-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 037714252f jc/clean-after-sanity-tests later to maint). + (merge 5b26c3c941 en/merge-recursive-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 0dcbc0392e bw/config-refer-to-gitsubmodules-doc later to maint). + (merge bb4d000e87 bw/protocol-v2 later to maint). + (merge 928f0ab4ba vs/typofixes later to maint). + (merge d7f590be84 en/rebase-i-microfixes later to maint). + (merge 81d395cc85 js/rebase-recreate-merge later to maint). + (merge 51d1863168 tz/exclude-doc-smallfixes later to maint). + (merge a9aa3c0927 ds/commit-graph later to maint). + (merge 5cf8e06474 js/enhanced-version-info later to maint). + (merge 6aaded5509 tb/config-default later to maint). + (merge 022d2ac1f3 sb/blame-color later to maint). + (merge 5a06a20e0c bp/test-drop-caches-for-windows later to maint). + (merge dd61cc1c2e jk/ui-color-always-to-auto later to maint). + (merge 1e83b9bfdd sb/trailers-docfix later to maint). + (merge ab29f1b329 sg/fast-import-dump-refs-on-checkpoint-fix later to maint). + (merge 6a8ad880f0 jn/subtree-test-fixes later to maint). + (merge ffbd51cc60 nd/pack-objects-threading-doc later to maint). + (merge e9dac7be60 es/mw-to-git-chain-fix later to maint). + (merge fe583c6c7a rs/remote-mv-leakfix later to maint). + (merge 69885ab015 en/t3031-title-fix later to maint). + (merge 8578037bed nd/config-blame-sort later to maint). + (merge 8ad169c4ba hn/config-in-code-comment later to maint). + (merge b7446fcfdf ar/t4150-am-scissors-test-fix later to maint). + (merge a8132410ee js/typofixes later to maint). + (merge 388d0ff6e5 en/update-index-doc later to maint). + (merge e05aa688dd jc/update-index-doc later to maint). + (merge 10c600172c sg/t5310-empty-input-fix later to maint). + (merge 5641eb9465 jh/partial-clone-doc later to maint). + (merge 2711b1ad5e ab/submodule-relative-url-tests later to maint). + (merge ce528de023 ab/unconditional-free-and-null later to maint). + (merge bbc072f5d8 rs/opt-updates later to maint). + (merge 69d846f053 jk/use-compat-util-in-test-tool later to maint). + (merge 1820703045 js/larger-timestamps later to maint). + (merge c8b35b95e1 sg/t4051-fix later to maint). + (merge 30612cb670 sg/t0020-conversion-fix later to maint). + (merge 15da753709 sg/t7501-thinkofix later to maint). + (merge 79b04f9b60 sg/t3903-missing-fix later to maint). + (merge 2745817028 sg/t3420-autostash-fix later to maint). + (merge 7afb0d6777 sg/test-rebase-editor-fix later to maint). + (merge 6c6ce21baa es/freebsd-iconv-portability later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da76726 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.19.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Git v2.19.1 Release Notes +========================= + +This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.14.5 and in +v2.17.2 to address the recently reported CVE-2018-17456; see the +release notes for those versions for details. diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index 3ef3092..b44fd51 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -176,6 +176,12 @@ that is fine, but please mark it as such. [[send-patches]] === Sending your patches. +:security-ml: footnoteref:[security-ml,The Git Security mailing list: git-security@googlegroups.com] + +Before sending any patches, please note that patches that may be +security relevant should be submitted privately to the Git Security +mailing list{security-ml}, instead of the public mailing list. + Learn to use format-patch and send-email if possible. These commands are optimized for the workflow of sending patches, avoiding many ways your existing e-mail client that is optimized for "multipart/*" mime @@ -259,17 +265,24 @@ patch, format it as "multipart/signed", not a text/plain message that starts with `-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----`. That is not a text/plain, it's something else. +:security-ml-ref: footnoteref:[security-ml] + +As mentioned at the beginning of the section, patches that may be +security relevant should not be submitted to the public mailing list +mentioned below, but should instead be sent privately to the Git +Security mailing list{security-ml-ref}. + Send your patch with "To:" set to the mailing list, with "cc:" listing -people who are involved in the area you are touching (the output from -+git blame _$path_+ and +git shortlog {litdd}no-merges _$path_+ would help to +people who are involved in the area you are touching (the `git +contacts` command in `contrib/contacts/` can help to identify them), to solicit comments and reviews. -:1: footnote:[The current maintainer: gitster@pobox.com] -:2: footnote:[The mailing list: git@vger.kernel.org] +:current-maintainer: footnote:[The current maintainer: gitster@pobox.com] +:git-ml: footnote:[The mailing list: git@vger.kernel.org] After the list reached a consensus that it is a good idea to apply the -patch, re-send it with "To:" set to the maintainer{1} and "cc:" the -list{2} for inclusion. +patch, re-send it with "To:" set to the maintainer{current-maintainer} and "cc:" the +list{git-ml} for inclusion. Do not forget to add trailers such as `Acked-by:`, `Reviewed-by:` and `Tested-by:` lines as necessary to credit people who helped your @@ -285,7 +298,7 @@ smaller project it is a good discipline to follow it. The sign-off is a simple line at the end of the explanation for the patch, which certifies that you wrote it or otherwise have -the right to pass it on as a open-source patch. The rules are +the right to pass it on as an open-source patch. The rules are pretty simple: if you can certify the below D-C-O: [[dco]] @@ -390,7 +403,7 @@ don't demand). +git log -p {litdd} _$area_you_are_modifying_+ would help you find out who they are. . You get comments and suggestions for improvements. You may - even get them in a "on top of your change" patch form. + even get them in an "on top of your change" patch form. . Polish, refine, and re-send to the list and the people who spend their time to improve your patch. Go back to step (2). diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index 9593bfa..eb66a11 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -41,11 +41,13 @@ in the section header, like in the example below: -------- Subsection names are case sensitive and can contain any characters except -newline (doublequote `"` and backslash can be included by escaping them -as `\"` and `\\`, respectively). Section headers cannot span multiple -lines. Variables may belong directly to a section or to a given subsection. -You can have `[section]` if you have `[section "subsection"]`, but you -don't need to. +newline and the null byte. Doublequote `"` and backslash can be included +by escaping them as `\"` and `\\`, respectively. Backslashes preceding +other characters are dropped when reading; for example, `\t` is read as +`t` and `\0` is read as `0` Section headers cannot span multiple lines. +Variables may belong directly to a section or to a given subsection. You +can have `[section]` if you have `[section "subsection"]`, but you don't +need to. There is also a deprecated `[section.subsection]` syntax. With this syntax, the subsection name is converted to lower-case and is also @@ -342,6 +344,16 @@ advice.*:: Advice shown when you used linkgit:git-checkout[1] to move to the detach HEAD state, to instruct how to create a local branch after the fact. + checkoutAmbiguousRemoteBranchName:: + Advice shown when the argument to + linkgit:git-checkout[1] ambiguously resolves to a + remote tracking branch on more than one remote in + situations where an unambiguous argument would have + otherwise caused a remote-tracking branch to be + checked out. See the `checkout.defaultRemote` + configuration variable for how to set a given remote + to used by default in some situations where this + advice would be printed. amWorkDir:: Advice that shows the location of the patch file when linkgit:git-am[1] fails to apply it. @@ -351,6 +363,12 @@ advice.*:: addEmbeddedRepo:: Advice on what to do when you've accidentally added one git repo inside of another. + ignoredHook:: + Advice shown if a hook is ignored because the hook is not + set as executable. + waitingForEditor:: + Print a message to the terminal whenever Git is waiting for + editor input from the user. -- core.fileMode:: @@ -382,16 +400,19 @@ core.hideDotFiles:: default mode is 'dotGitOnly'. core.ignoreCase:: - If true, this option enables various workarounds to enable + Internal variable which enables various workarounds to enable Git to work better on filesystems that are not case sensitive, - like FAT. For example, if a directory listing finds - "makefile" when Git expects "Makefile", Git will assume + like APFS, HFS+, FAT, NTFS, etc. For example, if a directory listing + finds "makefile" when Git expects "Makefile", Git will assume it is really the same file, and continue to remember it as "Makefile". + The default is false, except linkgit:git-clone[1] or linkgit:git-init[1] will probe and set core.ignoreCase true if appropriate when the repository is created. ++ +Git relies on the proper configuration of this variable for your operating +and file system. Modifying this value may result in unexpected behavior. core.precomposeUnicode:: This option is only used by Mac OS implementation of Git. @@ -413,6 +434,13 @@ core.protectNTFS:: 8.3 "short" names. Defaults to `true` on Windows, and `false` elsewhere. +core.fsmonitor:: + If set, the value of this variable is used as a command which + will identify all files that may have changed since the + requested date/time. This information is used to speed up git by + avoiding unnecessary processing of files that have not changed. + See the "fsmonitor-watchman" section of linkgit:githooks[5]. + core.trustctime:: If false, the ctime differences between the index and the working tree are ignored; useful when the inode change time @@ -434,10 +462,20 @@ core.untrackedCache:: See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. `keep` by default. core.checkStat:: - Determines which stat fields to match between the index - and work tree. The user can set this to 'default' or - 'minimal'. Default (or explicitly 'default'), is to check - all fields, including the sub-second part of mtime and ctime. + When missing or is set to `default`, many fields in the stat + structure are checked to detect if a file has been modified + since Git looked at it. When this configuration variable is + set to `minimal`, sub-second part of mtime and ctime, the + uid and gid of the owner of the file, the inode number (and + the device number, if Git was compiled to use it), are + excluded from the check among these fields, leaving only the + whole-second part of mtime (and ctime, if `core.trustCtime` + is set) and the filesize to be checked. ++ +There are implementations of Git that do not leave usable values in +some fields (e.g. JGit); by excluding these fields from the +comparison, the `minimal` mode may help interoperability when the +same repository is used by these other systems at the same time. core.quotePath:: Commands that output paths (e.g. 'ls-files', 'diff'), will @@ -515,6 +553,12 @@ core.autocrlf:: This variable can be set to 'input', in which case no output conversion is performed. +core.checkRoundtripEncoding:: + A comma and/or whitespace separated list of encodings that Git + performs UTF-8 round trip checks on if they are used in an + `working-tree-encoding` attribute (see linkgit:gitattributes[5]). + The default value is `SHIFT-JIS`. + core.symlinks:: If false, symbolic links are checked out as small plain files that contain the link text. linkgit:git-update-index[1] and @@ -883,6 +927,16 @@ core.notesRef:: This setting defaults to "refs/notes/commits", and it can be overridden by the `GIT_NOTES_REF` environment variable. See linkgit:git-notes[1]. +core.commitGraph:: + If true, then git will read the commit-graph file (if it exists) + to parse the graph structure of commits. Defaults to false. See + linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] for more information. + +core.useReplaceRefs:: + If set to `false`, behave as if the `--no-replace-objects` + option was given on the command line. See linkgit:git[1] and + linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. + core.sparseCheckout:: Enable "sparse checkout" feature. See section "Sparse checkout" in linkgit:git-read-tree[1] for more information. @@ -949,23 +1003,28 @@ apply.whitespace:: Tells 'git apply' how to handle whitespaces, in the same way as the `--whitespace` option. See linkgit:git-apply[1]. -blame.showRoot:: - Do not treat root commits as boundaries in linkgit:git-blame[1]. - This option defaults to false. - blame.blankBoundary:: Show blank commit object name for boundary commits in linkgit:git-blame[1]. This option defaults to false. -blame.showEmail:: - Show the author email instead of author name in linkgit:git-blame[1]. - This option defaults to false. +blame.coloring:: + This determines the coloring scheme to be applied to blame + output. It can be 'repeatedLines', 'highlightRecent', + or 'none' which is the default. blame.date:: Specifies the format used to output dates in linkgit:git-blame[1]. If unset the iso format is used. For supported values, see the discussion of the `--date` option at linkgit:git-log[1]. +blame.showEmail:: + Show the author email instead of author name in linkgit:git-blame[1]. + This option defaults to false. + +blame.showRoot:: + Do not treat root commits as boundaries in linkgit:git-blame[1]. + This option defaults to false. + branch.autoSetupMerge:: Tells 'git branch' and 'git checkout' to set up new branches so that linkgit:git-pull[1] will appropriately merge from the @@ -993,6 +1052,12 @@ branch.autoSetupRebase:: branch to track another branch. This option defaults to never. +branch.sort:: + This variable controls the sort ordering of branches when displayed by + linkgit:git-branch[1]. Without the "--sort=<value>" option provided, the + value of this variable will be used as the default. + See linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1] field names for valid values. + branch.<name>.remote:: When on branch <name>, it tells 'git fetch' and 'git push' which remote to fetch from/push to. The remote to push to @@ -1043,6 +1108,10 @@ branch.<name>.rebase:: "git pull" is run. See "pull.rebase" for doing this in a non branch-specific manner. + +When `merges`, pass the `--rebase-merges` option to 'git rebase' +so that the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see +linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details). ++ When preserve, also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened by running 'git pull'. @@ -1069,10 +1138,58 @@ browser.<tool>.path:: browse HTML help (see `-w` option in linkgit:git-help[1]) or a working repository in gitweb (see linkgit:git-instaweb[1]). +checkout.defaultRemote:: + When you run 'git checkout <something>' and only have one + remote, it may implicitly fall back on checking out and + tracking e.g. 'origin/<something>'. This stops working as soon + as you have more than one remote with a '<something>' + reference. This setting allows for setting the name of a + preferred remote that should always win when it comes to + disambiguation. The typical use-case is to set this to + `origin`. ++ +Currently this is used by linkgit:git-checkout[1] when 'git checkout +<something>' will checkout the '<something>' branch on another remote, +and by linkgit:git-worktree[1] when 'git worktree add' refers to a +remote branch. This setting might be used for other checkout-like +commands or functionality in the future. + clean.requireForce:: A boolean to make git-clean do nothing unless given -f, -i or -n. Defaults to true. +color.advice:: + A boolean to enable/disable color in hints (e.g. when a push + failed, see `advice.*` for a list). May be set to `always`, + `false` (or `never`) or `auto` (or `true`), in which case colors + are used only when the error output goes to a terminal. If + unset, then the value of `color.ui` is used (`auto` by default). + +color.advice.hint:: + Use customized color for hints. + +color.blame.highlightRecent:: + This can be used to color the metadata of a blame line depending + on age of the line. ++ +This setting should be set to a comma-separated list of color and date settings, +starting and ending with a color, the dates should be set from oldest to newest. +The metadata will be colored given the colors if the the line was introduced +before the given timestamp, overwriting older timestamped colors. ++ +Instead of an absolute timestamp relative timestamps work as well, e.g. +2.weeks.ago is valid to address anything older than 2 weeks. ++ +It defaults to 'blue,12 month ago,white,1 month ago,red', which colors +everything older than one year blue, recent changes between one month and +one year old are kept white, and lines introduced within the last month are +colored red. + +color.blame.repeatedLines:: + Use the customized color for the part of git-blame output that + is repeated meta information per line (such as commit id, + author name, date and timezone). Defaults to cyan. + color.branch:: A boolean to enable/disable color in the output of linkgit:git-branch[1]. May be set to `always`, @@ -1100,13 +1217,6 @@ This does not affect linkgit:git-format-patch[1] or the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' plumbing commands. Can be overridden on the command line with the `--color[=<when>]` option. -diff.colorMoved:: - If set to either a valid `<mode>` or a true value, moved lines - in a diff are colored differently, for details of valid modes - see '--color-moved' in linkgit:git-diff[1]. If simply set to - true the default color mode will be used. When set to false, - moved lines are not colored. - color.diff.<slot>:: Use customized color for diff colorization. `<slot>` specifies which part of the patch to use the specified color, and is one @@ -1117,13 +1227,16 @@ color.diff.<slot>:: (highlighting whitespace errors), `oldMoved` (deleted lines), `newMoved` (added lines), `oldMovedDimmed`, `oldMovedAlternative`, `oldMovedAlternativeDimmed`, `newMovedDimmed`, `newMovedAlternative` - and `newMovedAlternativeDimmed` (See the '<mode>' - setting of '--color-moved' in linkgit:git-diff[1] for details). + `newMovedAlternativeDimmed` (See the '<mode>' + setting of '--color-moved' in linkgit:git-diff[1] for details), + `contextDimmed`, `oldDimmed`, `newDimmed`, `contextBold`, + `oldBold`, and `newBold` (see linkgit:git-range-diff[1] for details). color.decorate.<slot>:: Use customized color for 'git log --decorate' output. `<slot>` is one of `branch`, `remoteBranch`, `tag`, `stash` or `HEAD` for local - branches, remote-tracking branches, tags, stash and HEAD, respectively. + branches, remote-tracking branches, tags, stash and HEAD, respectively + and `grafted` for grafted commits. color.grep:: When set to `always`, always highlight matches. When `false` (or @@ -1142,8 +1255,10 @@ color.grep.<slot>:: filename prefix (when not using `-h`) `function`;; function name lines (when using `-p`) -`linenumber`;; +`lineNumber`;; line number prefix (when using `-n`) +`column`;; + column number prefix (when using `--column`) `match`;; matching text (same as setting `matchContext` and `matchSelected`) `matchContext`;; @@ -1175,6 +1290,27 @@ color.pager:: A boolean to enable/disable colored output when the pager is in use (default is true). +color.push:: + A boolean to enable/disable color in push errors. May be set to + `always`, `false` (or `never`) or `auto` (or `true`), in which + case colors are used only when the error output goes to a terminal. + If unset, then the value of `color.ui` is used (`auto` by default). + +color.push.error:: + Use customized color for push errors. + +color.remote:: + If set, keywords at the start of the line are highlighted. The + keywords are "error", "warning", "hint" and "success", and are + matched case-insensitively. May be set to `always`, `false` (or + `never`) or `auto` (or `true`). If unset, then the value of + `color.ui` is used (`auto` by default). + +color.remote.<slot>:: + Use customized color for each remote keyword. `<slot>` may be + `hint`, `warning`, `success` or `error` which match the + corresponding keyword. + color.showBranch:: A boolean to enable/disable color in the output of linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. May be set to `always`, @@ -1203,6 +1339,15 @@ color.status.<slot>:: status short-format), or `unmerged` (files which have unmerged changes). +color.transport:: + A boolean to enable/disable color when pushes are rejected. May be + set to `always`, `false` (or `never`) or `auto` (or `true`), in which + case colors are used only when the error output goes to a terminal. + If unset, then the value of `color.ui` is used (`auto` by default). + +color.transport.rejected:: + Use customized color when a push was rejected. + color.ui:: This variable determines the default value for variables such as `color.diff` and `color.grep` that control the use of color @@ -1328,6 +1473,14 @@ credential.<url>.*:: credentialCache.ignoreSIGHUP:: Tell git-credential-cache--daemon to ignore SIGHUP, instead of quitting. +completion.commands:: + This is only used by git-completion.bash to add or remove + commands from the list of completed commands. Normally only + porcelain commands and a few select others are completed. You + can add more commands, separated by space, in this + variable. Prefixing the command with '-' will remove it from + the existing list. + include::diff-config.txt[] difftool.<tool>.path:: @@ -1365,10 +1518,19 @@ fetch.recurseSubmodules:: fetch.fsckObjects:: If it is set to true, git-fetch-pack will check all fetched - objects. It will abort in the case of a malformed object or a - broken link. The result of an abort are only dangling objects. - Defaults to false. If not set, the value of `transfer.fsckObjects` - is used instead. + objects. See `transfer.fsckObjects` for what's + checked. Defaults to false. If not set, the value of + `transfer.fsckObjects` is used instead. + +fetch.fsck.<msg-id>:: + Acts like `fsck.<msg-id>`, but is used by + linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1] instead of linkgit:git-fsck[1]. See + the `fsck.<msg-id>` documentation for details. + +fetch.fsck.skipList:: + Acts like `fsck.skipList`, but is used by + linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1] instead of linkgit:git-fsck[1]. See + the `fsck.skipList` documentation for details. fetch.unpackLimit:: If the number of objects fetched over the Git native @@ -1383,13 +1545,34 @@ fetch.unpackLimit:: fetch.prune:: If true, fetch will automatically behave as if the `--prune` - option was given on the command line. See also `remote.<name>.prune`. + option was given on the command line. See also `remote.<name>.prune` + and the PRUNING section of linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + +fetch.pruneTags:: + If true, fetch will automatically behave as if the + `refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*` refspec was provided when pruning, + if not set already. This allows for setting both this option + and `fetch.prune` to maintain a 1=1 mapping to upstream + refs. See also `remote.<name>.pruneTags` and the PRUNING + section of linkgit:git-fetch[1]. fetch.output:: Control how ref update status is printed. Valid values are `full` and `compact`. Default value is `full`. See section OUTPUT in linkgit:git-fetch[1] for detail. +fetch.negotiationAlgorithm:: + Control how information about the commits in the local repository is + sent when negotiating the contents of the packfile to be sent by the + server. Set to "skipping" to use an algorithm that skips commits in an + effort to converge faster, but may result in a larger-than-necessary + packfile; The default is "default" which instructs Git to use the default algorithm + that never skips commits (unless the server has acknowledged it or one + of its descendants). + Unknown values will cause 'git fetch' to error out. ++ +See also the `--negotiation-tip` option for linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + format.attach:: Enable multipart/mixed attachments as the default for 'format-patch'. The value can also be a double quoted string @@ -1489,15 +1672,42 @@ filter.<driver>.smudge:: linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. fsck.<msg-id>:: - Allows overriding the message type (error, warn or ignore) of a - specific message ID such as `missingEmail`. -+ -For convenience, fsck prefixes the error/warning with the message ID, -e.g. "missingEmail: invalid author/committer line - missing email" means -that setting `fsck.missingEmail = ignore` will hide that issue. -+ -This feature is intended to support working with legacy repositories -which cannot be repaired without disruptive changes. + During fsck git may find issues with legacy data which + wouldn't be generated by current versions of git, and which + wouldn't be sent over the wire if `transfer.fsckObjects` was + set. This feature is intended to support working with legacy + repositories containing such data. ++ +Setting `fsck.<msg-id>` will be picked up by linkgit:git-fsck[1], but +to accept pushes of such data set `receive.fsck.<msg-id>` instead, or +to clone or fetch it set `fetch.fsck.<msg-id>`. ++ +The rest of the documentation discusses `fsck.*` for brevity, but the +same applies for the corresponding `receive.fsck.*` and +`fetch.<msg-id>.*`. variables. ++ +Unlike variables like `color.ui` and `core.editor` the +`receive.fsck.<msg-id>` and `fetch.fsck.<msg-id>` variables will not +fall back on the `fsck.<msg-id>` configuration if they aren't set. To +uniformly configure the same fsck settings in different circumstances +all three of them they must all set to the same values. ++ +When `fsck.<msg-id>` is set, errors can be switched to warnings and +vice versa by configuring the `fsck.<msg-id>` setting where the +`<msg-id>` is the fsck message ID and the value is one of `error`, +`warn` or `ignore`. For convenience, fsck prefixes the error/warning +with the message ID, e.g. "missingEmail: invalid author/committer line +- missing email" means that setting `fsck.missingEmail = ignore` will +hide that issue. ++ +In general, it is better to enumerate existing objects with problems +with `fsck.skipList`, instead of listing the kind of breakages these +problematic objects share to be ignored, as doing the latter will +allow new instances of the same breakages go unnoticed. ++ +Setting an unknown `fsck.<msg-id>` value will cause fsck to die, but +doing the same for `receive.fsck.<msg-id>` and `fetch.fsck.<msg-id>` +will only cause git to warn. fsck.skipList:: The path to a sorted list of object names (i.e. one SHA-1 per @@ -1506,6 +1716,15 @@ fsck.skipList:: should be accepted despite early commits containing errors that can be safely ignored such as invalid committer email addresses. Note: corrupt objects cannot be skipped with this setting. ++ +Like `fsck.<msg-id>` this variable has corresponding +`receive.fsck.skipList` and `fetch.fsck.skipList` variants. ++ +Unlike variables like `color.ui` and `core.editor` the +`receive.fsck.skipList` and `fetch.fsck.skipList` variables will not +fall back on the `fsck.skipList` configuration if they aren't set. To +uniformly configure the same fsck settings in different circumstances +all three of them they must all set to the same values. gc.aggressiveDepth:: The depth parameter used in the delta compression @@ -1534,6 +1753,25 @@ gc.autoDetach:: Make `git gc --auto` return immediately and run in background if the system supports it. Default is true. +gc.bigPackThreshold:: + If non-zero, all packs larger than this limit are kept when + `git gc` is run. This is very similar to `--keep-base-pack` + except that all packs that meet the threshold are kept, not + just the base pack. Defaults to zero. Common unit suffixes of + 'k', 'm', or 'g' are supported. ++ +Note that if the number of kept packs is more than gc.autoPackLimit, +this configuration variable is ignored, all packs except the base pack +will be repacked. After this the number of packs should go below +gc.autoPackLimit and gc.bigPackThreshold should be respected again. + +gc.writeCommitGraph:: + If true, then gc will rewrite the commit-graph file when + linkgit:git-gc[1] is run. When using linkgit:git-gc[1] + '--auto' the commit-graph will be updated if housekeeping is + required. Default is false. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] + for details. + gc.logExpiry:: If the file gc.log exists, then `git gc --auto` won't run unless that file is more than 'gc.logExpiry' old. Default is @@ -1684,6 +1922,9 @@ gitweb.snapshot:: grep.lineNumber:: If set to true, enable `-n` option by default. +grep.column:: + If set to true, enable the `--column` option by default. + grep.patternType:: Set the default matching behavior. Using a value of 'basic', 'extended', 'fixed', or 'perl' will enable the `--basic-regexp`, `--extended-regexp`, @@ -1714,6 +1955,16 @@ gpg.program:: signed, and the program is expected to send the result to its standard output. +gpg.format:: + Specifies which key format to use when signing with `--gpg-sign`. + Default is "openpgp" and another possible value is "x509". + +gpg.<format>.program:: + Use this to customize the program used for the signing format you + chose. (see `gpg.program` and `gpg.format`) `gpg.program` can still + be used as a legacy synonym for `gpg.openpgp.program`. The default + value for `gpg.x509.program` is "gpgsm". + gui.commitMsgWidth:: Defines how wide the commit message window is in the linkgit:git-gui[1]. "75" is the default. @@ -1933,6 +2184,7 @@ http.sslVersion:: - tlsv1.0 - tlsv1.1 - tlsv1.2 + - tlsv1.3 + Can be overridden by the `GIT_SSL_VERSION` environment variable. @@ -1955,8 +2207,8 @@ empty string. http.sslVerify:: Whether to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or pushing - over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the `GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY` environment - variable. + over HTTPS. Defaults to true. Can be overridden by the + `GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY` environment variable. http.sslCert:: File containing the SSL certificate when fetching or pushing @@ -2098,15 +2350,40 @@ matched against are those given directly to Git commands. This means any URLs visited as a result of a redirection do not participate in matching. ssh.variant:: - Depending on the value of the environment variables `GIT_SSH` or - `GIT_SSH_COMMAND`, or the config setting `core.sshCommand`, Git - auto-detects whether to adjust its command-line parameters for use - with plink or tortoiseplink, as opposed to the default (OpenSSH). + By default, Git determines the command line arguments to use + based on the basename of the configured SSH command (configured + using the environment variable `GIT_SSH` or `GIT_SSH_COMMAND` or + the config setting `core.sshCommand`). If the basename is + unrecognized, Git will attempt to detect support of OpenSSH + options by first invoking the configured SSH command with the + `-G` (print configuration) option and will subsequently use + OpenSSH options (if that is successful) or no options besides + the host and remote command (if it fails). ++ +The config variable `ssh.variant` can be set to override this detection. +Valid values are `ssh` (to use OpenSSH options), `plink`, `putty`, +`tortoiseplink`, `simple` (no options except the host and remote command). +The default auto-detection can be explicitly requested using the value +`auto`. Any other value is treated as `ssh`. This setting can also be +overridden via the environment variable `GIT_SSH_VARIANT`. ++ +The current command-line parameters used for each variant are as +follows: + -The config variable `ssh.variant` can be set to override this auto-detection; -valid values are `ssh`, `plink`, `putty` or `tortoiseplink`. Any other value -will be treated as normal ssh. This setting can be overridden via the -environment variable `GIT_SSH_VARIANT`. +-- + +* `ssh` - [-p port] [-4] [-6] [-o option] [username@]host command + +* `simple` - [username@]host command + +* `plink` or `putty` - [-P port] [-4] [-6] [username@]host command + +* `tortoiseplink` - [-P port] [-4] [-6] -batch [username@]host command + +-- ++ +Except for the `simple` variant, command-line parameters are likely to +change as git gains new features. i18n.commitEncoding:: Character encoding the commit messages are stored in; Git itself @@ -2372,6 +2649,7 @@ pack.window:: pack.depth:: The maximum delta depth used by linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] when no maximum depth is given on the command line. Defaults to 50. + Maximum value is 4095. pack.windowMemory:: The maximum size of memory that is consumed by each thread @@ -2408,7 +2686,8 @@ pack.deltaCacheLimit:: The maximum size of a delta, that is cached in linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. This cache is used to speed up the writing object phase by not having to recompute the final delta - result once the best match for all objects is found. Defaults to 1000. + result once the best match for all objects is found. + Defaults to 1000. Maximum value is 65535. pack.threads:: Specifies the number of threads to spawn when searching for best @@ -2534,6 +2813,23 @@ The protocol names currently used by git are: `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper) -- +protocol.version:: + Experimental. If set, clients will attempt to communicate with a + server using the specified protocol version. If unset, no + attempt will be made by the client to communicate using a + particular protocol version, this results in protocol version 0 + being used. + Supported versions: ++ +-- + +* `0` - the original wire protocol. + +* `1` - the original wire protocol with the addition of a version string + in the initial response from the server. + +-- + pull.ff:: By default, Git does not create an extra merge commit when merging a commit that is a descendant of the current commit. Instead, the @@ -2550,6 +2846,10 @@ pull.rebase:: pull" is run. See "branch.<name>.rebase" for setting this on a per-branch basis. + +When `merges`, pass the `--rebase-merges` option to 'git rebase' +so that the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see +linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details). ++ When preserve, also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened by running 'git pull'. @@ -2638,6 +2938,35 @@ push.gpgSign:: override a value from a lower-priority config file. An explicit command-line flag always overrides this config option. +push.pushOption:: + When no `--push-option=<option>` argument is given from the + command line, `git push` behaves as if each <value> of + this variable is given as `--push-option=<value>`. ++ +This is a multi-valued variable, and an empty value can be used in a +higher priority configuration file (e.g. `.git/config` in a +repository) to clear the values inherited from a lower priority +configuration files (e.g. `$HOME/.gitconfig`). ++ +-- + +Example: + +/etc/gitconfig + push.pushoption = a + push.pushoption = b + +~/.gitconfig + push.pushoption = c + +repo/.git/config + push.pushoption = + push.pushoption = b + +This will result in only b (a and c are cleared). + +-- + push.recurseSubmodules:: Make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch. If the value is 'check' @@ -2652,36 +2981,7 @@ push.recurseSubmodules:: is retained. You may override this configuration at time of push by specifying '--recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|no'. -rebase.stat:: - Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last - rebase. False by default. - -rebase.autoSquash:: - If set to true enable `--autosquash` option by default. - -rebase.autoStash:: - When set to true, automatically create a temporary stash entry - before the operation begins, and apply it after the operation - ends. This means that you can run rebase on a dirty worktree. - However, use with care: the final stash application after a - successful rebase might result in non-trivial conflicts. - Defaults to false. - -rebase.missingCommitsCheck:: - If set to "warn", git rebase -i will print a warning if some - commits are removed (e.g. a line was deleted), however the - rebase will still proceed. If set to "error", it will print - the previous warning and stop the rebase, 'git rebase - --edit-todo' can then be used to correct the error. If set to - "ignore", no checking is done. - To drop a commit without warning or error, use the `drop` - command in the todo-list. - Defaults to "ignore". - -rebase.instructionFormat:: - A format string, as specified in linkgit:git-log[1], to be used for - the instruction list during an interactive rebase. The format will automatically - have the long commit hash prepended to the format. +include::rebase-config.txt[] receive.advertiseAtomic:: By default, git-receive-pack will advertise the atomic push @@ -2718,32 +3018,21 @@ receive.certNonceSlop:: receive.fsckObjects:: If it is set to true, git-receive-pack will check all received - objects. It will abort in the case of a malformed object or a - broken link. The result of an abort are only dangling objects. - Defaults to false. If not set, the value of `transfer.fsckObjects` - is used instead. + objects. See `transfer.fsckObjects` for what's checked. + Defaults to false. If not set, the value of + `transfer.fsckObjects` is used instead. receive.fsck.<msg-id>:: - When `receive.fsckObjects` is set to true, errors can be switched - to warnings and vice versa by configuring the `receive.fsck.<msg-id>` - setting where the `<msg-id>` is the fsck message ID and the value - is one of `error`, `warn` or `ignore`. For convenience, fsck prefixes - the error/warning with the message ID, e.g. "missingEmail: invalid - author/committer line - missing email" means that setting - `receive.fsck.missingEmail = ignore` will hide that issue. -+ -This feature is intended to support working with legacy repositories -which would not pass pushing when `receive.fsckObjects = true`, allowing -the host to accept repositories with certain known issues but still catch -other issues. + Acts like `fsck.<msg-id>`, but is used by + linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] instead of + linkgit:git-fsck[1]. See the `fsck.<msg-id>` documentation for + details. receive.fsck.skipList:: - The path to a sorted list of object names (i.e. one SHA-1 per - line) that are known to be broken in a non-fatal way and should - be ignored. This feature is useful when an established project - should be accepted despite early commits containing errors that - can be safely ignored such as invalid committer email addresses. - Note: corrupt objects cannot be skipped with this setting. + Acts like `fsck.skipList`, but is used by + linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] instead of + linkgit:git-fsck[1]. See the `fsck.skipList` documentation for + details. receive.keepAlive:: After receiving the pack from the client, `receive-pack` may @@ -2888,6 +3177,15 @@ remote.<name>.prune:: remote (as if the `--prune` option was given on the command line). Overrides `fetch.prune` settings, if any. +remote.<name>.pruneTags:: + When set to true, fetching from this remote by default will also + remove any local tags that no longer exist on the remote if pruning + is activated in general via `remote.<name>.prune`, `fetch.prune` or + `--prune`. Overrides `fetch.pruneTags` settings, if any. ++ +See also `remote.<name>.prune` and the PRUNING section of +linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + remotes.<group>:: The list of remotes which are fetched by "git remote update <group>". See linkgit:git-remote[1]. @@ -2968,6 +3266,7 @@ sendemail.smtpPass:: sendemail.suppresscc:: sendemail.suppressFrom:: sendemail.to:: +sendemail.tocmd:: sendemail.smtpDomain:: sendemail.smtpServer:: sendemail.smtpServerPort:: @@ -3042,6 +3341,18 @@ status.displayCommentPrefix:: behavior of linkgit:git-status[1] in Git 1.8.4 and previous. Defaults to false. +status.renameLimit:: + The number of files to consider when performing rename detection + in linkgit:git-status[1] and linkgit:git-commit[1]. Defaults to + the value of diff.renameLimit. + +status.renames:: + Whether and how Git detects renames in linkgit:git-status[1] and + linkgit:git-commit[1] . If set to "false", rename detection is + disabled. If set to "true", basic rename detection is enabled. + If set to "copies" or "copy", Git will detect copies, as well. + Defaults to the value of diff.renames. + status.showStash:: If set to true, linkgit:git-status[1] will display the number of entries currently stashed away. @@ -3143,16 +3454,18 @@ submodule.<name>.ignore:: submodule.<name>.active:: Boolean value indicating if the submodule is of interest to git commands. This config option takes precedence over the - submodule.active config option. + submodule.active config option. See linkgit:gitsubmodules[7] for + details. submodule.active:: A repeated field which contains a pathspec used to match against a submodule's path to determine if the submodule is of interest to git - commands. + commands. See linkgit:gitsubmodules[7] for details. submodule.recurse:: Specifies if commands recurse into submodules by default. This - applies to all commands that have a `--recurse-submodules` option. + applies to all commands that have a `--recurse-submodules` option, + except `clone`. Defaults to false. submodule.fetchJobs:: @@ -3194,6 +3507,40 @@ transfer.fsckObjects:: When `fetch.fsckObjects` or `receive.fsckObjects` are not set, the value of this variable is used instead. Defaults to false. ++ +When set, the fetch or receive will abort in the case of a malformed +object or a link to a nonexistent object. In addition, various other +issues are checked for, including legacy issues (see `fsck.<msg-id>`), +and potential security issues like the existence of a `.GIT` directory +or a malicious `.gitmodules` file (see the release notes for v2.2.1 +and v2.17.1 for details). Other sanity and security checks may be +added in future releases. ++ +On the receiving side, failing fsckObjects will make those objects +unreachable, see "QUARANTINE ENVIRONMENT" in +linkgit:git-receive-pack[1]. On the fetch side, malformed objects will +instead be left unreferenced in the repository. ++ +Due to the non-quarantine nature of the `fetch.fsckObjects` +implementation it can not be relied upon to leave the object store +clean like `receive.fsckObjects` can. ++ +As objects are unpacked they're written to the object store, so there +can be cases where malicious objects get introduced even though the +"fetch" failed, only to have a subsequent "fetch" succeed because only +new incoming objects are checked, not those that have already been +written to the object store. That difference in behavior should not be +relied upon. In the future, such objects may be quarantined for +"fetch" as well. ++ +For now, the paranoid need to find some way to emulate the quarantine +environment if they'd like the same protection as "push". E.g. in the +case of an internal mirror do the mirroring in two steps, one to fetch +the untrusted objects, and then do a second "push" (which will use the +quarantine) to another internal repo, and have internal clients +consume this pushed-to repository, or embargo internal fetches and +only allow them once a full "fsck" has run (and no new fetches have +happened in the meantime). transfer.hideRefs:: String(s) `receive-pack` and `upload-pack` use to decide which @@ -3285,11 +3632,22 @@ uploadpack.packObjectsHook:: was run. I.e., `upload-pack` will feed input intended for `pack-objects` to the hook, and expects a completed packfile on stdout. + +uploadpack.allowFilter:: + If this option is set, `upload-pack` will support partial + clone and partial fetch object filtering. + Note that this configuration variable is ignored if it is seen in the repository-level config (this is a safety measure against fetching from untrusted repositories). +uploadpack.allowRefInWant:: + If this option is set, `upload-pack` will support the `ref-in-want` + feature of the protocol version 2 `fetch` command. This feature + is intended for the benefit of load-balanced servers which may + not have the same view of what OIDs their refs point to due to + replication delay. + url.<base>.insteadOf:: Any URL that starts with this value will be rewritten to start, instead, with <base>. In cases where some site serves a @@ -3386,3 +3744,13 @@ web.browser:: Specify a web browser that may be used by some commands. Currently only linkgit:git-instaweb[1] and linkgit:git-help[1] may use it. + +worktree.guessRemote:: + With `add`, if no branch argument, and neither of `-b` nor + `-B` nor `--detach` are given, the command defaults to + creating a new branch from HEAD. If `worktree.guessRemote` is + set to true, `worktree add` tries to find a remote-tracking + branch whose name uniquely matches the new branch name. If + such a branch exists, it is checked out and set as "upstream" + for the new branch. If no such match can be found, it falls + back to creating a new branch from the current HEAD. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-config.txt b/Documentation/diff-config.txt index 5ca942a..85bca83 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-config.txt @@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ diff.orderFile:: diff.renameLimit:: The number of files to consider when performing the copy/rename - detection; equivalent to the 'git diff' option `-l`. + detection; equivalent to the 'git diff' option `-l`. This setting + has no effect if rename detection is turned off. diff.renames:: Whether and how Git detects renames. If set to "false", @@ -207,3 +208,15 @@ diff.wsErrorHighlight:: whitespace errors are colored with `color.diff.whitespace`. The command line option `--ws-error-highlight=<kind>` overrides this setting. + +diff.colorMoved:: + If set to either a valid `<mode>` or a true value, moved lines + in a diff are colored differently, for details of valid modes + see '--color-moved' in linkgit:git-diff[1]. If simply set to + true the default color mode will be used. When set to false, + moved lines are not colored. + +diff.colorMovedWS:: + When moved lines are colored using e.g. the `diff.colorMoved` setting, + this option controls the `<mode>` how spaces are treated + for details of valid modes see '--color-moved-ws' in linkgit:git-diff[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt index dd0dba5..0378cd5 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ ifndef::git-format-patch[] endif::git-format-patch[] --indent-heuristic:: - Enable the heuristic that shift diff hunk boundaries to make patches + Enable the heuristic that shifts diff hunk boundaries to make patches easier to read. This is the default. --no-indent-heuristic:: @@ -80,6 +80,16 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] --histogram:: Generate a diff using the "histogram diff" algorithm. +--anchored=<text>:: + Generate a diff using the "anchored diff" algorithm. ++ +This option may be specified more than once. ++ +If a line exists in both the source and destination, exists only once, +and starts with this text, this algorithm attempts to prevent it from +appearing as a deletion or addition in the output. It uses the "patience +diff" algorithm internally. + --diff-algorithm={patience|minimal|histogram|myers}:: Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as follows: + @@ -96,7 +106,7 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] low-occurrence common elements". -- + -For instance, if you configured diff.algorithm variable to a +For instance, if you configured the `diff.algorithm` variable to a non-default value and want to use the default one, then you have to use `--diff-algorithm=default` option. @@ -118,6 +128,14 @@ have to use `--diff-algorithm=default` option. These parameters can also be set individually with `--stat-width=<width>`, `--stat-name-width=<name-width>` and `--stat-count=<count>`. +--compact-summary:: + Output a condensed summary of extended header information such + as file creations or deletions ("new" or "gone", optionally "+l" + if it's a symlink) and mode changes ("+x" or "-x" for adding + or removing executable bit respectively) in diffstat. The + information is put between the filename part and the graph + part. Implies `--stat`. + --numstat:: Similar to `--stat`, but shows number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without @@ -258,16 +276,46 @@ plain:: that are added somewhere else in the diff. This mode picks up any moved line, but it is not very useful in a review to determine if a block of code was moved without permutation. -zebra:: +blocks:: Blocks of moved text of at least 20 alphanumeric characters are detected greedily. The detected blocks are - painted using either the 'color.diff.{old,new}Moved' color or + painted using either the 'color.diff.{old,new}Moved' color. + Adjacent blocks cannot be told apart. +zebra:: + Blocks of moved text are detected as in 'blocks' mode. The blocks + are painted using either the 'color.diff.{old,new}Moved' color or 'color.diff.{old,new}MovedAlternative'. The change between the two colors indicates that a new block was detected. -dimmed_zebra:: +dimmed-zebra:: Similar to 'zebra', but additional dimming of uninteresting parts of moved code is performed. The bordering lines of two adjacent blocks are considered interesting, the rest is uninteresting. + `dimmed_zebra` is a deprecated synonym. +-- + +--color-moved-ws=<modes>:: + This configures how white spaces are ignored when performing the + move detection for `--color-moved`. +ifdef::git-diff[] + It can be set by the `diff.colorMovedWS` configuration setting. +endif::git-diff[] + These modes can be given as a comma separated list: ++ +-- +ignore-space-at-eol:: + Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL. +ignore-space-change:: + Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace + at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or + more whitespace characters to be equivalent. +ignore-all-space:: + Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences + even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none. +allow-indentation-change:: + Initially ignore any white spaces in the move detection, then + group the moved code blocks only into a block if the change in + whitespace is the same per line. This is incompatible with the + other modes. -- --word-diff[=<mode>]:: @@ -332,7 +380,7 @@ ifndef::git-format-patch[] Warn if changes introduce conflict markers or whitespace errors. What are considered whitespace errors is controlled by `core.whitespace` configuration. By default, trailing whitespaces (including - lines that solely consist of whitespaces) and a space character + lines that consist solely of whitespaces) and a space character that is immediately followed by a tab character inside the initial indent of the line are considered whitespace errors. Exits with non-zero status if problems are found. Not compatible @@ -346,7 +394,7 @@ ifndef::git-format-patch[] this option is not given, and the configuration variable `diff.wsErrorHighlight` is not set, only whitespace errors in `new` lines are highlighted. The whitespace errors are colored - whith `color.diff.whitespace`. + with `color.diff.whitespace`. endif::git-format-patch[] @@ -459,6 +507,12 @@ ifndef::git-format-patch[] + Also, these upper-case letters can be downcased to exclude. E.g. `--diff-filter=ad` excludes added and deleted paths. ++ +Note that not all diffs can feature all types. For instance, diffs +from the index to the working tree can never have Added entries +(because the set of paths included in the diff is limited by what is in +the index). Similarly, copied and renamed entries cannot appear if +detection for those types is disabled. -S<string>:: Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of @@ -492,6 +546,15 @@ occurrences of that string did not change). See the 'pickaxe' entry in linkgit:gitdiffcore[7] for more information. +--find-object=<object-id>:: + Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of + the specified object. Similar to `-S`, just the argument is different + in that it doesn't search for a specific string but for a specific + object id. ++ +The object can be a blob or a submodule commit. It implies the `-t` option in +`git-log` to also find trees. + --pickaxe-all:: When `-S` or `-G` finds a change, show all the changes in that changeset, not just the files that contain the change @@ -500,6 +563,7 @@ information. --pickaxe-regex:: Treat the <string> given to `-S` as an extended POSIX regular expression to match. + endif::git-format-patch[] -O<orderfile>:: @@ -534,7 +598,7 @@ the normal order. -- + Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for -fnmantch(3) without the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also +fnmatch(3) without the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also matches a pattern if removing any number of the final pathname components matches the pattern. For example, the pattern "`foo*bar`" matches "`fooasdfbar`" and "`foo/bar/baz/asdf`" but not "`foobarx`". @@ -557,6 +621,9 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] --text:: Treat all files as text. +--ignore-cr-at-eol:: + Ignore carriage-return at the end of line when doing a comparison. + --ignore-space-at-eol:: Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL. diff --git a/Documentation/doc-diff b/Documentation/doc-diff new file mode 100755 index 0000000..f483fe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/doc-diff @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +#!/bin/sh + +OPTIONS_SPEC="\ +doc-diff [options] <from> <to> [-- <diff-options>] +-- +j=n parallel argument to pass to make +f force rebuild; do not rely on cached results +" +SUBDIRECTORY_OK=1 +. "$(git --exec-path)/git-sh-setup" + +parallel= +force= +while test $# -gt 0 +do + case "$1" in + -j) + parallel=$2; shift ;; + -f) + force=t ;; + --) + shift; break ;; + *) + usage ;; + esac + shift +done + +if test -z "$parallel" +then + parallel=$(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN 2>/dev/null) + if test $? != 0 || test -z "$parallel" + then + parallel=1 + fi +fi + +test $# -gt 1 || usage +from=$1; shift +to=$1; shift + +from_oid=$(git rev-parse --verify "$from") || exit 1 +to_oid=$(git rev-parse --verify "$to") || exit 1 + +cd_to_toplevel +tmp=Documentation/tmp-doc-diff + +if test -n "$force" +then + rm -rf "$tmp" +fi + +# We'll do both builds in a single worktree, which lets "make" reuse +# results that don't differ between the two trees. +if ! test -d "$tmp/worktree" +then + git worktree add --detach "$tmp/worktree" "$from" && + dots=$(echo "$tmp/worktree" | sed 's#[^/]*#..#g') && + ln -s "$dots/config.mak" "$tmp/worktree/config.mak" +fi + +# generate_render_makefile <srcdir> <dstdir> +generate_render_makefile () { + find "$1" -type f | + while read src + do + dst=$2/${src#$1/} + printf 'all:: %s\n' "$dst" + printf '%s: %s\n' "$dst" "$src" + printf '\t@echo >&2 " RENDER $(notdir $@)" && \\\n' + printf '\tmkdir -p $(dir $@) && \\\n' + printf '\tMANWIDTH=80 man -l $< >$@+ && \\\n' + printf '\tmv $@+ $@\n' + done +} + +# render_tree <dirname> <committish> +render_tree () { + # Skip install-man entirely if we already have an installed directory. + # We can't rely on make here, since "install-man" unconditionally + # copies the files (spending effort, but also updating timestamps that + # we then can't rely on during the render step). We use "mv" to make + # sure we don't get confused by a previous run that failed partway + # through. + if ! test -d "$tmp/installed/$1" + then + git -C "$tmp/worktree" checkout "$2" && + make -j$parallel -C "$tmp/worktree" \ + GIT_VERSION=omitted \ + SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=0 \ + DESTDIR="$PWD/$tmp/installed/$1+" \ + install-man && + mv "$tmp/installed/$1+" "$tmp/installed/$1" + fi && + + # As with "installed" above, we skip the render if it's already been + # done. So using make here is primarily just about running in + # parallel. + if ! test -d "$tmp/rendered/$1" + then + generate_render_makefile "$tmp/installed/$1" "$tmp/rendered/$1+" | + make -j$parallel -f - && + mv "$tmp/rendered/$1+" "$tmp/rendered/$1" + fi +} + +render_tree $from_oid "$from" && +render_tree $to_oid "$to" && +git -C $tmp/rendered diff --no-index "$@" $from_oid $to_oid diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt index fb6bebb..8bc36af 100644 --- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt @@ -42,6 +42,25 @@ the current repository has the same history as the source repository. .git/shallow. This option updates .git/shallow and accept such refs. +--negotiation-tip=<commit|glob>:: + By default, Git will report, to the server, commits reachable + from all local refs to find common commits in an attempt to + reduce the size of the to-be-received packfile. If specified, + Git will only report commits reachable from the given tips. + This is useful to speed up fetches when the user knows which + local ref is likely to have commits in common with the + upstream ref being fetched. ++ +This option may be specified more than once; if so, Git will report +commits reachable from any of the given commits. ++ +The argument to this option may be a glob on ref names, a ref, or the (possibly +abbreviated) SHA-1 of a commit. Specifying a glob is equivalent to specifying +this option multiple times, one for each matching ref name. ++ +See also the `fetch.negotiationAlgorithm` configuration variable +documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. + ifndef::git-pull[] --dry-run:: Show what would be done, without making any changes. @@ -73,7 +92,22 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] are fetched due to an explicit refspec (either on the command line or in the remote configuration, for example if the remote was cloned with the --mirror option), then they are also - subject to pruning. + subject to pruning. Supplying `--prune-tags` is a shorthand for + providing the tag refspec. ++ +See the PRUNING section below for more details. + +-P:: +--prune-tags:: + Before fetching, remove any local tags that no longer exist on + the remote if `--prune` is enabled. This option should be used + more carefully, unlike `--prune` it will remove any local + references (local tags) that have been created. This option is + a shorthand for providing the explicit tag refspec along with + `--prune`, see the discussion about that in its documentation. ++ +See the PRUNING section below for more details. + endif::git-pull[] ifndef::git-pull[] @@ -173,6 +207,14 @@ endif::git-pull[] is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. +-o <option>:: +--server-option=<option>:: + Transmit the given string to the server when communicating using + protocol version 2. The given string must not contain a NUL or LF + character. + When multiple `--server-option=<option>` are given, they are all + sent to the other side in the order listed on the command line. + -4:: --ipv4:: Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses. diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt index b700bea..45652fe 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-add.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git add' [--verbose | -v] [--dry-run | -n] [--force | -f] [--interactive | -i] [--patch | -p] [--edit | -e] [--[no-]all | --[no-]ignore-removal | [--update | -u]] - [--intent-to-add | -N] [--refresh] [--ignore-errors] [--ignore-missing] + [--intent-to-add | -N] [--refresh] [--ignore-errors] [--ignore-missing] [--renormalize] [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION @@ -175,6 +175,13 @@ for "git add --no-all <pathspec>...", i.e. ignored removed files. warning (e.g., if you are manually performing operations on submodules). +--renormalize:: + Apply the "clean" process freshly to all tracked files to + forcibly add them again to the index. This is useful after + changing `core.autocrlf` configuration or the `text` attribute + in order to correct files added with wrong CRLF/LF line endings. + This option implies `-u`. + --chmod=(+|-)x:: Override the executable bit of the added files. The executable bit is only changed in the index, the files on disk are left @@ -186,7 +193,7 @@ for "git add --no-all <pathspec>...", i.e. ignored removed files. for command-line options). -Configuration +CONFIGURATION ------------- The optional configuration variable `core.excludesFile` indicates a path to a @@ -219,7 +226,7 @@ Because this example lets the shell expand the asterisk (i.e. you are listing the files explicitly), it does not consider `subdir/git-foo.sh`. -Interactive mode +INTERACTIVE MODE ---------------- When the command enters the interactive mode, it shows the output of the 'status' subcommand, and then goes into its diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt index 12879e4..6f6c34b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-am.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--reject] [-q | --quiet] [--[no-]scissors] [-S[<keyid>]] [--patch-format=<format>] [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...] -'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort) +'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --show-current-patch) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -167,6 +167,14 @@ default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. --abort:: Restore the original branch and abort the patching operation. +--quit:: + Abort the patching operation but keep HEAD and the index + untouched. + +--show-current-patch:: + Show the patch being applied when "git am" is stopped because + of conflicts. + DISCUSSION ---------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-annotate.txt b/Documentation/git-annotate.txt index 05fd482..e44a831 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-annotate.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-annotate.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-annotate - Annotate file lines with commit information SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git annotate' [options] file [revision] +'git annotate' [<options>] <file> [<revision>] DESCRIPTION ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt index 4ebc3d3..b9aa390 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-apply - Apply a patch to files and/or to the index SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git apply' [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check] [--index] [--3way] +'git apply' [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check] [--index | --intent-to-add] [--3way] [--apply] [--no-add] [--build-fake-ancestor=<file>] [-R | --reverse] [--allow-binary-replacement | --binary] [--reject] [-z] [-p<n>] [-C<n>] [--inaccurate-eof] [--recount] [--cached] @@ -74,6 +74,14 @@ OPTIONS cached data, apply the patch, and store the result in the index without using the working tree. This implies `--index`. +--intent-to-add:: + When applying the patch only to the working tree, mark new + files to be added to the index later (see `--intent-to-add` + option in linkgit:git-add[1]). This option is ignored unless + running in a Git repository and `--index` is not specified. + Note that `--index` could be implied by other options such + as `--cached` or `--3way`. + -3:: --3way:: When the patch does not apply cleanly, fall back on 3-way merge if @@ -113,8 +121,10 @@ explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see linkgit:git-config[1]). -p<n>:: - Remove <n> leading slashes from traditional diff paths. The - default is 1. + Remove <n> leading path components (separated by slashes) from + traditional diff paths. E.g., with `-p2`, a patch against + `a/dir/file` will be applied directly to `file`. The default is + 1. -C<n>:: Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before @@ -240,7 +250,7 @@ When `git apply` is used as a "better GNU patch", the user can pass the `--unsafe-paths` option to override this safety check. This option has no effect when `--index` or `--cached` is in use. -Configuration +CONFIGURATION ------------- apply.ignoreWhitespace:: @@ -251,7 +261,7 @@ apply.whitespace:: When no `--whitespace` flag is given from the command line, this configuration item is used as the default. -Submodules +SUBMODULES ---------- If the patch contains any changes to submodules then 'git apply' treats these changes as follows. diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt index 78479b0..0f9ef2f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt @@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ _____________ Combining test suites, git bisect and other systems together ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -We have seen that test suites an git bisect are very powerful when +We have seen that test suites and git bisect are very powerful when used together. It can be even more powerful if you can combine them with other systems. diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt index 6c42abf..4b45d83 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ on the subcommand: git bisect terms [--term-good | --term-bad] git bisect skip [(<rev>|<range>)...] git bisect reset [<commit>] - git bisect visualize + git bisect (visualize|view) git bisect replay <logfile> git bisect log git bisect run <cmd>... @@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ To get a reminder of the currently used terms, use git bisect terms ------------------------------------------------ -You can get just the old (respectively new) term with `git bisect term ---term-old` or `git bisect term --term-good`. +You can get just the old (respectively new) term with `git bisect terms +--term-old` or `git bisect terms --term-good`. If you would like to use your own terms instead of "bad"/"good" or "new"/"old", you can choose any names you like (except existing bisect @@ -193,24 +193,23 @@ git bisect start --term-new fixed --term-old broken Then, use `git bisect <term-old>` and `git bisect <term-new>` instead of `git bisect good` and `git bisect bad` to mark commits. -Bisect visualize -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Bisect visualize/view +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To see the currently remaining suspects in 'gitk', issue the following -command during the bisection process: +command during the bisection process (the subcommand `view` can be used +as an alternative to `visualize`): ------------ $ git bisect visualize ------------ -`view` may also be used as a synonym for `visualize`. - If the `DISPLAY` environment variable is not set, 'git log' is used instead. You can also give command-line options such as `-p` and `--stat`. ------------ -$ git bisect view --stat +$ git bisect visualize --stat ------------ Bisect log and bisect replay diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt index d6587c5..9767b2b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [(--merged | --no-merged) [<commit>]] [--contains [<commit]] [--no-contains [<commit>]] [--points-at <object>] [--format=<format>] [<pattern>...] -'git branch' [--set-upstream | --track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] +'git branch' [--track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] 'git branch' (--set-upstream-to=<upstream> | -u <upstream>) [<branchname>] 'git branch' --unset-upstream [<branchname>] 'git branch' (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch> @@ -86,12 +86,11 @@ OPTIONS --delete:: Delete a branch. The branch must be fully merged in its upstream branch, or in `HEAD` if no upstream was set with - `--track` or `--set-upstream`. + `--track` or `--set-upstream-to`. -D:: Shortcut for `--delete --force`. --l:: --create-reflog:: Create the branch's reflog. This activates recording of all changes made to the branch ref, enabling use of date @@ -101,6 +100,8 @@ OPTIONS The negated form `--no-create-reflog` only overrides an earlier `--create-reflog`, but currently does not negate the setting of `core.logAllRefUpdates`. ++ +The `-l` option is a deprecated synonym for `--create-reflog`. -f:: --force:: @@ -267,10 +268,11 @@ start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch. order of the value. You may use the --sort=<key> option multiple times, in which case the last key becomes the primary key. The keys supported are the same as those in `git - for-each-ref`. Sort order defaults to sorting based on the + for-each-ref`. Sort order defaults to the value configured for the + `branch.sort` variable if exists, or to sorting based on the full refname (including `refs/...` prefix). This lists detached HEAD (if present) first, then local branches and - finally remote-tracking branches. + finally remote-tracking branches. See linkgit:git-config[1]. --points-at <object>:: @@ -281,7 +283,13 @@ start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch. and the object it points at. The format is the same as that of linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1]. -Examples +CONFIGURATION +------------- +`pager.branch` is only respected when listing branches, i.e., when +`--list` is used or implied. The default is to use a pager. +See linkgit:git-config[1]. + +EXAMPLES -------- Start development from a known tag:: @@ -312,7 +320,7 @@ See linkgit:git-fetch[1]. is currently checked out) does not have all commits from the test branch. -Notes +NOTES ----- If you are creating a branch that you want to checkout immediately, it is diff --git a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt index 3a8120c..7d6c9dc 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt @@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ It is okay to err on the side of caution, causing the bundle file to contain objects already in the destination, as these are ignored when unpacking at the destination. -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- Assume you want to transfer the history from a repository R1 on machine A to another repository R2 on machine B. diff --git a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt index fb09cd6..7401333 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt @@ -42,8 +42,9 @@ OPTIONS <object>. -e:: - Suppress all output; instead exit with zero status if <object> - exists and is a valid object. + Exit with zero status if <object> exists and is a valid + object. If <object> is of an invalid format exit with non-zero and + emits an error on stderr. -p:: Pretty-print the contents of <object> based on its type. @@ -103,6 +104,16 @@ OPTIONS buffering; this is much more efficient when invoking `--batch-check` on a large number of objects. +--unordered:: + When `--batch-all-objects` is in use, visit objects in an + order which may be more efficient for accessing the object + contents than hash order. The exact details of the order are + unspecified, but if you do not require a specific order, this + should generally result in faster output, especially with + `--batch`. Note that `cat-file` will still show each object + only once, even if it is stored multiple times in the + repository. + --allow-unknown-type:: Allow -s or -t to query broken/corrupt objects of unknown type. @@ -168,7 +179,7 @@ If `-t` is specified, one of the <type>. If `-s` is specified, the size of the <object> in bytes. -If `-e` is specified, no output. +If `-e` is specified, no output, unless the <object> is malformed. If `-p` is specified, the contents of <object> are pretty-printed. diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt index aa3b2bf..3c05782 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ git-check-attr - Display gitattributes information SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git check-attr' [-a | --all | attr...] [--] pathname... -'git check-attr' --stdin [-z] [-a | --all | attr...] +'git check-attr' [-a | --all | <attr>...] [--] <pathname>... +'git check-attr' --stdin [-z] [-a | --all | <attr>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt index 611754f..8b42cb3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ git-check-ignore - Debug gitignore / exclude files SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git check-ignore' [options] pathname... -'git check-ignore' [options] --stdin +'git check-ignore' [<options>] <pathname>... +'git check-ignore' [<options>] --stdin DESCRIPTION ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-mailmap.txt b/Documentation/git-check-mailmap.txt index 39028ee..aa2055d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-mailmap.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-mailmap.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-check-mailmap - Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git check-mailmap' [options] <contact>... +'git check-mailmap' [<options>] <contact>... DESCRIPTION diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt index cf0a0b7..d9de992 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt @@ -79,16 +79,21 @@ reference name expressions (see linkgit:gitrevisions[7]): With the `--branch` option, the command takes a name and checks if it can be used as a valid branch name (e.g. when creating a new -branch). The rule `git check-ref-format --branch $name` implements +branch). But be cautious when using the +previous checkout syntax that may refer to a detached HEAD state. +The rule `git check-ref-format --branch $name` implements may be stricter than what `git check-ref-format refs/heads/$name` says (e.g. a dash may appear at the beginning of a ref component, but it is explicitly forbidden at the beginning of a branch name). When run with `--branch` option in a repository, the input is first -expanded for the ``previous branch syntax'' -`@{-n}`. For example, `@{-1}` is a way to refer the last branch you -were on. This option should be used by porcelains to accept this -syntax anywhere a branch name is expected, so they can act as if you -typed the branch name. +expanded for the ``previous checkout syntax'' +`@{-n}`. For example, `@{-1}` is a way to refer the last thing that +was checked out using "git checkout" operation. This option should be +used by porcelains to accept this syntax anywhere a branch name is +expected, so they can act as if you typed the branch name. As an +exception note that, the ``previous checkout operation'' might result +in a commit object name when the N-th last thing checked out was not +a branch. OPTIONS ------- @@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ OPTIONS EXAMPLES -------- -* Print the name of the previous branch: +* Print the name of the previous thing checked out: + ------------ $ git check-ref-format --branch @{-1} diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt index e108b0f..9db0292 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt @@ -38,6 +38,15 @@ equivalent to $ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch> ------------ + +If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by +the `checkout.defaultRemote` configuration variable, we'll use that +one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the `<branch>` isn't +unique across all remotes. Set it to +e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` to always checkout remote +branches from there if `<branch>` is ambiguous but exists on the +'origin' remote. See also `checkout.defaultRemote` in +linkgit:git-config[1]. ++ You could omit <branch>, in which case the command degenerates to "check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information, @@ -264,6 +273,8 @@ section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. local modifications in a submodule would be overwritten the checkout will fail unless `-f` is used. If nothing (or --no-recurse-submodules) is used, the work trees of submodules will not be updated. + Just like linkgit:git-submodule[1], this will detach the + submodules HEAD. <branch>:: Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that, @@ -272,11 +283,11 @@ section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. commit, your HEAD becomes "detached" and you are no longer on any branch (see below for details). + -As a special case, the `"@{-N}"` syntax for the N-th last branch/commit -checks out branches (instead of detaching). You may also specify -`-` which is synonymous with `"@{-1}"`. +You can use the `"@{-N}"` syntax to refer to the N-th last +branch/commit checked out using "git checkout" operation. You may +also specify `-` which is synonymous to `"@{-1}`. + -As a further special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the +As a special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt index 83c8e9b..a55536f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [-o <name>] [-b <name>] [-u <upload-pack>] [--reference <repository>] [--dissociate] [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] [--depth <depth>] [--[no-]single-branch] [--no-tags] - [--recurse-submodules] [--[no-]shallow-submodules] + [--recurse-submodules[=<pathspec>]] [--[no-]shallow-submodules] [--jobs <n>] [--] <repository> [<directory>] DESCRIPTION @@ -231,14 +231,17 @@ branch of some repository for search indexing. After the clone is created, initialize and clone submodules within based on the provided pathspec. If no pathspec is provided, all submodules are initialized and cloned. - Submodules are initialized and cloned using their default - settings. The resulting clone has `submodule.active` set to + This option can be given multiple times for pathspecs consisting + of multiple entries. The resulting clone has `submodule.active` set to the provided pathspec, or "." (meaning all submodules) if no - pathspec is provided. This is equivalent to running - `git submodule update --init --recursive` immediately after - the clone is finished. This option is ignored if the cloned - repository does not have a worktree/checkout (i.e. if any of - `--no-checkout`/`-n`, `--bare`, or `--mirror` is given) + pathspec is provided. ++ +Submodules are initialized and cloned using their default settings. This is +equivalent to running +`git submodule update --init --recursive <pathspec>` immediately after +the clone is finished. This option is ignored if the cloned repository does +not have a worktree/checkout (i.e. if any of `--no-checkout`/`-n`, `--bare`, +or `--mirror` is given) --[no-]shallow-submodules:: All submodules which are cloned will be shallow with a depth of 1. @@ -257,7 +260,7 @@ branch of some repository for search indexing. <repository>:: The (possibly remote) repository to clone from. See the - <<URLS,URLS>> section below for more information on specifying + <<URLS,GIT URLS>> section below for more information on specifying repositories. <directory>:: @@ -270,7 +273,7 @@ branch of some repository for search indexing. :git-clone: 1 include::urls.txt[] -Examples +EXAMPLES -------- * Clone from upstream: diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dececb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +git-commit-graph(1) +=================== + +NAME +---- +git-commit-graph - Write and verify Git commit graph files + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git commit-graph read' [--object-dir <dir>] +'git commit-graph verify' [--object-dir <dir>] +'git commit-graph write' <options> [--object-dir <dir>] + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +Manage the serialized commit graph file. + + +OPTIONS +------- +--object-dir:: + Use given directory for the location of packfiles and commit graph + file. This parameter exists to specify the location of an alternate + that only has the objects directory, not a full .git directory. The + commit graph file is expected to be at <dir>/info/commit-graph and + the packfiles are expected to be in <dir>/pack. + + +COMMANDS +-------- +'write':: + +Write a commit graph file based on the commits found in packfiles. ++ +With the `--stdin-packs` option, generate the new commit graph by +walking objects only in the specified pack-indexes. (Cannot be combined +with `--stdin-commits` or `--reachable`.) ++ +With the `--stdin-commits` option, generate the new commit graph by +walking commits starting at the commits specified in stdin as a list +of OIDs in hex, one OID per line. (Cannot be combined with +`--stdin-packs` or `--reachable`.) ++ +With the `--reachable` option, generate the new commit graph by walking +commits starting at all refs. (Cannot be combined with `--stdin-commits` +or `--stdin-packs`.) ++ +With the `--append` option, include all commits that are present in the +existing commit-graph file. + +'read':: + +Read a graph file given by the commit-graph file and output basic +details about the graph file. Used for debugging purposes. + +'verify':: + +Read the commit-graph file and verify its contents against the object +database. Used to check for corrupted data. + + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Write a commit graph file for the packed commits in your local .git folder. ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git commit-graph write +------------------------------------------------ + +* Write a graph file, extending the current graph file using commits +* in <pack-index>. ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ echo <pack-index> | git commit-graph write --stdin-packs +------------------------------------------------ + +* Write a graph file containing all reachable commits. ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git show-ref -s | git commit-graph write --stdin-commits +------------------------------------------------ + +* Write a graph file containing all commits in the current +* commit-graph file along with those reachable from HEAD. ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git rev-parse HEAD | git commit-graph write --stdin-commits --append +------------------------------------------------ + +* Read basic information from the commit-graph file. ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git commit-graph read +------------------------------------------------ + + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index 8c74a2c..f970a43 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ OPTIONS Use the given <msg> as the commit message. If multiple `-m` options are given, their values are concatenated as separate paragraphs. ++ +The `-m` option is mutually exclusive with `-c`, `-C`, and `-F`. -t <file>:: --template=<file>:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index 4edd09f..8e24043 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ git-config - Get and set repository or global options SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] name [value [value_regex]] -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] --add name value -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] --replace-all name value [value_regex] -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] --get name [value_regex] -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] --get-all name [value_regex] -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] [--name-only] --get-regexp name_regex [value_regex] -'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-urlmatch name URL +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] name [value [value_regex]] +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] --add name value +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] --replace-all name value [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] --get name [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] --get-all name [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [-z|--null] [--name-only] --get-regexp name_regex [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [-z|--null] --get-urlmatch name URL 'git config' [<file-option>] --unset name [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] --unset-all name [value_regex] 'git config' [<file-option>] --rename-section old_name new_name @@ -38,12 +38,10 @@ existing values that match the regexp are updated or unset. If you want to handle the lines that do *not* match the regex, just prepend a single exclamation mark in front (see also <<EXAMPLES>>). -The type specifier can be either `--int` or `--bool`, to make -'git config' ensure that the variable(s) are of the given type and -convert the value to the canonical form (simple decimal number for int, -a "true" or "false" string for bool), or `--path`, which does some -path expansion (see `--path` below). If no type specifier is passed, no -checks or transformations are performed on the value. +The `--type=<type>` option instructs 'git config' to ensure that incoming and +outgoing values are canonicalize-able under the given <type>. If no +`--type=<type>` is given, no canonicalization will be performed. Callers may +unset an existing `--type` specifier with `--no-type`. When reading, the values are read from the system, global and repository local configuration files by default, and options @@ -160,25 +158,43 @@ See also <<FILES>>. --list:: List all variables set in config file, along with their values. ---bool:: - 'git config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false" +--type <type>:: + 'git config' will ensure that any input or output is valid under the given + type constraint(s), and will canonicalize outgoing values in `<type>`'s + canonical form. ++ +Valid `<type>`'s include: ++ +- 'bool': canonicalize values as either "true" or "false". +- 'int': canonicalize values as simple decimal numbers. An optional suffix of + 'k', 'm', or 'g' will cause the value to be multiplied by 1024, 1048576, or + 1073741824 upon input. +- 'bool-or-int': canonicalize according to either 'bool' or 'int', as described + above. +- 'path': canonicalize by adding a leading `~` to the value of `$HOME` and + `~user` to the home directory for the specified user. This specifier has no + effect when setting the value (but you can use `git config section.variable + ~/` from the command line to let your shell do the expansion.) +- 'expiry-date': canonicalize by converting from a fixed or relative date-string + to a timestamp. This specifier has no effect when setting the value. +- 'color': When getting a value, canonicalize by converting to an ANSI color + escape sequence. When setting a value, a sanity-check is performed to ensure + that the given value is canonicalize-able as an ANSI color, but it is written + as-is. ++ +--bool:: --int:: - 'git config' will ensure that the output is a simple - decimal number. An optional value suffix of 'k', 'm', or 'g' - in the config file will cause the value to be multiplied - by 1024, 1048576, or 1073741824 prior to output. - --bool-or-int:: - 'git config' will ensure that the output matches the format of - either --bool or --int, as described above. - --path:: - `git config` will expand a leading `~` to the value of - `$HOME`, and `~user` to the home directory for the - specified user. This option has no effect when setting the - value (but you can use `git config section.variable ~/` - from the command line to let your shell do the expansion). +--expiry-date:: + Historical options for selecting a type specifier. Prefer instead `--type`, + (see: above). + +--no-type:: + Un-sets the previously set type specifier (if one was previously set). This + option requests that 'git config' not canonicalize the retrieved variable. + `--no-type` has no effect without `--type=<type>` or `--<type>`. -z:: --null:: @@ -216,6 +232,8 @@ See also <<FILES>>. output it as the ANSI color escape sequence to the standard output. The optional `default` parameter is used instead, if there is no color configured for `name`. ++ +`--type=color [--default=<default>]` is preferred over `--get-color`. -e:: --edit:: @@ -228,6 +246,16 @@ See also <<FILES>>. using `--file`, `--global`, etc) and `on` when searching all config files. +--default <value>:: + When using `--get`, and the requested variable is not found, behave as if + <value> were the value assigned to the that variable. + +CONFIGURATION +------------- +`pager.config` is only respected when listing configuration, i.e., when +using `--list` or any of the `--get-*` which may return multiple results. +The default is to use a pager. + [[FILES]] FILES ----- @@ -425,6 +453,27 @@ http.sslverify false include::config.txt[] +BUGS +---- +When using the deprecated `[section.subsection]` syntax, changing a value +will result in adding a multi-line key instead of a change, if the subsection +is given with at least one uppercase character. For example when the config +looks like + +-------- + [section.subsection] + key = value1 +-------- + +and running `git config section.Subsection.key value2` will result in + +-------- + [section.subsection] + key = value1 + key = value2 +-------- + + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt b/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt index 2b85826..0216c18 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-credential-cache - Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory SYNOPSIS -------- ----------------------------- -git config credential.helper 'cache [options]' +git config credential.helper 'cache [<options>]' ----------------------------- DESCRIPTION diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt b/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt index 25fb963..693dd9d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-credential-store - Helper to store credentials on disk SYNOPSIS -------- ------------------- -git config credential.helper 'store [options]' +git config credential.helper 'store [<options>]' ------------------- DESCRIPTION diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt index ba90066..f98b7c6 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ cvspserver stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git-cvsserver git-cvsserver pserver Usage: [verse] -'git-cvsserver' [options] [pserver|server] [<directory> ...] +'git-cvsserver' [<options>] [pserver|server] [<directory> ...] OPTIONS ------- @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ allowing access over SSH. ------ [[dbbackend]] -Database Backend +DATABASE BACKEND ---------------- 'git-cvsserver' uses one database per Git head (i.e. CVS module) to @@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ git-cvsserver, as described above. When these environment variables are set, the corresponding command-line arguments may not be used. -Eclipse CVS Client Notes +ECLIPSE CVS CLIENT NOTES ------------------------ To get a checkout with the Eclipse CVS client: @@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ offer. In that case CVS_SERVER is ignored, and you will have to replace the cvs utility on the server with 'git-cvsserver' or manipulate your `.bashrc` so that calling 'cvs' effectively calls 'git-cvsserver'. -Clients known to work +CLIENTS KNOWN TO WORK --------------------- - CVS 1.12.9 on Debian @@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ Clients known to work - Eclipse 3.0, 3.1.2 on MacOSX (see Eclipse CVS Client Notes) - TortoiseCVS -Operations supported +OPERATIONS SUPPORTED -------------------- All the operations required for normal use are supported, including @@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ For best consistency with 'cvs', it is probably best to override the defaults by setting `gitcvs.usecrlfattr` to true, and `gitcvs.allBinary` to "guess". -Dependencies +DEPENDENCIES ------------ 'git-cvsserver' depends on DBD::SQLite. diff --git a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt index 3c91db7..56d54a4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt @@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--inetd | [--listen=<host_or_ipaddr>] [--port=<n>] [--user=<user> [--group=<group>]]] + [--log-destination=(stderr|syslog|none)] [<directory>...] DESCRIPTION @@ -80,7 +81,8 @@ OPTIONS do not have the 'git-daemon-export-ok' file. --inetd:: - Have the server run as an inetd service. Implies --syslog. + Have the server run as an inetd service. Implies --syslog (may be + overridden with `--log-destination=`). Incompatible with --detach, --port, --listen, --user and --group options. @@ -110,8 +112,28 @@ OPTIONS zero for no limit. --syslog:: - Log to syslog instead of stderr. Note that this option does not imply - --verbose, thus by default only error conditions will be logged. + Short for `--log-destination=syslog`. + +--log-destination=<destination>:: + Send log messages to the specified destination. + Note that this option does not imply --verbose, + thus by default only error conditions will be logged. + The <destination> must be one of: ++ +-- +stderr:: + Write to standard error. + Note that if `--detach` is specified, + the process disconnects from the real standard error, + making this destination effectively equivalent to `none`. +syslog:: + Write to syslog, using the `git-daemon` identifier. +none:: + Disable all logging. +-- ++ +The default destination is `syslog` if `--inetd` or `--detach` is specified, +otherwise `stderr`. --user-path:: --user-path=<path>:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-describe.txt b/Documentation/git-describe.txt index c924c94..e027fb8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-describe.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-describe.txt @@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ git-describe(1) NAME ---- -git-describe - Describe a commit using the most recent tag reachable from it - +git-describe - Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...] 'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>] +'git describe' <blob> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -24,6 +24,12 @@ By default (without --all or --tags) `git describe` only shows annotated tags. For more information about creating annotated tags see the -a and -s options to linkgit:git-tag[1]. +If the given object refers to a blob, it will be described +as `<commit-ish>:<path>`, such that the blob can be found +at `<path>` in the `<commit-ish>`, which itself describes the +first commit in which this blob occurs in a reverse revision walk +from HEAD. + OPTIONS ------- <commit-ish>...:: @@ -186,6 +192,14 @@ selected and output. Here fewest commits different is defined as the number of commits which would be shown by `git log tag..input` will be the smallest number of commits possible. +BUGS +---- + +Tree objects as well as tag objects not pointing at commits, cannot be described. +When describing blobs, the lightweight tags pointing at blobs are ignored, +but the blob is still described as <committ-ish>:<path> despite the lightweight +tag being favorable. + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt index b380677..f4bd815 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt @@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] include::diff-format.txt[] -Operating Modes +OPERATING MODES --------------- You can choose whether you want to trust the index file entirely (using the `--cached` flag) or ask the diff logic to show any files that don't match the stat state as being "tentatively changed". Both of these operations are very useful indeed. -Cached Mode +CACHED MODE ----------- If `--cached` is specified, it allows you to ask: @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ So doing a `git diff-index --cached` is basically very useful when you are asking yourself "what have I already marked for being committed, and what's the difference to a previous tree". -Non-cached Mode +NON-CACHED MODE --------------- The "non-cached" mode takes a different approach, and is potentially the more useful of the two in that what it does can't be emulated with diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt index 7870e17..2319b2b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ include::pretty-options.txt[] include::pretty-formats.txt[] -Limiting Output +LIMITING OUTPUT --------------- If you're only interested in differences in a subset of files, for example some architecture-specific files, you might do: diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt index b0c1bb9..b180f1f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt @@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ git-diff - Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git diff' [options] [<commit>] [--] [<path>...] -'git diff' [options] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...] -'git diff' [options] <commit> <commit> [--] [<path>...] -'git diff' [options] <blob> <blob> -'git diff' [options] [--no-index] [--] <path> <path> +'git diff' [<options>] [<commit>] [--] [<path>...] +'git diff' [<options>] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...] +'git diff' [<options>] <commit> <commit> [--] [<path>...] +'git diff' [<options>] <blob> <blob> +'git diff' [<options>] --no-index [--] <path> <path> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Show changes between the working tree and the index or a tree, changes between the index and a tree, changes between two trees, changes between two blob objects, or changes between two files on disk. -'git diff' [--options] [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [<options>] [--] [<path>...]:: This form is to view the changes you made relative to the index (staging area for the next commit). In other @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ two blob objects, or changes between two files on disk. further add to the index but you still haven't. You can stage these changes by using linkgit:git-add[1]. -'git diff' --no-index [--options] [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [<options>] --no-index [--] <path> <path>:: This form is to compare the given two paths on the filesystem. You can omit the `--no-index` option when @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ two blob objects, or changes between two files on disk. or when running the command outside a working tree controlled by Git. -'git diff' [--options] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [<options>] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...]:: This form is to view the changes you staged for the next commit relative to the named <commit>. Typically you @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ two blob objects, or changes between two files on disk. <commit> is not given, it shows all staged changes. --staged is a synonym of --cached. -'git diff' [--options] <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [<options>] <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: This form is to view the changes you have in your working tree relative to the named <commit>. You can @@ -56,18 +56,18 @@ two blob objects, or changes between two files on disk. branch name to compare with the tip of a different branch. -'git diff' [--options] <commit> <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [<options>] <commit> <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: This is to view the changes between two arbitrary <commit>. -'git diff' [--options] <commit>..<commit> [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [<options>] <commit>..<commit> [--] [<path>...]:: This is synonymous to the previous form. If <commit> on one side is omitted, it will have the same effect as using HEAD instead. -'git diff' [--options] <commit>\...<commit> [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [<options>] <commit>\...<commit> [--] [<path>...]:: This form is to view the changes on the branch containing and up to the second <commit>, starting at a common ancestor @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ and the range notations ("<commit>..<commit>" and "<commit>\...<commit>") do not mean a range as defined in the "SPECIFYING RANGES" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. -'git diff' [options] <blob> <blob>:: +'git diff' [<options>] <blob> <blob>:: This form is to view the differences between the raw contents of two blob objects. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt index ed57c68..ce954be 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-fast-export - Git data exporter SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git fast-export [options]' | 'git fast-import' +'git fast-export [<options>]' | 'git fast-import' DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ smaller output, and it is usually easy to quickly confirm that there is no private data in the stream. -Limitations +LIMITATIONS ----------- Since 'git fast-import' cannot tag trees, you will not be diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt index 3d3d219..e81117d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-fast-import - Backend for fast Git data importers SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -frontend | 'git fast-import' [options] +frontend | 'git fast-import' [<options>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Performance and Compression Tuning fastimport.unpackLimit:: See linkgit:git-config[1] -Performance +PERFORMANCE ----------- The design of fast-import allows it to import large projects in a minimum amount of memory usage and processing time. Assuming the frontend @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ faster if the source data is stored on a different drive than the destination Git repository (due to less IO contention). -Development Cost +DEVELOPMENT COST ---------------- A typical frontend for fast-import tends to weigh in at approximately 200 lines of Perl/Python/Ruby code. Most developers have been able to @@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ an ideal situation, given that most conversion tools are throw-away (use once, and never look back). -Parallel Operation +PARALLEL OPERATION ------------------ Like 'git push' or 'git fetch', imports handled by fast-import are safe to run alongside parallel `git repack -a -d` or `git gc` invocations, @@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ this only be used on an otherwise quiet repository. Using --force is not necessary for an initial import into an empty repository. -Technical Discussion +TECHNICAL DISCUSSION -------------------- fast-import tracks a set of branches in memory. Any branch can be created or modified at any point during the import process by sending a @@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ directory also allows fast-import to run very quickly, as it does not need to perform any costly file update operations when switching between branches. -Input Format +INPUT FORMAT ------------ With the exception of raw file data (which Git does not interpret) the fast-import input format is text (ASCII) based. This text based @@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ If the `--done` command-line option or `feature done` command is in use, the `done` command is mandatory and marks the end of the stream. -Responses To Commands +RESPONSES TO COMMANDS --------------------- New objects written by fast-import are not available immediately. Most fast-import commands have no visible effect until the next @@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ To avoid deadlock, such frontends must completely consume any pending output from `progress`, `ls`, `get-mark`, and `cat-blob` before performing writes to fast-import that might block. -Crash Reports +CRASH REPORTS ------------- If fast-import is supplied invalid input it will terminate with a non-zero exit status and create a crash report in the top level of @@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ An example crash: END OF CRASH REPORT ==== -Tips and Tricks +TIPS AND TRICKS --------------- The following tips and tricks have been collected from various users of fast-import, and are offered here as suggestions. @@ -1349,7 +1349,7 @@ Your users will feel better knowing how much of the data stream has been processed. -Packfile Optimization +PACKFILE OPTIMIZATION --------------------- When packing a blob fast-import always attempts to deltify against the last blob written. Unless specifically arranged for by the frontend, @@ -1380,7 +1380,7 @@ to force recomputation of all deltas can significantly reduce the final packfile size (30-50% smaller can be quite typical). -Memory Utilization +MEMORY UTILIZATION ------------------ There are a number of factors which affect how much memory fast-import requires to perform an import. Like critical sections of core @@ -1458,7 +1458,7 @@ and lazy loading of subtrees, allows fast-import to efficiently import projects with 2,000+ branches and 45,114+ files in a very limited memory footprint (less than 2.7 MiB per active branch). -Signals +SIGNALS ------- Sending *SIGUSR1* to the 'git fast-import' process ends the current packfile early, simulating a `checkpoint` command. The impatient diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt index f7ebe36..c975884 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ be in a separate packet, and the list must end with a flush packet. infinite even if there is an ancestor-chain that long. --shallow-since=<date>:: - Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow'repository to + Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to include all reachable commits after <date>. --shallow-exclude=<revision>:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt index b153aef..e319935 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt @@ -99,6 +99,93 @@ The latter use of the `remote.<repository>.fetch` values can be overridden by giving the `--refmap=<refspec>` parameter(s) on the command line. +PRUNING +------- + +Git has a default disposition of keeping data unless it's explicitly +thrown away; this extends to holding onto local references to branches +on remotes that have themselves deleted those branches. + +If left to accumulate, these stale references might make performance +worse on big and busy repos that have a lot of branch churn, and +e.g. make the output of commands like `git branch -a --contains +<commit>` needlessly verbose, as well as impacting anything else +that'll work with the complete set of known references. + +These remote-tracking references can be deleted as a one-off with +either of: + +------------------------------------------------ +# While fetching +$ git fetch --prune <name> + +# Only prune, don't fetch +$ git remote prune <name> +------------------------------------------------ + +To prune references as part of your normal workflow without needing to +remember to run that, set `fetch.prune` globally, or +`remote.<name>.prune` per-remote in the config. See +linkgit:git-config[1]. + +Here's where things get tricky and more specific. The pruning feature +doesn't actually care about branches, instead it'll prune local <-> +remote-references as a function of the refspec of the remote (see +`<refspec>` and <<CRTB,CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES>> above). + +Therefore if the refspec for the remote includes +e.g. `refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*`, or you manually run e.g. `git fetch +--prune <name> "refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*"` it won't be stale remote +tracking branches that are deleted, but any local tag that doesn't +exist on the remote. + +This might not be what you expect, i.e. you want to prune remote +`<name>`, but also explicitly fetch tags from it, so when you fetch +from it you delete all your local tags, most of which may not have +come from the `<name>` remote in the first place. + +So be careful when using this with a refspec like +`refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*`, or any other refspec which might map +references from multiple remotes to the same local namespace. + +Since keeping up-to-date with both branches and tags on the remote is +a common use-case the `--prune-tags` option can be supplied along with +`--prune` to prune local tags that don't exist on the remote, and +force-update those tags that differ. Tag pruning can also be enabled +with `fetch.pruneTags` or `remote.<name>.pruneTags` in the config. See +linkgit:git-config[1]. + +The `--prune-tags` option is equivalent to having +`refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*` declared in the refspecs of the remote. This +can lead to some seemingly strange interactions: + +------------------------------------------------ +# These both fetch tags +$ git fetch --no-tags origin 'refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*' +$ git fetch --no-tags --prune-tags origin +------------------------------------------------ + +The reason it doesn't error out when provided without `--prune` or its +config versions is for flexibility of the configured versions, and to +maintain a 1=1 mapping between what the command line flags do, and +what the configuration versions do. + +It's reasonable to e.g. configure `fetch.pruneTags=true` in +`~/.gitconfig` to have tags pruned whenever `git fetch --prune` is +run, without making every invocation of `git fetch` without `--prune` +an error. + +Pruning tags with `--prune-tags` also works when fetching a URL +instead of a named remote. These will all prune tags not found on +origin: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git fetch origin --prune --prune-tags +$ git fetch origin --prune 'refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*' +$ git fetch <url of origin> --prune --prune-tags +$ git fetch <url of origin> --prune 'refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*' +------------------------------------------------ + OUTPUT ------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt index 3a52e4d..e6f08ab 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt @@ -222,7 +222,15 @@ this purpose, they are instead rewritten to point at the nearest ancestor that was not excluded. -Examples +EXIT STATUS +----------- + +On success, the exit status is `0`. If the filter can't find any commits to +rewrite, the exit status is `2`. On any other error, the exit status may be +any other non-zero value. + + +EXAMPLES -------- Suppose you want to remove a file (containing confidential information @@ -280,7 +288,7 @@ git filter-branch --parent-filter \ or even simpler: ----------------------------------------------- -echo "$commit-id $graft-id" >> .git/info/grafts +git replace --graft $commit-id $graft-id git filter-branch $graft-id..HEAD ----------------------------------------------- @@ -398,7 +406,7 @@ git filter-branch --index-filter \ -Checklist for Shrinking a Repository +CHECKLIST FOR SHRINKING A REPOSITORY ------------------------------------ git-filter-branch can be used to get rid of a subset of files, @@ -437,7 +445,7 @@ warned. (or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to `--prune`, use `git repack -ad; git prune` instead). -Notes +NOTES ----- git-filter-branch allows you to make complex shell-scripted rewrites diff --git a/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt b/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt index 44892c4..423b6e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt @@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ merge.summary:: Synonym to `merge.log`; this is deprecated and will be removed in the future. -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- --------- $ git fetch origin master diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt index 1d420e4..901faef 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ OPTIONS `xx`; for example `%00` interpolates to `\0` (NUL), `%09` to `\t` (TAB) and `%0a` to `\n` (LF). ---color[=<when>]: +--color[=<when>]:: Respect any colors specified in the `--format` option. The `<when>` field must be one of `always`, `never`, or `auto` (if `<when>` is absent, behave as if `always` was given). @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ refname:: stripping with positive <N>, or it becomes the full refname if stripping with negative <N>. Neither is an error. + -`strip` can be used as a synomym to `lstrip`. +`strip` can be used as a synonym to `lstrip`. objecttype:: The type of the object (`blob`, `tree`, `commit`, `tag`). @@ -145,18 +145,25 @@ upstream:: (behind), "<>" (ahead and behind), or "=" (in sync). `:track` also prints "[gone]" whenever unknown upstream ref is encountered. Append `:track,nobracket` to show tracking - information without brackets (i.e "ahead N, behind M"). Has - no effect if the ref does not have tracking information - associated with it. All the options apart from `nobracket` - are mutually exclusive, but if used together the last option - is selected. + information without brackets (i.e "ahead N, behind M"). ++ +For any remote-tracking branch `%(upstream)`, `%(upstream:remotename)` +and `%(upstream:remoteref)` refer to the name of the remote and the +name of the tracked remote ref, respectively. In other words, the +remote-tracking branch can be updated explicitly and individually by +using the refspec `%(upstream:remoteref):%(upstream)` to fetch from +`%(upstream:remotename)`. ++ +Has no effect if the ref does not have tracking information associated +with it. All the options apart from `nobracket` are mutually exclusive, +but if used together the last option is selected. push:: The name of a local ref which represents the `@{push}` location for the displayed ref. Respects `:short`, `:lstrip`, - `:rstrip`, `:track`, and `:trackshort` options as `upstream` - does. Produces an empty string if no `@{push}` ref is - configured. + `:rstrip`, `:track`, `:trackshort`, `:remotename`, and `:remoteref` + options as `upstream` does. Produces an empty string if no `@{push}` + ref is configured. HEAD:: '*' if HEAD matches current ref (the checked out branch), ' ' diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index 6cbe462..b41e132 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ There are two ways to specify which commits to operate on. The first rule takes precedence in the case of a single <commit>. To apply the second rule, i.e., format everything since the beginning of -history up until <commit>, use the '\--root' option: `git format-patch +history up until <commit>, use the `--root` option: `git format-patch --root <commit>`. If you want to format only <commit> itself, you can do this with `git format-patch -1 <commit>`. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt index b9f060e..ab9a93f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt @@ -110,6 +110,9 @@ Any corrupt objects you will have to find in backups or other archives (i.e., you can just remove them and do an 'rsync' with some other site in the hopes that somebody else has the object you have corrupted). +If core.commitGraph is true, the commit-graph file will also be inspected +using 'git commit-graph verify'. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1]. + Extracted Diagnostics --------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt index 571b5a7..f5bc98c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt @@ -9,14 +9,15 @@ git-gc - Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git gc' [--aggressive] [--auto] [--quiet] [--prune=<date> | --no-prune] [--force] +'git gc' [--aggressive] [--auto] [--quiet] [--prune=<date> | --no-prune] [--force] [--keep-largest-pack] DESCRIPTION ----------- Runs a number of housekeeping tasks within the current repository, such as compressing file revisions (to reduce disk space and increase -performance) and removing unreachable objects which may have been -created from prior invocations of 'git add'. +performance), removing unreachable objects which may have been +created from prior invocations of 'git add', packing refs, pruning +reflog, rerere metadata or stale working trees. Users are encouraged to run this task on a regular basis within each repository to maintain good disk space utilization and good @@ -45,20 +46,31 @@ OPTIONS With this option, 'git gc' checks whether any housekeeping is required; if not, it exits without performing any work. Some git commands run `git gc --auto` after performing - operations that could create many loose objects. + operations that could create many loose objects. Housekeeping + is required if there are too many loose objects or too many + packs in the repository. + -Housekeeping is required if there are too many loose objects or -too many packs in the repository. If the number of loose objects -exceeds the value of the `gc.auto` configuration variable, then -all loose objects are combined into a single pack using -`git repack -d -l`. Setting the value of `gc.auto` to 0 -disables automatic packing of loose objects. +If the number of loose objects exceeds the value of the `gc.auto` +configuration variable, then all loose objects are combined into a +single pack using `git repack -d -l`. Setting the value of `gc.auto` +to 0 disables automatic packing of loose objects. + If the number of packs exceeds the value of `gc.autoPackLimit`, -then existing packs (except those marked with a `.keep` file) +then existing packs (except those marked with a `.keep` file +or over `gc.bigPackThreshold` limit) are consolidated into a single pack by using the `-A` option of -'git repack'. Setting `gc.autoPackLimit` to 0 disables -automatic consolidation of packs. +'git repack'. +If the amount of memory is estimated not enough for `git repack` to +run smoothly and `gc.bigPackThreshold` is not set, the largest +pack will also be excluded (this is the equivalent of running `git gc` +with `--keep-base-pack`). +Setting `gc.autoPackLimit` to 0 disables automatic consolidation of +packs. ++ +If houskeeping is required due to many loose objects or packs, all +other housekeeping tasks (e.g. rerere, working trees, reflog...) will +be performed as well. + --prune=<date>:: Prune loose objects older than date (default is 2 weeks ago, @@ -78,7 +90,12 @@ automatic consolidation of packs. Force `git gc` to run even if there may be another `git gc` instance running on this repository. -Configuration +--keep-largest-pack:: + All packs except the largest pack and those marked with a + `.keep` files are consolidated into a single pack. When this + option is used, `gc.bigPackThreshold` is ignored. + +CONFIGURATION ------------- The optional configuration variable `gc.reflogExpire` can be @@ -119,11 +136,15 @@ The optional configuration variable `gc.packRefs` determines if it within all non-bare repos or it can be set to a boolean value. This defaults to true. +The optional configuration variable `gc.commitGraph` determines if +'git gc' should run 'git commit-graph write'. This can be set to a +boolean value. This defaults to false. + The optional configuration variable `gc.aggressiveWindow` controls how much time is spent optimizing the delta compression of the objects in the repository when the --aggressive option is specified. The larger the value, the more time is spent optimizing the delta compression. See -the documentation for the --window' option in linkgit:git-repack[1] for +the documentation for the --window option in linkgit:git-repack[1] for more details. This defaults to 250. Similarly, the optional configuration variable `gc.aggressiveDepth` @@ -133,8 +154,12 @@ The optional configuration variable `gc.pruneExpire` controls how old the unreferenced loose objects have to be before they are pruned. The default is "2 weeks ago". +Optional configuration variable `gc.worktreePruneExpire` controls how +old a stale working tree should be before `git worktree prune` deletes +it. Default is "3 months ago". + -Notes +NOTES ----- 'git gc' tries very hard not to delete objects that are referenced diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt index 18b4947..a3049af 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt @@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ SYNOPSIS [-v | --invert-match] [-h|-H] [--full-name] [-E | --extended-regexp] [-G | --basic-regexp] [-P | --perl-regexp] - [-F | --fixed-strings] [-n | --line-number] + [-F | --fixed-strings] [-n | --line-number] [--column] [-l | --files-with-matches] [-L | --files-without-match] [(-O | --open-files-in-pager) [<pager>]] [-z | --null] - [-c | --count] [--all-match] [-q | --quiet] + [ -o | --only-matching ] [-c | --count] [--all-match] [-q | --quiet] [--max-depth <depth>] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--break] [--heading] [-p | --show-function] @@ -44,6 +44,9 @@ CONFIGURATION grep.lineNumber:: If set to true, enable `-n` option by default. +grep.column:: + If set to true, enable the `--column` option by default. + grep.patternType:: Set the default matching behavior. Using a value of 'basic', 'extended', 'fixed', or 'perl' will enable the `--basic-regexp`, `--extended-regexp`, @@ -169,6 +172,10 @@ providing this option will cause it to die. --line-number:: Prefix the line number to matching lines. +--column:: + Prefix the 1-indexed byte-offset of the first match from the start of the + matching line. + -l:: --files-with-matches:: --name-only:: @@ -194,6 +201,11 @@ providing this option will cause it to die. Output \0 instead of the character that normally follows a file name. +-o:: +--only-matching:: + Print only the matched (non-empty) parts of a matching line, with each such + part on a separate output line. + -c:: --count:: Instead of showing every matched line, show the number of @@ -293,7 +305,7 @@ providing this option will cause it to die. For more details about the <pathspec> syntax, see the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. -Examples +EXAMPLES -------- `git grep 'time_t' -- '*.[ch]'`:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-help.txt b/Documentation/git-help.txt index 40d328a..83d25d8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-help.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-help.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-help - Display help information about Git SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git help' [-a|--all] [-g|--guide] +'git help' [-a|--all [--verbose]] [-g|--guide] [-i|--info|-m|--man|-w|--web] [COMMAND|GUIDE] DESCRIPTION @@ -42,6 +42,13 @@ OPTIONS --all:: Prints all the available commands on the standard output. This option overrides any given command or guide name. + When used with `--verbose` print description for all recognized + commands. + +-c:: +--config:: + List all available configuration variables. This is a short + summary of the list in linkgit:git-config[1]. -g:: --guides:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt index 21a33d2..666b042 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt @@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ DESCRIPTION ----------- Downloads a remote Git repository via HTTP. -*NOTE*: use of this command without -a is deprecated. The -a -behaviour will become the default in a future release. +This command always gets all objects. Historically, there were three options +`-a`, `-c` and `-t` for choosing which objects to download. They are now +silently ignored. OPTIONS ------- @@ -24,12 +25,8 @@ commit-id:: Either the hash or the filename under [URL]/refs/ to pull. --c:: - Get the commit objects. --t:: - Get trees associated with the commit objects. --a:: - Get all the objects. +-a, -c, -t:: + These options are ignored for historical reasons. -v:: Report what is downloaded. diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt index 2aceb6f..ea03a4e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ OPTIONS The remote refs to update. -Specifying the Refs +SPECIFYING THE REFS ------------------- A '<ref>' specification can be either a single pattern, or a pair diff --git a/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt b/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt index 5d1e4c8..7b15744 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt @@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ imap.tunnel:: to the server. Required when imap.host is not set. imap.host:: - A URL identifying the server. Use a `imap://` prefix for non-secure - connections and a `imaps://` prefix for secure connections. + A URL identifying the server. Use an `imap://` prefix for non-secure + connections and an `imaps://` prefix for secure connections. Ignored when imap.tunnel is set, but required otherwise. imap.user:: @@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ Using direct mode with SSL: ......................... -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- To submit patches using GMail's IMAP interface, first, edit your ~/.gitconfig to specify your account settings: diff --git a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt index 1b4b65d..d5b7560 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt @@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ OPTIONS --check-self-contained-and-connected:: Die if the pack contains broken links. For internal use only. +--fsck-objects:: + Die if the pack contains broken objects. For internal use only. + --threads=<n>:: Specifies the number of threads to spawn when resolving deltas. This requires that index-pack be compiled with @@ -90,8 +93,8 @@ OPTIONS --max-input-size=<size>:: Die, if the pack is larger than <size>. -Note ----- +NOTES +----- Once the index has been created, the list of object names is sorted and the SHA-1 hash of that list is printed to stdout. If --stdin was diff --git a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt index 9dd19a1..a5e8b36 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ git-interpret-trailers - add or parse structured information in commit messages SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git interpret-trailers' [options] [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...] -'git interpret-trailers' [options] [--parse] [<file>...] +'git interpret-trailers' [<options>] [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...] +'git interpret-trailers' [<options>] [--parse] [<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -51,13 +51,14 @@ with only spaces at the end of the commit message part, one blank line will be added before the new trailer. Existing trailers are extracted from the input message by looking for -a group of one or more lines that (i) are all trailers, or (ii) contains at +a group of one or more lines that (i) is all trailers, or (ii) contains at least one Git-generated or user-configured trailer and consists of at least 25% trailers. The group must be preceded by one or more empty (or whitespace-only) lines. The group must either be at the end of the message or be the last -non-whitespace lines before a line that starts with '---'. Such three -minus signs start the patch part of the message. +non-whitespace lines before a line that starts with '---' (followed by a +space or the end of the line). Such three minus signs start the patch +part of the message. See also `--no-divider` below. When reading trailers, there can be whitespaces after the token, the separator and the value. There can also be whitespaces @@ -88,7 +89,8 @@ OPTIONS Specify where all new trailers will be added. A setting provided with '--where' overrides all configuration variables and applies to all '--trailer' options until the next occurrence of - '--where' or '--no-where'. + '--where' or '--no-where'. Possible values are `after`, `before`, + `end` or `start`. --if-exists <action>:: --no-if-exists:: @@ -96,7 +98,8 @@ OPTIONS least one trailer with the same <token> in the message. A setting provided with '--if-exists' overrides all configuration variables and applies to all '--trailer' options until the next occurrence of - '--if-exists' or '--no-if-exists'. + '--if-exists' or '--no-if-exists'. Possible actions are `addIfDifferent`, + `addIfDifferentNeighbor`, `add`, `replace` and `doNothing`. --if-missing <action>:: --no-if-missing:: @@ -104,7 +107,8 @@ OPTIONS trailer with the same <token> in the message. A setting provided with '--if-missing' overrides all configuration variables and applies to all '--trailer' options until the next occurrence of - '--if-missing' or '--no-if-missing'. + '--if-missing' or '--no-if-missing'. Possible actions are `doNothing` + or `add`. --only-trailers:: Output only the trailers, not any other parts of the input. @@ -122,6 +126,11 @@ OPTIONS A convenience alias for `--only-trailers --only-input --unfold`. +--no-divider:: + Do not treat `---` as the end of the commit message. Use this + when you know your input contains just the commit message itself + (and not an email or the output of `git format-patch`). + CONFIGURATION VARIABLES ----------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt index 32246fd..90761f1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-log.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-log - Show commit logs SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git log' [<options>] [<revision range>] [[\--] <path>...] +'git log' [<options>] [<revision range>] [[--] <path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -38,6 +38,13 @@ OPTIONS are shown as if 'short' were given, otherwise no ref names are shown. The default option is 'short'. +--decorate-refs=<pattern>:: +--decorate-refs-exclude=<pattern>:: + If no `--decorate-refs` is given, pretend as if all refs were + included. For each candidate, do not use it for decoration if it + matches any patterns given to `--decorate-refs-exclude` or if it + doesn't match any of the patterns given to `--decorate-refs`. + --source:: Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each commit was reached. @@ -83,13 +90,13 @@ include::line-range-format.txt[] ways to spell <revision range>, see the 'Specifying Ranges' section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. -[\--] <path>...:: +[--] <path>...:: Show only commits that are enough to explain how the files that match the specified paths came to be. See 'History Simplification' below for details and other simplification modes. + -Paths may need to be prefixed with ``\-- '' to separate them from +Paths may need to be prefixed with `--` to separate them from options or the revision range, when confusion arises. include::rev-list-options.txt[] @@ -118,7 +125,7 @@ EXAMPLES `git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk`:: Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file 'gitk'. - The ``--'' is necessary to avoid confusion with the *branch* named + The `--` is necessary to avoid confusion with the *branch* named 'gitk' `git log --name-status release..test`:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt index d153c17..5298f1b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-ls-files - Show information about files in the index and the working tree SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git ls-files' [-z] [-t] [-v] +'git ls-files' [-z] [-t] [-v] [-f] (--[cached|deleted|others|ignored|stage|unmerged|killed|modified])* (-[c|d|o|i|s|u|k|m])* [--eol] @@ -53,7 +53,8 @@ OPTIONS Show only ignored files in the output. When showing files in the index, print only those matched by an exclude pattern. When showing "other" files, show only those matched by an exclude - pattern. + pattern. Standard ignore rules are not automatically activated, + therefore at least one of the `--exclude*` options is required. -s:: --stage:: @@ -133,6 +134,11 @@ a space) at the start of each line: that are marked as 'assume unchanged' (see linkgit:git-update-index[1]). +-f:: + Similar to `-t`, but use lowercase letters for files + that are marked as 'fsmonitor valid' (see + linkgit:git-update-index[1]). + --full-name:: When run from a subdirectory, the command usually outputs paths relative to the current directory. This @@ -178,7 +184,7 @@ followed by the ("attr/<eolattr>"). Files to show. If no files are given all files which match the other specified criteria are shown. -Output +OUTPUT ------ 'git ls-files' just outputs the filenames unless `--stage` is specified in which case it outputs: @@ -203,7 +209,7 @@ quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte. -Exclude Patterns +EXCLUDE PATTERNS ---------------- 'git ls-files' can use a list of "exclude patterns" when diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt index 5f2628c..b9fd377 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git ls-remote' [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>] - [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] + [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>] [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]] DESCRIPTION @@ -60,6 +60,24 @@ OPTIONS upload-pack only shows the symref HEAD, so it will be the only one shown by ls-remote. +--sort=<key>:: + Sort based on the key given. Prefix `-` to sort in descending order + of the value. Supports "version:refname" or "v:refname" (tag names + are treated as versions). The "version:refname" sort order can also + be affected by the "versionsort.suffix" configuration variable. + See linkgit:git-for-each-ref[1] for more sort options, but be aware + keys like `committerdate` that require access to the objects + themselves will not work for refs whose objects have not yet been + fetched from the remote, and will give a `missing object` error. + +-o <option>:: +--server-option=<option>:: + Transmit the given string to the server when communicating using + protocol version 2. The given string must not contain a NUL or LF + character. + When multiple `--server-option=<option>` are given, they are all + sent to the other side in the order listed on the command line. + <repository>:: The "remote" repository to query. This parameter can be either a URL or the name of a remote (see the GIT URLS and @@ -90,6 +108,10 @@ EXAMPLES c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]. + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt index 3c6927b..eb36837 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [--[no-]edit] [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]] [--[no-]allow-unrelated-histories] - [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [<commit>...] + [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [-F <file>] [<commit>...] 'git merge' --abort 'git merge' --continue @@ -57,21 +57,13 @@ reconstruct the original (pre-merge) changes. Therefore: discouraged: while possible, it may leave you in a state that is hard to back out of in the case of a conflict. -The fourth syntax ("`git merge --continue`") can only be run after the +The third syntax ("`git merge --continue`") can only be run after the merge has resulted in conflicts. OPTIONS ------- include::merge-options.txt[] ---signoff:: - Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit - log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project, - but it typically certifies that committer has - the rights to submit this work under the same license and - agrees to a Developer Certificate of Origin - (see http://developercertificate.org/ for more information). - -m <msg>:: Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in case one is created). @@ -83,6 +75,14 @@ The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be used to give a good default for automated 'git merge' invocations. The automated message can include the branch description. +-F <file>:: +--file=<file>:: + Read the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in + case one is created). ++ +If `--log` is specified, a shortlog of the commits being merged +will be appended to the specified message. + --[no-]rerere-autoupdate:: Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the result of auto-conflict resolution if possible. @@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ merge' may need to update. To avoid recording unrelated changes in the merge commit, 'git pull' and 'git merge' will also abort if there are any changes -registered in the index relative to the `HEAD` commit. (One -exception is when the changed index entries are in the state that -would result from the merge already.) +registered in the index relative to the `HEAD` commit. (Special +narrow exceptions to this rule may exist depending on which merge +strategy is in use, but generally, the index must match HEAD.) If all named commits are already ancestors of `HEAD`, 'git merge' will exit early with the message "Already up to date." diff --git a/Documentation/git-mktree.txt b/Documentation/git-mktree.txt index c3616e7..27fe2b3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mktree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mktree.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- Reads standard input in non-recursive `ls-tree` output format, and creates -a tree object. The order of the tree entries is normalised by mktree so +a tree object. The order of the tree entries is normalized by mktree so pre-sorting the input is not required. The object name of the tree object built is written to the standard output. diff --git a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt index e8e68f5..5cb0eb0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt @@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ OPTIONS --always:: Show uniquely abbreviated commit object as fallback. -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- Given a commit, find out where it is relative to the local refs. Say somebody wrote you about that fantastic commit 33db5f4d9027a10e477ccf054b2c1ab94f74c85a. diff --git a/Documentation/git-notes.txt b/Documentation/git-notes.txt index 4367729..df2b64d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-notes.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-notes.txt @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git notes' merge --commit [-v | -q] 'git notes' merge --abort [-v | -q] 'git notes' remove [--ignore-missing] [--stdin] [<object>...] -'git notes' prune [-n | -v] +'git notes' prune [-n] [-v] 'git notes' get-ref @@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ OPTIONS .git/NOTES_MERGE_REF symref is updated to the resulting commit. --abort:: - Abort/reset a in-progress 'git notes merge', i.e. a notes merge + Abort/reset an in-progress 'git notes merge', i.e. a notes merge with conflicts. This simply removes all files related to the notes merge. diff --git a/Documentation/git-p4.txt b/Documentation/git-p4.txt index 7436c64..41780a5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-p4.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-p4.txt @@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ Submit Git changes back to p4 using 'git p4 submit'. The command the updated p4 remote branch. -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- * Clone a repository: + ------------ @@ -149,6 +149,12 @@ To specify a branch other than the current one, use: $ git p4 submit topicbranch ------------ +To specify a single commit or a range of commits, use: +------------ +$ git p4 submit --commit <sha1> +$ git p4 submit --commit <sha1..sha1> +------------ + The upstream reference is generally 'refs/remotes/p4/master', but can be overridden using the `--origin=` command-line option. @@ -157,6 +163,37 @@ The p4 changes will be created as the user invoking 'git p4 submit'. The according to the author of the Git commit. This option requires admin privileges in p4, which can be granted using 'p4 protect'. +To shelve changes instead of submitting, use `--shelve` and `--update-shelve`: + +---- +$ git p4 submit --shelve +$ git p4 submit --update-shelve 1234 --update-shelve 2345 +---- + + +Unshelve +~~~~~~~~ +Unshelving will take a shelved P4 changelist, and produce the equivalent git commit +in the branch refs/remotes/p4/unshelved/<changelist>. + +The git commit is created relative to the current origin revision (HEAD by default). +If the shelved changelist's parent revisions differ, git-p4 will refuse to unshelve; +you need to be unshelving onto an equivalent tree. + +The origin revision can be changed with the "--origin" option. + +If the target branch in refs/remotes/p4/unshelved already exists, the old one will +be renamed. + +---- +$ git p4 sync +$ git p4 unshelve 12345 +$ git show refs/remotes/p4/unshelved/12345 +<submit more changes via p4 to the same files> +$ git p4 unshelve 12345 +<refuses to unshelve until git is in sync with p4 again> + +---- OPTIONS ------- @@ -310,7 +347,7 @@ These options can be used to modify 'git p4 submit' behavior. --update-shelve CHANGELIST:: Update an existing shelved changelist with this commit. Implies - --shelve. + --shelve. Repeat for multiple shelved changelists. --conflict=(ask|skip|quit):: Conflicts can occur when applying a commit to p4. When this @@ -324,6 +361,27 @@ These options can be used to modify 'git p4 submit' behavior. p4/master. See the "Sync options" section above for more information. +--commit <sha1>|<sha1..sha1>:: + Submit only the specified commit or range of commits, instead of the full + list of changes that are in the current Git branch. + +--disable-rebase:: + Disable the automatic rebase after all commits have been successfully + submitted. Can also be set with git-p4.disableRebase. + +--disable-p4sync:: + Disable the automatic sync of p4/master from Perforce after commits have + been submitted. Implies --disable-rebase. Can also be set with + git-p4.disableP4Sync. Sync with origin/master still goes ahead if possible. + +Hook for submit +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The `p4-pre-submit` hook is executed if it exists and is executable. +The hook takes no parameters and nothing from standard input. Exiting with +non-zero status from this script prevents `git-p4 submit` from launching. + +One usage scenario is to run unit tests in the hook. + Rebase options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These options can be used to modify 'git p4 rebase' behavior. @@ -331,6 +389,13 @@ These options can be used to modify 'git p4 rebase' behavior. --import-labels:: Import p4 labels. +Unshelve options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--origin:: + Sets the git refspec against which the shelved P4 changelist is compared. + Defaults to p4/master. + DEPOT PATH SYNTAX ----------------- The p4 depot path argument to 'git p4 sync' and 'git p4 clone' can @@ -386,7 +451,7 @@ dedicating a client spec just for 'git p4'. The name of the client can be given to 'git p4' in multiple ways. The variable 'git-p4.client' takes precedence if it exists. Otherwise, normal p4 mechanisms of determining the client are used: environment -variable P4CLIENT, a file referenced by P4CONFIG, or the local host name. +variable `P4CLIENT`, a file referenced by `P4CONFIG`, or the local host name. BRANCH DETECTION @@ -455,22 +520,22 @@ General variables ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ git-p4.user:: User specified as an option to all p4 commands, with '-u <user>'. - The environment variable 'P4USER' can be used instead. + The environment variable `P4USER` can be used instead. git-p4.password:: Password specified as an option to all p4 commands, with '-P <password>'. - The environment variable 'P4PASS' can be used instead. + The environment variable `P4PASS` can be used instead. git-p4.port:: Port specified as an option to all p4 commands, with '-p <port>'. - The environment variable 'P4PORT' can be used instead. + The environment variable `P4PORT` can be used instead. git-p4.host:: Host specified as an option to all p4 commands, with '-h <host>'. - The environment variable 'P4HOST' can be used instead. + The environment variable `P4HOST` can be used instead. git-p4.client:: Client specified as an option to all p4 commands, with @@ -638,6 +703,12 @@ git-p4.conflict:: Specify submit behavior when a conflict with p4 is found, as per --conflict. The default behavior is 'ask'. +git-p4.disableRebase:: + Do not rebase the tree against p4/master following a submit. + +git-p4.disableP4Sync:: + Do not sync p4/master with Perforce following a submit. Implies git-p4.disableRebase. + IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS ---------------------- * Changesets from p4 are imported using Git fast-import. diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt index 473a161..d95b472 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt @@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git pack-objects' [-q | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-progress-implied] [--no-reuse-delta] [--delta-base-offset] [--non-empty] [--local] [--incremental] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>] - [--revs [--unpacked | --all]] [--stdout | base-name] + [--revs [--unpacked | --all]] [--keep-pack=<pack-name>] + [--stdout [--filter=<filter-spec>] | base-name] [--shallow] [--keep-true-parents] < object-list @@ -95,7 +96,9 @@ base-name:: it too deep affects the performance on the unpacker side, because delta data needs to be applied that many times to get to the necessary object. - The default value for --window is 10 and --depth is 50. ++ +The default value for --window is 10 and --depth is 50. The maximum +depth is 4095. --window-memory=<n>:: This option provides an additional limit on top of `--window`; @@ -125,6 +128,13 @@ base-name:: has a .keep file to be ignored, even if it would have otherwise been packed. +--keep-pack=<pack-name>:: + This flag causes an object already in the given pack to be + ignored, even if it would have otherwise been + packed. `<pack-name>` is the the pack file name without + leading directory (e.g. `pack-123.pack`). The option could be + specified multiple times to keep multiple packs. + --incremental:: This flag causes an object already in a pack to be ignored even if it would have otherwise been packed. @@ -236,6 +246,49 @@ So does `git bundle` (see linkgit:git-bundle[1]) when it creates a bundle. With this option, parents that are hidden by grafts are packed nevertheless. +--filter=<filter-spec>:: + Requires `--stdout`. Omits certain objects (usually blobs) from + the resulting packfile. See linkgit:git-rev-list[1] for valid + `<filter-spec>` forms. + +--no-filter:: + Turns off any previous `--filter=` argument. + +--missing=<missing-action>:: + A debug option to help with future "partial clone" development. + This option specifies how missing objects are handled. ++ +The form '--missing=error' requests that pack-objects stop with an error if +a missing object is encountered. This is the default action. ++ +The form '--missing=allow-any' will allow object traversal to continue +if a missing object is encountered. Missing objects will silently be +omitted from the results. ++ +The form '--missing=allow-promisor' is like 'allow-any', but will only +allow object traversal to continue for EXPECTED promisor missing objects. +Unexpected missing object will raise an error. + +--exclude-promisor-objects:: + Omit objects that are known to be in the promisor remote. (This + option has the purpose of operating only on locally created objects, + so that when we repack, we still maintain a distinction between + locally created objects [without .promisor] and objects from the + promisor remote [with .promisor].) This is used with partial clone. + +--keep-unreachable:: + Objects unreachable from the refs in packs named with + --unpacked= option are added to the resulting pack, in + addition to the reachable objects that are not in packs marked + with *.keep files. This implies `--revs`. + +--pack-loose-unreachable:: + Pack unreachable loose objects (and their loose counterparts + removed). This implies `--revs`. + +--unpack-unreachable:: + Keep unreachable objects in loose form. This implies `--revs`. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-rev-list[1] diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune.txt b/Documentation/git-prune.txt index 7a493c8..03552dd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-prune.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-prune.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-prune - Prune all unreachable objects from the object database SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git prune' [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>] [--] [<head>...] +'git prune' [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <time>] [--] [<head>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -42,19 +42,22 @@ OPTIONS --verbose:: Report all removed objects. -\--:: - Do not interpret any more arguments as options. +--progress:: + Show progress. --expire <time>:: Only expire loose objects older than <time>. +\--:: + Do not interpret any more arguments as options. + <head>...:: In addition to objects reachable from any of our references, keep objects reachable from listed <head>s. -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- To prune objects not used by your repository or another that borrows from your repository via its @@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ borrows from your repository via its $ git prune $(cd ../another && git rev-parse --all) ------------ -Notes +NOTES ----- In most cases, users will not need to call 'git prune' directly, but diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt index ce05b7a..118d9d8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-pull - Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git pull' [options] [<repository> [<refspec>...]] +'git pull' [<options>] [<repository> [<refspec>...]] DESCRIPTION @@ -101,13 +101,17 @@ Options related to merging include::merge-options.txt[] -r:: ---rebase[=false|true|preserve|interactive]:: +--rebase[=false|true|merges|preserve|interactive]:: When true, rebase the current branch on top of the upstream branch after fetching. If there is a remote-tracking branch corresponding to the upstream branch and the upstream branch was rebased since last fetched, the rebase uses that information to avoid rebasing non-local changes. + +When set to `merges`, rebase using `git rebase --rebase-merges` so that +the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see +linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details). ++ When set to preserve, rebase with the `--preserve-merges` option passed to `git rebase` so that locally created merge commits will not be flattened. + diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt index 3e76e99..55277a9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-v | --verbose] - [-u | --set-upstream] [--push-option=<string>] + [-u | --set-upstream] [-o <string> | --push-option=<string>] [--[no-]signed|--signed=(true|false|if-asked)] [--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]]] [--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>...]] @@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ already exists on the remote side. will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full symbolic names of the refs will be given. +-d:: --delete:: All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is the same as prefixing all refs with a colon. @@ -156,11 +157,17 @@ already exists on the remote side. Either all refs are updated, or on error, no refs are updated. If the server does not support atomic pushes the push will fail. --o:: ---push-option:: +-o <option>:: +--push-option=<option>:: Transmit the given string to the server, which passes them to the pre-receive as well as the post-receive hook. The given string must not contain a NUL or LF character. + When multiple `--push-option=<option>` are given, they are + all sent to the other side in the order listed on the + command line. + When no `--push-option=<option>` is given from the command + line, the values of configuration variable `push.pushOption` + are used instead. --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>:: --exec=<git-receive-pack>:: @@ -294,7 +301,7 @@ origin +master` to force a push to the `master` branch). See the These options are passed to linkgit:git-send-pack[1]. A thin transfer significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is - \--thin. + `--thin`. -q:: --quiet:: @@ -417,7 +424,7 @@ reason:: refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for failure is described. -Note about fast-forwards +NOTE ABOUT FAST-FORWARDS ------------------------ When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to @@ -504,7 +511,7 @@ overwrite it. In other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for a case where you do mean to lose history. -Examples +EXAMPLES -------- `git push`:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f693930 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt @@ -0,0 +1,252 @@ +git-range-diff(1) +================= + +NAME +---- +git-range-diff - Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch) + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git range-diff' [--color=[<when>]] [--no-color] [<diff-options>] + [--no-dual-color] [--creation-factor=<factor>] + ( <range1> <range2> | <rev1>...<rev2> | <base> <rev1> <rev2> ) + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This command shows the differences between two versions of a patch +series, or more generally, two commit ranges (ignoring merge commits). + +To that end, it first finds pairs of commits from both commit ranges +that correspond with each other. Two commits are said to correspond when +the diff between their patches (i.e. the author information, the commit +message and the commit diff) is reasonably small compared to the +patches' size. See ``Algorithm`` below for details. + +Finally, the list of matching commits is shown in the order of the +second commit range, with unmatched commits being inserted just after +all of their ancestors have been shown. + + +OPTIONS +------- +--no-dual-color:: + When the commit diffs differ, `git range-diff` recreates the + original diffs' coloring, and adds outer -/+ diff markers with + the *background* being red/green to make it easier to see e.g. + when there was a change in what exact lines were added. ++ +Additionally, the commit diff lines that are only present in the first commit +range are shown "dimmed" (this can be overridden using the `color.diff.<slot>` +config setting where `<slot>` is one of `contextDimmed`, `oldDimmed` and +`newDimmed`), and the commit diff lines that are only present in the second +commit range are shown in bold (which can be overridden using the config +settings `color.diff.<slot>` with `<slot>` being one of `contextBold`, +`oldBold` or `newBold`). ++ +This is known to `range-diff` as "dual coloring". Use `--no-dual-color` +to revert to color all lines according to the outer diff markers +(and completely ignore the inner diff when it comes to color). + +--creation-factor=<percent>:: + Set the creation/deletion cost fudge factor to `<percent>`. + Defaults to 60. Try a larger value if `git range-diff` erroneously + considers a large change a total rewrite (deletion of one commit + and addition of another), and a smaller one in the reverse case. + See the ``Algorithm`` section below for an explanation why this is + needed. + +<range1> <range2>:: + Compare the commits specified by the two ranges, where + `<range1>` is considered an older version of `<range2>`. + +<rev1>...<rev2>:: + Equivalent to passing `<rev2>..<rev1>` and `<rev1>..<rev2>`. + +<base> <rev1> <rev2>:: + Equivalent to passing `<base>..<rev1>` and `<base>..<rev2>`. + Note that `<base>` does not need to be the exact branch point + of the branches. Example: after rebasing a branch `my-topic`, + `git range-diff my-topic@{u} my-topic@{1} my-topic` would + show the differences introduced by the rebase. + +`git range-diff` also accepts the regular diff options (see +linkgit:git-diff[1]), most notably the `--color=[<when>]` and +`--no-color` options. These options are used when generating the "diff +between patches", i.e. to compare the author, commit message and diff of +corresponding old/new commits. There is currently no means to tweak the +diff options passed to `git log` when generating those patches. + + +CONFIGURATION +------------- +This command uses the `diff.color.*` and `pager.range-diff` settings +(the latter is on by default). +See linkgit:git-config[1]. + + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +When a rebase required merge conflicts to be resolved, compare the changes +introduced by the rebase directly afterwards using: + +------------ +$ git range-diff @{u} @{1} @ +------------ + + +A typical output of `git range-diff` would look like this: + +------------ +-: ------- > 1: 0ddba11 Prepare for the inevitable! +1: c0debee = 2: cab005e Add a helpful message at the start +2: f00dbal ! 3: decafe1 Describe a bug + @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@ + Author: A U Thor <author@example.com> + + -TODO: Describe a bug + +Describe a bug + @@ -324,5 +324,6 + This is expected. + + -+What is unexpected is that it will also crash. + ++Unexpectedly, it also crashes. This is a bug, and the jury is + ++still out there how to fix it best. See ticket #314 for details. + + Contact +3: bedead < -: ------- TO-UNDO +------------ + +In this example, there are 3 old and 3 new commits, where the developer +removed the 3rd, added a new one before the first two, and modified the +commit message of the 2nd commit as well its diff. + +When the output goes to a terminal, it is color-coded by default, just +like regular `git diff`'s output. In addition, the first line (adding a +commit) is green, the last line (deleting a commit) is red, the second +line (with a perfect match) is yellow like the commit header of `git +show`'s output, and the third line colors the old commit red, the new +one green and the rest like `git show`'s commit header. + +A naive color-coded diff of diffs is actually a bit hard to read, +though, as it colors the entire lines red or green. The line that added +"What is unexpected" in the old commit, for example, is completely red, +even if the intent of the old commit was to add something. + +To help with that, `range` uses the `--dual-color` mode by default. In +this mode, the diff of diffs will retain the original diff colors, and +prefix the lines with -/+ markers that have their *background* red or +green, to make it more obvious that they describe how the diff itself +changed. + + +Algorithm +--------- + +The general idea is this: we generate a cost matrix between the commits +in both commit ranges, then solve the least-cost assignment. + +The cost matrix is populated thusly: for each pair of commits, both +diffs are generated and the "diff of diffs" is generated, with 3 context +lines, then the number of lines in that diff is used as cost. + +To avoid false positives (e.g. when a patch has been removed, and an +unrelated patch has been added between two iterations of the same patch +series), the cost matrix is extended to allow for that, by adding +fixed-cost entries for wholesale deletes/adds. + +Example: Let commits `1--2` be the first iteration of a patch series and +`A--C` the second iteration. Let's assume that `A` is a cherry-pick of +`2,` and `C` is a cherry-pick of `1` but with a small modification (say, +a fixed typo). Visualize the commits as a bipartite graph: + +------------ + 1 A + + 2 B + + C +------------ + +We are looking for a "best" explanation of the new series in terms of +the old one. We can represent an "explanation" as an edge in the graph: + + +------------ + 1 A + / + 2 --------' B + + C +------------ + +This explanation comes for "free" because there was no change. Similarly +`C` could be explained using `1`, but that comes at some cost c>0 +because of the modification: + +------------ + 1 ----. A + | / + 2 ----+---' B + | + `----- C + c>0 +------------ + +In mathematical terms, what we are looking for is some sort of a minimum +cost bipartite matching; `1` is matched to `C` at some cost, etc. The +underlying graph is in fact a complete bipartite graph; the cost we +associate with every edge is the size of the diff between the two +commits' patches. To explain also new commits, we introduce dummy nodes +on both sides: + +------------ + 1 ----. A + | / + 2 ----+---' B + | + o `----- C + c>0 + o o + + o o +------------ + +The cost of an edge `o--C` is the size of `C`'s diff, modified by a +fudge factor that should be smaller than 100%. The cost of an edge +`o--o` is free. The fudge factor is necessary because even if `1` and +`C` have nothing in common, they may still share a few empty lines and +such, possibly making the assignment `1--C`, `o--o` slightly cheaper +than `1--o`, `o--C` even if `1` and `C` have nothing in common. With the +fudge factor we require a much larger common part to consider patches as +corresponding. + +The overall time needed to compute this algorithm is the time needed to +compute n+m commit diffs and then n*m diffs of patches, plus the time +needed to compute the least-cost assigment between n and m diffs. Git +uses an implementation of the Jonker-Volgenant algorithm to solve the +assignment problem, which has cubic runtime complexity. The matching +found in this case will look like this: + +------------ + 1 ----. A + | / + 2 ----+---' B + .--+-----' + o -' `----- C + c>0 + o ---------- o + + o ---------- o +------------ + + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-log[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt index 72bd809..5c70bc2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt @@ -81,12 +81,11 @@ OPTIONS * when both sides add a path identically. The resolution is to add that path. ---prefix=<prefix>/:: +--prefix=<prefix>:: Keep the current index contents, and read the contents of the named tree-ish under the directory at `<prefix>`. The command will refuse to overwrite entries that already - existed in the original index file. Note that the `<prefix>/` - value must end with a slash. + existed in the original index file. --exclude-per-directory=<gitignore>:: When running the command with `-u` and `-m` options, the @@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ OPTIONS The id of the tree object(s) to be read/merged. -Merging +MERGING ------- If `-m` is specified, 'git read-tree' can perform 3 kinds of merge, a single tree merge if only 1 tree is given, a @@ -383,7 +382,7 @@ middle of doing, and when your working tree is ready (i.e. you have finished your work-in-progress), attempt the merge again. -Sparse checkout +SPARSE CHECKOUT --------------- "Sparse checkout" allows populating the working directory sparsely. diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index 3cedfb0..1fbc6eb 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ git-rebase - Reapply commits on top of another base tip SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] +'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] [<upstream> [<branch>]] -'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] +'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>] -'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo +'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo | --show-current-patch DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -203,24 +203,7 @@ Alternatively, you can undo the 'git rebase' with CONFIGURATION ------------- -rebase.stat:: - Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last - rebase. False by default. - -rebase.autoSquash:: - If set to true enable `--autosquash` option by default. - -rebase.autoStash:: - If set to true enable `--autostash` option by default. - -rebase.missingCommitsCheck:: - If set to "warn", print warnings about removed commits in - interactive mode. If set to "error", print the warnings and - stop the rebase. If set to "ignore", no checking is - done. "ignore" by default. - -rebase.instructionFormat:: - Custom commit list format to use during an `--interactive` rebase. +include::rebase-config.txt[] OPTIONS ------- @@ -260,6 +243,15 @@ leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. --keep-empty:: Keep the commits that do not change anything from its parents in the result. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + +--allow-empty-message:: + By default, rebasing commits with an empty message will fail. + This option overrides that behavior, allowing commits with empty + messages to be rebased. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --skip:: Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch. @@ -267,6 +259,11 @@ leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. --edit-todo:: Edit the todo list during an interactive rebase. +--show-current-patch:: + Show the current patch in an interactive rebase or when rebase + is stopped because of conflicts. This is the equivalent of + `git show REBASE_HEAD`. + -m:: --merge:: Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge @@ -278,6 +275,8 @@ branch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge conflict happens, the side reported as 'ours' is the so-far rebased series, starting with <upstream>, and 'theirs' is the working branch. In other words, the sides are swapped. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. -s <strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: @@ -287,8 +286,10 @@ other words, the sides are swapped. + Because 'git rebase' replays each commit from the working branch on top of the <upstream> branch using the given strategy, using -the 'ours' strategy simply discards all patches from the <branch>, +the 'ours' strategy simply empties all patches from the <branch>, which makes little sense. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. -X <strategy-option>:: --strategy-option=<strategy-option>:: @@ -296,6 +297,8 @@ which makes little sense. This implies `--merge` and, if no strategy has been specified, `-s recursive`. Note the reversal of 'ours' and 'theirs' as noted above for the `-m` option. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. -S[<keyid>]:: --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: @@ -331,17 +334,21 @@ which makes little sense. and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding context exist they all must match. By default no context is ever ignored. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --f:: +--no-ff:: --force-rebase:: - Force a rebase even if the current branch is up to date and - the command without `--force` would return without doing anything. +-f:: + Individually replay all rebased commits instead of fast-forwarding + over the unchanged ones. This ensures that the entire history of + the rebased branch is composed of new commits. + -You may find this (or --no-ff with an interactive rebase) helpful after -reverting a topic branch merge, as this option recreates the topic branch with -fresh commits so it can be remerged successfully without needing to "revert -the reversion" (see the -link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details). +You may find this helpful after reverting a topic branch merge, as this option +recreates the topic branch with fresh commits so it can be remerged +successfully without needing to "revert the reversion" (see the +link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for +details). --fork-point:: --no-fork-point:: @@ -362,18 +369,22 @@ default is `--no-fork-point`, otherwise the default is `--fork-point`. --whitespace=<option>:: These flag are passed to the 'git apply' program (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch. - Incompatible with the --interactive option. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --committer-date-is-author-date:: --ignore-date:: These flags are passed to 'git am' to easily change the dates of the rebased commits (see linkgit:git-am[1]). - Incompatible with the --interactive option. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --signoff:: - This flag is passed to 'git am' to sign off all the rebased - commits (see linkgit:git-am[1]). Incompatible with the - --interactive option. + Add a Signed-off-by: trailer to all the rebased commits. Note + that if `--interactive` is given then only commits marked to be + picked, edited or reworded will have the trailer added. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. -i:: --interactive:: @@ -384,6 +395,35 @@ default is `--no-fork-point`, otherwise the default is `--fork-point`. The commit list format can be changed by setting the configuration option rebase.instructionFormat. A customized instruction format will automatically have the long commit hash prepended to the format. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + +-r:: +--rebase-merges[=(rebase-cousins|no-rebase-cousins)]:: + By default, a rebase will simply drop merge commits from the todo + list, and put the rebased commits into a single, linear branch. + With `--rebase-merges`, the rebase will instead try to preserve + the branching structure within the commits that are to be rebased, + by recreating the merge commits. Any resolved merge conflicts or + manual amendments in these merge commits will have to be + resolved/re-applied manually. ++ +By default, or when `no-rebase-cousins` was specified, commits which do not +have `<upstream>` as direct ancestor will keep their original branch point, +i.e. commits that would be excluded by gitlink:git-log[1]'s +`--ancestry-path` option will keep their original ancestry by default. If +the `rebase-cousins` mode is turned on, such commits are instead rebased +onto `<upstream>` (or `<onto>`, if specified). ++ +The `--rebase-merges` mode is similar in spirit to `--preserve-merges`, but +in contrast to that option works well in interactive rebases: commits can be +reordered, inserted and dropped at will. ++ +It is currently only possible to recreate the merge commits using the +`recursive` merge strategy; Different merge strategies can be used only via +explicit `exec git merge -s <strategy> [...]` commands. ++ +See also REBASING MERGES and INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. -p:: --preserve-merges:: @@ -394,6 +434,8 @@ have the long commit hash prepended to the format. This uses the `--interactive` machinery internally, but combining it with the `--interactive` option explicitly is generally not a good idea unless you know what you are doing (see BUGS below). ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. -x <cmd>:: --exec <cmd>:: @@ -416,6 +458,8 @@ squash/fixup series. + This uses the `--interactive` machinery internally, but it can be run without an explicit `--interactive`. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --root:: Rebase all commits reachable from <branch>, instead of @@ -426,6 +470,8 @@ without an explicit `--interactive`. When used together with both --onto and --preserve-merges, 'all' root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent instead. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --autosquash:: --no-autosquash:: @@ -440,11 +486,11 @@ without an explicit `--interactive`. too. The recommended way to create fixup/squash commits is by using the `--fixup`/`--squash` options of linkgit:git-commit[1]. + -This option is only valid when the `--interactive` option is used. -+ If the `--autosquash` option is enabled by default using the configuration variable `rebase.autoSquash`, this option can be used to override and disable this setting. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --autostash:: --no-autostash:: @@ -454,17 +500,73 @@ used to override and disable this setting. with care: the final stash application after a successful rebase might result in non-trivial conflicts. ---no-ff:: - With --interactive, cherry-pick all rebased commits instead of - fast-forwarding over the unchanged ones. This ensures that the - entire history of the rebased branch is composed of new commits. -+ -Without --interactive, this is a synonym for --force-rebase. -+ -You may find this helpful after reverting a topic branch merge, as this option -recreates the topic branch with fresh commits so it can be remerged -successfully without needing to "revert the reversion" (see the -link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details). +INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS +-------------------- + +git-rebase has many flags that are incompatible with each other, +predominantly due to the fact that it has three different underlying +implementations: + + * one based on linkgit:git-am[1] (the default) + * one based on git-merge-recursive (merge backend) + * one based on linkgit:git-cherry-pick[1] (interactive backend) + +Flags only understood by the am backend: + + * --committer-date-is-author-date + * --ignore-date + * --whitespace + * --ignore-whitespace + * -C + +Flags understood by both merge and interactive backends: + + * --merge + * --strategy + * --strategy-option + * --allow-empty-message + +Flags only understood by the interactive backend: + + * --[no-]autosquash + * --rebase-merges + * --preserve-merges + * --interactive + * --exec + * --keep-empty + * --autosquash + * --edit-todo + * --root when used in combination with --onto + +Other incompatible flag pairs: + + * --preserve-merges and --interactive + * --preserve-merges and --signoff + * --preserve-merges and --rebase-merges + * --rebase-merges and --strategy + * --rebase-merges and --strategy-option + +BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES +----------------------- + + * empty commits: + + am-based rebase will drop any "empty" commits, whether the + commit started empty (had no changes relative to its parent to + start with) or ended empty (all changes were already applied + upstream in other commits). + + merge-based rebase does the same. + + interactive-based rebase will by default drop commits that + started empty and halt if it hits a commit that ended up empty. + The `--keep-empty` option exists for interactive rebases to allow + it to keep commits that started empty. + + * directory rename detection: + + merge-based and interactive-based rebases work fine with + directory rename detection. am-based rebases sometimes do not. include::merge-strategies.txt[] @@ -782,12 +884,147 @@ The ripple effect of a "hard case" recovery is especially bad: 'everyone' downstream from 'topic' will now have to perform a "hard case" recovery too! +REBASING MERGES +--------------- + +The interactive rebase command was originally designed to handle +individual patch series. As such, it makes sense to exclude merge +commits from the todo list, as the developer may have merged the +then-current `master` while working on the branch, only to rebase +all the commits onto `master` eventually (skipping the merge +commits). + +However, there are legitimate reasons why a developer may want to +recreate merge commits: to keep the branch structure (or "commit +topology") when working on multiple, inter-related branches. + +In the following example, the developer works on a topic branch that +refactors the way buttons are defined, and on another topic branch +that uses that refactoring to implement a "Report a bug" button. The +output of `git log --graph --format=%s -5` may look like this: + +------------ +* Merge branch 'report-a-bug' +|\ +| * Add the feedback button +* | Merge branch 'refactor-button' +|\ \ +| |/ +| * Use the Button class for all buttons +| * Extract a generic Button class from the DownloadButton one +------------ + +The developer might want to rebase those commits to a newer `master` +while keeping the branch topology, for example when the first topic +branch is expected to be integrated into `master` much earlier than the +second one, say, to resolve merge conflicts with changes to the +DownloadButton class that made it into `master`. + +This rebase can be performed using the `--rebase-merges` option. +It will generate a todo list looking like this: + +------------ +label onto + +# Branch: refactor-button +reset onto +pick 123456 Extract a generic Button class from the DownloadButton one +pick 654321 Use the Button class for all buttons +label refactor-button + +# Branch: report-a-bug +reset refactor-button # Use the Button class for all buttons +pick abcdef Add the feedback button +label report-a-bug + +reset onto +merge -C a1b2c3 refactor-button # Merge 'refactor-button' +merge -C 6f5e4d report-a-bug # Merge 'report-a-bug' +------------ + +In contrast to a regular interactive rebase, there are `label`, `reset` +and `merge` commands in addition to `pick` ones. + +The `label` command associates a label with the current HEAD when that +command is executed. These labels are created as worktree-local refs +(`refs/rewritten/<label>`) that will be deleted when the rebase +finishes. That way, rebase operations in multiple worktrees linked to +the same repository do not interfere with one another. If the `label` +command fails, it is rescheduled immediately, with a helpful message how +to proceed. + +The `reset` command resets the HEAD, index and worktree to the specified +revision. It is isimilar to an `exec git reset --hard <label>`, but +refuses to overwrite untracked files. If the `reset` command fails, it is +rescheduled immediately, with a helpful message how to edit the todo list +(this typically happens when a `reset` command was inserted into the todo +list manually and contains a typo). + +The `merge` command will merge the specified revision(s) into whatever +is HEAD at that time. With `-C <original-commit>`, the commit message of +the specified merge commit will be used. When the `-C` is changed to +a lower-case `-c`, the message will be opened in an editor after a +successful merge so that the user can edit the message. + +If a `merge` command fails for any reason other than merge conflicts (i.e. +when the merge operation did not even start), it is rescheduled immediately. + +At this time, the `merge` command will *always* use the `recursive` +merge strategy for regular merges, and `octopus` for octopus merges, +strategy, with no way to choose a different one. To work around +this, an `exec` command can be used to call `git merge` explicitly, +using the fact that the labels are worktree-local refs (the ref +`refs/rewritten/onto` would correspond to the label `onto`, for example). + +Note: the first command (`label onto`) labels the revision onto which +the commits are rebased; The name `onto` is just a convention, as a nod +to the `--onto` option. + +It is also possible to introduce completely new merge commits from scratch +by adding a command of the form `merge <merge-head>`. This form will +generate a tentative commit message and always open an editor to let the +user edit it. This can be useful e.g. when a topic branch turns out to +address more than a single concern and wants to be split into two or +even more topic branches. Consider this todo list: + +------------ +pick 192837 Switch from GNU Makefiles to CMake +pick 5a6c7e Document the switch to CMake +pick 918273 Fix detection of OpenSSL in CMake +pick afbecd http: add support for TLS v1.3 +pick fdbaec Fix detection of cURL in CMake on Windows +------------ + +The one commit in this list that is not related to CMake may very well +have been motivated by working on fixing all those bugs introduced by +switching to CMake, but it addresses a different concern. To split this +branch into two topic branches, the todo list could be edited like this: + +------------ +label onto + +pick afbecd http: add support for TLS v1.3 +label tlsv1.3 + +reset onto +pick 192837 Switch from GNU Makefiles to CMake +pick 918273 Fix detection of OpenSSL in CMake +pick fdbaec Fix detection of cURL in CMake on Windows +pick 5a6c7e Document the switch to CMake +label cmake + +reset onto +merge tlsv1.3 +merge cmake +------------ + BUGS ---- The todo list presented by `--preserve-merges --interactive` does not represent the topology of the revision graph. Editing commits and rewording their commit messages should work fine, but attempts to -reorder commits tend to produce counterintuitive results. +reorder commits tend to produce counterintuitive results. Use +`--rebase-merges` in such scenarios instead. For example, an attempt to rearrange ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt index 86a4b32..dedf97e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ OPTIONS <directory>:: The repository to sync into. -pre-receive Hook +PRE-RECEIVE HOOK ---------------- Before any ref is updated, if $GIT_DIR/hooks/pre-receive file exists and is executable, it will be invoked once with no parameters. The @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ bail out if the update is not to be supported. See the notes on the quarantine environment below. -update Hook +UPDATE HOOK ----------- Before each ref is updated, if $GIT_DIR/hooks/update file exists and is executable, it is invoked once per ref, with three parameters: @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ ensure the ref will actually be updated, it is only a prerequisite. As such it is not a good idea to send notices (e.g. email) from this hook. Consider using the post-receive hook instead. -post-receive Hook +POST-RECEIVE HOOK ----------------- After all refs were updated (or attempted to be updated), if any ref update was successful, and if $GIT_DIR/hooks/post-receive @@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ after it was updated by 'git-receive-pack', but before the hook was able to evaluate it. It is recommended that hooks rely on sha1-new rather than the current value of refname. -post-update Hook +POST-UPDATE HOOK ---------------- After all other processing, if at least one ref was updated, and if $GIT_DIR/hooks/post-update file exists and is executable, then @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ if the repository is packed and is served via a dumb transport. exec git update-server-info -Quarantine Environment +QUARANTINE ENVIRONMENT ---------------------- When `receive-pack` takes in objects, they are placed into a temporary diff --git a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt index 44c736f..472a680 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt @@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ depending on the subcommand: 'git reflog' ['show'] [log-options] [<ref>] 'git reflog expire' [--expire=<time>] [--expire-unreachable=<time>] [--rewrite] [--updateref] [--stale-fix] - [--dry-run] [--verbose] [--all | <refs>...] + [--dry-run | -n] [--verbose] [--all | <refs>...] 'git reflog delete' [--rewrite] [--updateref] - [--dry-run] [--verbose] ref@\{specifier\}... + [--dry-run | -n] [--verbose] ref@\{specifier\}... 'git reflog exists' <ref> Reference logs, or "reflogs", record when the tips of branches and diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt index b25d0b5..3fc5d94 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ some tunnel. the vhost field in the git:// service request (to rest of the argument). Default is not to send vhost in such request (if sent). -ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES: ----------------------- +ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES +--------------------- GIT_TRANSLOOP_DEBUG:: If set, prints debugging information about various reads/writes. -ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES PASSED TO COMMAND: ----------------------------------------- +ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES PASSED TO COMMAND +--------------------------------------- GIT_EXT_SERVICE:: Set to long name (git-upload-pack, etc...) of service helper needs @@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ GIT_EXT_SERVICE_NOPREFIX:: to invoke. -EXAMPLES: ---------- +EXAMPLES +-------- This remote helper is transparently used by Git when you use commands such as "git fetch <URL>", "git clone <URL>", , "git push <URL>" or "git remote add <nick> <URL>", where <URL> diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-remote.txt index 577b969..0cad37f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote.txt @@ -172,24 +172,28 @@ With `-n` option, the remote heads are not queried first with 'prune':: -Deletes all stale remote-tracking branches under <name>. -These stale branches have already been removed from the remote repository -referenced by <name>, but are still locally available in -"remotes/<name>". +Deletes stale references associated with <name>. By default, stale +remote-tracking branches under <name> are deleted, but depending on +global configuration and the configuration of the remote we might even +prune local tags that haven't been pushed there. Equivalent to `git +fetch --prune <name>`, except that no new references will be fetched. ++ +See the PRUNING section of linkgit:git-fetch[1] for what it'll prune +depending on various configuration. + With `--dry-run` option, report what branches will be pruned, but do not actually prune them. 'update':: -Fetch updates for a named set of remotes in the repository as defined by -remotes.<group>. If a named group is not specified on the command line, +Fetch updates for remotes or remote groups in the repository as defined by +remotes.<group>. If neither group nor remote is specified on the command line, the configuration parameter remotes.default will be used; if remotes.default is not defined, all remotes which do not have the configuration parameter remote.<name>.skipDefaultUpdate set to true will be updated. (See linkgit:git-config[1]). + -With `--prune` option, prune all the remotes that are updated. +With `--prune` option, run pruning against all the remotes that are updated. DISCUSSION @@ -199,7 +203,7 @@ The remote configuration is achieved using the `remote.origin.url` and `remote.origin.fetch` configuration variables. (See linkgit:git-config[1]). -Examples +EXAMPLES -------- * Add a new remote, fetch, and check out a branch from it diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt index ae750e9..d056250 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-repack - Pack unpacked objects in a repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-F] [-l] [-n] [-q] [-b] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>] [--threads=<n>] +'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-F] [-l] [-n] [-q] [-b] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>] [--threads=<n>] [--keep-pack=<pack-name>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ OPTIONS Note that users fetching over dumb protocols will have to fetch the whole new pack in order to get any contained object, no matter how many other objects in that pack they already have locally. ++ +Promisor packfiles are repacked separately: if there are packfiles that +have an associated ".promisor" file, these packfiles will be repacked +into another separate pack, and an empty ".promisor" file corresponding +to the new separate pack will be written. -A:: Same as `-a`, unless `-d` is used. Then any unreachable @@ -90,7 +95,9 @@ other objects in that pack they already have locally. space. `--depth` limits the maximum delta depth; making it too deep affects the performance on the unpacker side, because delta data needs to be applied that many times to get to the necessary object. - The default value for --window is 10 and --depth is 50. ++ +The default value for --window is 10 and --depth is 50. The maximum +depth is 4095. --threads=<n>:: This option is passed through to `git pack-objects`. @@ -133,6 +140,13 @@ other objects in that pack they already have locally. with `-b` or `repack.writeBitmaps`, as it ensures that the bitmapped packfile has the necessary objects. +--keep-pack=<pack-name>:: + Exclude the given pack from repacking. This is the equivalent + of having `.keep` file on the pack. `<pack-name>` is the the + pack file name without leading directory (e.g. `pack-123.pack`). + The option could be specified multiple times to keep multiple + packs. + --unpack-unreachable=<when>:: When loosening unreachable objects, do not bother loosening any objects older than `<when>`. This can be used to optimize out diff --git a/Documentation/git-replace.txt b/Documentation/git-replace.txt index e5c57ae..246dc99 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-replace.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-replace.txt @@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git replace' [-f] <object> <replacement> 'git replace' [-f] --edit <object> 'git replace' [-f] --graft <commit> [<parent>...] +'git replace' [-f] --convert-graft-file 'git replace' -d <object>... 'git replace' [--format=<format>] [-l [<pattern>]] @@ -87,9 +88,13 @@ OPTIONS content as <commit> except that its parents will be [<parent>...] instead of <commit>'s parents. A replacement ref is then created to replace <commit> with the newly created - commit. See contrib/convert-grafts-to-replace-refs.sh for an - example script based on this option that can convert grafts to - replace refs. + commit. Use `--convert-graft-file` to convert a + `$GIT_DIR/info/grafts` file and use replace refs instead. + +--convert-graft-file:: + Creates graft commits for all entries in `$GIT_DIR/info/grafts` + and deletes that file upon success. The purpose is to help users + with transitioning off of the now-deprecated graft file. -l <pattern>:: --list <pattern>:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt index c32cb0b..4d4392d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt @@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ ref that is different from the ref you have locally, you can use the its remote name. -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- Imagine that you built your work on your `master` branch on top of the `v1.0` release, and want it to be integrated to the project. diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt index ef22f17..88609ff 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt @@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ SYNOPSIS [ --fixed-strings | -F ] [ --date=<format>] [ [ --objects | --objects-edge | --objects-edge-aggressive ] - [ --unpacked ] ] + [ --unpacked ] + [ --filter=<filter-spec> [ --filter-print-omitted ] ] ] + [ --missing=<missing-action> ] [ --pretty | --header ] [ --bisect ] [ --bisect-vars ] diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt index 95326b8..e72d332 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-rev-parse - Pick out and massage parameters SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git rev-parse' [ --option ] <args>... +'git rev-parse' [<options>] <args>... DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ Example ------------ OPTS_SPEC="\ -some-command [options] <args>... +some-command [<options>] <args>... some-command does foo and bar! -- @@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ When `"$@"` is `-h` or `--help` in the above example, the following usage text would be shown: ------------ -usage: some-command [options] <args>... +usage: some-command [<options>] <args>... some-command does foo and bar! diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index bac9014..465a4ec 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-send-email - Send a collection of patches as emails SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git send-email' [options] <file|directory|rev-list options>... +'git send-email' [<options>] <file|directory|rev-list options>... 'git send-email' --dump-aliases @@ -84,6 +84,11 @@ See the CONFIGURATION section for `sendemail.multiEdit`. the value of GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT, or GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT if that is not set, as returned by "git var -l". +--reply-to=<address>:: + Specify the address where replies from recipients should go to. + Use this if replies to messages should go to another address than what + is specified with the --from parameter. + --in-reply-to=<identifier>:: Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to @@ -132,15 +137,17 @@ Note that no attempts whatsoever are made to validate the encoding. Specify encoding of compose message. Default is the value of the 'sendemail.composeencoding'; if that is unspecified, UTF-8 is assumed. ---transfer-encoding=(7bit|8bit|quoted-printable|base64):: +--transfer-encoding=(7bit|8bit|quoted-printable|base64|auto):: Specify the transfer encoding to be used to send the message over SMTP. 7bit will fail upon encountering a non-ASCII message. quoted-printable can be useful when the repository contains files that contain carriage returns, but makes the raw patch email file (as saved from a MUA) much harder to inspect manually. base64 is even more fool proof, but also - even more opaque. Default is the value of the `sendemail.transferEncoding` - configuration value; if that is unspecified, git will use 8bit and not - add a Content-Transfer-Encoding header. + even more opaque. auto will use 8bit when possible, and quoted-printable + otherwise. ++ +Default is the value of the `sendemail.transferEncoding` configuration +value; if that is unspecified, default to `auto`. --xmailer:: --no-xmailer:: @@ -203,9 +210,9 @@ a password is obtained using 'git-credential'. specify a full pathname of a sendmail-like program instead; the program must support the `-i` option. Default value can be specified by the `sendemail.smtpServer` configuration - option; the built-in default is `/usr/sbin/sendmail` or - `/usr/lib/sendmail` if such program is available, or - `localhost` otherwise. + option; the built-in default is to search for `sendmail` in + `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/lib` and $PATH if such program is + available, falling back to `localhost` otherwise. --smtp-server-port=<port>:: Specifies a port different from the default port (SMTP @@ -250,7 +257,7 @@ must be used for each option. --batch-size=<num>:: Some email servers (e.g. smtp.163.com) limit the number emails to be - sent per session (connection) and this will lead to a faliure when + sent per session (connection) and this will lead to a failure when sending many messages. With this option, send-email will disconnect after sending $<num> messages and wait for a few seconds (see --relogin-delay) and reconnect, to work around such a limit. You may want to @@ -393,8 +400,11 @@ have been specified, in which case default to 'compose'. + -- * Invoke the sendemail-validate hook if present (see linkgit:githooks[5]). - * Warn of patches that contain lines longer than 998 characters; this - is due to SMTP limits as described by http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2821.txt. + * Warn of patches that contain lines longer than + 998 characters unless a suitable transfer encoding + ('auto', 'base64', or 'quoted-printable') is used; + this is due to SMTP limits as described by + http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5322.txt. -- + Default is the value of `sendemail.validate`; if this is not set, @@ -453,8 +463,8 @@ sendemail.confirm:: one of 'always', 'never', 'cc', 'compose', or 'auto'. See `--confirm` in the previous section for the meaning of these values. -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- Use gmail as the smtp server ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To use 'git send-email' to send your patches through the GMail SMTP server, @@ -468,16 +478,7 @@ edit ~/.gitconfig to specify your account settings: If you have multifactor authentication setup on your gmail account, you will need to generate an app-specific password for use with 'git send-email'. Visit -https://security.google.com/settings/security/apppasswords to setup an -app-specific password. Once setup, you can store it with the credentials -helper: - - $ git credential fill - protocol=smtp - host=smtp.gmail.com - username=youname@gmail.com - password=app-password - +https://security.google.com/settings/security/apppasswords to create it. Once your commits are ready to be sent to the mailing list, run the following commands: @@ -486,6 +487,11 @@ following commands: $ edit outgoing/0000-* $ git send-email outgoing/* +The first time you run it, you will be prompted for your credentials. Enter the +app-specific or your regular password as appropriate. If you have credential +helper configured (see linkgit:git-credential[1]), the password will be saved in +the credential store so you won't have to type it the next time. + Note: the following perl modules are required Net::SMTP::SSL, MIME::Base64 and Authen::SASL diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt index f51c649..44fd146 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ be in a separate packet, and the list must end with a flush packet. The remote refs to update. -Specifying the Refs +SPECIFYING THE REFS ------------------- There are three ways to specify which refs to update on the diff --git a/Documentation/git-shell.txt b/Documentation/git-shell.txt index 54cf256..11361f3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-shell.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-shell.txt @@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ permissions. If a `no-interactive-login` command exists, then it is run and the interactive shell is aborted. -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- To disable interactive logins, displaying a greeting instead: diff --git a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt index ee6c547..bc80905 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ git-shortlog - Summarize 'git log' output SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] +'git shortlog' [<options>] [<revision range>] [[--] <path>...] git log --pretty=short | 'git shortlog' [<options>] -'git shortlog' [<options>] [<revision range>] [[\--] <path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ them. ways to spell <revision range>, see the "Specifying Ranges" section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. -[\--] <path>...:: +[--] <path>...:: Consider only commits that are enough to explain how the files that match the specified paths came to be. + -Paths may need to be prefixed with "\-- " to separate them from +Paths may need to be prefixed with `--` to separate them from options or the revision range, when confusion arises. MAPPING AUTHORS diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt index 7818e0f..262db04 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt @@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ The "fixes" branch adds one commit "Introduce "reset type" flag to The current branch is "master". -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- If you keep your primary branches immediately under `refs/heads`, and topic branches in subdirectories of diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-index.txt b/Documentation/git-show-index.txt index a8a9509..424e4ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-index.txt @@ -14,13 +14,27 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Read the idx file for a Git packfile created with -'git pack-objects' command from the standard input, and -dump its contents. +Read the `.idx` file for a Git packfile (created with +linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] or linkgit:git-index-pack[1]) from the +standard input, and dump its contents. The output consists of one object +per line, with each line containing two or three space-separated +columns: -The information it outputs is subset of what you can get from -'git verify-pack -v'; this command only shows the packfile -offset and SHA-1 of each object. + - the first column is the offset in bytes of the object within the + corresponding packfile + + - the second column is the object id of the object + + - if the index version is 2 or higher, the third column contains the + CRC32 of the object data + +The objects are output in the order in which they are found in the index +file, which should be (in a correctly constructed file) sorted by object +id. + +Note that you can get more information on a packfile by calling +linkgit:git-verify-pack[1]. However, as this command considers only the +index file itself, it's both faster and more flexible. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt index c0aa871..d28e615 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt @@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ $ git show-ref --heads --hash ... ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- To show all references called "master", whether tags or heads or anything else, and regardless of how deep in the reference naming hierarchy they are, diff --git a/Documentation/git-show.txt b/Documentation/git-show.txt index 82a4125..fcf528c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-show - Show various types of objects SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git show' [options] <object>... +'git show' [<options>] [<object>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. OPTIONS ------- <object>...:: - The names of objects to show. + The names of objects to show (defaults to 'HEAD'). For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ EXAMPLES Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in the head of the branch `master`. -Discussion +DISCUSSION ---------- include::i18n.txt[] diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt index 00f95fe..7ef8c47 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt @@ -13,10 +13,8 @@ SYNOPSIS 'git stash' drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] 'git stash' ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] 'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>] -'git stash' save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] - [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>] 'git stash' [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] - [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]] + [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>] [--] [<pathspec>...]] 'git stash' clear 'git stash' create [<message>] @@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ and reverts the working directory to match the `HEAD` commit. The modifications stashed away by this command can be listed with `git stash list`, inspected with `git stash show`, and restored (potentially on top of a different commit) with `git stash apply`. -Calling `git stash` without any arguments is equivalent to `git stash save`. +Calling `git stash` without any arguments is equivalent to `git stash push`. A stash is by default listed as "WIP on 'branchname' ...", but you can give a more descriptive message on the command line when you create one. @@ -48,7 +46,6 @@ stash index (e.g. the integer `n` is equivalent to `stash@{n}`). OPTIONS ------- -save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]:: push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [-m|--message <message>] [--] [<pathspec>...]:: Save your local modifications to a new 'stash entry' and roll them @@ -87,6 +84,12 @@ linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. The `--patch` option implies `--keep-index`. You can use `--no-keep-index` to override this. +save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]:: + + This option is deprecated in favour of 'git stash push'. It + differs from "stash push" in that it cannot take pathspecs, + and any non-option arguments form the message. + list [<options>]:: List the stash entries that you currently have. Each 'stash entry' is @@ -118,7 +121,7 @@ pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Remove a single stashed state from the stash list and apply it on top of the current working tree state, i.e., do the inverse - operation of `git stash save`. The working directory must + operation of `git stash push`. The working directory must match the index. + Applying the state can fail with conflicts; in this case, it is not @@ -137,7 +140,7 @@ apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Like `pop`, but do not remove the state from the stash list. Unlike `pop`, `<stash>` may be any commit that looks like a commit created by - `stash save` or `stash create`. + `stash push` or `stash create`. branch <branchname> [<stash>]:: @@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ branch <branchname> [<stash>]:: `stash@{<revision>}`, it then drops the `<stash>`. When no `<stash>` is given, applies the latest one. + -This is useful if the branch on which you ran `git stash save` has +This is useful if the branch on which you ran `git stash push` has changed enough that `git stash apply` fails due to conflicts. Since the stash entry is applied on top of the commit that was HEAD at the time `git stash` was run, it restores the originally stashed state @@ -172,14 +175,14 @@ create:: return its object name, without storing it anywhere in the ref namespace. This is intended to be useful for scripts. It is probably not - the command you want to use; see "save" above. + the command you want to use; see "push" above. store:: Store a given stash created via 'git stash create' (which is a dangling merge commit) in the stash ref, updating the stash reflog. This is intended to be useful for scripts. It is - probably not the command you want to use; see "save" above. + probably not the command you want to use; see "push" above. DISCUSSION ---------- @@ -255,14 +258,14 @@ $ git stash pop Testing partial commits:: -You can use `git stash save --keep-index` when you want to make two or +You can use `git stash push --keep-index` when you want to make two or more commits out of the changes in the work tree, and you want to test each change before committing: + ---------------------------------------------------------------- # ... hack hack hack ... $ git add --patch foo # add just first part to the index -$ git stash save --keep-index # save all other changes to the stash +$ git stash push --keep-index # save all other changes to the stash $ edit/build/test first part $ git commit -m 'First part' # commit fully tested change $ git stash pop # prepare to work on all other changes diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt index 9f3a78a..d9f422d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-status.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt @@ -97,8 +97,27 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. (and suppresses the output of submodule summaries when the config option `status.submoduleSummary` is set). ---ignored:: +--ignored[=<mode>]:: Show ignored files as well. ++ +The mode parameter is used to specify the handling of ignored files. +It is optional: it defaults to 'traditional'. ++ +The possible options are: ++ + - 'traditional' - Shows ignored files and directories, unless + --untracked-files=all is specified, in which case + individual files in ignored directories are + displayed. + - 'no' - Show no ignored files. + - 'matching' - Shows ignored files and directories matching an + ignore pattern. ++ +When 'matching' mode is specified, paths that explicitly match an +ignored pattern are shown. If a directory matches an ignore pattern, +then it is shown, but not paths contained in the ignored directory. If +a directory does not match an ignore pattern, but all contents are +ignored, then the directory is not shown, but all contents are shown. -z:: Terminate entries with NUL, instead of LF. This implies @@ -111,6 +130,21 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. without options are equivalent to 'always' and 'never' respectively. +--ahead-behind:: +--no-ahead-behind:: + Display or do not display detailed ahead/behind counts for the + branch relative to its upstream branch. Defaults to true. + +--renames:: +--no-renames:: + Turn on/off rename detection regardless of user configuration. + See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `--no-renames`. + +--find-renames[=<n>]:: + Turn on rename detection, optionally setting the similarity + threshold. + See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `--find-renames`. + <pathspec>...:: See the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. @@ -130,14 +164,15 @@ the status.relativePaths config option below. Short Format ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -In the short-format, the status of each path is shown as +In the short-format, the status of each path is shown as one of these +forms - XY PATH1 -> PATH2 + XY PATH + XY ORIG_PATH -> PATH -where `PATH1` is the path in the `HEAD`, and the " `-> PATH2`" part is -shown only when `PATH1` corresponds to a different path in the -index/worktree (i.e. the file is renamed). The `XY` is a two-letter -status code. +where `ORIG_PATH` is where the renamed/copied contents came +from. `ORIG_PATH` is only shown when the entry is renamed or +copied. The `XY` is a two-letter status code. The fields (including the `->`) are separated from each other by a single space. If a filename contains whitespace or other nonprintable @@ -164,15 +199,17 @@ in which case `XY` are `!!`. X Y Meaning ------------------------------------------------- - [MD] not updated + [AMD] not updated M [ MD] updated in index A [ MD] added to index - D [ M] deleted from index + D deleted from index R [ MD] renamed in index C [ MD] copied in index [MARC] index and work tree matches [ MARC] M work tree changed since index [ MARC] D deleted in work tree + [ D] R renamed in work tree + [ D] C copied in work tree ------------------------------------------------- D D unmerged, both deleted A U unmerged, added by us @@ -290,13 +327,13 @@ Renamed or copied entries have the following format: of similarity between the source and target of the move or copy). For example "R100" or "C75". <path> The pathname. In a renamed/copied entry, this - is the path in the index and in the working tree. + is the target path. <sep> When the `-z` option is used, the 2 pathnames are separated with a NUL (ASCII 0x00) byte; otherwise, a tab (ASCII 0x09) byte separates them. - <origPath> The pathname in the commit at HEAD. This is only - present in a renamed/copied entry, and tells - where the renamed/copied contents came from. + <origPath> The pathname in the commit at HEAD or in the index. + This is only present in a renamed/copied entry, and + tells where the renamed/copied contents came from. -------------------------------------------------------- Unmerged entries have the following format; the first character is @@ -368,6 +405,19 @@ ignored submodules you can either use the --ignore-submodules=dirty command line option or the 'git submodule summary' command, which shows a similar output but does not honor these settings. +BACKGROUND REFRESH +------------------ + +By default, `git status` will automatically refresh the index, updating +the cached stat information from the working tree and writing out the +result. Writing out the updated index is an optimization that isn't +strictly necessary (`status` computes the values for itself, but writing +them out is just to save subsequent programs from repeating our +computation). When `status` is run in the background, the lock held +during the write may conflict with other simultaneous processes, causing +them to fail. Scripts running `status` in the background should consider +using `git --no-optional-locks status` (see linkgit:git[1] for details). + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:gitignore[5] diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index ff61200..ba3c4df 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ have to use '../foo.git' instead of './foo.git' - as one might expect when following the rules for relative URLs - because the evaluation of relative URLs in Git is identical to that of relative directories). + -The default remote is the remote of the remote tracking branch -of the current branch. If no such remote tracking branch exists or +The default remote is the remote of the remote-tracking branch +of the current branch. If no such remote-tracking branch exists or the HEAD is detached, "origin" is assumed to be the default remote. If the superproject doesn't have a default remote configured the superproject is its own authoritative upstream and the current @@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ status [--cached] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]:: Show the status of the submodules. This will print the SHA-1 of the currently checked out commit for each submodule, along with the submodule path and the output of 'git describe' for the - SHA-1. Each SHA-1 will be prefixed with `-` if the submodule is not - initialized, `+` if the currently checked out submodule commit + SHA-1. Each SHA-1 will possibly be prefixed with `-` if the submodule is + not initialized, `+` if the currently checked out submodule commit does not match the SHA-1 found in the index of the containing repository and `U` if the submodule has merge conflicts. + @@ -132,15 +132,15 @@ expects by cloning missing submodules and updating the working tree of the submodules. The "updating" can be done in several ways depending on command line options and the value of `submodule.<name>.update` configuration variable. The command line option takes precedence over -the configuration variable. if neither is given, a checkout is performed. -update procedures supported both from the command line as well as setting -`submodule.<name>.update`: +the configuration variable. If neither is given, a 'checkout' is performed. +The 'update' procedures supported both from the command line as well as +through the `submodule.<name>.update` configuration are: checkout;; the commit recorded in the superproject will be checked out in the submodule on a detached HEAD. + If `--force` is specified, the submodule will be checked out (using -`git checkout --force` if appropriate), even if the commit specified +`git checkout --force`), even if the commit specified in the index of the containing repository already matches the commit checked out in the submodule. @@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ checked out in the submodule. merge;; the commit recorded in the superproject will be merged into the current branch in the submodule. -The following procedures are only available via the `submodule.<name>.update` -configuration variable: +The following 'update' procedures are only available via the +`submodule.<name>.update` configuration variable: custom command;; arbitrary shell command that takes a single argument (the sha1 of the commit recorded in the @@ -183,12 +183,17 @@ information too. foreach [--recursive] <command>:: Evaluates an arbitrary shell command in each checked out submodule. - The command has access to the variables $name, $path, $sha1 and - $toplevel: + The command has access to the variables $name, $sm_path, $displaypath, + $sha1 and $toplevel: $name is the name of the relevant submodule section in `.gitmodules`, - $path is the name of the submodule directory relative to the - superproject, $sha1 is the commit as recorded in the superproject, - and $toplevel is the absolute path to the top-level of the superproject. + $sm_path is the path of the submodule as recorded in the immediate + superproject, $displaypath contains the relative path from the + current working directory to the submodules root directory, + $sha1 is the commit as recorded in the immediate + superproject, and $toplevel is the absolute path to the top-level + of the immediate superproject. + Note that to avoid conflicts with '$PATH' on Windows, the '$path' + variable is now a deprecated synonym of '$sm_path' variable. Any submodules defined in the superproject but not checked out are ignored by this command. Unless given `--quiet`, foreach prints the name of each submodule before evaluating the command. @@ -213,8 +218,8 @@ sync [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]:: submodule URLs change upstream and you need to update your local repositories accordingly. + -"git submodule sync" synchronizes all submodules while -"git submodule sync \-- A" synchronizes submodule "A" only. +`git submodule sync` synchronizes all submodules while +`git submodule sync -- A` synchronizes submodule "A" only. + If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into the registered submodules, and sync any nested submodules within. @@ -239,6 +244,13 @@ OPTIONS --quiet:: Only print error messages. +--progress:: + This option is only valid for add and update commands. + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q + is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the + standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. + --all:: This option is only valid for the deinit command. Unregister all submodules in the working tree. @@ -362,7 +374,15 @@ the submodule itself. this option will be passed to the linkgit:git-clone[1] command. + *NOTE*: Do *not* use this option unless you have read the note -for linkgit:git-clone[1]'s `--reference` and `--shared` options carefully. +for linkgit:git-clone[1]'s `--reference`, `--shared`, and `--dissociate` +options carefully. + +--dissociate:: + This option is only valid for add and update commands. These + commands sometimes need to clone a remote repository. In this case, + this option will be passed to the linkgit:git-clone[1] command. ++ +*NOTE*: see the NOTE for the `--reference` option. --recursive:: This option is only valid for foreach, update, status and sync commands. diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index 636e090..b990295 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-svn - Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git svn' <command> [options] [arguments] +'git svn' <command> [<options>] [<arguments>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git log' 'commit-diff':: Commits the diff of two tree-ish arguments from the - command-line. This command does not rely on being inside an `git svn + command-line. This command does not rely on being inside a `git svn init`-ed repository. This command takes three arguments, (a) the original tree to diff against, (b) the new tree result, (c) the URL of the target Subversion repository. The final argument @@ -635,7 +635,8 @@ config key: svn.findcopiesharder -A<filename>:: --authors-file=<filename>:: - Syntax is compatible with the file used by 'git cvsimport': + Syntax is compatible with the file used by 'git cvsimport' but + an empty email address can be supplied with '<>': + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ loginname = Joe User <user@example.com> @@ -654,8 +655,14 @@ config key: svn.authorsfile If this option is specified, for each SVN committer name that does not exist in the authors file, the given file is executed with the committer name as the first argument. The program is - expected to return a single line of the form "Name <email>", - which will be treated as if included in the authors file. + expected to return a single line of the form "Name <email>" or + "Name <>", which will be treated as if included in the authors + file. ++ +Due to historical reasons a relative 'filename' is first searched +relative to the current directory for 'init' and 'clone' and relative +to the root of the working tree for 'fetch'. If 'filename' is +not found, it is searched like any other command in '$PATH'. + [verse] config key: svn.authorsProg @@ -700,7 +707,7 @@ creating the branch or tag. config key: svn.useLogAuthor --add-author-from:: - When committing to svn from Git (as part of 'commit-diff', 'set-tree' or 'dcommit' + When committing to svn from Git (as part of 'set-tree' or 'dcommit' operations), if the existing log message doesn't already have a `From:` or `Signed-off-by:` line, append a `From:` line based on the Git commit's author string. If you use this, then `--use-log-author` diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt index 956fc01..92f9c12 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-tag - Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git tag' [-a | -s | -u <keyid>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] +'git tag' [-a | -s | -u <keyid>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e] <tagname> [<commit> | <object>] 'git tag' -d <tagname>... 'git tag' [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] @@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ in the tag message. If `-m <msg>` or `-F <file>` is given and `-a`, `-s`, and `-u <keyid>` are absent, `-a` is implied. -Otherwise just a tag reference for the SHA-1 object name of the commit object is -created (i.e. a lightweight tag). +Otherwise, a tag reference that points directly at the given object +(i.e., a lightweight tag) is created. A GnuPG signed tag object will be created when `-s` or `-u <keyid>` is used. When `-u <keyid>` is not used, the @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ options for details. variable if it exists, or lexicographic order otherwise. See linkgit:git-config[1]. ---color[=<when>]: +--color[=<when>]:: Respect any colors specified in the `--format` option. The `<when>` field must be one of `always`, `never`, or `auto` (if `<when>` is absent, behave as if `always` was given). @@ -167,6 +167,12 @@ This option is only applicable when listing tags without annotation lines. Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <keyid>` is given. +-e:: +--edit:: + The message taken from file with `-F` and command line with + `-m` are usually used as the tag message unmodified. + This option lets you further edit the message taken from these sources. + --cleanup=<mode>:: This option sets how the tag message is cleaned up. The '<mode>' can be one of 'verbatim', 'whitespace' and 'strip'. The diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt index 75c7dd9..1c4d146 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt @@ -16,9 +16,11 @@ SYNOPSIS [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--[no-]assume-unchanged] [--[no-]skip-worktree] + [--[no-]fsmonitor-valid] [--ignore-submodules] [--[no-]split-index] [--[no-|test-|force-]untracked-cache] + [--[no-]fsmonitor] [--really-refresh] [--unresolve] [--again | -g] [--info-only] [--index-info] [-z] [--stdin] [--index-version <n>] @@ -111,6 +113,12 @@ you will need to handle the situation manually. set and unset the "skip-worktree" bit for the paths. See section "Skip-worktree bit" below for more information. +--[no-]fsmonitor-valid:: + When one of these flags is specified, the object name recorded + for the paths are not updated. Instead, these options + set and unset the "fsmonitor valid" bit for the paths. See + section "File System Monitor" below for more information. + -g:: --again:: Runs 'git update-index' itself on the paths whose index @@ -201,6 +209,15 @@ will remove the intended effect of the option. `--untracked-cache` used to imply `--test-untracked-cache` but this option would enable the extension unconditionally. +--fsmonitor:: +--no-fsmonitor:: + Enable or disable files system monitor feature. These options + take effect whatever the value of the `core.fsmonitor` + configuration variable (see linkgit:git-config[1]). But a warning + is emitted when the change goes against the configured value, as + the configured value will take effect next time the index is + read and this will remove the intended effect of the option. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. @@ -211,7 +228,7 @@ will remove the intended effect of the option. cleaner names. The same applies to directories ending '/' and paths with '//' -Using --refresh +USING --REFRESH --------------- `--refresh` does not calculate a new sha1 file or bring the index up to date for mode/content changes. But what it *does* do is to @@ -222,16 +239,16 @@ the stat entry is out of date. For example, you'd want to do this after doing a 'git read-tree', to link up the stat index details with the proper files. -Using --cacheinfo or --info-only +USING --CACHEINFO OR --INFO-ONLY -------------------------------- `--cacheinfo` is used to register a file that is not in the current working directory. This is useful for minimum-checkout merging. -To pretend you have a file with mode and sha1 at path, say: +To pretend you have a file at path with mode and sha1, say: ---------------- -$ git update-index --cacheinfo <mode>,<sha1>,<path> +$ git update-index --add --cacheinfo <mode>,<sha1>,<path> ---------------- `--info-only` is used to register files without placing them in the object @@ -244,30 +261,27 @@ useful when the file is available, but you do not wish to update the object database. -Using --index-info +USING --INDEX-INFO ------------------ `--index-info` is a more powerful mechanism that lets you feed multiple entry definitions from the standard input, and designed specifically for scripts. It can take inputs of three formats: - . mode SP sha1 TAB path -+ -The first format is what "git-apply --index-info" -reports, and used to reconstruct a partial tree -that is used for phony merge base tree when falling -back on 3-way merge. - . mode SP type SP sha1 TAB path + -The second format is to stuff 'git ls-tree' output -into the index file. +This format is to stuff `git ls-tree` output into the index. . mode SP sha1 SP stage TAB path + This format is to put higher order stages into the index file and matches 'git ls-files --stage' output. + . mode SP sha1 TAB path ++ +This format is no longer produced by any Git command, but is +and will continue to be supported by `update-index --index-info`. + To place a higher stage entry to the index, the path should first be removed by feeding a mode=0 entry for the path, and then feeding necessary input lines in the third format. @@ -300,7 +314,7 @@ $ git ls-files -s ------------ -Using ``assume unchanged'' bit +USING ``ASSUME UNCHANGED'' BIT ------------------------------ Many operations in Git depend on your filesystem to have an @@ -333,7 +347,7 @@ the index (use `git update-index --really-refresh` if you want to mark them as "assume unchanged"). -Examples +EXAMPLES -------- To update and refresh only the files already checked out: @@ -370,7 +384,7 @@ M foo.c <9> now it checks with lstat(2) and finds it has been changed. -Skip-worktree bit +SKIP-WORKTREE BIT ----------------- Skip-worktree bit can be defined in one (long) sentence: When reading @@ -390,7 +404,7 @@ Although this bit looks similar to assume-unchanged bit, its goal is different from assume-unchanged bit's. Skip-worktree also takes precedence over assume-unchanged bit when both are set. -Split index +SPLIT INDEX ----------- This mode is designed for repositories with very large indexes, and @@ -415,7 +429,7 @@ To avoid deleting a shared index file that is still used, its modification time is updated to the current time everytime a new split index based on the shared index file is either created or read from. -Untracked cache +UNTRACKED CACHE --------------- This cache is meant to speed up commands that involve determining @@ -447,7 +461,61 @@ command reads the index; while when `--[no-|force-]untracked-cache` are used, the untracked cache is immediately added to or removed from the index. -Configuration +Before 2.17, the untracked cache had a bug where replacing a directory +with a symlink to another directory could cause it to incorrectly show +files tracked by git as untracked. See the "status: add a failing test +showing a core.untrackedCache bug" commit to git.git. A workaround for +that is (and this might work for other undiscovered bugs in the +future): + +---------------- +$ git -c core.untrackedCache=false status +---------------- + +This bug has also been shown to affect non-symlink cases of replacing +a directory with a file when it comes to the internal structures of +the untracked cache, but no case has been reported where this resulted in +wrong "git status" output. + +There are also cases where existing indexes written by git versions +before 2.17 will reference directories that don't exist anymore, +potentially causing many "could not open directory" warnings to be +printed on "git status". These are new warnings for existing issues +that were previously silently discarded. + +As with the bug described above the solution is to one-off do a "git +status" run with `core.untrackedCache=false` to flush out the leftover +bad data. + +FILE SYSTEM MONITOR +------------------- + +This feature is intended to speed up git operations for repos that have +large working directories. + +It enables git to work together with a file system monitor (see the +"fsmonitor-watchman" section of linkgit:githooks[5]) that can +inform it as to what files have been modified. This enables git to avoid +having to lstat() every file to find modified files. + +When used in conjunction with the untracked cache, it can further improve +performance by avoiding the cost of scanning the entire working directory +looking for new files. + +If you want to enable (or disable) this feature, it is easier to use +the `core.fsmonitor` configuration variable (see +linkgit:git-config[1]) than using the `--fsmonitor` option to +`git update-index` in each repository, especially if you want to do so +across all repositories you use, because you can set the configuration +variable in your `$HOME/.gitconfig` just once and have it affect all +repositories you touch. + +When the `core.fsmonitor` configuration variable is changed, the +file system monitor is added to or removed from the index the next time +a command reads the index. When `--[no-]fsmonitor` are used, the file +system monitor is immediately added to or removed from the index. + +CONFIGURATION ------------- The command honors `core.filemode` configuration variable. If diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt index 969bfab..bc8fdfd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ modifications are performed. Note that while each individual <ref> is updated or deleted atomically, a concurrent reader may still see a subset of the modifications. -Logging Updates +LOGGING UPDATES --------------- If config parameter "core.logAllRefUpdates" is true and the ref is one under "refs/heads/", "refs/remotes/", "refs/notes/", or the symbolic ref HEAD; or diff --git a/Documentation/git-var.txt b/Documentation/git-var.txt index 44ff954..6072f93 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-var.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-var.txt @@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ OPTIONS as well. (However, the configuration variables listing functionality is deprecated in favor of `git config -l`.) -EXAMPLE +EXAMPLES -------- $ git var GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@lnxi.com> 1121223278 -0600 VARIABLES ----------- +--------- GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT:: The author of a piece of code. diff --git a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt index 2d6b09a..fd952a5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-web--browse - Git helper script to launch a web browser SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git web{litdd}browse' [OPTIONS] URL/FILE ... +'git web{litdd}browse' [<options>] <url|file>... DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ variable exists then 'git web{litdd}browse' will treat the specified tool as a custom command and will use a shell eval to run the command with the URLs passed as arguments. -Note about konqueror +NOTE ABOUT KONQUEROR -------------------- When 'konqueror' is specified by a command-line option or a diff --git a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt index b472acc..29a5b7e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt @@ -9,10 +9,12 @@ git-worktree - Manage multiple working trees SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git worktree add' [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock] [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<branch>] +'git worktree add' [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock] [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>] 'git worktree list' [--porcelain] 'git worktree lock' [--reason <string>] <worktree> +'git worktree move' <worktree> <new-path> 'git worktree prune' [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>] +'git worktree remove' [-f] <worktree> 'git worktree unlock' <worktree> DESCRIPTION @@ -25,19 +27,16 @@ out more than one branch at a time. With `git worktree add` a new working tree is associated with the repository. This new working tree is called a "linked working tree" as opposed to the "main working tree" prepared by "git init" or "git clone". A repository has one main working tree (if it's not a -bare repository) and zero or more linked working trees. +bare repository) and zero or more linked working trees. When you are done +with a linked working tree, remove it with `git worktree remove`. -When you are done with a linked working tree you can simply delete it. -The working tree's administrative files in the repository (see -"DETAILS" below) will eventually be removed automatically (see +If a working tree is deleted without using `git worktree remove`, then +its associated administrative files, which reside in the repository +(see "DETAILS" below), will eventually be removed automatically (see `gc.worktreePruneExpire` in linkgit:git-config[1]), or you can run `git worktree prune` in the main or any linked working tree to clean up any stale administrative files. -If you move a linked working tree, you need to manually update the -administrative files so that they do not get pruned automatically. See -section "DETAILS" for more information. - If a linked working tree is stored on a portable device or network share which is not always mounted, you can prevent its administrative files from being pruned by issuing the `git worktree lock` command, optionally @@ -45,16 +44,39 @@ specifying `--reason` to explain why the working tree is locked. COMMANDS -------- -add <path> [<branch>]:: +add <path> [<commit-ish>]:: -Create `<path>` and checkout `<branch>` into it. The new working directory +Create `<path>` and checkout `<commit-ish>` into it. The new working directory is linked to the current repository, sharing everything except working directory specific files such as HEAD, index, etc. `-` may also be -specified as `<branch>`; it is synonymous with `@{-1}`. +specified as `<commit-ish>`; it is synonymous with `@{-1}`. ++ +If <commit-ish> is a branch name (call it `<branch>`) and is not found, +and neither `-b` nor `-B` nor `--detach` are used, but there does +exist a tracking branch in exactly one remote (call it `<remote>`) +with a matching name, treat as equivalent to: ++ +------------ +$ git worktree add --track -b <branch> <path> <remote>/<branch> +------------ ++ +If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by +the `checkout.defaultRemote` configuration variable, we'll use that +one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the `<branch>` isn't +unique across all remotes. Set it to +e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` to always checkout remote +branches from there if `<branch>` is ambiguous but exists on the +'origin' remote. See also `checkout.defaultRemote` in +linkgit:git-config[1]. + -If `<branch>` is omitted and neither `-b` nor `-B` nor `--detach` used, -then, as a convenience, a new branch based at HEAD is created automatically, -as if `-b $(basename <path>)` was specified. +If `<commit-ish>` is omitted and neither `-b` nor `-B` nor `--detach` used, +then, as a convenience, the new worktree is associated with a branch +(call it `<branch>`) named after `$(basename <path>)`. If `<branch>` +doesn't exist, a new branch based on HEAD is automatically created as +if `-b <branch>` was given. If `<branch>` does exist, it will be +checked out in the new worktree, if it's not checked out anywhere +else, otherwise the command will refuse to create the worktree (unless +`--force` is used). list:: @@ -71,10 +93,22 @@ files from being pruned automatically. This also prevents it from being moved or deleted. Optionally, specify a reason for the lock with `--reason`. +move:: + +Move a working tree to a new location. Note that the main working tree +or linked working trees containing submodules cannot be moved. + prune:: Prune working tree information in $GIT_DIR/worktrees. +remove:: + +Remove a working tree. Only clean working trees (no untracked files +and no modification in tracked files) can be removed. Unclean working +trees or ones with submodules can be removed with `--force`. The main +working tree cannot be removed. + unlock:: Unlock a working tree, allowing it to be pruned, moved or deleted. @@ -84,29 +118,46 @@ OPTIONS -f:: --force:: - By default, `add` refuses to create a new working tree when `<branch>` - is already checked out by another working tree. This option overrides - that safeguard. + By default, `add` refuses to create a new working tree when + `<commit-ish>` is a branch name and is already checked out by + another working tree and `remove` refuses to remove an unclean + working tree. This option overrides these safeguards. -b <new-branch>:: -B <new-branch>:: With `add`, create a new branch named `<new-branch>` starting at - `<branch>`, and check out `<new-branch>` into the new working tree. - If `<branch>` is omitted, it defaults to HEAD. + `<commit-ish>`, and check out `<new-branch>` into the new working tree. + If `<commit-ish>` is omitted, it defaults to HEAD. By default, `-b` refuses to create a new branch if it already exists. `-B` overrides this safeguard, resetting `<new-branch>` to - `<branch>`. + `<commit-ish>`. --detach:: With `add`, detach HEAD in the new working tree. See "DETACHED HEAD" in linkgit:git-checkout[1]. --[no-]checkout:: - By default, `add` checks out `<branch>`, however, `--no-checkout` can + By default, `add` checks out `<commit-ish>`, however, `--no-checkout` can be used to suppress checkout in order to make customizations, such as configuring sparse-checkout. See "Sparse checkout" in linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. +--[no-]guess-remote:: + With `worktree add <path>`, without `<commit-ish>`, instead + of creating a new branch from HEAD, if there exists a tracking + branch in exactly one remote matching the basename of `<path>`, + base the new branch on the remote-tracking branch, and mark + the remote-tracking branch as "upstream" from the new branch. ++ +This can also be set up as the default behaviour by using the +`worktree.guessRemote` config option. + +--[no-]track:: + When creating a new branch, if `<commit-ish>` is a branch, + mark it as "upstream" from the new branch. This is the + default if `<commit-ish>` is a remote-tracking branch. See + "--track" in linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. + --lock:: Keep the working tree locked after creation. This is the equivalent of `git worktree lock` after `git worktree add`, @@ -122,6 +173,10 @@ OPTIONS This format will remain stable across Git versions and regardless of user configuration. See below for details. +-q:: +--quiet:: + With 'add', suppress feedback messages. + -v:: --verbose:: With `prune`, report all removals. @@ -172,7 +227,7 @@ thumb is do not make any assumption about whether a path belongs to $GIT_DIR or $GIT_COMMON_DIR when you need to directly access something inside $GIT_DIR. Use `git rev-parse --git-path` to get the final path. -If you move a linked working tree, you need to update the 'gitdir' file +If you manually move a linked working tree, you need to update the 'gitdir' file in the entry's directory. For example, if a linked working tree is moved to `/newpath/test-next` and its `.git` file points to `/path/main/.git/worktrees/test-next`, then update @@ -196,7 +251,7 @@ The worktree list command has two output formats. The default format shows the details on a single line with columns. For example: ------------ -S git worktree list +$ git worktree list /path/to/bare-source (bare) /path/to/linked-worktree abcd1234 [master] /path/to/other-linked-worktree 1234abc (detached HEAD) @@ -211,7 +266,7 @@ if the value is true. An empty line indicates the end of a worktree. For example: ------------ -S git worktree list --porcelain +$ git worktree list --porcelain worktree /path/to/bare-source bare @@ -242,8 +297,7 @@ $ pushd ../temp # ... hack hack hack ... $ git commit -a -m 'emergency fix for boss' $ popd -$ rm -rf ../temp -$ git worktree prune +$ git worktree remove ../temp ------------ BUGS @@ -252,13 +306,6 @@ Multiple checkout in general is still experimental, and the support for submodules is incomplete. It is NOT recommended to make multiple checkouts of a superproject. -git-worktree could provide more automation for tasks currently -performed manually, such as: - -- `remove` to remove a linked working tree and its administrative files (and - warn if the working tree is dirty) -- `mv` to move or rename a working tree and update its administrative files - GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index 463b0eb..dba7f0c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] - [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] + [-p|--paginate|-P|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] [--super-prefix=<path>] <command> [<args>] @@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string which `git config configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section below). +-P:: --no-pager:: Do not pipe Git output into a pager. @@ -163,6 +164,16 @@ foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string which `git config Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS` to `0`. +--list-cmds=group[,group...]:: + List commands by group. This is an internal/experimental + option and may change or be removed in the future. Supported + groups are: builtins, parseopt (builtin commands that use + parse-options), main (all commands in libexec directory), + others (all other commands in `$PATH` that have git- prefix), + list-<category> (see categories in command-list.txt), + nohelpers (exclude helper commands), alias and config + (retrieve command list from config variable completion.commands) + GIT COMMANDS ------------ @@ -522,11 +533,10 @@ other If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch' and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system. - The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the - 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell - command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by - `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies - something other than the default SSH port. + The command-line parameters passed to the configured command are + determined by the ssh variant. See `ssh.variant` option in + linkgit:git-config[1] for details. + + `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included. @@ -595,6 +605,10 @@ into it. Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages. +`GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR`:: + Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension. + See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options. + `GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`:: Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is @@ -643,6 +657,16 @@ of clones and fetches. variable. See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options. +`GIT_TRACE_CURL_NO_DATA`:: + When a curl trace is enabled (see `GIT_TRACE_CURL` above), do not dump + data (that is, only dump info lines and headers). + +`GIT_REDACT_COOKIES`:: + This can be set to a comma-separated list of strings. When a curl trace + is enabled (see `GIT_TRACE_CURL` above), whenever a "Cookies:" header + sent by the client is dumped, values of cookies whose key is in that + list (case-sensitive) are redacted. + `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`:: Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example, @@ -701,6 +725,12 @@ of clones and fetches. which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See linkgit:git-config[1] for more details. +`GIT_PROTOCOL`:: + For internal use only. Used in handshaking the wire protocol. + Contains a colon ':' separated list of keys with optional values + 'key[=value]'. Presence of unknown keys and values must be + ignored. + `GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS`:: If set to `0`, Git will complete any requested operation without performing any optional sub-operations that require taking a lock. @@ -727,6 +757,15 @@ corresponding standard handle, and if `GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR` is `2>&1`, standard error will be redirected to the same handle as standard output. +`GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS` (deprecated):: + If set to `yes`, print an ellipsis following an + (abbreviated) SHA-1 value. This affects indications of + detached HEADs (linkgit:git-checkout[1]) and the raw + diff output (linkgit:git-diff[1]). Printing an + ellipsis in the cases mentioned is no longer considered + adequate and support for it is likely to be removed in the + foreseeable future (along with the variable). + Discussion[[Discussion]] ------------------------ @@ -821,6 +860,9 @@ Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be subscribed to the list to send a message there. +Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to +the Git Security mailing list <git-security@googlegroups.com>. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index 4c68bc1..92010b0 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ gitattributes(5) NAME ---- -gitattributes - defining attributes per path +gitattributes - Defining attributes per path SYNOPSIS -------- @@ -56,9 +56,16 @@ Unspecified:: When more than one pattern matches the path, a later line overrides an earlier line. This overriding is done per -attribute. The rules how the pattern matches paths are the -same as in `.gitignore` files; see linkgit:gitignore[5]. -Unlike `.gitignore`, negative patterns are forbidden. +attribute. + +The rules by which the pattern matches paths are the same as in +`.gitignore` files (see linkgit:gitignore[5]), with a few exceptions: + + - negative patterns are forbidden + + - patterns that match a directory do not recursively match paths + inside that directory (so using the trailing-slash `path/` syntax is + pointless in an attributes file; use `path/**` instead) When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, Git consults `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file (which has the highest @@ -232,8 +239,7 @@ From a clean working directory: ------------------------------------------------- $ echo "* text=auto" >.gitattributes -$ git read-tree --empty # Clean index, force re-scan of working directory -$ git add . +$ git add --renormalize . $ git status # Show files that will be normalized $ git commit -m "Introduce end-of-line normalization" ------------------------------------------------- @@ -273,6 +279,94 @@ few exceptions. Even though... catch potential problems early, safety triggers. +`working-tree-encoding` +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Git recognizes files encoded in ASCII or one of its supersets (e.g. +UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ...) as text files. Files encoded in certain other +encodings (e.g. UTF-16) are interpreted as binary and consequently +built-in Git text processing tools (e.g. 'git diff') as well as most Git +web front ends do not visualize the contents of these files by default. + +In these cases you can tell Git the encoding of a file in the working +directory with the `working-tree-encoding` attribute. If a file with this +attribute is added to Git, then Git reencodes the content from the +specified encoding to UTF-8. Finally, Git stores the UTF-8 encoded +content in its internal data structure (called "the index"). On checkout +the content is reencoded back to the specified encoding. + +Please note that using the `working-tree-encoding` attribute may have a +number of pitfalls: + +- Alternative Git implementations (e.g. JGit or libgit2) and older Git + versions (as of March 2018) do not support the `working-tree-encoding` + attribute. If you decide to use the `working-tree-encoding` attribute + in your repository, then it is strongly recommended to ensure that all + clients working with the repository support it. + + For example, Microsoft Visual Studio resources files (`*.rc`) or + PowerShell script files (`*.ps1`) are sometimes encoded in UTF-16. + If you declare `*.ps1` as files as UTF-16 and you add `foo.ps1` with + a `working-tree-encoding` enabled Git client, then `foo.ps1` will be + stored as UTF-8 internally. A client without `working-tree-encoding` + support will checkout `foo.ps1` as UTF-8 encoded file. This will + typically cause trouble for the users of this file. + + If a Git client, that does not support the `working-tree-encoding` + attribute, adds a new file `bar.ps1`, then `bar.ps1` will be + stored "as-is" internally (in this example probably as UTF-16). + A client with `working-tree-encoding` support will interpret the + internal contents as UTF-8 and try to convert it to UTF-16 on checkout. + That operation will fail and cause an error. + +- Reencoding content to non-UTF encodings can cause errors as the + conversion might not be UTF-8 round trip safe. If you suspect your + encoding to not be round trip safe, then add it to + `core.checkRoundtripEncoding` to make Git check the round trip + encoding (see linkgit:git-config[1]). SHIFT-JIS (Japanese character + set) is known to have round trip issues with UTF-8 and is checked by + default. + +- Reencoding content requires resources that might slow down certain + Git operations (e.g 'git checkout' or 'git add'). + +Use the `working-tree-encoding` attribute only if you cannot store a file +in UTF-8 encoding and if you want Git to be able to process the content +as text. + +As an example, use the following attributes if your '*.ps1' files are +UTF-16 encoded with byte order mark (BOM) and you want Git to perform +automatic line ending conversion based on your platform. + +------------------------ +*.ps1 text working-tree-encoding=UTF-16 +------------------------ + +Use the following attributes if your '*.ps1' files are UTF-16 little +endian encoded without BOM and you want Git to use Windows line endings +in the working directory. Please note, it is highly recommended to +explicitly define the line endings with `eol` if the `working-tree-encoding` +attribute is used to avoid ambiguity. + +------------------------ +*.ps1 text working-tree-encoding=UTF-16LE eol=CRLF +------------------------ + +You can get a list of all available encodings on your platform with the +following command: + +------------------------ +iconv --list +------------------------ + +If you do not know the encoding of a file, then you can use the `file` +command to guess the encoding: + +------------------------ +file foo.ps1 +------------------------ + + `ident` ^^^^^^^ @@ -328,6 +422,9 @@ You can declare that a filter turns a content that by itself is unusable into a usable content by setting the filter.<driver>.required configuration variable to `true`. +Note: Whenever the clean filter is changed, the repo should be renormalized: +$ git add --renormalize . + For example, in .gitattributes, you would assign the `filter` attribute for paths. @@ -390,46 +487,14 @@ Long Running Filter Process If the filter command (a string value) is defined via `filter.<driver>.process` then Git can process all blobs with a single filter invocation for the entire life of a single Git -command. This is achieved by using a packet format (pkt-line, -see technical/protocol-common.txt) based protocol over standard -input and standard output as follows. All packets, except for the -"*CONTENT" packets and the "0000" flush packet, are considered -text and therefore are terminated by a LF. - -Git starts the filter when it encounters the first file -that needs to be cleaned or smudged. After the filter started -Git sends a welcome message ("git-filter-client"), a list of supported -protocol version numbers, and a flush packet. Git expects to read a welcome -response message ("git-filter-server"), exactly one protocol version number -from the previously sent list, and a flush packet. All further -communication will be based on the selected version. The remaining -protocol description below documents "version=2". Please note that -"version=42" in the example below does not exist and is only there -to illustrate how the protocol would look like with more than one -version. - -After the version negotiation Git sends a list of all capabilities that -it supports and a flush packet. Git expects to read a list of desired -capabilities, which must be a subset of the supported capabilities list, -and a flush packet as response: ------------------------- -packet: git> git-filter-client -packet: git> version=2 -packet: git> version=42 -packet: git> 0000 -packet: git< git-filter-server -packet: git< version=2 -packet: git< 0000 -packet: git> capability=clean -packet: git> capability=smudge -packet: git> capability=not-yet-invented -packet: git> 0000 -packet: git< capability=clean -packet: git< capability=smudge -packet: git< 0000 ------------------------- -Supported filter capabilities in version 2 are "clean", "smudge", -and "delay". +command. This is achieved by using the long-running process protocol +(described in technical/long-running-process-protocol.txt). + +When Git encounters the first file that needs to be cleaned or smudged, +it starts the filter and performs the handshake. In the handshake, the +welcome message sent by Git is "git-filter-client", only version 2 is +suppported, and the supported capabilities are "clean", "smudge", and +"delay". Afterwards Git sends a list of "key=value" pairs terminated with a flush packet. The list will contain at least the filter command @@ -515,12 +580,6 @@ the protocol then Git will stop the filter process and restart it with the next file that needs to be processed. Depending on the `filter.<driver>.required` flag Git will interpret that as error. -After the filter has processed a command it is expected to wait for -a "key=value" list containing the next command. Git will close -the command pipe on exit. The filter is expected to detect EOF -and exit gracefully on its own. Git will wait until the filter -process has stopped. - Delay ^^^^^ @@ -750,6 +809,8 @@ patterns are available: - `fountain` suitable for Fountain documents. +- `golang` suitable for source code in the Go language. + - `html` suitable for HTML/XHTML documents. - `java` suitable for source code in the Java language. @@ -1168,8 +1229,8 @@ to: ------------ -EXAMPLE -------- +EXAMPLES +-------- If you have these three `gitattributes` file: diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt index 9f13266..592e06d 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt @@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ couple of magic command-line options: + --------------------------------------------- $ git describe -h -usage: git describe [options] <commit-ish>* - or: git describe [options] --dirty +usage: git describe [<options>] <commit-ish>* + or: git describe [<options>] --dirty --contains find the tag that comes after the commit --debug debug search strategy on stderr diff --git a/Documentation/giteveryday.txt b/Documentation/giteveryday.txt index 10c8ff9..9f2528f 100644 --- a/Documentation/giteveryday.txt +++ b/Documentation/giteveryday.txt @@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ commands in addition to the ones needed by participants. This section can also be used by those who respond to `git request-pull` or pull-request on GitHub (www.github.com) to -integrate the work of others into their history. An sub-area +integrate the work of others into their history. A sub-area lieutenant for a repository will act both as a participant and as an integrator. diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index 5d3f455..9590443 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Hooks can get their arguments via the environment, command-line arguments, and stdin. See the documentation for each hook below for details. -'git init' may copy hooks to the new repository, depending on its +`git init` may copy hooks to the new repository, depending on its configuration. See the "TEMPLATE DIRECTORY" section in linkgit:git-init[1] for details. When the rest of this document refers to "default hooks" it's talking about the default template shipped @@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ HOOKS applypatch-msg ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git am'. It takes a single +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-am[1]. It takes a single parameter, the name of the file that holds the proposed commit -log message. Exiting with a non-zero status causes 'git am' to abort +log message. Exiting with a non-zero status causes `git am` to abort before applying the patch. The hook is allowed to edit the message file in place, and can @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ The default 'applypatch-msg' hook, when enabled, runs the pre-applypatch ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git am'. It takes no parameter, and is +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-am[1]. It takes no parameter, and is invoked after the patch is applied, but before a commit is made. If it exits with non-zero status, then the working tree will not be @@ -76,33 +76,33 @@ The default 'pre-applypatch' hook, when enabled, runs the post-applypatch ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git am'. It takes no parameter, +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-am[1]. It takes no parameter, and is invoked after the patch is applied and a commit is made. This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect -the outcome of 'git am'. +the outcome of `git am`. pre-commit ~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git commit', and can be bypassed +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-commit[1], and can be bypassed with the `--no-verify` option. It takes no parameters, and is invoked before obtaining the proposed commit log message and making a commit. Exiting with a non-zero status from this script -causes the 'git commit' command to abort before creating a commit. +causes the `git commit` command to abort before creating a commit. The default 'pre-commit' hook, when enabled, catches introduction of lines with trailing whitespaces and aborts the commit when such a line is found. -All the 'git commit' hooks are invoked with the environment +All the `git commit` hooks are invoked with the environment variable `GIT_EDITOR=:` if the command will not bring up an editor to modify the commit message. prepare-commit-msg ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git commit' right after preparing the +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-commit[1] right after preparing the default log message, and before the editor is started. It takes one to three parameters. The first is the name of the file @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ commit is a merge or a `.git/MERGE_MSG` file exists); `squash` (if a `.git/SQUASH_MSG` file exists); or `commit`, followed by a commit SHA-1 (if a `-c`, `-C` or `--amend` option was given). -If the exit status is non-zero, 'git commit' will abort. +If the exit status is non-zero, `git commit` will abort. The purpose of the hook is to edit the message file in place, and it is not suppressed by the `--no-verify` option. A non-zero exit @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ help message found in the commented portion of the commit template. commit-msg ~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git commit' and 'git merge', and can be +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-commit[1] and linkgit:git-merge[1], and can be bypassed with the `--no-verify` option. It takes a single parameter, the name of the file that holds the proposed commit log message. Exiting with a non-zero status causes the command to abort. @@ -143,16 +143,16 @@ The default 'commit-msg' hook, when enabled, detects duplicate post-commit ~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git commit'. It takes no parameters, and is +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-commit[1]. It takes no parameters, and is invoked after a commit is made. This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect -the outcome of 'git commit'. +the outcome of `git commit`. pre-rebase ~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is called by 'git rebase' and can be used to prevent a +This hook is called by linkgit:git-rebase[1] and can be used to prevent a branch from getting rebased. The hook may be called with one or two parameters. The first parameter is the upstream from which the series was forked. The second parameter is the branch being @@ -161,16 +161,17 @@ rebased, and is not set when rebasing the current branch. post-checkout ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked when a 'git checkout' is run after having updated the +This hook is invoked when a linkgit:git-checkout[1] is run after having updated the worktree. The hook is given three parameters: the ref of the previous HEAD, the ref of the new HEAD (which may or may not have changed), and a flag indicating whether the checkout was a branch checkout (changing branches, flag=1) or a file checkout (retrieving a file from the index, flag=0). -This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git checkout'. +This hook cannot affect the outcome of `git checkout`. -It is also run after 'git clone', unless the --no-checkout (-n) option is +It is also run after linkgit:git-clone[1], unless the `--no-checkout` (`-n`) option is used. The first parameter given to the hook is the null-ref, the second the -ref of the new HEAD and the flag is always 1. +ref of the new HEAD and the flag is always 1. Likewise for `git worktree add` +unless `--no-checkout` is used. This hook can be used to perform repository validity checks, auto-display differences from the previous HEAD if different, or set working dir metadata @@ -179,10 +180,10 @@ properties. post-merge ~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git merge', which happens when a 'git pull' +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-merge[1], which happens when a `git pull` is done on a local repository. The hook takes a single parameter, a status flag specifying whether or not the merge being done was a squash merge. -This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git merge' and is not executed, +This hook cannot affect the outcome of `git merge` and is not executed, if the merge failed due to conflicts. This hook can be used in conjunction with a corresponding pre-commit hook to @@ -193,10 +194,10 @@ for an example of how to do this. pre-push ~~~~~~~~ -This hook is called by 'git push' and can be used to prevent a push from taking -place. The hook is called with two parameters which provide the name and -location of the destination remote, if a named remote is not being used both -values will be the same. +This hook is called by linkgit:git-push[1] and can be used to prevent +a push from taking place. The hook is called with two parameters +which provide the name and location of the destination remote, if a +named remote is not being used both values will be the same. Information about what is to be pushed is provided on the hook's standard input with lines of the form: @@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ SHA-1>` will be 40 `0`. If the local commit was specified by something other than a name which could be expanded (such as `HEAD~`, or a SHA-1) it will be supplied as it was originally given. -If this hook exits with a non-zero status, 'git push' will abort without +If this hook exits with a non-zero status, `git push` will abort without pushing anything. Information about why the push is rejected may be sent to the user by writing to standard error. @@ -223,8 +224,8 @@ to the user by writing to standard error. pre-receive ~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] when it reacts to +`git push` and updates reference(s) in its repository. Just before starting to update refs on the remote repository, the pre-receive hook is invoked. Its exit status determines the success or failure of the update. @@ -245,7 +246,7 @@ updated. If the hook exits with zero, updating of individual refs can still be prevented by the <<update,'update'>> hook. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +`git send-pack` on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. The number of push options given on the command line of @@ -264,8 +265,8 @@ linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] for some caveats. update ~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] when it reacts to +`git push` and updates reference(s) in its repository. Just before updating the ref on the remote repository, the update hook is invoked. Its exit status determines the success or failure of the ref update. @@ -278,7 +279,7 @@ three parameters: - and the new object name to be stored in the ref. A zero exit from the update hook allows the ref to be updated. -Exiting with a non-zero status prevents 'git-receive-pack' +Exiting with a non-zero status prevents `git receive-pack` from updating that ref. This hook can be used to prevent 'forced' update on certain refs by @@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ membership. See linkgit:git-shell[1] for how you might use the login shell to restrict the user's access to only git commands. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +`git send-pack` on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. The default 'update' hook, when enabled--and with @@ -309,8 +310,8 @@ unannotated tags to be pushed. post-receive ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] when it reacts to +`git push` and updates reference(s) in its repository. It executes on the remote repository once after all the refs have been updated. @@ -319,7 +320,7 @@ arguments, but gets the same information as the <<pre-receive,'pre-receive'>> hook does on its standard input. -This hook does not affect the outcome of 'git-receive-pack', as it +This hook does not affect the outcome of `git receive-pack`, as it is called after the real work is done. This supersedes the <<post-update,'post-update'>> hook in that it gets @@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ both old and new values of all the refs in addition to their names. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +`git send-pack` on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. The default 'post-receive' hook is empty, but there is @@ -348,8 +349,8 @@ will be set to zero, `GIT_PUSH_OPTION_COUNT=0`. post-update ~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository. +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] when it reacts to +`git push` and updates reference(s) in its repository. It executes on the remote repository once after all the refs have been updated. @@ -357,7 +358,7 @@ It takes a variable number of parameters, each of which is the name of ref that was actually updated. This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect -the outcome of 'git-receive-pack'. +the outcome of `git receive-pack`. The 'post-update' hook can tell what are the heads that were pushed, but it does not know what their original and updated values are, @@ -367,20 +368,20 @@ updated values of the refs. You might consider it instead if you need them. When enabled, the default 'post-update' hook runs -'git update-server-info' to keep the information used by dumb +`git update-server-info` to keep the information used by dumb transports (e.g., HTTP) up to date. If you are publishing a Git repository that is accessible via HTTP, you should probably enable this hook. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -'git send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +`git send-pack` on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. push-to-checkout ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, -which happens when a 'git push' is done on a local repository, when +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] when it reacts to +`git push` and updates reference(s) in its repository, and when the push tries to update the branch that is currently checked out and the `receive.denyCurrentBranch` configuration variable is set to `updateInstead`. Such a push by default is refused if the working @@ -399,8 +400,8 @@ when the tip of the current branch is updated to the new commit, and exit with a zero status. For example, the hook can simply run `git read-tree -u -m HEAD "$1"` -in order to emulate 'git fetch' that is run in the reverse direction -with `git push`, as the two-tree form of `read-tree -u -m` is +in order to emulate `git fetch` that is run in the reverse direction +with `git push`, as the two-tree form of `git read-tree -u -m` is essentially the same as `git checkout` that switches branches while keeping the local changes in the working tree that do not interfere with the difference between the branches. @@ -409,15 +410,16 @@ with the difference between the branches. pre-auto-gc ~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git gc --auto'. It takes no parameter, and -exiting with non-zero status from this script causes the 'git gc --auto' -to abort. +This hook is invoked by `git gc --auto` (see linkgit:git-gc[1]). It +takes no parameter, and exiting with non-zero status from this script +causes the `git gc --auto` to abort. post-rewrite ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by commands that rewrite commits (`git commit ---amend`, 'git-rebase'; currently 'git-filter-branch' does 'not' call +This hook is invoked by commands that rewrite commits +(linkgit:git-commit[1] when called with `--amend` and +linkgit:git-rebase[1]; currently `git filter-branch` does 'not' call it!). Its first argument denotes the command it was invoked by: currently one of `amend` or `rebase`. Further command-dependent arguments may be passed in the future. @@ -449,11 +451,46 @@ processed by rebase. sendemail-validate ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by 'git send-email'. It takes a single parameter, +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-send-email[1]. It takes a single parameter, the name of the file that holds the e-mail to be sent. Exiting with a -non-zero status causes 'git send-email' to abort before sending any +non-zero status causes `git send-email` to abort before sending any e-mails. +fsmonitor-watchman +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked when the configuration option `core.fsmonitor` is +set to `.git/hooks/fsmonitor-watchman`. It takes two arguments, a version +(currently 1) and the time in elapsed nanoseconds since midnight, +January 1, 1970. + +The hook should output to stdout the list of all files in the working +directory that may have changed since the requested time. The logic +should be inclusive so that it does not miss any potential changes. +The paths should be relative to the root of the working directory +and be separated by a single NUL. + +It is OK to include files which have not actually changed. All changes +including newly-created and deleted files should be included. When +files are renamed, both the old and the new name should be included. + +Git will limit what files it checks for changes as well as which +directories are checked for untracked files based on the path names +given. + +An optimized way to tell git "all files have changed" is to return +the filename `/`. + +The exit status determines whether git will use the data from the +hook to limit its search. On error, it will fall back to verifying +all files and folders. + +p4-pre-submit +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked by `git-p4 submit`. It takes no parameters and nothing +from standard input. Exiting with non-zero status from this script prevent +`git-p4 submit` from launching. Run `git-p4 submit --help` for details. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt index 63260f0..d107daa 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ gitignore - Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore SYNOPSIS -------- -$HOME/.config/git/ignore, $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, .gitignore +$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore, $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, .gitignore DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -102,12 +102,11 @@ PATTERN FORMAT (relative to the toplevel of the work tree if not from a `.gitignore` file). - - Otherwise, Git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable - for consumption by fnmatch(3) with the FNM_PATHNAME flag: - wildcards in the pattern will not match a / in the pathname. - For example, "Documentation/{asterisk}.html" matches - "Documentation/git.html" but not "Documentation/ppc/ppc.html" - or "tools/perf/Documentation/perf.html". + - Otherwise, Git treats the pattern as a shell glob: "`*`" matches + anything except "`/`", "`?`" matches any one character except "`/`" + and "`[]`" matches one character in a selected range. See + fnmatch(3) and the FNM_PATHNAME flag for a more detailed + description. - A leading slash matches the beginning of the pathname. For example, "/{asterisk}.c" matches "cat-file.c" but not diff --git a/Documentation/gitk.txt b/Documentation/gitk.txt index ca96c28..244cd01 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitk.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitk.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ gitk - The Git repository browser SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'gitk' [<options>] [<revision range>] [\--] [<path>...] +'gitk' [<options>] [<revision range>] [--] [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt index db5d47e..4d63def 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ gitmodules(5) NAME ---- -gitmodules - defining submodule properties +gitmodules - Defining submodule properties SYNOPSIS -------- diff --git a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt index 4a584f3..9d1459a 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt @@ -102,6 +102,14 @@ Capabilities for Pushing + Supported commands: 'connect'. +'stateless-connect':: + Experimental; for internal use only. + Can attempt to connect to a remote server for communication + using git's wire-protocol version 2. See the documentation + for the stateless-connect command for more information. ++ +Supported commands: 'stateless-connect'. + 'push':: Can discover remote refs and push local commits and the history leading up to them to new or existing remote refs. @@ -136,6 +144,14 @@ Capabilities for Fetching + Supported commands: 'connect'. +'stateless-connect':: + Experimental; for internal use only. + Can attempt to connect to a remote server for communication + using git's wire-protocol version 2. See the documentation + for the stateless-connect command for more information. ++ +Supported commands: 'stateless-connect'. + 'fetch':: Can discover remote refs and transfer objects reachable from them to the local object store. @@ -375,6 +391,22 @@ Supported if the helper has the "export" capability. + Supported if the helper has the "connect" capability. +'stateless-connect' <service>:: + Experimental; for internal use only. + Connects to the given remote service for communication using + git's wire-protocol version 2. Valid replies to this command + are empty line (connection established), 'fallback' (no smart + transport support, fall back to dumb transports) and just + exiting with error message printed (can't connect, don't bother + trying to fall back). After line feed terminating the positive + (empty) response, the output of the service starts. Messages + (both request and response) must consist of zero or more + PKT-LINEs, terminating in a flush packet. The client must not + expect the server to store any state in between request-response + pairs. After the connection ends, the remote helper exits. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "stateless-connect" capability. + If a fatal error occurs, the program writes the error message to stderr and exits. The caller should expect that a suitable error message has been printed if the child closes the connection without @@ -466,6 +498,13 @@ set by Git if the remote helper has the 'option' capability. Transmit <string> as a push option. As the push option must not contain LF or NUL characters, the string is not encoded. +'option from-promisor' {'true'|'false'}:: + Indicate that these objects are being fetched from a promisor. + +'option no-dependents' {'true'|'false'}:: + Indicate that only the objects wanted need to be fetched, not + their dependents. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-remote[1] diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt index adf9554..e85148f 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt @@ -208,6 +208,10 @@ info/exclude:: 'git clean' look at it but the core Git commands do not look at it. See also: linkgit:gitignore[5]. +info/attributes:: + Defines which attributes to assign to a path, similar to per-directory + `.gitattributes` files. See also: linkgit:gitattributes[5]. + info/sparse-checkout:: This file stores sparse checkout patterns. See also: linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. @@ -271,11 +275,6 @@ worktrees/<id>/locked:: or manually by `git worktree prune`. The file may contain a string explaining why the repository is locked. -worktrees/<id>/link:: - If this file exists, it is a hard link to the linked .git - file. It is used to detect if the linked repository is - manually removed. - SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-init[1], diff --git a/Documentation/gitrevisions.txt b/Documentation/gitrevisions.txt index 27dec5b..1f6ccea 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitrevisions.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrevisions.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ gitrevisions(7) NAME ---- -gitrevisions - specifying revisions and ranges for Git +gitrevisions - Specifying revisions and ranges for Git SYNOPSIS -------- diff --git a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt index 46cf120..504c5f1 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ On the filesystem, a submodule usually (but not always - see FORMS below) consists of (i) a Git directory located under the `$GIT_DIR/modules/` directory of its superproject, (ii) a working directory inside the superproject's working directory, and a `.git` file at the root of -the submodule’s working directory pointing to (i). +the submodule's working directory pointing to (i). Assuming the submodule has a Git directory at `$GIT_DIR/modules/foo/` and a working directory at `path/to/bar/`, the superproject tracks the @@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ in its `.gitmodules` file (see linkgit:gitmodules[5]) of the form `submodule.foo.path = path/to/bar`. The `gitlink` entry contains the object name of the commit that the -superproject expects the submodule’s working directory to be at. +superproject expects the submodule's working directory to be at. The section `submodule.foo.*` in the `.gitmodules` file gives additional -hints to Gits porcelain layer such as where to obtain the submodule via -the `submodule.foo.url` setting. +hints to Git's porcelain layer. For example, the `submodule.foo.url` +setting specifies where to obtain the submodule. Submodules can be used for at least two different use cases: @@ -51,18 +51,21 @@ Submodules can be used for at least two different use cases: 2. Splitting a (logically single) project into multiple repositories and tying them back together. This can be used to - overcome current limitations of Gits implementation to have + overcome current limitations of Git's implementation to have finer grained access: - * Size of the git repository: + * Size of the Git repository: In its current form Git scales up poorly for large repositories containing content that is not compressed by delta computation between trees. - However you can also use submodules to e.g. hold large binary assets - and these repositories are then shallowly cloned such that you do not + For example, you can use submodules to hold large binary assets + and these repositories can be shallowly cloned such that you do not have a large history locally. * Transfer size: In its current form Git requires the whole working tree present. It does not allow partial trees to be transferred in fetch or clone. + If the project you work on consists of multiple repositories tied + together as submodules in a superproject, you can avoid fetching the + working trees of the repositories you are not interested in. * Access control: By restricting user access to submodules, this can be used to implement read/write policies for different users. @@ -73,9 +76,10 @@ The configuration of submodules Submodule operations can be configured using the following mechanisms (from highest to lowest precedence): - * The command line for those commands that support taking submodule specs. - Most commands have a boolean flag '--recurse-submodules' whether to - recurse into submodules. Examples are `ls-files` or `checkout`. + * The command line for those commands that support taking submodules + as part of their pathspecs. Most commands have a boolean flag + `--recurse-submodules` which specify whether to recurse into submodules. + Examples are `grep` and `checkout`. Some commands take enums, such as `fetch` and `push`, where you can specify how submodules are affected. @@ -87,8 +91,8 @@ Submodule operations can be configured using the following mechanisms For example an effect from the submodule's `.gitignore` file would be observed when you run `git status --ignore-submodules=none` in the superproject. This collects information from the submodule's working -directory by running `status` in the submodule, which does pay attention -to its `.gitignore` file. +directory by running `status` in the submodule while paying attention +to the `.gitignore` file of the submodule. + The submodule's `$GIT_DIR/config` file would come into play when running `git push --recurse-submodules=check` in the superproject, as this would @@ -97,20 +101,20 @@ remotes are configured in the submodule as usual in the `$GIT_DIR/config` file. * The configuration file `$GIT_DIR/config` in the superproject. - Typical configuration at this place is controlling if a submodule - is recursed into at all via the `active` flag for example. + Git only recurses into active submodules (see "ACTIVE SUBMODULES" + section below). + If the submodule is not yet initialized, then the configuration -inside the submodule does not exist yet, so configuration where to +inside the submodule does not exist yet, so where to obtain the submodule from is configured here for example. - * the `.gitmodules` file inside the superproject. Additionally to the - required mapping between submodule's name and path, a project usually + * The `.gitmodules` file inside the superproject. A project usually uses this file to suggest defaults for the upstream collection - of repositories. + of repositories for the mapping that is required between a + submodule's name and its path. + -This file mainly serves as the mapping between name and path in -the superproject, such that the submodule's git directory can be +This file mainly serves as the mapping between the name and path of submodules +in the superproject, such that the submodule's Git directory can be located. + If the submodule has never been initialized, this is the only place @@ -132,27 +136,27 @@ using older versions of Git. + It is possible to construct these old form repositories manually. + -When deinitialized or deleted (see below), the submodule’s Git +When deinitialized or deleted (see below), the submodule's Git directory is automatically moved to `$GIT_DIR/modules/<name>/` of the superproject. * Deinitialized submodule: A `gitlink`, and a `.gitmodules` entry, -but no submodule working directory. The submodule’s git directory -may be there as after deinitializing the git directory is kept around. +but no submodule working directory. The submodule's Git directory +may be there as after deinitializing the Git directory is kept around. The directory which is supposed to be the working directory is empty instead. + A submodule can be deinitialized by running `git submodule deinit`. Besides emptying the working directory, this command only modifies -the superproject’s `$GIT_DIR/config` file, so the superproject’s history +the superproject's `$GIT_DIR/config` file, so the superproject's history is not affected. This can be undone using `git submodule init`. * Deleted submodule: A submodule can be deleted by running `git rm <submodule path> && git commit`. This can be undone using `git revert`. + -The deletion removes the superproject’s tracking data, which are +The deletion removes the superproject's tracking data, which are both the `gitlink` entry and the section in the `.gitmodules` file. -The submodule’s working directory is removed from the file +The submodule's working directory is removed from the file system, but the Git directory is kept around as it to make it possible to checkout past commits without requiring fetching from another repository. @@ -160,6 +164,60 @@ from another repository. To completely remove a submodule, manually delete `$GIT_DIR/modules/<name>/`. +ACTIVE SUBMODULES +----------------- + +A submodule is considered active, + + (a) if `submodule.<name>.active` is set to `true` + or + (b) if the submodule's path matches the pathspec in `submodule.active` + or + (c) if `submodule.<name>.url` is set. + +and these are evaluated in this order. + +For example: + + [submodule "foo"] + active = false + url = https://example.org/foo + [submodule "bar"] + active = true + url = https://example.org/bar + [submodule "baz"] + url = https://example.org/baz + +In the above config only the submodule 'bar' and 'baz' are active, +'bar' due to (a) and 'baz' due to (c). 'foo' is inactive because +(a) takes precedence over (c) + +Note that (c) is a historical artefact and will be ignored if the +(a) and (b) specify that the submodule is not active. In other words, +if we have a `submodule.<name>.active` set to `false` or if the +submodule's path is excluded in the pathspec in `submodule.active`, the +url doesn't matter whether it is present or not. This is illustrated in +the example that follows. + + [submodule "foo"] + active = true + url = https://example.org/foo + [submodule "bar"] + url = https://example.org/bar + [submodule "baz"] + url = https://example.org/baz + [submodule "bob"] + ignore = true + [submodule] + active = b* + active = :(exclude) baz + +In here all submodules except 'baz' (foo, bar, bob) are active. +'foo' due to its own active flag and all the others due to the +submodule active pathspec, which specifies that any submodule +starting with 'b' except 'baz' are also active, regardless of the +presence of the .url field. + Workflow for a third party library ---------------------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt index 177610e..ca11c7b 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ beginning. It is always easier to squash a few commits together than to split one big commit into several. Don't be afraid of making too small or imperfect steps along the way. You can always go back later and edit the commits with `git rebase --interactive` before you -publish them. You can use `git stash save --keep-index` to run the +publish them. You can use `git stash push --keep-index` to run the test suite independent of other uncommitted changes; see the EXAMPLES section of linkgit:git-stash[1]. @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ the unstable branch into the stable one. Hence the following: .Merge upwards [caption="Rule: "] ===================================== -Always commit your fixes to the oldest supported branch that require +Always commit your fixes to the oldest supported branch that requires them. Then (periodically) merge the integration branches upwards into each other. ===================================== @@ -407,8 +407,8 @@ follows. `git pull <url> <branch>` ===================================== -Occasionally, the maintainer may get merge conflicts when he tries to -pull changes from downstream. In this case, he can ask downstream to +Occasionally, the maintainer may get merge conflicts when they try to +pull changes from downstream. In this case, they can ask downstream to do the merge and resolve the conflicts themselves (perhaps they will know better how to resolve them). It is one of the rare cases where downstream 'should' merge from upstream. diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt index 6b8888d..0d2aa48 100644 --- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt +++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt @@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ The optional colon that terminates the "magic signature" can be omitted if the pattern begins with a character that does not belong to "magic signature" symbol set and is not a colon. + -In the long form, the leading colon `:` is followed by a open +In the long form, the leading colon `:` is followed by an open parenthesis `(`, a comma-separated list of zero or more "magic words", and a close parentheses `)`, and the remainder is the pattern to match against the path. @@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ exclude;; [[def_push]]push:: Pushing a <<def_branch,branch>> means to get the branch's <<def_head_ref,head ref>> from a remote <<def_repository,repository>>, - find out if it is a direct ancestor to the branch's local + find out if it is an ancestor to the branch's local head ref, and in that case, putting all objects, which are <<def_reachable,reachable>> from the local head ref, and which are missing from the remote diff --git a/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.txt b/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.txt index 9c4cd09..8994e25 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/recover-corrupted-object-harder.txt @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ valid pack like: # now add our object data cat object >>tmp.pack # and then append the pack trailer - /path/to/git.git/test-sha1 -b <tmp.pack >trailer + /path/to/git.git/t/helper/test-tool sha1 -b <tmp.pack >trailer cat trailer >>tmp.pack ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh b/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh index 327f69b..17231d8 100755 --- a/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh +++ b/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh @@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ repository=${1?repository} destdir=${2?destination} +GIT_MAN_REF=${3?master} -head=master GIT_DIR= +GIT_DIR= for d in "$repository/.git" "$repository" do - if GIT_DIR="$d" git rev-parse refs/heads/master >/dev/null 2>&1 + if GIT_DIR="$d" git rev-parse "$GIT_MAN_REF" >/dev/null 2>&1 then GIT_DIR="$d" export GIT_DIR @@ -27,12 +28,12 @@ export GIT_INDEX_FILE GIT_WORK_TREE rm -f "$GIT_INDEX_FILE" trap 'rm -f "$GIT_INDEX_FILE"' 0 -git read-tree $head +git read-tree "$GIT_MAN_REF" git checkout-index -a -f --prefix="$destdir"/ if test -n "$GZ" then - git ls-tree -r --name-only $head | + git ls-tree -r --name-only "$GIT_MAN_REF" | xargs printf "$destdir/%s\n" | xargs gzip -f fi diff --git a/Documentation/merge-config.txt b/Documentation/merge-config.txt index df3ea37..662c271 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-config.txt @@ -26,12 +26,22 @@ merge.ff:: allowed (equivalent to giving the `--ff-only` option from the command line). +merge.verifySignatures:: + If true, this is equivalent to the --verify-signatures command + line option. See linkgit:git-merge[1] for details. + include::fmt-merge-msg-config.txt[] merge.renameLimit:: The number of files to consider when performing rename detection during a merge; if not specified, defaults to the value of - diff.renameLimit. + diff.renameLimit. This setting has no effect if rename detection + is turned off. + +merge.renames:: + Whether and how Git detects renames. If set to "false", + rename detection is disabled. If set to "true", basic rename + detection is enabled. Defaults to the value of diff.renames. merge.renormalize:: Tell Git that canonical representation of files in the diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt index 2552ab8..63a3fc0 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt @@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ set to `no` at the beginning of them. --no-ff:: Create a merge commit even when the merge resolves as a fast-forward. This is the default behaviour when merging an - annotated (and possibly signed) tag. + annotated (and possibly signed) tag that is not stored in + its natural place in 'refs/tags/' hierarchy. --ff-only:: Refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status unless the @@ -57,6 +58,16 @@ set to `no` at the beginning of them. With --no-log do not list one-line descriptions from the actual commits being merged. +--signoff:: +--no-signoff:: + Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit + log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project, + but it typically certifies that committer has + the rights to submit this work under the same license and + agrees to a Developer Certificate of Origin + (see http://developercertificate.org/ for more information). ++ +With --no-signoff do not add a Signed-off-by line. --stat:: -n:: diff --git a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt index a09d597..aa66cbe 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt @@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ recursive:: causing mismerges by tests done on actual merge commits taken from Linux 2.6 kernel development history. Additionally this can detect and handle merges involving - renames. This is the default merge strategy when - pulling or merging one branch. + renames, but currently cannot make use of detected + copies. This is the default merge strategy when pulling + or merging one branch. + The 'recursive' strategy can take the following options: @@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ the other tree did, declaring 'our' history contains all that happened in it. theirs;; This is the opposite of 'ours'; note that, unlike 'ours', there is - no 'theirs' merge stragegy to confuse this merge option with. + no 'theirs' merge strategy to confuse this merge option with. patience;; With this option, 'merge-recursive' spends a little extra time @@ -58,11 +59,12 @@ diff-algorithm=[patience|minimal|histogram|myers];; ignore-space-change;; ignore-all-space;; ignore-space-at-eol;; +ignore-cr-at-eol;; Treats lines with the indicated type of whitespace change as unchanged for the sake of a three-way merge. Whitespace changes mixed with other changes to a line are not ignored. - See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `-b`, `-w`, and - `--ignore-space-at-eol`. + See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `-b`, `-w`, + `--ignore-space-at-eol`, and `--ignore-cr-at-eol`. + * If 'their' version only introduces whitespace changes to a line, 'our' version is used; @@ -83,12 +85,14 @@ no-renormalize;; `merge.renormalize` configuration variable. no-renames;; - Turn off rename detection. + Turn off rename detection. This overrides the `merge.renames` + configuration variable. See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `--no-renames`. find-renames[=<n>];; Turn on rename detection, optionally setting the similarity - threshold. This is the default. + threshold. This is the default. This overrides the + 'merge.renames' configuration variable. See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `--find-renames`. rename-threshold=<n>;; diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index d433d50..6109ef0 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -202,13 +202,15 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] - '%>>(<N>)', '%>>|(<N>)': similar to '%>(<N>)', '%>|(<N>)' respectively, except that if the next placeholder takes more spaces than given and there are spaces on its left, use those spaces -- '%><(<N>)', '%><|(<N>)': similar to '% <(<N>)', '%<|(<N>)' +- '%><(<N>)', '%><|(<N>)': similar to '%<(<N>)', '%<|(<N>)' respectively, but padding both sides (i.e. the text is centered) -- %(trailers): display the trailers of the body as interpreted by - linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1]. If the `:only` option is given, - omit non-trailer lines from the trailer block. If the `:unfold` - option is given, behave as if interpret-trailer's `--unfold` option - was given. E.g., `%(trailers:only:unfold)` to do both. +- %(trailers[:options]): display the trailers of the body as interpreted + by linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1]. The `trailers` string may be + followed by a colon and zero or more comma-separated options. If the + `only` option is given, omit non-trailer lines from the trailer block. + If the `unfold` option is given, behave as if interpret-trailer's + `--unfold` option was given. E.g., `%(trailers:only,unfold)` to do + both. NOTE: Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision traversal engine. For example, the `%g*` reflog options will diff --git a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt index c579793..f1fb08d 100644 --- a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt +++ b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ name. it requests fetching everything up to the given tag. + The remote ref that matches <src> -is fetched, and if <dst> is not empty string, the local +is fetched, and if <dst> is not an empty string, the local ref that matches it is fast-forwarded using <src>. If the optional plus `+` is used, the local ref is updated even if it does not result in a fast-forward diff --git a/Documentation/rebase-config.txt b/Documentation/rebase-config.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42e1ba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/rebase-config.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +rebase.stat:: + Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last + rebase. False by default. + +rebase.autoSquash:: + If set to true enable `--autosquash` option by default. + +rebase.autoStash:: + When set to true, automatically create a temporary stash entry + before the operation begins, and apply it after the operation + ends. This means that you can run rebase on a dirty worktree. + However, use with care: the final stash application after a + successful rebase might result in non-trivial conflicts. + This option can be overridden by the `--no-autostash` and + `--autostash` options of linkgit:git-rebase[1]. + Defaults to false. + +rebase.missingCommitsCheck:: + If set to "warn", git rebase -i will print a warning if some + commits are removed (e.g. a line was deleted), however the + rebase will still proceed. If set to "error", it will print + the previous warning and stop the rebase, 'git rebase + --edit-todo' can then be used to correct the error. If set to + "ignore", no checking is done. + To drop a commit without warning or error, use the `drop` + command in the todo list. + Defaults to "ignore". + +rebase.instructionFormat:: + A format string, as specified in linkgit:git-log[1], to be used for the + todo list during an interactive rebase. The format will + automatically have the long commit hash prepended to the format. + +rebase.abbreviateCommands:: + If set to true, `git rebase` will use abbreviated command names in the + todo list resulting in something like this: ++ +------------------------------------------- + p deadbee The oneline of the commit + p fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit + ... +------------------------------------------- ++ +instead of: ++ +------------------------------------------- + pick deadbee The oneline of the commit + pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit + ... +------------------------------------------- ++ +Defaults to false. diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index 13501e1..7b27363 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -686,6 +686,11 @@ ifdef::git-rev-list[] all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit object _bar_ but not _foo_''. +--in-commit-order:: + Print tree and blob ids in order of the commits. The tree + and blob ids are printed after they are first referenced + by a commit. + --objects-edge:: Similar to `--objects`, but also print the IDs of excluded commits prefixed with a ``-'' character. This is used by @@ -706,8 +711,60 @@ ifdef::git-rev-list[] --unpacked:: Only useful with `--objects`; print the object IDs that are not in packs. + +--filter=<filter-spec>:: + Only useful with one of the `--objects*`; omits objects (usually + blobs) from the list of printed objects. The '<filter-spec>' + may be one of the following: ++ +The form '--filter=blob:none' omits all blobs. ++ +The form '--filter=blob:limit=<n>[kmg]' omits blobs larger than n bytes +or units. n may be zero. The suffixes k, m, and g can be used to name +units in KiB, MiB, or GiB. For example, 'blob:limit=1k' is the same +as 'blob:limit=1024'. ++ +The form '--filter=sparse:oid=<blob-ish>' uses a sparse-checkout +specification contained in the blob (or blob-expression) '<blob-ish>' +to omit blobs that would not be not required for a sparse checkout on +the requested refs. ++ +The form '--filter=sparse:path=<path>' similarly uses a sparse-checkout +specification contained in <path>. + +--no-filter:: + Turn off any previous `--filter=` argument. + +--filter-print-omitted:: + Only useful with `--filter=`; prints a list of the objects omitted + by the filter. Object IDs are prefixed with a ``~'' character. + +--missing=<missing-action>:: + A debug option to help with future "partial clone" development. + This option specifies how missing objects are handled. ++ +The form '--missing=error' requests that rev-list stop with an error if +a missing object is encountered. This is the default action. ++ +The form '--missing=allow-any' will allow object traversal to continue +if a missing object is encountered. Missing objects will silently be +omitted from the results. ++ +The form '--missing=allow-promisor' is like 'allow-any', but will only +allow object traversal to continue for EXPECTED promisor missing objects. +Unexpected missing objects will raise an error. ++ +The form '--missing=print' is like 'allow-any', but will also print a +list of the missing objects. Object IDs are prefixed with a ``?'' character. endif::git-rev-list[] +--exclude-promisor-objects:: + (For internal use only.) Prefilter object traversal at + promisor boundary. This is used with partial clone. This is + stronger than `--missing=allow-promisor` because it limits the + traversal, rather than just silencing errors about missing + objects. + --no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]:: Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors. This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument diff --git a/Documentation/revisions.txt b/Documentation/revisions.txt index 6127746..72daa20 100644 --- a/Documentation/revisions.txt +++ b/Documentation/revisions.txt @@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The ones listed near the end of this list name trees and blobs contained in a commit. +NOTE: This document shows the "raw" syntax as seen by git. The shell +and other UIs might require additional quoting to protect special +characters and to avoid word splitting. + '<sha1>', e.g. 'dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735', 'dae86e':: The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or a leading substring that is unique within the repository. @@ -180,12 +184,15 @@ existing tag object. A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression. This name returns the youngest matching commit which is - reachable from any ref. The regular expression can match any part of the + reachable from any ref, including HEAD. + The regular expression can match any part of the commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use e.g. ':/^foo'. The special sequence ':/!' is reserved for modifiers to what is matched. ':/!-foo' performs a negative match, while ':/!!foo' matches a literal '!' character, followed by 'foo'. Any other sequence beginning with ':/!' is reserved for now. + Depending on the given text, the shell's word splitting rules might + require additional quoting. '<rev>:<path>', e.g. 'HEAD:README', ':README', 'master:./README':: A suffix ':' followed by a path names the blob or tree @@ -271,7 +278,7 @@ The '..' (two-dot) Range Notation:: for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'. -The '...' (three dot) Symmetric Difference Notation:: +The '...' (three-dot) Symmetric Difference Notation:: A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as 'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'. @@ -345,6 +352,7 @@ Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above, with each step in the notation's expansion and selection carefully spelt out: +.... Args Expanded arguments Selected commits D G H D D F G H I J D F @@ -367,3 +375,4 @@ spelt out: = B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3 = B ^D ^E ^F B F^! D = F ^I ^J D G H D F +.... diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt index 9a778b0..fa39ac9 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt @@ -47,21 +47,23 @@ will first feed the user-wide one to the callback, and then the repo-specific one; by overwriting, the higher-priority repo-specific value is left at the end). -The `git_config_with_options` function lets the caller examine config +The `config_with_options` function lets the caller examine config while adjusting some of the default behavior of `git_config`. It should almost never be used by "regular" Git code that is looking up configuration variables. It is intended for advanced callers like `git-config`, which are intentionally tweaking the normal config-lookup process. It takes two extra parameters: -`filename`:: -If this parameter is non-NULL, it specifies the name of a file to -parse for configuration, rather than looking in the usual files. Regular -`git_config` defaults to `NULL`. +`config_source`:: +If this parameter is non-NULL, it specifies the source to parse for +configuration, rather than looking in the usual files. See `struct +git_config_source` in `config.h` for details. Regular `git_config` defaults +to `NULL`. -`respect_includes`:: -Specify whether include directives should be followed in parsed files. -Regular `git_config` defaults to `1`. +`opts`:: +Specify options to adjust the behavior of parsing config files. See `struct +config_options` in `config.h` for details. As an example: regular `git_config` +sets `opts.respect_includes` to `1` by default. Reading Specific Files ---------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-decorate.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-decorate.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1d52a6c..0000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-decorate.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6 +0,0 @@ -decorate API -============ - -Talk about <decorate.h> - -(Linus) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt index 6c77b49..5abb8e8 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt @@ -22,16 +22,20 @@ The notable options are: `flags`:: - A bit-field of options (the `*IGNORED*` flags are mutually exclusive): + A bit-field of options: `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`::: - Return just ignored files in `entries[]`, not untracked files. + Return just ignored files in `entries[]`, not untracked + files. This flag is mutually exclusive with + `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO`. `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO`::: - Similar to `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`, but return ignored files in `ignored[]` - in addition to untracked files in `entries[]`. + Similar to `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`, but return ignored files in + `ignored[]` in addition to untracked files in + `entries[]`. This flag is mutually exclusive with + `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED`. `DIR_KEEP_UNTRACKED_CONTENTS`::: @@ -39,6 +43,21 @@ The notable options are: untracked contents of untracked directories are also returned in `entries[]`. +`DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO_MODE_MATCHING`::: + + Only has meaning if `DIR_SHOW_IGNORED_TOO` is also set; if + this is set, returns ignored files and directories that match + an exclude pattern. If a directory matches an exclude pattern, + then the directory is returned and the contained paths are + not. A directory that does not match an exclude pattern will + not be returned even if all of its contents are ignored. In + this case, the contents are returned as individual entries. ++ +If this is set, files and directories that explicitly match an ignore +pattern are reported. Implicitly ignored directories (directories that +do not match an ignore pattern, but whose contents are all ignored) +are not reported, instead all of the contents are reported. + `DIR_COLLECT_IGNORED`::: Special mode for git-add. Return ignored files in `ignored[]` and diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt index e7cbb7c..45f0df6 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ To get the values of all attributes associated with a file: * Iterate over the `attr_check.items[]` array to examine the attribute names and values. The name of the attribute - described by a `attr_check.items[]` object can be retrieved via + described by an `attr_check.items[]` object can be retrieved via `git_attr_name(check->items[i].attr)`. (Please note that no items will be returned for unset attributes, so `ATTR_UNSET()` will return false for all returned `attr_check.items[]` objects.) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-object-access.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-object-access.txt index 03bb0e9..5b29622 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-object-access.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-object-access.txt @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ object access API ================= -Talk about <sha1_file.c> and <object.h> family, things like +Talk about <sha1-file.c> and <object.h> family, things like * read_sha1_file() * read_object_with_reference() * has_sha1_file() * write_sha1_file() -* pretend_sha1_file() +* pretend_object_file() * lookup_{object,commit,tag,blob,tree} * parse_{object,commit,tag,blob,tree} * Use of object flags diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-oid-array.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-oid-array.txt index b0c11f8..9febfb1 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-oid-array.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-oid-array.txt @@ -35,13 +35,18 @@ Functions Free all memory associated with the array and return it to the initial, empty state. +`oid_array_for_each`:: + Iterate over each element of the list, executing the callback + function for each one. Does not sort the list, so any custom + hash order is retained. If the callback returns a non-zero + value, the iteration ends immediately and the callback's + return is propagated; otherwise, 0 is returned. + `oid_array_for_each_unique`:: - Efficiently iterate over each unique element of the list, - executing the callback function for each one. If the array is - not sorted, this function has the side effect of sorting it. If - the callback returns a non-zero value, the iteration ends - immediately and the callback's return is propagated; otherwise, - 0 is returned. + Iterate over each unique element of the list in sorted order, + but otherwise behave like `oid_array_for_each`. If the array + is not sorted, this function has the side effect of sorting + it. Examples -------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-submodule-config.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-submodule-config.txt index 3dce003..fb06089 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-submodule-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-submodule-config.txt @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ submodule config cache API The submodule config cache API allows to read submodule configurations/information from specified revisions. Internally information is lazily read into a cache that is used to avoid -unnecessary parsing of the same .gitmodule files. Lookups can be done by +unnecessary parsing of the same .gitmodules files. Lookups can be done by submodule path or name. Usage @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Data Structures Functions --------- -`void submodule_free()`:: +`void submodule_free(struct repository *r)`:: Use these to free the internally cached values. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc0474b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +Git commit graph format +======================= + +The Git commit graph stores a list of commit OIDs and some associated +metadata, including: + +- The generation number of the commit. Commits with no parents have + generation number 1; commits with parents have generation number + one more than the maximum generation number of its parents. We + reserve zero as special, and can be used to mark a generation + number invalid or as "not computed". + +- The root tree OID. + +- The commit date. + +- The parents of the commit, stored using positional references within + the graph file. + +These positional references are stored as unsigned 32-bit integers +corresponding to the array position within the list of commit OIDs. Due +to some special constants we use to track parents, we can store at most +(1 << 30) + (1 << 29) + (1 << 28) - 1 (around 1.8 billion) commits. + +== Commit graph files have the following format: + +In order to allow extensions that add extra data to the graph, we organize +the body into "chunks" and provide a binary lookup table at the beginning +of the body. The header includes certain values, such as number of chunks +and hash type. + +All 4-byte numbers are in network order. + +HEADER: + + 4-byte signature: + The signature is: {'C', 'G', 'P', 'H'} + + 1-byte version number: + Currently, the only valid version is 1. + + 1-byte Hash Version (1 = SHA-1) + We infer the hash length (H) from this value. + + 1-byte number (C) of "chunks" + + 1-byte (reserved for later use) + Current clients should ignore this value. + +CHUNK LOOKUP: + + (C + 1) * 12 bytes listing the table of contents for the chunks: + First 4 bytes describe the chunk id. Value 0 is a terminating label. + Other 8 bytes provide the byte-offset in current file for chunk to + start. (Chunks are ordered contiguously in the file, so you can infer + the length using the next chunk position if necessary.) Each chunk + ID appears at most once. + + The remaining data in the body is described one chunk at a time, and + these chunks may be given in any order. Chunks are required unless + otherwise specified. + +CHUNK DATA: + + OID Fanout (ID: {'O', 'I', 'D', 'F'}) (256 * 4 bytes) + The ith entry, F[i], stores the number of OIDs with first + byte at most i. Thus F[255] stores the total + number of commits (N). + + OID Lookup (ID: {'O', 'I', 'D', 'L'}) (N * H bytes) + The OIDs for all commits in the graph, sorted in ascending order. + + Commit Data (ID: {'C', 'D', 'A', 'T' }) (N * (H + 16) bytes) + * The first H bytes are for the OID of the root tree. + * The next 8 bytes are for the positions of the first two parents + of the ith commit. Stores value 0x7000000 if no parent in that + position. If there are more than two parents, the second value + has its most-significant bit on and the other bits store an array + position into the Large Edge List chunk. + * The next 8 bytes store the generation number of the commit and + the commit time in seconds since EPOCH. The generation number + uses the higher 30 bits of the first 4 bytes, while the commit + time uses the 32 bits of the second 4 bytes, along with the lowest + 2 bits of the lowest byte, storing the 33rd and 34th bit of the + commit time. + + Large Edge List (ID: {'E', 'D', 'G', 'E'}) [Optional] + This list of 4-byte values store the second through nth parents for + all octopus merges. The second parent value in the commit data stores + an array position within this list along with the most-significant bit + on. Starting at that array position, iterate through this list of commit + positions for the parents until reaching a value with the most-significant + bit on. The other bits correspond to the position of the last parent. + +TRAILER: + + H-byte HASH-checksum of all of the above. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c664acb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ +Git Commit Graph Design Notes +============================= + +Git walks the commit graph for many reasons, including: + +1. Listing and filtering commit history. +2. Computing merge bases. + +These operations can become slow as the commit count grows. The merge +base calculation shows up in many user-facing commands, such as 'merge-base' +or 'status' and can take minutes to compute depending on history shape. + +There are two main costs here: + +1. Decompressing and parsing commits. +2. Walking the entire graph to satisfy topological order constraints. + +The commit graph file is a supplemental data structure that accelerates +commit graph walks. If a user downgrades or disables the 'core.commitGraph' +config setting, then the existing ODB is sufficient. The file is stored +as "commit-graph" either in the .git/objects/info directory or in the info +directory of an alternate. + +The commit graph file stores the commit graph structure along with some +extra metadata to speed up graph walks. By listing commit OIDs in lexi- +cographic order, we can identify an integer position for each commit and +refer to the parents of a commit using those integer positions. We use +binary search to find initial commits and then use the integer positions +for fast lookups during the walk. + +A consumer may load the following info for a commit from the graph: + +1. The commit OID. +2. The list of parents, along with their integer position. +3. The commit date. +4. The root tree OID. +5. The generation number (see definition below). + +Values 1-4 satisfy the requirements of parse_commit_gently(). + +Define the "generation number" of a commit recursively as follows: + + * A commit with no parents (a root commit) has generation number one. + + * A commit with at least one parent has generation number one more than + the largest generation number among its parents. + +Equivalently, the generation number of a commit A is one more than the +length of a longest path from A to a root commit. The recursive definition +is easier to use for computation and observing the following property: + + If A and B are commits with generation numbers N and M, respectively, + and N <= M, then A cannot reach B. That is, we know without searching + that B is not an ancestor of A because it is further from a root commit + than A. + + Conversely, when checking if A is an ancestor of B, then we only need + to walk commits until all commits on the walk boundary have generation + number at most N. If we walk commits using a priority queue seeded by + generation numbers, then we always expand the boundary commit with highest + generation number and can easily detect the stopping condition. + +This property can be used to significantly reduce the time it takes to +walk commits and determine topological relationships. Without generation +numbers, the general heuristic is the following: + + If A and B are commits with commit time X and Y, respectively, and + X < Y, then A _probably_ cannot reach B. + +This heuristic is currently used whenever the computation is allowed to +violate topological relationships due to clock skew (such as "git log" +with default order), but is not used when the topological order is +required (such as merge base calculations, "git log --graph"). + +In practice, we expect some commits to be created recently and not stored +in the commit graph. We can treat these commits as having "infinite" +generation number and walk until reaching commits with known generation +number. + +We use the macro GENERATION_NUMBER_INFINITY = 0xFFFFFFFF to mark commits not +in the commit-graph file. If a commit-graph file was written by a version +of Git that did not compute generation numbers, then those commits will +have generation number represented by the macro GENERATION_NUMBER_ZERO = 0. + +Since the commit-graph file is closed under reachability, we can guarantee +the following weaker condition on all commits: + + If A and B are commits with generation numbers N amd M, respectively, + and N < M, then A cannot reach B. + +Note how the strict inequality differs from the inequality when we have +fully-computed generation numbers. Using strict inequality may result in +walking a few extra commits, but the simplicity in dealing with commits +with generation number *_INFINITY or *_ZERO is valuable. + +We use the macro GENERATION_NUMBER_MAX = 0x3FFFFFFF to for commits whose +generation numbers are computed to be at least this value. We limit at +this value since it is the largest value that can be stored in the +commit-graph file using the 30 bits available to generation numbers. This +presents another case where a commit can have generation number equal to +that of a parent. + +Design Details +-------------- + +- The commit graph file is stored in a file named 'commit-graph' in the + .git/objects/info directory. This could be stored in the info directory + of an alternate. + +- The core.commitGraph config setting must be on to consume graph files. + +- The file format includes parameters for the object ID hash function, + so a future change of hash algorithm does not require a change in format. + +Future Work +----------- + +- The commit graph feature currently does not honor commit grafts. This can + be remedied by duplicating or refactoring the current graft logic. + +- After computing and storing generation numbers, we must make graph + walks aware of generation numbers to gain the performance benefits they + enable. This will mostly be accomplished by swapping a commit-date-ordered + priority queue with one ordered by generation number. The following + operations are important candidates: + + - 'log --topo-order' + - 'tag --merged' + +- A server could provide a commit graph file as part of the network protocol + to avoid extra calculations by clients. This feature is only of benefit if + the user is willing to trust the file, because verifying the file is correct + is as hard as computing it from scratch. + +Related Links +------------- +[0] https://bugs.chromium.org/p/git/issues/detail?id=8 + Chromium work item for: Serialized Commit Graph + +[1] https://public-inbox.org/git/20110713070517.GC18566@sigill.intra.peff.net/ + An abandoned patch that introduced generation numbers. + +[2] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170908033403.q7e6dj7benasrjes@sigill.intra.peff.net/ + Discussion about generation numbers on commits and how they interact + with fsck. + +[3] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170908034739.4op3w4f2ma5s65ku@sigill.intra.peff.net/ + More discussion about generation numbers and not storing them inside + commit objects. A valuable quote: + + "I think we should be moving more in the direction of keeping + repo-local caches for optimizations. Reachability bitmaps have been + a big performance win. I think we should be doing the same with our + properties of commits. Not just generation numbers, but making it + cheap to access the graph structure without zlib-inflating whole + commit objects (i.e., packv4 or something like the "metapacks" I + proposed a few years ago)." + +[4] https://public-inbox.org/git/20180108154822.54829-1-git@jeffhostetler.com/T/#u + A patch to remove the ahead-behind calculation from 'status'. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt b/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c0086e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +Directory rename detection +========================== + +Rename detection logic in diffcore-rename that checks for renames of +individual files is aggregated and analyzed in merge-recursive for cases +where combinations of renames indicate that a full directory has been +renamed. + +Scope of abilities +------------------ + +It is perhaps easiest to start with an example: + + * When all of x/a, x/b and x/c have moved to z/a, z/b and z/c, it is + likely that x/d added in the meantime would also want to move to z/d by + taking the hint that the entire directory 'x' moved to 'z'. + +More interesting possibilities exist, though, such as: + + * one side of history renames x -> z, and the other renames some file to + x/e, causing the need for the merge to do a transitive rename. + + * one side of history renames x -> z, but also renames all files within + x. For example, x/a -> z/alpha, x/b -> z/bravo, etc. + + * both 'x' and 'y' being merged into a single directory 'z', with a + directory rename being detected for both x->z and y->z. + + * not all files in a directory being renamed to the same location; + i.e. perhaps most the files in 'x' are now found under 'z', but a few + are found under 'w'. + + * a directory being renamed, which also contained a subdirectory that was + renamed to some entirely different location. (And perhaps the inner + directory itself contained inner directories that were renamed to yet + other locations). + + * combinations of the above; see t/t6043-merge-rename-directories.sh for + various interesting cases. + +Limitations -- applicability of directory renames +------------------------------------------------- + +In order to prevent edge and corner cases resulting in either conflicts +that cannot be represented in the index or which might be too complex for +users to try to understand and resolve, a couple basic rules limit when +directory rename detection applies: + + 1) If a given directory still exists on both sides of a merge, we do + not consider it to have been renamed. + + 2) If a subset of to-be-renamed files have a file or directory in the + way (or would be in the way of each other), "turn off" the directory + rename for those specific sub-paths and report the conflict to the + user. + + 3) If the other side of history did a directory rename to a path that + your side of history renamed away, then ignore that particular + rename from the other side of history for any implicit directory + renames (but warn the user). + +Limitations -- detailed rules and testcases +------------------------------------------- + +t/t6043-merge-rename-directories.sh contains extensive tests and commentary +which generate and explore the rules listed above. It also lists a few +additional rules: + + a) If renames split a directory into two or more others, the directory + with the most renames, "wins". + + b) Avoid directory-rename-detection for a path, if that path is the + source of a rename on either side of a merge. + + c) Only apply implicit directory renames to directories if the other side + of history is the one doing the renaming. + +Limitations -- support in different commands +-------------------------------------------- + +Directory rename detection is supported by 'merge' and 'cherry-pick'. +Other git commands which users might be surprised to see limited or no +directory rename detection support in: + + * diff + + Folks have requested in the past that `git diff` detect directory + renames and somehow simplify its output. It is not clear whether this + would be desirable or how the output should be simplified, so this was + simply not implemented. Further, to implement this, directory rename + detection logic would need to move from merge-recursive to + diffcore-rename. + + * am + + git-am tries to avoid a full three way merge, instead calling + git-apply. That prevents us from detecting renames at all, which may + defeat the directory rename detection. There is a fallback, though; if + the initial git-apply fails and the user has specified the -3 option, + git-am will fall back to a three way merge. However, git-am lacks the + necessary information to do a "real" three way merge. Instead, it has + to use build_fake_ancestor() to get a merge base that is missing files + whose rename may have been important to detect for directory rename + detection to function. + + * rebase + + Since am-based rebases work by first generating a bunch of patches + (which no longer record what the original commits were and thus don't + have the necessary info from which we can find a real merge-base), and + then calling git-am, this implies that am-based rebases will not always + successfully detect directory renames either (see the 'am' section + above). merged-based rebases (rebase -m) and cherry-pick-based rebases + (rebase -i) are not affected by this shortcoming, and fully support + directory rename detection. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt b/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt index 417ba49..bc2ace2 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt @@ -28,11 +28,30 @@ advantages: address stored content. Over time some flaws in SHA-1 have been discovered by security -researchers. https://shattered.io demonstrated a practical SHA-1 hash -collision. As a result, SHA-1 cannot be considered cryptographically -secure any more. This impacts the communication of hash values because -we cannot trust that a given hash value represents the known good -version of content that the speaker intended. +researchers. On 23 February 2017 the SHAttered attack +(https://shattered.io) demonstrated a practical SHA-1 hash collision. + +Git v2.13.0 and later subsequently moved to a hardened SHA-1 +implementation by default, which isn't vulnerable to the SHAttered +attack. + +Thus Git has in effect already migrated to a new hash that isn't SHA-1 +and doesn't share its vulnerabilities, its new hash function just +happens to produce exactly the same output for all known inputs, +except two PDFs published by the SHAttered researchers, and the new +implementation (written by those researchers) claims to detect future +cryptanalytic collision attacks. + +Regardless, it's considered prudent to move past any variant of SHA-1 +to a new hash. There's no guarantee that future attacks on SHA-1 won't +be published in the future, and those attacks may not have viable +mitigations. + +If SHA-1 and its variants were to be truly broken, Git's hash function +could not be considered cryptographically secure any more. This would +impact the communication of hash values because we could not trust +that a given hash value represented the known good version of content +that the speaker intended. SHA-1 still possesses the other properties such as fast object lookup and safe error checking, but other hash functions are equally suitable @@ -40,14 +59,11 @@ that are believed to be cryptographically secure. Goals ----- -Where NewHash is a strong 256-bit hash function to replace SHA-1 (see -"Selection of a New Hash", below): - -1. The transition to NewHash can be done one local repository at a time. +1. The transition to SHA-256 can be done one local repository at a time. a. Requiring no action by any other party. - b. A NewHash repository can communicate with SHA-1 Git servers + b. A SHA-256 repository can communicate with SHA-1 Git servers (push/fetch). - c. Users can use SHA-1 and NewHash identifiers for objects + c. Users can use SHA-1 and SHA-256 identifiers for objects interchangeably (see "Object names on the command line", below). d. New signed objects make use of a stronger hash function than SHA-1 for their security guarantees. @@ -60,7 +76,7 @@ Where NewHash is a strong 256-bit hash function to replace SHA-1 (see Non-Goals --------- -1. Add NewHash support to Git protocol. This is valuable and the +1. Add SHA-256 support to Git protocol. This is valuable and the logical next step but it is out of scope for this initial design. 2. Transparently improving the security of existing SHA-1 signed objects. @@ -68,26 +84,26 @@ Non-Goals repository. 4. Taking the opportunity to fix other bugs in Git's formats and protocols. -5. Shallow clones and fetches into a NewHash repository. (This will - change when we add NewHash support to Git protocol.) -6. Skip fetching some submodules of a project into a NewHash - repository. (This also depends on NewHash support in Git +5. Shallow clones and fetches into a SHA-256 repository. (This will + change when we add SHA-256 support to Git protocol.) +6. Skip fetching some submodules of a project into a SHA-256 + repository. (This also depends on SHA-256 support in Git protocol.) Overview -------- We introduce a new repository format extension. Repositories with this -extension enabled use NewHash instead of SHA-1 to name their objects. +extension enabled use SHA-256 instead of SHA-1 to name their objects. This affects both object names and object content --- both the names of objects and all references to other objects within an object are switched to the new hash function. -NewHash repositories cannot be read by older versions of Git. +SHA-256 repositories cannot be read by older versions of Git. -Alongside the packfile, a NewHash repository stores a bidirectional -mapping between NewHash and SHA-1 object names. The mapping is generated +Alongside the packfile, a SHA-256 repository stores a bidirectional +mapping between SHA-256 and SHA-1 object names. The mapping is generated locally and can be verified using "git fsck". Object lookups use this -mapping to allow naming objects using either their SHA-1 and NewHash names +mapping to allow naming objects using either their SHA-1 and SHA-256 names interchangeably. "git cat-file" and "git hash-object" gain options to display an object @@ -97,7 +113,7 @@ object database so that they can be named using the appropriate name (using the bidirectional hash mapping). Fetches from a SHA-1 based server convert the fetched objects into -NewHash form and record the mapping in the bidirectional mapping table +SHA-256 form and record the mapping in the bidirectional mapping table (see below for details). Pushes to a SHA-1 based server convert the objects being pushed into sha1 form so the server does not have to be aware of the hash function the client is using. @@ -106,20 +122,25 @@ Detailed Design --------------- Repository format extension ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -A NewHash repository uses repository format version `1` (see +A SHA-256 repository uses repository format version `1` (see Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt) with extensions `objectFormat` and `compatObjectFormat`: [core] repositoryFormatVersion = 1 [extensions] - objectFormat = newhash + objectFormat = sha256 compatObjectFormat = sha1 -Specifying a repository format extension ensures that versions of Git -not aware of NewHash do not try to operate on these repositories, -instead producing an error message: +The combination of setting `core.repositoryFormatVersion=1` and +populating `extensions.*` ensures that all versions of Git later than +`v0.99.9l` will die instead of trying to operate on the SHA-256 +repository, instead producing an error message. + # Between v0.99.9l and v2.7.0 + $ git status + fatal: Expected git repo version <= 0, found 1 + # After v2.7.0 $ git status fatal: unknown repository extensions found: objectformat @@ -131,36 +152,36 @@ repository extensions. Object names ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Objects can be named by their 40 hexadecimal digit sha1-name or 64 -hexadecimal digit newhash-name, plus names derived from those (see +hexadecimal digit sha256-name, plus names derived from those (see gitrevisions(7)). The sha1-name of an object is the SHA-1 of the concatenation of its type, length, a nul byte, and the object's sha1-content. This is the traditional <sha1> used in Git to name objects. -The newhash-name of an object is the NewHash of the concatenation of its -type, length, a nul byte, and the object's newhash-content. +The sha256-name of an object is the SHA-256 of the concatenation of its +type, length, a nul byte, and the object's sha256-content. Object format ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The content as a byte sequence of a tag, commit, or tree object named -by sha1 and newhash differ because an object named by newhash-name refers to -other objects by their newhash-names and an object named by sha1-name +by sha1 and sha256 differ because an object named by sha256-name refers to +other objects by their sha256-names and an object named by sha1-name refers to other objects by their sha1-names. -The newhash-content of an object is the same as its sha1-content, except -that objects referenced by the object are named using their newhash-names +The sha256-content of an object is the same as its sha1-content, except +that objects referenced by the object are named using their sha256-names instead of sha1-names. Because a blob object does not refer to any -other object, its sha1-content and newhash-content are the same. +other object, its sha1-content and sha256-content are the same. -The format allows round-trip conversion between newhash-content and +The format allows round-trip conversion between sha256-content and sha1-content. Object storage ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Loose objects use zlib compression and packed objects use the packed format described in Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt, just like -today. The content that is compressed and stored uses newhash-content +today. The content that is compressed and stored uses sha256-content instead of sha1-content. Pack index @@ -231,10 +252,10 @@ network byte order): up to and not including the table of CRC32 values. - Zero or more NUL bytes. - The trailer consists of the following: - - A copy of the 20-byte NewHash checksum at the end of the + - A copy of the 20-byte SHA-256 checksum at the end of the corresponding packfile. - - 20-byte NewHash checksum of all of the above. + - 20-byte SHA-256 checksum of all of the above. Loose object index ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -242,7 +263,7 @@ A new file $GIT_OBJECT_DIR/loose-object-idx contains information about all loose objects. Its format is # loose-object-idx - (newhash-name SP sha1-name LF)* + (sha256-name SP sha1-name LF)* where the object names are in hexadecimal format. The file is not sorted. @@ -268,8 +289,8 @@ To remove entries (e.g. in "git pack-refs" or "git-prune"): Translation table ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The index files support a bidirectional mapping between sha1-names -and newhash-names. The lookup proceeds similarly to ordinary object -lookups. For example, to convert a sha1-name to a newhash-name: +and sha256-names. The lookup proceeds similarly to ordinary object +lookups. For example, to convert a sha1-name to a sha256-name: 1. Look for the object in idx files. If a match is present in the idx's sorted list of truncated sha1-names, then: @@ -277,8 +298,8 @@ lookups. For example, to convert a sha1-name to a newhash-name: name order mapping. b. Read the corresponding entry in the full sha1-name table to verify we found the right object. If it is, then - c. Read the corresponding entry in the full newhash-name table. - That is the object's newhash-name. + c. Read the corresponding entry in the full sha256-name table. + That is the object's sha256-name. 2. Check for a loose object. Read lines from loose-object-idx until we find a match. @@ -294,25 +315,25 @@ for all objects in the object store. Reading an object's sha1-content ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The sha1-content of an object can be read by converting all newhash-names -its newhash-content references to sha1-names using the translation table. +The sha1-content of an object can be read by converting all sha256-names +its sha256-content references to sha1-names using the translation table. Fetch ~~~~~ Fetching from a SHA-1 based server requires translating between SHA-1 -and NewHash based representations on the fly. +and SHA-256 based representations on the fly. SHA-1s named in the ref advertisement that are present on the client -can be translated to NewHash and looked up as local objects using the +can be translated to SHA-256 and looked up as local objects using the translation table. Negotiation proceeds as today. Any "have"s generated locally are converted to SHA-1 before being sent to the server, and SHA-1s -mentioned by the server are converted to NewHash when looking them up +mentioned by the server are converted to SHA-256 when looking them up locally. After negotiation, the server sends a packfile containing the -requested objects. We convert the packfile to NewHash format using +requested objects. We convert the packfile to SHA-256 format using the following steps: 1. index-pack: inflate each object in the packfile and compute its @@ -327,12 +348,12 @@ the following steps: (This list only contains objects reachable from the "wants". If the pack from the server contained additional extraneous objects, then they will be discarded.) -3. convert to newhash: open a new (newhash) packfile. Read the topologically +3. convert to sha256: open a new (sha256) packfile. Read the topologically sorted list just generated. For each object, inflate its - sha1-content, convert to newhash-content, and write it to the newhash - pack. Record the new sha1<->newhash mapping entry for use in the idx. + sha1-content, convert to sha256-content, and write it to the sha256 + pack. Record the new sha1<->sha256 mapping entry for use in the idx. 4. sort: reorder entries in the new pack to match the order of objects - in the pack the server generated and include blobs. Write a newhash idx + in the pack the server generated and include blobs. Write a sha256 idx file 5. clean up: remove the SHA-1 based pack file, index, and topologically sorted list obtained from the server in steps 1 @@ -364,16 +385,16 @@ send-pack. Signed Commits ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -We add a new field "gpgsig-newhash" to the commit object format to allow +We add a new field "gpgsig-sha256" to the commit object format to allow signing commits without relying on SHA-1. It is similar to the -existing "gpgsig" field. Its signed payload is the newhash-content of the -commit object with any "gpgsig" and "gpgsig-newhash" fields removed. +existing "gpgsig" field. Its signed payload is the sha256-content of the +commit object with any "gpgsig" and "gpgsig-sha256" fields removed. This means commits can be signed 1. using SHA-1 only, as in existing signed commit objects -2. using both SHA-1 and NewHash, by using both gpgsig-newhash and gpgsig +2. using both SHA-1 and SHA-256, by using both gpgsig-sha256 and gpgsig fields. -3. using only NewHash, by only using the gpgsig-newhash field. +3. using only SHA-256, by only using the gpgsig-sha256 field. Old versions of "git verify-commit" can verify the gpgsig signature in cases (1) and (2) without modifications and view case (3) as an @@ -381,24 +402,24 @@ ordinary unsigned commit. Signed Tags ~~~~~~~~~~~ -We add a new field "gpgsig-newhash" to the tag object format to allow +We add a new field "gpgsig-sha256" to the tag object format to allow signing tags without relying on SHA-1. Its signed payload is the -newhash-content of the tag with its gpgsig-newhash field and "-----BEGIN PGP +sha256-content of the tag with its gpgsig-sha256 field and "-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----" delimited in-body signature removed. This means tags can be signed 1. using SHA-1 only, as in existing signed tag objects -2. using both SHA-1 and NewHash, by using gpgsig-newhash and an in-body +2. using both SHA-1 and SHA-256, by using gpgsig-sha256 and an in-body signature. -3. using only NewHash, by only using the gpgsig-newhash field. +3. using only SHA-256, by only using the gpgsig-sha256 field. Mergetag embedding ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The mergetag field in the sha1-content of a commit contains the sha1-content of a tag that was merged by that commit. -The mergetag field in the newhash-content of the same commit contains the -newhash-content of the same tag. +The mergetag field in the sha256-content of the same commit contains the +sha256-content of the same tag. Submodules ~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -473,7 +494,7 @@ Caveats ------- Invalid objects ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The conversion from sha1-content to newhash-content retains any +The conversion from sha1-content to sha256-content retains any brokenness in the original object (e.g., tree entry modes encoded with leading 0, tree objects whose paths are not sorted correctly, and commit objects without an author or committer). This is a deliberate @@ -492,7 +513,7 @@ allow lifting this restriction. Alternates ~~~~~~~~~~ -For the same reason, a newhash repository cannot borrow objects from a +For the same reason, a sha256 repository cannot borrow objects from a sha1 repository using objects/info/alternates or $GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_REPOSITORIES. @@ -500,20 +521,20 @@ git notes ~~~~~~~~~ The "git notes" tool annotates objects using their sha1-name as key. This design does not describe a way to migrate notes trees to use -newhash-names. That migration is expected to happen separately (for +sha256-names. That migration is expected to happen separately (for example using a file at the root of the notes tree to describe which hash it uses). Server-side cost ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Until Git protocol gains NewHash support, using NewHash based storage +Until Git protocol gains SHA-256 support, using SHA-256 based storage on public-facing Git servers is strongly discouraged. Once Git -protocol gains NewHash support, NewHash based servers are likely not +protocol gains SHA-256 support, SHA-256 based servers are likely not to support SHA-1 compatibility, to avoid what may be a very expensive hash reencode during clone and to encourage peers to modernize. The design described here allows fetches by SHA-1 clients of a -personal NewHash repository because it's not much more difficult than +personal SHA-256 repository because it's not much more difficult than allowing pushes from that repository. This support needs to be guarded by a configuration option --- servers like git.kernel.org that serve a large number of clients would not be expected to bear that cost. @@ -523,7 +544,7 @@ Meaning of signatures The signed payload for signed commits and tags does not explicitly name the hash used to identify objects. If some day Git adopts a new hash function with the same length as the current SHA-1 (40 -hexadecimal digit) or NewHash (64 hexadecimal digit) objects then the +hexadecimal digit) or SHA-256 (64 hexadecimal digit) objects then the intent behind the PGP signed payload in an object signature is unclear: @@ -538,7 +559,7 @@ Does this mean Git v2.12.0 is the commit with sha1-name e7e07d5a4fcc2a203d9873968ad3e6bd4d7419d7 or the commit with new-40-digit-hash-name e7e07d5a4fcc2a203d9873968ad3e6bd4d7419d7? -Fortunately NewHash and SHA-1 have different lengths. If Git starts +Fortunately SHA-256 and SHA-1 have different lengths. If Git starts using another hash with the same length to name objects, then it will need to change the format of signed payloads using that hash to address this issue. @@ -550,24 +571,24 @@ supports four different modes of operation: 1. ("dark launch") Treat object names input by the user as SHA-1 and convert any object names written to output to SHA-1, but store - objects using NewHash. This allows users to test the code with no + objects using SHA-256. This allows users to test the code with no visible behavior change except for performance. This allows allows running even tests that assume the SHA-1 hash function, to sanity-check the behavior of the new mode. - 2. ("early transition") Allow both SHA-1 and NewHash object names in + 2. ("early transition") Allow both SHA-1 and SHA-256 object names in input. Any object names written to output use SHA-1. This allows users to continue to make use of SHA-1 to communicate with peers (e.g. by email) that have not migrated yet and prepares for mode 3. - 3. ("late transition") Allow both SHA-1 and NewHash object names in - input. Any object names written to output use NewHash. In this + 3. ("late transition") Allow both SHA-1 and SHA-256 object names in + input. Any object names written to output use SHA-256. In this mode, users are using a more secure object naming method by default. The disruption is minimal as long as most of their peers are in mode 2 or mode 3. 4. ("post-transition") Treat object names input by the user as - NewHash and write output using NewHash. This is safer than mode 3 + SHA-256 and write output using SHA-256. This is safer than mode 3 because there is less risk that input is incorrectly interpreted using the wrong hash function. @@ -577,27 +598,31 @@ The user can also explicitly specify which format to use for a particular revision specifier and for output, overriding the mode. For example: -git --output-format=sha1 log abac87a^{sha1}..f787cac^{newhash} +git --output-format=sha1 log abac87a^{sha1}..f787cac^{sha256} -Selection of a New Hash ------------------------ +Choice of Hash +-------------- In early 2005, around the time that Git was written, Xiaoyun Wang, Yiqun Lisa Yin, and Hongbo Yu announced an attack finding SHA-1 collisions in 2^69 operations. In August they published details. Luckily, no practical demonstrations of a collision in full SHA-1 were published until 10 years later, in 2017. -The hash function NewHash to replace SHA-1 should be stronger than -SHA-1 was: we would like it to be trustworthy and useful in practice -for at least 10 years. +Git v2.13.0 and later subsequently moved to a hardened SHA-1 +implementation by default that mitigates the SHAttered attack, but +SHA-1 is still believed to be weak. + +The hash to replace this hardened SHA-1 should be stronger than SHA-1 +was: we would like it to be trustworthy and useful in practice for at +least 10 years. Some other relevant properties: 1. A 256-bit hash (long enough to match common security practice; not excessively long to hurt performance and disk usage). -2. High quality implementations should be widely available (e.g. in - OpenSSL). +2. High quality implementations should be widely available (e.g., in + OpenSSL and Apple CommonCrypto). 3. The hash function's properties should match Git's needs (e.g. Git requires collision and 2nd preimage resistance and does not require @@ -606,14 +631,13 @@ Some other relevant properties: 4. As a tiebreaker, the hash should be fast to compute (fortunately many contenders are faster than SHA-1). -Some hashes under consideration are SHA-256, SHA-512/256, SHA-256x16, -K12, and BLAKE2bp-256. +We choose SHA-256. Transition plan --------------- Some initial steps can be implemented independently of one another: - adding a hash function API (vtable) -- teaching fsck to tolerate the gpgsig-newhash field +- teaching fsck to tolerate the gpgsig-sha256 field - excluding gpgsig-* from the fields copied by "git commit --amend" - annotating tests that depend on SHA-1 values with a SHA1 test prerequisite @@ -640,7 +664,7 @@ Next comes introduction of compatObjectFormat: - adding appropriate index entries when adding a new object to the object store - --output-format option -- ^{sha1} and ^{newhash} revision notation +- ^{sha1} and ^{sha256} revision notation - configuration to specify default input and output format (see "Object names on the command line" above) @@ -648,7 +672,7 @@ The next step is supporting fetches and pushes to SHA-1 repositories: - allow pushes to a repository using the compat format - generate a topologically sorted list of the SHA-1 names of fetched objects -- convert the fetched packfile to newhash format and generate an idx +- convert the fetched packfile to sha256 format and generate an idx file - re-sort to match the order of objects in the fetched packfile @@ -656,30 +680,30 @@ The infrastructure supporting fetch also allows converting an existing repository. In converted repositories and new clones, end users can gain support for the new hash function without any visible change in behavior (see "dark launch" in the "Object names on the command line" -section). In particular this allows users to verify NewHash signatures +section). In particular this allows users to verify SHA-256 signatures on objects in the repository, and it should ensure the transition code is stable in production in preparation for using it more widely. Over time projects would encourage their users to adopt the "early transition" and then "late transition" modes to take advantage of the -new, more futureproof NewHash object names. +new, more futureproof SHA-256 object names. When objectFormat and compatObjectFormat are both set, commands -generating signatures would generate both SHA-1 and NewHash signatures +generating signatures would generate both SHA-1 and SHA-256 signatures by default to support both new and old users. -In projects using NewHash heavily, users could be encouraged to adopt +In projects using SHA-256 heavily, users could be encouraged to adopt the "post-transition" mode to avoid accidentally making implicit use of SHA-1 object names. Once a critical mass of users have upgraded to a version of Git that -can verify NewHash signatures and have converted their existing +can verify SHA-256 signatures and have converted their existing repositories to support verifying them, we can add support for a -setting to generate only NewHash signatures. This is expected to be at +setting to generate only SHA-256 signatures. This is expected to be at least a year later. That is also a good moment to advertise the ability to convert -repositories to use NewHash only, stripping out all SHA-1 related +repositories to use SHA-256 only, stripping out all SHA-1 related metadata. This improves performance by eliminating translation overhead and security by avoiding the possibility of accidentally relying on the safety of SHA-1. @@ -718,16 +742,16 @@ using the old hash function. Signed objects with multiple hashes ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Instead of introducing the gpgsig-newhash field in commit and tag objects -for newhash-content based signatures, an earlier version of this design -added "hash newhash <newhash-name>" fields to strengthen the existing +Instead of introducing the gpgsig-sha256 field in commit and tag objects +for sha256-content based signatures, an earlier version of this design +added "hash sha256 <sha256-name>" fields to strengthen the existing sha1-content based signatures. In other words, a single signature was used to attest to the object content using both hash functions. This had some advantages: * Using one signature instead of two speeds up the signing process. * Having one signed payload with both hashes allows the signer to - attest to the sha1-name and newhash-name referring to the same object. + attest to the sha1-name and sha256-name referring to the same object. * All users consume the same signature. Broken signatures are likely to be detected quickly using current versions of git. @@ -736,11 +760,11 @@ However, it also came with disadvantages: objects it references, even after the transition is complete and translation table is no longer needed for anything else. To support this, the design added fields such as "hash sha1 tree <sha1-name>" - and "hash sha1 parent <sha1-name>" to the newhash-content of a signed + and "hash sha1 parent <sha1-name>" to the sha256-content of a signed commit, complicating the conversion process. * Allowing signed objects without a sha1 (for after the transition is complete) complicated the design further, requiring a "nohash sha1" - field to suppress including "hash sha1" fields in the newhash-content + field to suppress including "hash sha1" fields in the sha256-content and signed payload. Lazily populated translation table @@ -748,7 +772,7 @@ Lazily populated translation table Some of the work of building the translation table could be deferred to push time, but that would significantly complicate and slow down pushes. Calculating the sha1-name at object creation time at the same time it is -being streamed to disk and having its newhash-name calculated should be +being streamed to disk and having its sha256-name calculated should be an acceptable cost. Document History @@ -790,6 +814,12 @@ Incorporated suggestions from jonathantanmy and sbeller: * avoid loose object overhead by packing more aggressively in "git gc --auto" +Later history: + + See the history of this file in git.git for the history of subsequent + edits. This document history is no longer being maintained as it + would now be superfluous to the commit log + [1] http://public-inbox.org/git/CA+55aFzJtejiCjV0e43+9oR3QuJK2PiFiLQemytoLpyJWe6P9w@mail.gmail.com/ [2] http://public-inbox.org/git/CA+55aFz+gkAsDZ24zmePQuEs1XPS9BP_s8O7Q4wQ7LV7X5-oDA@mail.gmail.com/ [3] http://public-inbox.org/git/20170306084353.nrns455dvkdsfgo5@sigill.intra.peff.net/ diff --git a/Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt index 1c561bd..9c5b6f0 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt @@ -214,10 +214,16 @@ smart server reply: S: Cache-Control: no-cache S: S: 001e# service=git-upload-pack\n + S: 0000 S: 004895dcfa3633004da0049d3d0fa03f80589cbcaf31 refs/heads/maint\0multi_ack\n S: 0042d049f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355 refs/heads/master\n S: 003c2cb58b79488a98d2721cea644875a8dd0026b115 refs/tags/v1.0\n S: 003fa3c2e2402b99163d1d59756e5f207ae21cccba4c refs/tags/v1.0^{}\n + S: 0000 + +The client may send Extra Parameters (see +Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt) as a colon-separated string +in the Git-Protocol HTTP header. Dumb Server Response ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ @@ -269,7 +275,12 @@ the C locale ordering. The stream SHOULD include the default ref named `HEAD` as the first ref. The stream MUST include capability declarations behind a NUL on the first ref. +The returned response contains "version 1" if "version=1" was sent as an +Extra Parameter. + smart_reply = PKT-LINE("# service=$servicename" LF) + "0000" + *1("version 1") ref_list "0000" ref_list = empty_list / non_empty_list @@ -327,11 +338,11 @@ server advertises capability `allow-tip-sha1-in-want` or request_end request_end = "0000" / "done" - want_list = PKT-LINE(want NUL cap_list LF) + want_list = PKT-LINE(want SP cap_list LF) *(want_pkt) want_pkt = PKT-LINE(want LF) want = "want" SP id - cap_list = *(SP capability) SP + cap_list = capability *(SP capability) have_list = *PKT-LINE("have" SP id LF) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt index ade0b0c..db35726 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt @@ -295,3 +295,22 @@ The remaining data of each directory block is grouped by type: in the previous ewah bitmap. - One NUL. + +== File System Monitor cache + + The file system monitor cache tracks files for which the core.fsmonitor + hook has told us about changes. The signature for this extension is + { 'F', 'S', 'M', 'N' }. + + The extension starts with + + - 32-bit version number: the current supported version is 1. + + - 64-bit time: the extension data reflects all changes through the given + time which is stored as the nanoseconds elapsed since midnight, + January 1, 1970. + + - 32-bit bitmap size: the size of the CE_FSMONITOR_VALID bitmap. + + - An ewah bitmap, the n-th bit indicates whether the n-th index entry + is not CE_FSMONITOR_VALID. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/long-running-process-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/long-running-process-protocol.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa0aa9a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/long-running-process-protocol.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Long-running process protocol +============================= + +This protocol is used when Git needs to communicate with an external +process throughout the entire life of a single Git command. All +communication is in pkt-line format (see technical/protocol-common.txt) +over standard input and standard output. + +Handshake +--------- + +Git starts by sending a welcome message (for example, +"git-filter-client"), a list of supported protocol version numbers, and +a flush packet. Git expects to read the welcome message with "server" +instead of "client" (for example, "git-filter-server"), exactly one +protocol version number from the previously sent list, and a flush +packet. All further communication will be based on the selected version. +The remaining protocol description below documents "version=2". Please +note that "version=42" in the example below does not exist and is only +there to illustrate how the protocol would look like with more than one +version. + +After the version negotiation Git sends a list of all capabilities that +it supports and a flush packet. Git expects to read a list of desired +capabilities, which must be a subset of the supported capabilities list, +and a flush packet as response: +------------------------ +packet: git> git-filter-client +packet: git> version=2 +packet: git> version=42 +packet: git> 0000 +packet: git< git-filter-server +packet: git< version=2 +packet: git< 0000 +packet: git> capability=clean +packet: git> capability=smudge +packet: git> capability=not-yet-invented +packet: git> 0000 +packet: git< capability=clean +packet: git< capability=smudge +packet: git< 0000 +------------------------ + +Shutdown +-------- + +Git will close +the command pipe on exit. The filter is expected to detect EOF +and exit gracefully on its own. Git will wait until the filter +process has stopped. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt index 8e5bf60..70a99fd 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt @@ -36,6 +36,98 @@ Git pack format - The trailer records 20-byte SHA-1 checksum of all of the above. +=== Object types + +Valid object types are: + +- OBJ_COMMIT (1) +- OBJ_TREE (2) +- OBJ_BLOB (3) +- OBJ_TAG (4) +- OBJ_OFS_DELTA (6) +- OBJ_REF_DELTA (7) + +Type 5 is reserved for future expansion. Type 0 is invalid. + +=== Deltified representation + +Conceptually there are only four object types: commit, tree, tag and +blob. However to save space, an object could be stored as a "delta" of +another "base" object. These representations are assigned new types +ofs-delta and ref-delta, which is only valid in a pack file. + +Both ofs-delta and ref-delta store the "delta" to be applied to +another object (called 'base object') to reconstruct the object. The +difference between them is, ref-delta directly encodes 20-byte base +object name. If the base object is in the same pack, ofs-delta encodes +the offset of the base object in the pack instead. + +The base object could also be deltified if it's in the same pack. +Ref-delta can also refer to an object outside the pack (i.e. the +so-called "thin pack"). When stored on disk however, the pack should +be self contained to avoid cyclic dependency. + +The delta data is a sequence of instructions to reconstruct an object +from the base object. If the base object is deltified, it must be +converted to canonical form first. Each instruction appends more and +more data to the target object until it's complete. There are two +supported instructions so far: one for copy a byte range from the +source object and one for inserting new data embedded in the +instruction itself. + +Each instruction has variable length. Instruction type is determined +by the seventh bit of the first octet. The following diagrams follow +the convention in RFC 1951 (Deflate compressed data format). + +==== Instruction to copy from base object + + +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------+ + | 1xxxxxxx | offset1 | offset2 | offset3 | offset4 | size1 | size2 | size3 | + +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------+ + +This is the instruction format to copy a byte range from the source +object. It encodes the offset to copy from and the number of bytes to +copy. Offset and size are in little-endian order. + +All offset and size bytes are optional. This is to reduce the +instruction size when encoding small offsets or sizes. The first seven +bits in the first octet determines which of the next seven octets is +present. If bit zero is set, offset1 is present. If bit one is set +offset2 is present and so on. + +Note that a more compact instruction does not change offset and size +encoding. For example, if only offset2 is omitted like below, offset3 +still contains bits 16-23. It does not become offset2 and contains +bits 8-15 even if it's right next to offset1. + + +----------+---------+---------+ + | 10000101 | offset1 | offset3 | + +----------+---------+---------+ + +In its most compact form, this instruction only takes up one byte +(0x80) with both offset and size omitted, which will have default +values zero. There is another exception: size zero is automatically +converted to 0x10000. + +==== Instruction to add new data + + +----------+============+ + | 0xxxxxxx | data | + +----------+============+ + +This is the instruction to construct target object without the base +object. The following data is appended to the target object. The first +seven bits of the first octet determines the size of data in +bytes. The size must be non-zero. + +==== Reserved instruction + + +----------+============ + | 00000000 | + +----------+============ + +This is the instruction reserved for future expansion. + == Original (version 1) pack-*.idx files have the following format: - The header consists of 256 4-byte network byte order diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt index ed1eae8..6ac774d 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt @@ -39,6 +39,20 @@ communicates with that invoked process over the SSH connection. The file:// transport runs the 'upload-pack' or 'receive-pack' process locally and communicates with it over a pipe. +Extra Parameters +---------------- + +The protocol provides a mechanism in which clients can send additional +information in its first message to the server. These are called "Extra +Parameters", and are supported by the Git, SSH, and HTTP protocols. + +Each Extra Parameter takes the form of `<key>=<value>` or `<key>`. + +Servers that receive any such Extra Parameters MUST ignore all +unrecognized keys. Currently, the only Extra Parameter recognized is +"version" with a value of '1' or '2'. See protocol-v2.txt for more +information on protocol version 2. + Git Transport ------------- @@ -46,18 +60,25 @@ The Git transport starts off by sending the command and repository on the wire using the pkt-line format, followed by a NUL byte and a hostname parameter, terminated by a NUL byte. - 0032git-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0 + 0033git-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0 + +The transport may send Extra Parameters by adding an additional NUL +byte, and then adding one or more NUL-terminated strings: + + 003egit-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0\0version=1\0 -- - git-proto-request = request-command SP pathname NUL [ host-parameter NUL ] + git-proto-request = request-command SP pathname NUL + [ host-parameter NUL ] [ NUL extra-parameters ] request-command = "git-upload-pack" / "git-receive-pack" / "git-upload-archive" ; case sensitive pathname = *( %x01-ff ) ; exclude NUL host-parameter = "host=" hostname [ ":" port ] + extra-parameters = 1*extra-parameter + extra-parameter = 1*( %x01-ff ) NUL -- -Only host-parameter is allowed in the git-proto-request. Clients -MUST NOT attempt to send additional parameters. It is used for the +host-parameter is used for the git-daemon name based virtual hosting. See --interpolated-path option to git daemon, with the %H/%CH format characters. @@ -117,6 +138,12 @@ we execute it without the leading '/'. v ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '~alice/project.git'" +Depending on the value of the `protocol.version` configuration variable, +Git may attempt to send Extra Parameters as a colon-separated string in +the GIT_PROTOCOL environment variable. This is done only if +the `ssh.variant` configuration variable indicates that the ssh command +supports passing environment variables as an argument. + A few things to remember here: - The "command name" is spelled with dash (e.g. git-upload-pack), but @@ -137,11 +164,13 @@ Reference Discovery ------------------- When the client initially connects the server will immediately respond -with a listing of each reference it has (all branches and tags) along +with a version number (if "version=1" is sent as an Extra Parameter), +and a listing of each reference it has (all branches and tags) along with the object name that each reference currently points to. - $ echo -e -n "0039git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" | + $ echo -e -n "0044git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0\0version=1\0" | nc -v example.com 9418 + 000aversion 1 00887217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag 00441d3fcd5ced445d1abc402225c0b8a1299641f497 refs/heads/integration @@ -165,7 +194,8 @@ immediately after the ref itself, if presented. A conforming server MUST peel the ref if it's an annotated tag. ---- - advertised-refs = (no-refs / list-of-refs) + advertised-refs = *1("version 1") + (no-refs / list-of-refs) *shallow flush-pkt @@ -212,6 +242,7 @@ out of what the server said it could do with the first 'want' line. upload-request = want-list *shallow-line *1depth-request + [filter-request] flush-pkt want-list = first-want @@ -227,6 +258,8 @@ out of what the server said it could do with the first 'want' line. additional-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id) depth = 1*DIGIT + + filter-request = PKT-LINE("filter" SP filter-spec) ---- Clients MUST send all the obj-ids it wants from the reference @@ -249,6 +282,13 @@ complete those commits. Commits whose parents are not received as a result are defined as shallow and marked as such in the server. This information is sent back to the client in the next step. +The client can optionally request that pack-objects omit various +objects from the packfile using one of several filtering techniques. +These are intended for use with partial clone and partial fetch +operations. An object that does not meet a filter-spec value is +omitted unless explicitly requested in a 'want' line. See `rev-list` +for possible filter-spec values. + Once all the 'want's and 'shallow's (and optional 'deepen') are transferred, clients MUST send a flush-pkt, to tell the server side that it is done sending the list. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ef66bd --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +Partial Clone Design Notes +========================== + +The "Partial Clone" feature is a performance optimization for Git that +allows Git to function without having a complete copy of the repository. +The goal of this work is to allow Git better handle extremely large +repositories. + +During clone and fetch operations, Git downloads the complete contents +and history of the repository. This includes all commits, trees, and +blobs for the complete life of the repository. For extremely large +repositories, clones can take hours (or days) and consume 100+GiB of disk +space. + +Often in these repositories there are many blobs and trees that the user +does not need such as: + + 1. files outside of the user's work area in the tree. For example, in + a repository with 500K directories and 3.5M files in every commit, + we can avoid downloading many objects if the user only needs a + narrow "cone" of the source tree. + + 2. large binary assets. For example, in a repository where large build + artifacts are checked into the tree, we can avoid downloading all + previous versions of these non-mergeable binary assets and only + download versions that are actually referenced. + +Partial clone allows us to avoid downloading such unneeded objects *in +advance* during clone and fetch operations and thereby reduce download +times and disk usage. Missing objects can later be "demand fetched" +if/when needed. + +Use of partial clone requires that the user be online and the origin +remote be available for on-demand fetching of missing objects. This may +or may not be problematic for the user. For example, if the user can +stay within the pre-selected subset of the source tree, they may not +encounter any missing objects. Alternatively, the user could try to +pre-fetch various objects if they know that they are going offline. + + +Non-Goals +--------- + +Partial clone is a mechanism to limit the number of blobs and trees downloaded +*within* a given range of commits -- and is therefore independent of and not +intended to conflict with existing DAG-level mechanisms to limit the set of +requested commits (i.e. shallow clone, single branch, or fetch '<refspec>'). + + +Design Overview +--------------- + +Partial clone logically consists of the following parts: + +- A mechanism for the client to describe unneeded or unwanted objects to + the server. + +- A mechanism for the server to omit such unwanted objects from packfiles + sent to the client. + +- A mechanism for the client to gracefully handle missing objects (that + were previously omitted by the server). + +- A mechanism for the client to backfill missing objects as needed. + + +Design Details +-------------- + +- A new pack-protocol capability "filter" is added to the fetch-pack and + upload-pack negotiation. ++ +This uses the existing capability discovery mechanism. +See "filter" in Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt. + +- Clients pass a "filter-spec" to clone and fetch which is passed to the + server to request filtering during packfile construction. ++ +There are various filters available to accommodate different situations. +See "--filter=<filter-spec>" in Documentation/rev-list-options.txt. + +- On the server pack-objects applies the requested filter-spec as it + creates "filtered" packfiles for the client. ++ +These filtered packfiles are *incomplete* in the traditional sense because +they may contain objects that reference objects not contained in the +packfile and that the client doesn't already have. For example, the +filtered packfile may contain trees or tags that reference missing blobs +or commits that reference missing trees. + +- On the client these incomplete packfiles are marked as "promisor packfiles" + and treated differently by various commands. + +- On the client a repository extension is added to the local config to + prevent older versions of git from failing mid-operation because of + missing objects that they cannot handle. + See "extensions.partialClone" in Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt" + + +Handling Missing Objects +------------------------ + +- An object may be missing due to a partial clone or fetch, or missing due + to repository corruption. To differentiate these cases, the local + repository specially indicates such filtered packfiles obtained from the + promisor remote as "promisor packfiles". ++ +These promisor packfiles consist of a "<name>.promisor" file with +arbitrary contents (like the "<name>.keep" files), in addition to +their "<name>.pack" and "<name>.idx" files. + +- The local repository considers a "promisor object" to be an object that + it knows (to the best of its ability) that the promisor remote has promised + that it has, either because the local repository has that object in one of + its promisor packfiles, or because another promisor object refers to it. ++ +When Git encounters a missing object, Git can see if it a promisor object +and handle it appropriately. If not, Git can report a corruption. ++ +This means that there is no need for the client to explicitly maintain an +expensive-to-modify list of missing objects.[a] + +- Since almost all Git code currently expects any referenced object to be + present locally and because we do not want to force every command to do + a dry-run first, a fallback mechanism is added to allow Git to attempt + to dynamically fetch missing objects from the promisor remote. ++ +When the normal object lookup fails to find an object, Git invokes +fetch-object to try to get the object from the server and then retry +the object lookup. This allows objects to be "faulted in" without +complicated prediction algorithms. ++ +For efficiency reasons, no check as to whether the missing object is +actually a promisor object is performed. ++ +Dynamic object fetching tends to be slow as objects are fetched one at +a time. + +- `checkout` (and any other command using `unpack-trees`) has been taught + to bulk pre-fetch all required missing blobs in a single batch. + +- `rev-list` has been taught to print missing objects. ++ +This can be used by other commands to bulk prefetch objects. +For example, a "git log -p A..B" may internally want to first do +something like "git rev-list --objects --quiet --missing=print A..B" +and prefetch those objects in bulk. + +- `fsck` has been updated to be fully aware of promisor objects. + +- `repack` in GC has been updated to not touch promisor packfiles at all, + and to only repack other objects. + +- The global variable "fetch_if_missing" is used to control whether an + object lookup will attempt to dynamically fetch a missing object or + report an error. ++ +We are not happy with this global variable and would like to remove it, +but that requires significant refactoring of the object code to pass an +additional flag. We hope that concurrent efforts to add an ODB API can +encompass this. + + +Fetching Missing Objects +------------------------ + +- Fetching of objects is done using the existing transport mechanism using + transport_fetch_refs(), setting a new transport option + TRANS_OPT_NO_DEPENDENTS to indicate that only the objects themselves are + desired, not any object that they refer to. ++ +Because some transports invoke fetch_pack() in the same process, fetch_pack() +has been updated to not use any object flags when the corresponding argument +(no_dependents) is set. + +- The local repository sends a request with the hashes of all requested + objects as "want" lines, and does not perform any packfile negotiation. + It then receives a packfile. + +- Because we are reusing the existing fetch-pack mechanism, fetching + currently fetches all objects referred to by the requested objects, even + though they are not necessary. + + +Current Limitations +------------------- + +- The remote used for a partial clone (or the first partial fetch + following a regular clone) is marked as the "promisor remote". ++ +We are currently limited to a single promisor remote and only that +remote may be used for subsequent partial fetches. ++ +We accept this limitation because we believe initial users of this +feature will be using it on repositories with a strong single central +server. + +- Dynamic object fetching will only ask the promisor remote for missing + objects. We assume that the promisor remote has a complete view of the + repository and can satisfy all such requests. + +- Repack essentially treats promisor and non-promisor packfiles as 2 + distinct partitions and does not mix them. Repack currently only works + on non-promisor packfiles and loose objects. + +- Dynamic object fetching invokes fetch-pack once *for each item* + because most algorithms stumble upon a missing object and need to have + it resolved before continuing their work. This may incur significant + overhead -- and multiple authentication requests -- if many objects are + needed. + +- Dynamic object fetching currently uses the existing pack protocol V0 + which means that each object is requested via fetch-pack. The server + will send a full set of info/refs when the connection is established. + If there are large number of refs, this may incur significant overhead. + + +Future Work +----------- + +- Allow more than one promisor remote and define a strategy for fetching + missing objects from specific promisor remotes or of iterating over the + set of promisor remotes until a missing object is found. ++ +A user might want to have multiple geographically-close cache servers +for fetching missing blobs while continuing to do filtered `git-fetch` +commands from the central server, for example. ++ +Or the user might want to work in a triangular work flow with multiple +promisor remotes that each have an incomplete view of the repository. + +- Allow repack to work on promisor packfiles (while keeping them distinct + from non-promisor packfiles). + +- Allow non-pathname-based filters to make use of packfile bitmaps (when + present). This was just an omission during the initial implementation. + +- Investigate use of a long-running process to dynamically fetch a series + of objects, such as proposed in [5,6] to reduce process startup and + overhead costs. ++ +It would be nice if pack protocol V2 could allow that long-running +process to make a series of requests over a single long-running +connection. + +- Investigate pack protocol V2 to avoid the info/refs broadcast on + each connection with the server to dynamically fetch missing objects. + +- Investigate the need to handle loose promisor objects. ++ +Objects in promisor packfiles are allowed to reference missing objects +that can be dynamically fetched from the server. An assumption was +made that loose objects are only created locally and therefore should +not reference a missing object. We may need to revisit that assumption +if, for example, we dynamically fetch a missing tree and store it as a +loose object rather than a single object packfile. ++ +This does not necessarily mean we need to mark loose objects as promisor; +it may be sufficient to relax the object lookup or is-promisor functions. + + +Non-Tasks +--------- + +- Every time the subject of "demand loading blobs" comes up it seems + that someone suggests that the server be allowed to "guess" and send + additional objects that may be related to the requested objects. ++ +No work has gone into actually doing that; we're just documenting that +it is a common suggestion. We're not sure how it would work and have +no plans to work on it. ++ +It is valid for the server to send more objects than requested (even +for a dynamic object fetch), but we are not building on that. + + +Footnotes +--------- + +[a] expensive-to-modify list of missing objects: Earlier in the design of + partial clone we discussed the need for a single list of missing objects. + This would essentially be a sorted linear list of OIDs that the were + omitted by the server during a clone or subsequent fetches. + +This file would need to be loaded into memory on every object lookup. +It would need to be read, updated, and re-written (like the .git/index) +on every explicit "git fetch" command *and* on any dynamic object fetch. + +The cost to read, update, and write this file could add significant +overhead to every command if there are many missing objects. For example, +if there are 100M missing blobs, this file would be at least 2GiB on disk. + +With the "promisor" concept, we *infer* a missing object based upon the +type of packfile that references it. + + +Related Links +------------- +[0] https://crbug.com/git/2 + Bug#2: Partial Clone + +[1] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170113155253.1644-1-benpeart@microsoft.com/ + + Subject: [RFC] Add support for downloading blobs on demand + + Date: Fri, 13 Jan 2017 10:52:53 -0500 + +[2] https://public-inbox.org/git/cover.1506714999.git.jonathantanmy@google.com/ + + Subject: [PATCH 00/18] Partial clone (from clone to lazy fetch in 18 patches) + + Date: Fri, 29 Sep 2017 13:11:36 -0700 + +[3] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170426221346.25337-1-jonathantanmy@google.com/ + + Subject: Proposal for missing blob support in Git repos + + Date: Wed, 26 Apr 2017 15:13:46 -0700 + +[4] https://public-inbox.org/git/1488999039-37631-1-git-send-email-git@jeffhostetler.com/ + + Subject: [PATCH 00/10] RFC Partial Clone and Fetch + + Date: Wed, 8 Mar 2017 18:50:29 +0000 + +[5] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170505152802.6724-1-benpeart@microsoft.com/ + + Subject: [PATCH v7 00/10] refactor the filter process code into a reusable module + + Date: Fri, 5 May 2017 11:27:52 -0400 + +[6] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170714132651.170708-1-benpeart@microsoft.com/ + + Subject: [RFC/PATCH v2 0/1] Add support for downloading blobs on demand + + Date: Fri, 14 Jul 2017 09:26:50 -0400 diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt index 26dcc6f..332d209 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt @@ -309,3 +309,11 @@ to accept a signed push certificate, and asks the <nonce> to be included in the push certificate. A send-pack client MUST NOT send a push-cert packet unless the receive-pack server advertises this capability. + +filter +------ + +If the upload-pack server advertises the 'filter' capability, +fetch-pack may send "filter" commands to request a partial clone +or partial fetch and request that the server omit various objects +from the packfile. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09e4e02 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,439 @@ + Git Wire Protocol, Version 2 +============================== + +This document presents a specification for a version 2 of Git's wire +protocol. Protocol v2 will improve upon v1 in the following ways: + + * Instead of multiple service names, multiple commands will be + supported by a single service + * Easily extendable as capabilities are moved into their own section + of the protocol, no longer being hidden behind a NUL byte and + limited by the size of a pkt-line + * Separate out other information hidden behind NUL bytes (e.g. agent + string as a capability and symrefs can be requested using 'ls-refs') + * Reference advertisement will be omitted unless explicitly requested + * ls-refs command to explicitly request some refs + * Designed with http and stateless-rpc in mind. With clear flush + semantics the http remote helper can simply act as a proxy + +In protocol v2 communication is command oriented. When first contacting a +server a list of capabilities will advertised. Some of these capabilities +will be commands which a client can request be executed. Once a command +has completed, a client can reuse the connection and request that other +commands be executed. + + Packet-Line Framing +--------------------- + +All communication is done using packet-line framing, just as in v1. See +`Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt` and +`Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt` for more information. + +In protocol v2 these special packets will have the following semantics: + + * '0000' Flush Packet (flush-pkt) - indicates the end of a message + * '0001' Delimiter Packet (delim-pkt) - separates sections of a message + + Initial Client Request +------------------------ + +In general a client can request to speak protocol v2 by sending +`version=2` through the respective side-channel for the transport being +used which inevitably sets `GIT_PROTOCOL`. More information can be +found in `pack-protocol.txt` and `http-protocol.txt`. In all cases the +response from the server is the capability advertisement. + + Git Transport +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When using the git:// transport, you can request to use protocol v2 by +sending "version=2" as an extra parameter: + + 003egit-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0\0version=2\0 + + SSH and File Transport +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When using either the ssh:// or file:// transport, the GIT_PROTOCOL +environment variable must be set explicitly to include "version=2". + + HTTP Transport +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When using the http:// or https:// transport a client makes a "smart" +info/refs request as described in `http-protocol.txt` and requests that +v2 be used by supplying "version=2" in the `Git-Protocol` header. + + C: GET $GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0 + C: Git-Protocol: version=2 + +A v2 server would reply: + + S: 200 OK + S: <Some headers> + S: ... + S: + S: 000eversion 2\n + S: <capability-advertisement> + +Subsequent requests are then made directly to the service +`$GIT_URL/git-upload-pack`. (This works the same for git-receive-pack). + + Capability Advertisement +-------------------------- + +A server which decides to communicate (based on a request from a client) +using protocol version 2, notifies the client by sending a version string +in its initial response followed by an advertisement of its capabilities. +Each capability is a key with an optional value. Clients must ignore all +unknown keys. Semantics of unknown values are left to the definition of +each key. Some capabilities will describe commands which can be requested +to be executed by the client. + + capability-advertisement = protocol-version + capability-list + flush-pkt + + protocol-version = PKT-LINE("version 2" LF) + capability-list = *capability + capability = PKT-LINE(key[=value] LF) + + key = 1*(ALPHA | DIGIT | "-_") + value = 1*(ALPHA | DIGIT | " -_.,?\/{}[]()<>!@#$%^&*+=:;") + + Command Request +----------------- + +After receiving the capability advertisement, a client can then issue a +request to select the command it wants with any particular capabilities +or arguments. There is then an optional section where the client can +provide any command specific parameters or queries. Only a single +command can be requested at a time. + + request = empty-request | command-request + empty-request = flush-pkt + command-request = command + capability-list + [command-args] + flush-pkt + command = PKT-LINE("command=" key LF) + command-args = delim-pkt + *command-specific-arg + + command-specific-args are packet line framed arguments defined by + each individual command. + +The server will then check to ensure that the client's request is +comprised of a valid command as well as valid capabilities which were +advertised. If the request is valid the server will then execute the +command. A server MUST wait till it has received the client's entire +request before issuing a response. The format of the response is +determined by the command being executed, but in all cases a flush-pkt +indicates the end of the response. + +When a command has finished, and the client has received the entire +response from the server, a client can either request that another +command be executed or can terminate the connection. A client may +optionally send an empty request consisting of just a flush-pkt to +indicate that no more requests will be made. + + Capabilities +-------------- + +There are two different types of capabilities: normal capabilities, +which can be used to to convey information or alter the behavior of a +request, and commands, which are the core actions that a client wants to +perform (fetch, push, etc). + +Protocol version 2 is stateless by default. This means that all commands +must only last a single round and be stateless from the perspective of the +server side, unless the client has requested a capability indicating that +state should be maintained by the server. Clients MUST NOT require state +management on the server side in order to function correctly. This +permits simple round-robin load-balancing on the server side, without +needing to worry about state management. + + agent +~~~~~~~ + +The server can advertise the `agent` capability with a value `X` (in the +form `agent=X`) to notify the client that the server is running version +`X`. The client may optionally send its own agent string by including +the `agent` capability with a value `Y` (in the form `agent=Y`) in its +request to the server (but it MUST NOT do so if the server did not +advertise the agent capability). The `X` and `Y` strings may contain any +printable ASCII characters except space (i.e., the byte range 32 < x < +127), and are typically of the form "package/version" (e.g., +"git/1.8.3.1"). The agent strings are purely informative for statistics +and debugging purposes, and MUST NOT be used to programmatically assume +the presence or absence of particular features. + + ls-refs +~~~~~~~~~ + +`ls-refs` is the command used to request a reference advertisement in v2. +Unlike the current reference advertisement, ls-refs takes in arguments +which can be used to limit the refs sent from the server. + +Additional features not supported in the base command will be advertised +as the value of the command in the capability advertisement in the form +of a space separated list of features: "<command>=<feature 1> <feature 2>" + +ls-refs takes in the following arguments: + + symrefs + In addition to the object pointed by it, show the underlying ref + pointed by it when showing a symbolic ref. + peel + Show peeled tags. + ref-prefix <prefix> + When specified, only references having a prefix matching one of + the provided prefixes are displayed. + +The output of ls-refs is as follows: + + output = *ref + flush-pkt + ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP refname *(SP ref-attribute) LF) + ref-attribute = (symref | peeled) + symref = "symref-target:" symref-target + peeled = "peeled:" obj-id + + fetch +~~~~~~~ + +`fetch` is the command used to fetch a packfile in v2. It can be looked +at as a modified version of the v1 fetch where the ref-advertisement is +stripped out (since the `ls-refs` command fills that role) and the +message format is tweaked to eliminate redundancies and permit easy +addition of future extensions. + +Additional features not supported in the base command will be advertised +as the value of the command in the capability advertisement in the form +of a space separated list of features: "<command>=<feature 1> <feature 2>" + +A `fetch` request can take the following arguments: + + want <oid> + Indicates to the server an object which the client wants to + retrieve. Wants can be anything and are not limited to + advertised objects. + + have <oid> + Indicates to the server an object which the client has locally. + This allows the server to make a packfile which only contains + the objects that the client needs. Multiple 'have' lines can be + supplied. + + done + Indicates to the server that negotiation should terminate (or + not even begin if performing a clone) and that the server should + use the information supplied in the request to construct the + packfile. + + thin-pack + Request that a thin pack be sent, which is a pack with deltas + which reference base objects not contained within the pack (but + are known to exist at the receiving end). This can reduce the + network traffic significantly, but it requires the receiving end + to know how to "thicken" these packs by adding the missing bases + to the pack. + + no-progress + Request that progress information that would normally be sent on + side-band channel 2, during the packfile transfer, should not be + sent. However, the side-band channel 3 is still used for error + responses. + + include-tag + Request that annotated tags should be sent if the objects they + point to are being sent. + + ofs-delta + Indicate that the client understands PACKv2 with delta referring + to its base by position in pack rather than by an oid. That is, + they can read OBJ_OFS_DELTA (ake type 6) in a packfile. + +If the 'shallow' feature is advertised the following arguments can be +included in the clients request as well as the potential addition of the +'shallow-info' section in the server's response as explained below. + + shallow <oid> + A client must notify the server of all commits for which it only + has shallow copies (meaning that it doesn't have the parents of + a commit) by supplying a 'shallow <oid>' line for each such + object so that the server is aware of the limitations of the + client's history. This is so that the server is aware that the + client may not have all objects reachable from such commits. + + deepen <depth> + Requests that the fetch/clone should be shallow having a commit + depth of <depth> relative to the remote side. + + deepen-relative + Requests that the semantics of the "deepen" command be changed + to indicate that the depth requested is relative to the client's + current shallow boundary, instead of relative to the requested + commits. + + deepen-since <timestamp> + Requests that the shallow clone/fetch should be cut at a + specific time, instead of depth. Internally it's equivalent to + doing "git rev-list --max-age=<timestamp>". Cannot be used with + "deepen". + + deepen-not <rev> + Requests that the shallow clone/fetch should be cut at a + specific revision specified by '<rev>', instead of a depth. + Internally it's equivalent of doing "git rev-list --not <rev>". + Cannot be used with "deepen", but can be used with + "deepen-since". + +If the 'filter' feature is advertised, the following argument can be +included in the client's request: + + filter <filter-spec> + Request that various objects from the packfile be omitted + using one of several filtering techniques. These are intended + for use with partial clone and partial fetch operations. See + `rev-list` for possible "filter-spec" values. + +If the 'ref-in-want' feature is advertised, the following argument can +be included in the client's request as well as the potential addition of +the 'wanted-refs' section in the server's response as explained below. + + want-ref <ref> + Indicates to the server that the client wants to retrieve a + particular ref, where <ref> is the full name of a ref on the + server. + +The response of `fetch` is broken into a number of sections separated by +delimiter packets (0001), with each section beginning with its section +header. + + output = *section + section = (acknowledgments | shallow-info | wanted-refs | packfile) + (flush-pkt | delim-pkt) + + acknowledgments = PKT-LINE("acknowledgments" LF) + (nak | *ack) + (ready) + ready = PKT-LINE("ready" LF) + nak = PKT-LINE("NAK" LF) + ack = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id LF) + + shallow-info = PKT-LINE("shallow-info" LF) + *PKT-LINE((shallow | unshallow) LF) + shallow = "shallow" SP obj-id + unshallow = "unshallow" SP obj-id + + wanted-refs = PKT-LINE("wanted-refs" LF) + *PKT-LINE(wanted-ref LF) + wanted-ref = obj-id SP refname + + packfile = PKT-LINE("packfile" LF) + *PKT-LINE(%x01-03 *%x00-ff) + + acknowledgments section + * If the client determines that it is finished with negotiations + by sending a "done" line, the acknowledgments sections MUST be + omitted from the server's response. + + * Always begins with the section header "acknowledgments" + + * The server will respond with "NAK" if none of the object ids sent + as have lines were common. + + * The server will respond with "ACK obj-id" for all of the + object ids sent as have lines which are common. + + * A response cannot have both "ACK" lines as well as a "NAK" + line. + + * The server will respond with a "ready" line indicating that + the server has found an acceptable common base and is ready to + make and send a packfile (which will be found in the packfile + section of the same response) + + * If the server has found a suitable cut point and has decided + to send a "ready" line, then the server can decide to (as an + optimization) omit any "ACK" lines it would have sent during + its response. This is because the server will have already + determined the objects it plans to send to the client and no + further negotiation is needed. + + shallow-info section + * If the client has requested a shallow fetch/clone, a shallow + client requests a fetch or the server is shallow then the + server's response may include a shallow-info section. The + shallow-info section will be included if (due to one of the + above conditions) the server needs to inform the client of any + shallow boundaries or adjustments to the clients already + existing shallow boundaries. + + * Always begins with the section header "shallow-info" + + * If a positive depth is requested, the server will compute the + set of commits which are no deeper than the desired depth. + + * The server sends a "shallow obj-id" line for each commit whose + parents will not be sent in the following packfile. + + * The server sends an "unshallow obj-id" line for each commit + which the client has indicated is shallow, but is no longer + shallow as a result of the fetch (due to its parents being + sent in the following packfile). + + * The server MUST NOT send any "unshallow" lines for anything + which the client has not indicated was shallow as a part of + its request. + + * This section is only included if a packfile section is also + included in the response. + + wanted-refs section + * This section is only included if the client has requested a + ref using a 'want-ref' line and if a packfile section is also + included in the response. + + * Always begins with the section header "wanted-refs". + + * The server will send a ref listing ("<oid> <refname>") for + each reference requested using 'want-ref' lines. + + * The server MUST NOT send any refs which were not requested + using 'want-ref' lines. + + packfile section + * This section is only included if the client has sent 'want' + lines in its request and either requested that no more + negotiation be done by sending 'done' or if the server has + decided it has found a sufficient cut point to produce a + packfile. + + * Always begins with the section header "packfile" + + * The transmission of the packfile begins immediately after the + section header + + * The data transfer of the packfile is always multiplexed, using + the same semantics of the 'side-band-64k' capability from + protocol version 1. This means that each packet, during the + packfile data stream, is made up of a leading 4-byte pkt-line + length (typical of the pkt-line format), followed by a 1-byte + stream code, followed by the actual data. + + The stream code can be one of: + 1 - pack data + 2 - progress messages + 3 - fatal error message just before stream aborts + + server-option +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If advertised, indicates that any number of server specific options can be +included in a request. This is done by sending each option as a +"server-option=<option>" capability line in the capability-list section of +a request. + +The provided options must not contain a NUL or LF character. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt b/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt index 00ad379..e03eacc 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt @@ -86,3 +86,15 @@ for testing format-1 compatibility. When the config key `extensions.preciousObjects` is set to `true`, objects in the repository MUST NOT be deleted (e.g., by `git-prune` or `git repack -d`). + +`partialclone` +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When the config key `extensions.partialclone` is set, it indicates +that the repo was created with a partial clone (or later performed +a partial fetch) and that the remote may have omitted sending +certain unwanted objects. Such a remote is called a "promisor remote" +and it promises that all such omitted objects can be fetched from it +in the future. + +The value of this key is the name of the promisor remote. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt b/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt index 5183b15..01dedfe 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/shallow.txt @@ -8,20 +8,22 @@ repo, and therefore grafts are introduced pretending that these commits have no parents. ********************************************************* -The basic idea is to write the SHA-1s of shallow commits into -$GIT_DIR/shallow, and handle its contents like the contents -of $GIT_DIR/info/grafts (with the difference that shallow -cannot contain parent information). - -This information is stored in a new file instead of grafts, or -even the config, since the user should not touch that file -at all (even throughout development of the shallow clone, it -was never manually edited!). +$GIT_DIR/shallow lists commit object names and tells Git to +pretend as if they are root commits (e.g. "git log" traversal +stops after showing them; "git fsck" does not complain saying +the commits listed on their "parent" lines do not exist). Each line contains exactly one SHA-1. When read, a commit_graft will be constructed, which has nr_parent < 0 to make it easier to discern from user provided grafts. +Note that the shallow feature could not be changed easily to +use replace refs: a commit containing a `mergetag` is not allowed +to be replaced, not even by a root commit. Such a commit can be +made shallow, though. Also, having a `shallow` file explicitly +listing all the commits made shallow makes it a *lot* easier to +do shallow-specific things such as to deepen the history. + Since fsck-objects relies on the library to read the objects, it honours shallow commits automatically. diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index b4d88af..eff7890 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ do so (now or later) by using -b with the checkout command again. Example: git checkout -b new_branch_name -HEAD is now at 427abfa... Linux v2.6.17 +HEAD is now at 427abfa Linux v2.6.17 ------------------------------------------------ The HEAD then refers to the SHA-1 of the commit instead of to a branch, @@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ Bisecting: 3537 revisions left to test after this If you run `git branch` at this point, you'll see that Git has temporarily moved you in "(no branch)". HEAD is now detached from any -branch and points directly to a commit (with commit id 65934...) that +branch and points directly to a commit (with commit id 65934) that is reachable from "master" but not from v2.6.18. Compile and test it, and see whether it crashes. Assume it does crash. Then: @@ -549,14 +549,14 @@ says "bisect". Choose a safe-looking commit nearby, note its commit id, and check it out with: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git reset --hard fb47ddb2db... +$ git reset --hard fb47ddb2db ------------------------------------------------- then test, run `bisect good` or `bisect bad` as appropriate, and continue. Instead of `git bisect visualize` and then `git reset --hard -fb47ddb2db...`, you might just want to tell Git that you want to skip +fb47ddb2db`, you might just want to tell Git that you want to skip the current commit: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1556,7 +1556,7 @@ so on a different branch and then coming back), unstash the work-in-progress changes. ------------------------------------------------ -$ git stash save "work in progress for foo feature" +$ git stash push -m "work in progress for foo feature" ------------------------------------------------ This command will save your changes away to the `stash`, and @@ -3416,7 +3416,7 @@ commit abc Author: Date: ... -:100644 100644 4b9458b... newsha... M somedirectory/myfile +:100644 100644 4b9458b newsha M somedirectory/myfile commit xyz @@ -3424,7 +3424,7 @@ Author: Date: ... -:100644 100644 oldsha... 4b9458b... M somedirectory/myfile +:100644 100644 oldsha 4b9458b M somedirectory/myfile ------------------------------------------------ This tells you that the immediately following version of the file was @@ -3449,7 +3449,7 @@ and your repository is good again! $ git log --raw --all ------------------------------------------------ -and just looked for the sha of the missing object (4b9458b..) in that +and just looked for the sha of the missing object (4b9458b) in that whole thing. It's up to you--Git does *have* a lot of information, it is just missing one particular blob version. @@ -4114,9 +4114,9 @@ program, e.g. `diff3`, `merge`, or Git's own merge-file, on the blob objects from these three stages yourself, like this: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git cat-file blob 263414f... >hello.c~1 -$ git cat-file blob 06fa6a2... >hello.c~2 -$ git cat-file blob cc44c73... >hello.c~3 +$ git cat-file blob 263414f >hello.c~1 +$ git cat-file blob 06fa6a2 >hello.c~2 +$ git cat-file blob cc44c73 >hello.c~3 $ git merge-file hello.c~2 hello.c~1 hello.c~3 ------------------------------------------------ @@ -4374,7 +4374,7 @@ $ git log --no-merges t/ ------------------------ In the pager (`less`), just search for "bundle", go a few lines back, -and see that it is in commit 18449ab0... Now just copy this object name, +and see that it is in commit 18449ab0. Now just copy this object name, and paste it into the command line ------------------- |