diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
57 files changed, 1306 insertions, 623 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index 76f2ecf..06d85ad 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -123,7 +123,8 @@ ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml11 ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook ASCIIDOC_CONF = -f asciidoc.conf ASCIIDOC_COMMON = $(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) $(ASCIIDOC_CONF) \ - -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) + -amanversion=$(GIT_VERSION) \ + -amanmanual='Git Manual' -amansource='Git' TXT_TO_HTML = $(ASCIIDOC_COMMON) -b $(ASCIIDOC_HTML) TXT_TO_XML = $(ASCIIDOC_COMMON) -b $(ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK) MANPAGE_XSL = manpage-normal.xsl @@ -197,11 +198,13 @@ ifdef USE_ASCIIDOCTOR ASCIIDOC = asciidoctor ASCIIDOC_CONF = ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml5 -ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook45 +ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook5 ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -acompat-mode -atabsize=8 ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -I. -rasciidoctor-extensions ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -alitdd='&\#x2d;&\#x2d;' DBLATEX_COMMON = +XMLTO_EXTRA += --skip-validation +XMLTO_EXTRA += -x manpage.xsl endif SHELL_PATH ?= $(SHELL) diff --git a/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt index f867037..5e9b808 100644 --- a/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt +++ b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt @@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) ---- We'll also need to add the declaration of psuh; open up `builtin.h`, find the -declaration for `cmd_push`, and add a new line for `psuh` immediately before it, -in order to keep the declarations sorted: +declaration for `cmd_pull`, and add a new line for `psuh` immediately before it, +in order to keep the declarations alphabetically sorted: ---- int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix); @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) } ---- -Let's try to build it. Open `Makefile`, find where `builtin/push.o` is added +Let's try to build it. Open `Makefile`, find where `builtin/pull.o` is added to `BUILTIN_OBJS`, and add `builtin/psuh.o` in the same way next to it in alphabetical order. Once you've done so, move to the top-level directory and build simply with `make`. Also add the `DEVELOPER=1` variable to turn on @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ a `cmd_struct` to the `commands[]` array. `struct cmd_struct` takes a string with the command name, a function pointer to the command implementation, and a setup option flag. For now, let's keep mimicking `push`. Find the line where `cmd_push` is registered, copy it, and modify it for `cmd_psuh`, placing the new -line in alphabetical order. +line in alphabetical order (immediately before `cmd_pull`). The options are documented in `builtin.h` under "Adding a new built-in." Since we hope to print some data about the user's current workspace context later, @@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Check it out! You've got a command! Nice work! Let's commit this. `git status` reveals modified `Makefile`, `builtin.h`, and `git.c` as well as untracked `builtin/psuh.c` and `git-psuh`. First, let's take care of the binary, -which should be ignored. Open `.gitignore` in your editor, find `/git-push`, and +which should be ignored. Open `.gitignore` in your editor, find `/git-pull`, and add an entry for your new command in alphabetical order: ---- diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08a3973 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,307 @@ +Git 2.24 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.23 +------------------- + +Backward compatibility note + + * Although it is not officially deprecated, "filter-branch" is + showing its age and alternatives are available. From this release, + we started to discourage its uses and hint people about + filter-repo. + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * We now have an active interim maintainer for the Git-Gui part of + the system. Praise and thank Pratyush Yadav for volunteering. + + * The command line parser learned "--end-of-options" notation; the + standard convention for scripters to have hardcoded set of options + first on the command line, and force the command to treat end-user + input as non-options, has been to use "--" as the delimiter, but + that would not work for commands that use "--" as a delimiter + between revs and pathspec. + + * A mechanism to affect the default setting for a (related) group of + configuration variables is introduced. + + * "git fetch" learned "--set-upstream" option to help those who first + clone from their private fork they intend to push to, add the true + upstream via "git remote add" and then "git fetch" from it. + + * Device-tree files learned their own userdiff patterns. + (merge 3c81760bc6 sb/userdiff-dts later to maint). + + * "git rebase --rebase-merges" learned to drive different merge + strategies and pass strategy specific options to them. + + * A new "pre-merge-commit" hook has been introduced. + + * Command line completion updates for "git -c var.name=val" have been + added. + + * The lazy clone machinery has been taught that there can be more + than one promisor remote and consult them in order when downloading + missing objects on demand. + + * The list-objects-filter API (used to create a sparse/lazy clone) + learned to take a combined filter specification. + + * The documentation and tests for "git format-patch" have been + cleaned up. + + * On Windows, the root level of UNC share is now allowed to be used + just like any other directory. + + * The command line completion support (in contrib/) learned about the + "--skip" option of "git revert" and "git cherry-pick". + + * "git rebase --keep-base <upstream>" tries to find the original base + of the topic being rebased and rebase on top of that same base, + which is useful when running the "git rebase -i" (and its limited + variant "git rebase -x"). + + The command also has learned to fast-forward in more cases where it + can instead of replaying to recreate identical commits. + + * A configuration variable tells "git fetch" to write the commit + graph after finishing. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The code to write commit-graph over given commit object names has + been made a bit more robust. + + * The first line of verbose output from each test piece now carries + the test name and number to help scanning with eyeballs. + + * Further clean-up of the initialization code. + + * xmalloc() used to have a mechanism to ditch memory and address + space resources as the last resort upon seeing an allocation + failure from the underlying malloc(), which made the code complex + and thread-unsafe with dubious benefit, as major memory resource + users already do limit their uses with various other mechanisms. + It has been simplified away. + + * Unnecessary full-tree diff in "git log -L" machinery has been + optimized away. + + * The http transport lacked some optimization the native transports + learned to avoid unnecessary ref advertisement, which has been + corrected. + + * Preparation for SHA-256 upgrade continues in the test department. + (merge 0c37c41d13 bc/hash-independent-tests-part-5 later to maint). + + * The memory ownership model of the "git fast-import" got + straightened out. + + * Output from trace2 subsystem is formatted more prettily now. + + * The internal code originally invented for ".gitignore" processing + got reshuffled and renamed to make it less tied to "excluding" and + stress more that it is about "matching", as it has been reused for + things like sparse checkout specification that want to check if a + path is "included". + + * "git stash" learned to write refreshed index back to disk. + + * Coccinelle checks are done on more source files than before now. + + * The cache-tree code has been taught to be less aggressive in + attempting to see if a tree object it computed already exists in + the repository. + + * The code to parse and use the commit-graph file has been made more + robust against corrupted input. + + * The hg-to-git script (in contrib/) has been updated to work with + Python 3. + + * Update the way build artifacts in t/helper/ directory are ignored. + + +Fixes since v2.23 +----------------- + + * "git grep --recurse-submodules" that looks at the working tree + files looked at the contents in the index in submodules, instead of + files in the working tree. + (merge 6a289d45c0 mt/grep-submodules-working-tree later to maint). + + * Codepaths to walk tree objects have been audited for integer + overflows and hardened. + (merge 5aa02f9868 jk/tree-walk-overflow later to maint). + + * "git pack-refs" can lose refs that are created while running, which + is getting corrected. + (merge a613d4f817 sc/pack-refs-deletion-racefix later to maint). + + * "git checkout" and "git restore" to re-populate the index from a + tree-ish (typically HEAD) did not work correctly for a path that + was removed and then added again with the intent-to-add bit, when + the corresponding working tree file was empty. This has been + corrected. + + * Compilation fix. + (merge 70597e8386 rs/nedalloc-fixlets later to maint). + + * "git gui" learned to call the clean-up procedure before exiting. + (merge 0d88f3d2c5 py/git-gui-do-quit later to maint). + + * We promoted the "indent heuristics" that decides where to split + diff hunks from experimental to the default a few years ago, but + some stale documentation still marked it as experimental, which has + been corrected. + (merge 64e5e1fba1 sg/diff-indent-heuristic-non-experimental later to maint). + + * Fix a mismerge that happened in 2.22 timeframe. + (merge acb7da05ac en/checkout-mismerge-fix later to maint). + + * "git archive" recorded incorrect length in extended pax header in + some corner cases, which has been corrected. + (merge 71d41ff651 rs/pax-extended-header-length-fix later to maint). + + * On-demand object fetching in lazy clone incorrectly tried to fetch + commits from submodule projects, while still working in the + superproject, which has been corrected. + (merge a63694f523 jt/diff-lazy-fetch-submodule-fix later to maint). + + * Prepare get_short_oid() codepath to be thread-safe. + (merge 7cfcb16b0e rs/sort-oid-array-thread-safe later to maint). + + * "for-each-ref" and friends that show refs did not protect themselves + against ancient tags that did not record tagger names when asked to + show "%(taggername)", which have been corrected. + (merge 8b3f33ef11 mp/for-each-ref-missing-name-or-email later to maint). + + * The "git am" based backend of "git rebase" ignored the result of + updating ".gitattributes" done in one step when replaying + subsequent steps. + (merge 2c65d90f75 bc/reread-attributes-during-rebase later to maint). + + * Tell cURL library to use the same malloc() implementation, with the + xmalloc() wrapper, as the rest of the system, for consistency. + (merge 93b980e58f cb/curl-use-xmalloc later to maint). + + * Build fix to adjust .gitignore to unignore a path that we started to track. + (merge aac6ff7b5b js/visual-studio later to maint). + + * A few implementation fixes in the notes API. + (merge 60fe477a0b mh/notes-duplicate-entries later to maint). + + * Fix an earlier regression to "git push --all" which should have + been forbidden when the target remote repository is set to be a + mirror. + (merge 8e4c8af058 tg/push-all-in-mirror-forbidden later to maint). + + * Fix an earlier regression in the test suite, which mistakenly + stopped running HTTPD tests. + (merge 3960290675 sg/git-test-boolean later to maint). + + * "git rebase --autostash <upstream> <branch>", when <branch> is + different from the current branch, incorrectly moved the tip of the + current branch, which has been corrected. + (merge bf1e28e0ad bw/rebase-autostash-keep-current-branch later to maint). + + * Update support for Asciidoctor documentation toolchain. + (merge 83b0b8953e ma/asciidoctor-refmiscinfo later to maint). + + * Start using DocBook 5 (instead of DocBook 4.5) as Asciidoctor 2.0 + no longer works with the older one. + (merge f6461b82b9 bc/doc-use-docbook-5 later to maint). + + * The markup used in user-manual has been updated to work better with + asciidoctor. + (merge c4d2f6143a ma/user-manual-markup-update later to maint). + + * Make sure the grep machinery does not abort when seeing a payload + that is not UTF-8 even when JIT is not in use with PCRE1. + (merge ad7c543e3b cb/skip-utf8-check-with-pcre1 later to maint). + + * The name of the blob object that stores the filter specification + for sparse cloning/fetching was interpreted in a wrong place in the + code, causing Git to abort. + + * "git log --decorate-refs-exclude=<pattern>" was incorrectly + overruled when the "--simplify-by-decoration" option is used, which + has been corrected. + (merge 0cc7380d88 rs/simplify-by-deco-with-deco-refs-exclude later to maint). + + * The "upload-pack" (the counterpart of "git fetch") needs to disable + commit-graph when responding to a shallow clone/fetch request, but + the way this was done made Git panic, which has been corrected. + + * The object traversal machinery has been optimized not to load tree + objects when we are only interested in commit history. + (merge 72ed80c784 jk/list-objects-optim-wo-trees later to maint). + + * The object name parser for "Nth parent" syntax has been made more + robust against integer overflows. + (merge 59fa5f5a25 rs/nth-parent-parse later to maint). + + * The code used in following tags in "git fetch" has been optimized. + (merge b7e2d8bca5 ms/fetch-follow-tag-optim later to maint). + + * Regression fix for progress output. + (merge 2bb74b53a4 sg/progress-fix later to maint). + + * A bug in merge-recursive code that triggers when a branch with a + symbolic link is merged with a branch that replaces it with a + directory has been fixed. + (merge 83e3ad3b12 jt/merge-recursive-symlink-is-not-a-dir-in-way later to maint). + + * The rename detection logic sorts a list of rename source candidates + by similarity to pick the best candidate, which means that a tie + between sources with the same similarity is broken by the original + location in the original candidate list (which is sorted by path). + Force the sorting by similarity done with a stable sort, which is + not promised by system supplied qsort(3), to ensure consistent + results across platforms. + (merge 2049b8dc65 js/diff-rename-force-stable-sort later to maint). + + * The code to skip "UTF" and "UTF-" prefix, when computing an advice + message, did not work correctly when the prefix was "UTF", which + has been fixed. + (merge b181676ce9 rs/convert-fix-utf-without-dash later to maint). + + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge d1387d3895 en/fast-import-merge-doc later to maint). + (merge 1c24a54ea4 bm/repository-layout-typofix later to maint). + (merge 415b770b88 ds/midx-expire-repack later to maint). + (merge 19800bdc3f nd/diff-parseopt later to maint). + (merge 58166c2e9d tg/t0021-racefix later to maint). + (merge 7027f508c7 dl/compat-cleanup later to maint). + (merge e770fbfeff jc/test-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 1fd881d404 rs/trace2-dst-warning later to maint). + (merge 7e92756751 mh/http-urlmatch-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 9784f97321 mh/release-commit-memory-fix later to maint). + (merge 60d198d022 tb/banned-vsprintf-namefix later to maint). + (merge 80e3658647 rs/help-unknown-ref-does-not-return later to maint). + (merge 0a8bc7068f dt/remote-helper-doc-re-lock-option later to maint). + (merge 27fd1e4ea7 en/merge-options-ff-and-friends later to maint). + (merge 502c386ff9 sg/clean-nested-repo-with-ignored later to maint). + (merge 26e3d1cbea am/mailmap-andrey-mazo later to maint). + (merge 47b27c96fa ss/get-time-cleanup later to maint). + (merge dd2e50a84e jk/commit-graph-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 4fd39c76e6 cs/pretty-formats-doc-typofix later to maint). + (merge 40e747e89d dl/submodule-set-branch later to maint). + (merge 689a146c91 rs/commit-graph-use-list-count later to maint). + (merge 0eb7c37a8a js/doc-patch-text later to maint). + (merge 4b3aa170d1 rs/nth-switch-code-simplification later to maint). + (merge 0d4304c124 ah/doc-submodule-ignore-submodules later to maint). + (merge af78249463 cc/svn-fe-py-shebang later to maint). + (merge 7bd97d6dff rs/alias-use-copy-array later to maint). + (merge c46ebc2496 sg/travis-help-debug later to maint). + (merge 24c681794f ps/my-first-contribution-alphasort later to maint). + (merge 75b2c15435 cb/do-not-use-test-cmp-with-a later to maint). + (merge cda0d497e3 bw/submodule-helper-usage-fix later to maint). + (merge fe0ed5d5e9 am/visual-studio-config-fix later to maint). + (merge 2e09c01232 sg/name-rev-cutoff-underflow-fix later to maint). + (merge ddb3c856f3 as/shallow-slab-use-fix later to maint). + (merge 71f4960b91 js/mingw-spawn-with-spaces-in-path later to maint). + (merge 53d687bf5f ah/cleanups later to maint). + (merge f537485fa5 rs/test-remove-useless-debugging-cat later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt index 6553d69..6323fea 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Fixes since v2.7 setting GIT_WORK_TREE environment themselves. * The "exclude_list" structure has the usual "alloc, nr" pair of - fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_exclude_list() forgot + fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_pattern_list() forgot to reset 'alloc' to 0 when it cleared 'nr' to discard the managed array. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt index 2507971..5fbe1b8 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt @@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ notes for details). setting GIT_WORK_TREE environment themselves. * The "exclude_list" structure has the usual "alloc, nr" pair of - fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_exclude_list() forgot + fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_pattern_list() forgot to reset 'alloc' to 0 when it cleared 'nr' to discard the managed array. diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index 6d589e1..1a60cc1 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -372,9 +372,9 @@ such as "Thanks-to:", "Based-on-patch-by:", or "Mentored-by:". Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own repositories. -- `git-gui/` comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pat Thoyts: +- `git-gui/` comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pratyush Yadav: - git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git + https://github.com/prati0100/git-gui.git - `gitk-git/` comes from Paul Mackerras's gitk project: diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoc.conf b/Documentation/asciidoc.conf index 2c16c53..8fc4b67 100644 --- a/Documentation/asciidoc.conf +++ b/Documentation/asciidoc.conf @@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ template::[header-declarations] <refmeta> <refentrytitle>{mantitle}</refentrytitle> <manvolnum>{manvolnum}</manvolnum> -<refmiscinfo class="source">Git</refmiscinfo> -<refmiscinfo class="version">{git_version}</refmiscinfo> -<refmiscinfo class="manual">Git Manual</refmiscinfo> +<refmiscinfo class="source">{mansource}</refmiscinfo> +<refmiscinfo class="version">{manversion}</refmiscinfo> +<refmiscinfo class="manual">{manmanual}</refmiscinfo> </refmeta> <refnamediv> <refname>{manname}</refname> diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb index 0089e0c..d906a00 100644 --- a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb +++ b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb @@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ module Git named :chrome def process(parent, target, attrs) - if parent.document.basebackend? 'html' - prefix = parent.document.attr('git-relative-html-prefix') + prefix = parent.document.attr('git-relative-html-prefix') + if parent.document.doctype == 'book' + "<ulink url=\"#{prefix}#{target}.html\">" \ + "#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</ulink>" + elsif parent.document.basebackend? 'html' %(<a href="#{prefix}#{target}.html">#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</a>) elsif parent.document.basebackend? 'docbook' "<citerefentry>\n" \ @@ -20,9 +23,26 @@ module Git end end end + + class DocumentPostProcessor < Asciidoctor::Extensions::Postprocessor + def process document, output + if document.basebackend? 'docbook' + mansource = document.attributes['mansource'] + manversion = document.attributes['manversion'] + manmanual = document.attributes['manmanual'] + new_tags = "" \ + "<refmiscinfo class=\"source\">#{mansource}</refmiscinfo>\n" \ + "<refmiscinfo class=\"version\">#{manversion}</refmiscinfo>\n" \ + "<refmiscinfo class=\"manual\">#{manmanual}</refmiscinfo>\n" + output = output.sub(/<\/refmeta>/, new_tags + "</refmeta>") + end + output + end + end end end Asciidoctor::Extensions.register do inline_macro Git::Documentation::LinkGitProcessor, :linkgit + postprocessor Git::Documentation::DocumentPostProcessor end diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index e3f5bc3..f50f1b4 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -178,47 +178,49 @@ to either specify only the realpath version, or both versions. Example ~~~~~~~ - # Core variables - [core] - ; Don't trust file modes - filemode = false - - # Our diff algorithm - [diff] - external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper - renames = true - - [branch "devel"] - remote = origin - merge = refs/heads/devel - - # Proxy settings - [core] - gitProxy="ssh" for "kernel.org" - gitProxy=default-proxy ; for the rest - - [include] - path = /path/to/foo.inc ; include by absolute path - path = foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" relative to the current file - path = ~/foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" in your `$HOME` directory - - ; include if $GIT_DIR is /path/to/foo/.git - [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/foo/.git"] - path = /path/to/foo.inc - - ; include for all repositories inside /path/to/group - [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] - path = /path/to/foo.inc - - ; include for all repositories inside $HOME/to/group - [includeIf "gitdir:~/to/group/"] - path = /path/to/foo.inc - - ; relative paths are always relative to the including - ; file (if the condition is true); their location is not - ; affected by the condition - [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] - path = foo.inc +---- +# Core variables +[core] + ; Don't trust file modes + filemode = false + +# Our diff algorithm +[diff] + external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper + renames = true + +[branch "devel"] + remote = origin + merge = refs/heads/devel + +# Proxy settings +[core] + gitProxy="ssh" for "kernel.org" + gitProxy=default-proxy ; for the rest + +[include] + path = /path/to/foo.inc ; include by absolute path + path = foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" relative to the current file + path = ~/foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" in your `$HOME` directory + +; include if $GIT_DIR is /path/to/foo/.git +[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/foo/.git"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + +; include for all repositories inside /path/to/group +[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + +; include for all repositories inside $HOME/to/group +[includeIf "gitdir:~/to/group/"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + +; relative paths are always relative to the including +; file (if the condition is true); their location is not +; affected by the condition +[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] + path = foo.inc +---- ; include only if we are in a worktree where foo-branch is ; currently checked out @@ -345,6 +347,8 @@ include::config/difftool.txt[] include::config/fastimport.txt[] +include::config/feature.txt[] + include::config/fetch.txt[] include::config/format.txt[] diff --git a/Documentation/config/core.txt b/Documentation/config/core.txt index 75538d2..852d2ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/core.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/core.txt @@ -86,7 +86,9 @@ core.untrackedCache:: it will automatically be removed, if set to `false`. Before setting it to `true`, you should check that mtime is working properly on your system. - See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. `keep` by default. + See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. `keep` by default, unless + `feature.manyFiles` is enabled which sets this setting to + `true` by default. core.checkStat:: When missing or is set to `default`, many fields in the stat @@ -577,7 +579,7 @@ the `GIT_NOTES_REF` environment variable. See linkgit:git-notes[1]. core.commitGraph:: If true, then git will read the commit-graph file (if it exists) - to parse the graph structure of commits. Defaults to false. See + to parse the graph structure of commits. Defaults to true. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] for more information. core.useReplaceRefs:: diff --git a/Documentation/config/diff.txt b/Documentation/config/diff.txt index 5afb5a2..ff09f1c 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/diff.txt @@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ diff.guitool:: include::../mergetools-diff.txt[] diff.indentHeuristic:: - Set this option to `true` to enable experimental heuristics + Set this option to `false` to disable the default heuristics that shift diff hunk boundaries to make patches easier to read. diff.algorithm:: diff --git a/Documentation/config/feature.txt b/Documentation/config/feature.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..875f8c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/config/feature.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +feature.*:: + The config settings that start with `feature.` modify the defaults of + a group of other config settings. These groups are created by the Git + developer community as recommended defaults and are subject to change. + In particular, new config options may be added with different defaults. + +feature.experimental:: + Enable config options that are new to Git, and are being considered for + future defaults. Config settings included here may be added or removed + with each release, including minor version updates. These settings may + have unintended interactions since they are so new. Please enable this + setting if you are interested in providing feedback on experimental + features. The new default values are: ++ +* `pack.useSparse=true` uses a new algorithm when constructing a pack-file +which can improve `git push` performance in repos with many files. ++ +* `fetch.negotiationAlgorithm=skipping` may improve fetch negotiation times by +skipping more commits at a time, reducing the number of round trips. ++ +* `fetch.writeCommitGraph=true` writes a commit-graph after every `git fetch` +command that downloads a pack-file from a remote. Using the `--split` option, +most executions will create a very small commit-graph file on top of the +existing commit-graph file(s). Occasionally, these files will merge and the +write may take longer. Having an updated commit-graph file helps performance +of many Git commands, including `git merge-base`, `git push -f`, and +`git log --graph`. + +feature.manyFiles:: + Enable config options that optimize for repos with many files in the + working directory. With many files, commands such as `git status` and + `git checkout` may be slow and these new defaults improve performance: ++ +* `index.version=4` enables path-prefix compression in the index. ++ +* `core.untrackedCache=true` enables the untracked cache. This setting assumes +that mtime is working on your machine. diff --git a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt index ba890b5..e8cb205 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt @@ -59,7 +59,8 @@ fetch.negotiationAlgorithm:: effort to converge faster, but may result in a larger-than-necessary packfile; The default is "default" which instructs Git to use the default algorithm that never skips commits (unless the server has acknowledged it or one - of its descendants). + of its descendants). If `feature.experimental` is enabled, then this + setting defaults to "skipping". Unknown values will cause 'git fetch' to error out. + See also the `--negotiation-tip` option for linkgit:git-fetch[1]. @@ -68,3 +69,13 @@ fetch.showForcedUpdates:: Set to false to enable `--no-show-forced-updates` in linkgit:git-fetch[1] and linkgit:git-pull[1] commands. Defaults to true. + +fetch.writeCommitGraph:: + Set to true to write a commit-graph after every `git fetch` command + that downloads a pack-file from a remote. Using the `--split` option, + most executions will create a very small commit-graph file on top of + the existing commit-graph file(s). Occasionally, these files will + merge and the write may take longer. Having an updated commit-graph + file helps performance of many Git commands, including `git merge-base`, + `git push -f`, and `git log --graph`. Defaults to false, unless + `feature.experimental` is true. diff --git a/Documentation/config/format.txt b/Documentation/config/format.txt index 414a5a8..cb629fa 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/format.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/format.txt @@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ format.coverLetter:: A boolean that controls whether to generate a cover-letter when format-patch is invoked, but in addition can be set to "auto", to generate a cover-letter only when there's more than one patch. + Default is false. format.outputDirectory:: Set a custom directory to store the resulting files instead of the diff --git a/Documentation/config/gc.txt b/Documentation/config/gc.txt index 02b92b1..00ea0a6 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/gc.txt @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ gc.writeCommitGraph:: If true, then gc will rewrite the commit-graph file when linkgit:git-gc[1] is run. When using `git gc --auto` the commit-graph will be updated if housekeeping is - required. Default is false. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] + required. Default is true. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] for details. gc.logExpiry:: diff --git a/Documentation/config/index.txt b/Documentation/config/index.txt index f181503..7cb50b3 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/index.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/index.txt @@ -24,3 +24,4 @@ index.threads:: index.version:: Specify the version with which new index files should be initialized. This does not affect existing repositories. + If `feature.manyFiles` is enabled, then the default is 4. diff --git a/Documentation/config/pack.txt b/Documentation/config/pack.txt index 9cdcfa7..1d66f0c 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/pack.txt @@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ pack.useSparse:: objects. This can have significant performance benefits when computing a pack to send a small change. However, it is possible that extra objects are added to the pack-file if the included - commits contain certain types of direct renames. + commits contain certain types of direct renames. Default is `false` + unless `feature.experimental` is enabled. pack.writeBitmaps (deprecated):: This is a deprecated synonym for `repack.writeBitmaps`. diff --git a/Documentation/config/remote.txt b/Documentation/config/remote.txt index 6c4cad8..a8e6437 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/remote.txt @@ -76,3 +76,11 @@ remote.<name>.pruneTags:: + See also `remote.<name>.prune` and the PRUNING section of linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + +remote.<name>.promisor:: + When set to true, this remote will be used to fetch promisor + objects. + +remote.<name>.partialclonefilter:: + The filter that will be applied when fetching from this + promisor remote. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt index f10ca41..e8ed647 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt @@ -1,11 +1,15 @@ -Generating patches with -p --------------------------- - -When "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", or "git-diff-files" are run -with a `-p` option, "git diff" without the `--raw` option, or -"git log" with the "-p" option, they -do not produce the output described above; instead they produce a -patch file. You can customize the creation of such patches via the +Generating patch text with -p +----------------------------- + +Running +linkgit:git-diff[1], +linkgit:git-log[1], +linkgit:git-show[1], +linkgit:git-diff-index[1], +linkgit:git-diff-tree[1], or +linkgit:git-diff-files[1] +with the `-p` option produces patch text. +You can customize the creation of patch text via the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` and the `GIT_DIFF_OPTS` environment variables. What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional @@ -49,7 +53,7 @@ similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old file made it into the new one. + -The index line includes the SHA-1 checksum before and after the change. +The index line includes the blob object names before and after the change. The <mode> is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise, separate lines indicate the old and the new mode. @@ -70,7 +74,7 @@ separate lines indicate the old and the new mode. rename to a -combined diff format +Combined diff format -------------------- Any diff-generating command can take the `-c` or `--cc` option to @@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ linkgit:git-show[1]. Note also that you can give the `-m` option to any of these commands to force generation of diffs with individual parents of a merge. -A 'combined diff' format looks like this: +A "combined diff" format looks like this: ------------ diff --combined describe.c @@ -113,11 +117,11 @@ index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510 ------------ 1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like - this (when `-c` option is used): + this (when the `-c` option is used): diff --combined file + -or like this (when `--cc` option is used): +or like this (when the `--cc` option is used): diff --cc file @@ -160,7 +164,7 @@ parents. 4. Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from accidentally feeding it to `patch -p1`. Combined diff format was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not - meant for apply. The change is similar to the change in the + meant to be applied. The change is similar to the change in the extended 'index' header: @@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@ diff --git a/Documentation/doc-diff b/Documentation/doc-diff index 3355be4..88a9b20 100755 --- a/Documentation/doc-diff +++ b/Documentation/doc-diff @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ asciidoc use asciidoc with both commits to-asciidoc use asciidoc with the 'to'-commit to-asciidoctor use asciidoctor with the 'to'-commit asciidoctor use asciidoctor with both commits -cut-header-footer cut away header and footer +cut-footer cut away footer " SUBDIRECTORY_OK=1 . "$(git --exec-path)/git-sh-setup" @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ force= clean= from_program= to_program= -cut_header_footer= +cut_footer= while test $# -gt 0 do case "$1" in @@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ do --asciidoc) from_program=-asciidoc to_program=-asciidoc ;; - --cut-header-footer) - cut_header_footer=-cut-header-footer ;; + --cut-footer) + cut_footer=-cut-footer ;; --) shift; break ;; *) @@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ construct_makemanflags () { from_makemanflags=$(construct_makemanflags "$from_program") && to_makemanflags=$(construct_makemanflags "$to_program") && -from_dir=$from_oid$from_program$cut_header_footer && -to_dir=$to_oid$to_program$cut_header_footer && +from_dir=$from_oid$from_program$cut_footer && +to_dir=$to_oid$to_program$cut_footer && # generate_render_makefile <srcdir> <dstdir> generate_render_makefile () { @@ -169,12 +169,11 @@ render_tree () { make -j$parallel -f - && mv "$tmp/rendered/$dname+" "$tmp/rendered/$dname" - if test "$cut_header_footer" = "-cut-header-footer" + if test "$cut_footer" = "-cut-footer" then for f in $(find "$tmp/rendered/$dname" -type f) do - tail -n +3 "$f" | head -n -2 | - sed -e '1{/^$/d}' -e '${/^$/d}' >"$f+" && + head -n -2 "$f" | sed -e '${/^$/d}' >"$f+" && mv "$f+" "$f" || return 1 done diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt index 3c9b4f9..99df1f3 100644 --- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt @@ -169,6 +169,13 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] Disable recursive fetching of submodules (this has the same effect as using the `--recurse-submodules=no` option). +--set-upstream:: + If the remote is fetched successfully, pull and add upstream + (tracking) reference, used by argument-less + linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information, + see `branch.<name>.merge` and `branch.<name>.remote` in + linkgit:git-config[1]. + --submodule-prefix=<path>:: Prepend <path> to paths printed in informative messages such as "Fetching submodule foo". This option is used diff --git a/Documentation/git-clean.txt b/Documentation/git-clean.txt index 0028ff1..a7f309d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clean.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clean.txt @@ -26,18 +26,20 @@ are affected. OPTIONS ------- -d:: - Remove untracked directories in addition to untracked files. - If an untracked directory is managed by a different Git - repository, it is not removed by default. Use -f option twice - if you really want to remove such a directory. + Normally, when no <path> is specified, git clean will not + recurse into untracked directories to avoid removing too much. + Specify -d to have it recurse into such directories as well. + If any paths are specified, -d is irrelevant; all untracked + files matching the specified paths (with exceptions for nested + git directories mentioned under `--force`) will be removed. -f:: --force:: If the Git configuration variable clean.requireForce is not set to false, 'git clean' will refuse to delete files or directories - unless given -f, -n or -i. Git will refuse to delete directories - with .git sub directory or file unless a second -f - is given. + unless given -f or -i. Git will refuse to modify untracked + nested git repositories (directories with a .git subdirectory) + unless a second -f is given. -i:: --interactive:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt index eb5e786..8c708a7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git commit-graph read' [--object-dir <dir>] -'git commit-graph verify' [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] -'git commit-graph write' <options> [--object-dir <dir>] +'git commit-graph verify' [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress] +'git commit-graph write' <options> [--object-dir <dir>] [--[no-]progress] DESCRIPTION @@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ OPTIONS commit-graph file is expected to be in the `<dir>/info` directory and the packfiles are expected to be in `<dir>/pack`. +--[no-]progress:: + Turn progress on/off explicitly. If neither is specified, progress is + shown if standard error is connected to a terminal. COMMANDS -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index 7628193..afa7b75 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -282,18 +282,20 @@ FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1].) --untracked-files[=<mode>]:: Show untracked files. + +-- The mode parameter is optional (defaults to 'all'), and is used to specify the handling of untracked files; when -u is not used, the default is 'normal', i.e. show untracked files and directories. -+ + The possible options are: -+ + - 'no' - Show no untracked files - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. -+ + The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. +-- -v:: --verbose:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index ff9310f..899e92a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -339,33 +339,35 @@ EXAMPLES Given a .git/config like this: - # - # This is the config file, and - # a '#' or ';' character indicates - # a comment - # - - ; core variables - [core] - ; Don't trust file modes - filemode = false - - ; Our diff algorithm - [diff] - external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper - renames = true - - ; Proxy settings - [core] - gitproxy=proxy-command for kernel.org - gitproxy=default-proxy ; for all the rest - - ; HTTP - [http] - sslVerify - [http "https://weak.example.com"] - sslVerify = false - cookieFile = /tmp/cookie.txt +------------ +# +# This is the config file, and +# a '#' or ';' character indicates +# a comment +# + +; core variables +[core] + ; Don't trust file modes + filemode = false + +; Our diff algorithm +[diff] + external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper + renames = true + +; Proxy settings +[core] + gitproxy=proxy-command for kernel.org + gitproxy=default-proxy ; for all the rest + +; HTTP +[http] + sslVerify +[http "https://weak.example.com"] + sslVerify = false + cookieFile = /tmp/cookie.txt +------------ you can set the filemode to true with diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt index cc940eb..784e934 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt @@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ This program dumps the given revisions in a form suitable to be piped into 'git fast-import'. You can use it as a human-readable bundle replacement (see -linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a kind of an interactive -'git filter-branch'. - +linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a format that can be edited before being +fed to 'git fast-import' in order to do history rewrites (an ability +relied on by tools like 'git filter-repo'). OPTIONS ------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt index fad327a..0bb2762 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt @@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ change to the project. ('encoding' SP <encoding>)? data ('from' SP <commit-ish> LF)? - ('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)? + ('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)* (filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall | notemodify)* LF? .... diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt index 6b53dd7..5876598 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt @@ -16,6 +16,19 @@ SYNOPSIS [--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force] [--state-branch <branch>] [--] [<rev-list options>...] +WARNING +------- +'git filter-branch' has a plethora of pitfalls that can produce non-obvious +manglings of the intended history rewrite (and can leave you with little +time to investigate such problems since it has such abysmal performance). +These safety and performance issues cannot be backward compatibly fixed and +as such, its use is not recommended. Please use an alternative history +filtering tool such as https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/[git +filter-repo]. If you still need to use 'git filter-branch', please +carefully read <<SAFETY>> (and <<PERFORMANCE>>) to learn about the land +mines of filter-branch, and then vigilantly avoid as many of the hazards +listed there as reasonably possible. + DESCRIPTION ----------- Lets you rewrite Git revision history by rewriting the branches mentioned @@ -445,36 +458,236 @@ warned. (or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to `--prune`, use `git repack -ad; git prune` instead). -NOTES ------ - -git-filter-branch allows you to make complex shell-scripted rewrites -of your Git history, but you probably don't need this flexibility if -you're simply _removing unwanted data_ like large files or passwords. -For those operations you may want to consider -http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/[The BFG Repo-Cleaner], -a JVM-based alternative to git-filter-branch, typically at least -10-50x faster for those use-cases, and with quite different -characteristics: - -* Any particular version of a file is cleaned exactly _once_. The BFG, - unlike git-filter-branch, does not give you the opportunity to - handle a file differently based on where or when it was committed - within your history. This constraint gives the core performance - benefit of The BFG, and is well-suited to the task of cleansing bad - data - you don't care _where_ the bad data is, you just want it - _gone_. - -* By default The BFG takes full advantage of multi-core machines, - cleansing commit file-trees in parallel. git-filter-branch cleans - commits sequentially (i.e. in a single-threaded manner), though it - _is_ possible to write filters that include their own parallelism, - in the scripts executed against each commit. - -* The http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/#examples[command options] - are much more restrictive than git-filter branch, and dedicated just - to the tasks of removing unwanted data- e.g: - `--strip-blobs-bigger-than 1M`. +[[PERFORMANCE]] +PERFORMANCE +----------- + +The performance of git-filter-branch is glacially slow; its design makes it +impossible for a backward-compatible implementation to ever be fast: + +* In editing files, git-filter-branch by design checks out each and +every commit as it existed in the original repo. If your repo has 10\^5 +files and 10\^5 commits, but each commit only modifies 5 files, then +git-filter-branch will make you do 10\^10 modifications, despite only +having (at most) 5*10^5 unique blobs. + +* If you try and cheat and try to make git-filter-branch only work on +files modified in a commit, then two things happen + + ** you run into problems with deletions whenever the user is simply + trying to rename files (because attempting to delete files that + don't exist looks like a no-op; it takes some chicanery to remap + deletes across file renames when the renames happen via arbitrary + user-provided shell) + + ** even if you succeed at the map-deletes-for-renames chicanery, you + still technically violate backward compatibility because users are + allowed to filter files in ways that depend upon topology of + commits instead of filtering solely based on file contents or names + (though this has not been observed in the wild). + +* Even if you don't need to edit files but only want to e.g. rename or +remove some and thus can avoid checking out each file (i.e. you can use +--index-filter), you still are passing shell snippets for your filters. +This means that for every commit, you have to have a prepared git repo +where those filters can be run. That's a significant setup. + +* Further, several additional files are created or updated per commit by +git-filter-branch. Some of these are for supporting the convenience +functions provided by git-filter-branch (such as map()), while others +are for keeping track of internal state (but could have also been +accessed by user filters; one of git-filter-branch's regression tests +does so). This essentially amounts to using the filesystem as an IPC +mechanism between git-filter-branch and the user-provided filters. +Disks tend to be a slow IPC mechanism, and writing these files also +effectively represents a forced synchronization point between separate +processes that we hit with every commit. + +* The user-provided shell commands will likely involve a pipeline of +commands, resulting in the creation of many processes per commit. +Creating and running another process takes a widely varying amount of +time between operating systems, but on any platform it is very slow +relative to invoking a function. + +* git-filter-branch itself is written in shell, which is kind of slow. +This is the one performance issue that could be backward-compatibly +fixed, but compared to the above problems that are intrinsic to the +design of git-filter-branch, the language of the tool itself is a +relatively minor issue. + + ** Side note: Unfortunately, people tend to fixate on the + written-in-shell aspect and periodically ask if git-filter-branch + could be rewritten in another language to fix the performance + issues. Not only does that ignore the bigger intrinsic problems + with the design, it'd help less than you'd expect: if + git-filter-branch itself were not shell, then the convenience + functions (map(), skip_commit(), etc) and the `--setup` argument + could no longer be executed once at the beginning of the program + but would instead need to be prepended to every user filter (and + thus re-executed with every commit). + +The https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/[git filter-repo] tool is +an alternative to git-filter-branch which does not suffer from these +performance problems or the safety problems (mentioned below). For those +with existing tooling which relies upon git-filter-branch, 'git +repo-filter' also provides +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/blob/master/contrib/filter-repo-demos/filter-lamely[filter-lamely], +a drop-in git-filter-branch replacement (with a few caveats). While +filter-lamely suffers from all the same safety issues as +git-filter-branch, it at least ameloriates the performance issues a +little. + +[[SAFETY]] +SAFETY +------ + +git-filter-branch is riddled with gotchas resulting in various ways to +easily corrupt repos or end up with a mess worse than what you started +with: + +* Someone can have a set of "working and tested filters" which they +document or provide to a coworker, who then runs them on a different OS +where the same commands are not working/tested (some examples in the +git-filter-branch manpage are also affected by this). BSD vs. GNU +userland differences can really bite. If lucky, error messages are +spewed. But just as likely, the commands either don't do the filtering +requested, or silently corrupt by making some unwanted change. The +unwanted change may only affect a few commits, so it's not necessarily +obvious either. (The fact that problems won't necessarily be obvious +means they are likely to go unnoticed until the rewritten history is in +use for quite a while, at which point it's really hard to justify +another flag-day for another rewrite.) + +* Filenames with spaces are often mishandled by shell snippets since +they cause problems for shell pipelines. Not everyone is familiar with +find -print0, xargs -0, git-ls-files -z, etc. Even people who are +familiar with these may assume such flags are not relevant because +someone else renamed any such files in their repo back before the person +doing the filtering joined the project. And often, even those familiar +with handling arguments with spaces may not do so just because they +aren't in the mindset of thinking about everything that could possibly +go wrong. + +* Non-ascii filenames can be silently removed despite being in a desired +directory. Keeping only wanted paths is often done using pipelines like +`git ls-files | grep -v ^WANTED_DIR/ | xargs git rm`. ls-files will +only quote filenames if needed, so folks may not notice that one of the +files didn't match the regex (at least not until it's much too late). +Yes, someone who knows about core.quotePath can avoid this (unless they +have other special characters like \t, \n, or "), and people who use +ls-files -z with something other than grep can avoid this, but that +doesn't mean they will. + +* Similarly, when moving files around, one can find that filenames with +non-ascii or special characters end up in a different directory, one +that includes a double quote character. (This is technically the same +issue as above with quoting, but perhaps an interesting different way +that it can and has manifested as a problem.) + +* It's far too easy to accidentally mix up old and new history. It's +still possible with any tool, but git-filter-branch almost invites it. +If lucky, the only downside is users getting frustrated that they don't +know how to shrink their repo and remove the old stuff. If unlucky, +they merge old and new history and end up with multiple "copies" of each +commit, some of which have unwanted or sensitive files and others which +don't. This comes about in multiple different ways: + + ** the default to only doing a partial history rewrite ('--all' is not + the default and few examples show it) + + ** the fact that there's no automatic post-run cleanup + + ** the fact that --tag-name-filter (when used to rename tags) doesn't + remove the old tags but just adds new ones with the new name + + ** the fact that little educational information is provided to inform + users of the ramifications of a rewrite and how to avoid mixing old + and new history. For example, this man page discusses how users + need to understand that they need to rebase their changes for all + their branches on top of new history (or delete and reclone), but + that's only one of multiple concerns to consider. See the + "DISCUSSION" section of the git filter-repo manual page for more + details. + +* Annotated tags can be accidentally converted to lightweight tags, due +to either of two issues: + + ** Someone can do a history rewrite, realize they messed up, restore + from the backups in refs/original/, and then redo their + git-filter-branch command. (The backup in refs/original/ is not a + real backup; it dereferences tags first.) + + ** Running git-filter-branch with either --tags or --all in your + <rev-list options>. In order to retain annotated tags as + annotated, you must use --tag-name-filter (and must not have + restored from refs/original/ in a previously botched rewrite). + +* Any commit messages that specify an encoding will become corrupted +by the rewrite; git-filter-branch ignores the encoding, takes the original +bytes, and feeds it to commit-tree without telling it the proper +encoding. (This happens whether or not --msg-filter is used.) + +* Commit messages (even if they are all UTF-8) by default become +corrupted due to not being updated -- any references to other commit +hashes in commit messages will now refer to no-longer-extant commits. + +* There are no facilities for helping users find what unwanted crud they +should delete, which means they are much more likely to have incomplete +or partial cleanups that sometimes result in confusion and people +wasting time trying to understand. (For example, folks tend to just +look for big files to delete instead of big directories or extensions, +and once they do so, then sometime later folks using the new repository +who are going through history will notice a build artifact directory +that has some files but not others, or a cache of dependencies +(node_modules or similar) which couldn't have ever been functional since +it's missing some files.) + +* If --prune-empty isn't specified, then the filtering process can +create hoards of confusing empty commits + +* If --prune-empty is specified, then intentionally placed empty +commits from before the filtering operation are also pruned instead of +just pruning commits that became empty due to filtering rules. + +* If --prune empty is specified, sometimes empty commits are missed +and left around anyway (a somewhat rare bug, but it happens...) + +* A minor issue, but users who have a goal to update all names and +emails in a repository may be led to --env-filter which will only update +authors and committers, missing taggers. + +* If the user provides a --tag-name-filter that maps multiple tags to +the same name, no warning or error is provided; git-filter-branch simply +overwrites each tag in some undocumented pre-defined order resulting in +only one tag at the end. (A git-filter-branch regression test requires +this surprising behavior.) + +Also, the poor performance of git-filter-branch often leads to safety +issues: + +* Coming up with the correct shell snippet to do the filtering you want +is sometimes difficult unless you're just doing a trivial modification +such as deleting a couple files. Unfortunately, people often learn if +the snippet is right or wrong by trying it out, but the rightness or +wrongness can vary depending on special circumstances (spaces in +filenames, non-ascii filenames, funny author names or emails, invalid +timezones, presence of grafts or replace objects, etc.), meaning they +may have to wait a long time, hit an error, then restart. The +performance of git-filter-branch is so bad that this cycle is painful, +reducing the time available to carefully re-check (to say nothing about +what it does to the patience of the person doing the rewrite even if +they do technically have more time available). This problem is extra +compounded because errors from broken filters may not be shown for a +long time and/or get lost in a sea of output. Even worse, broken +filters often just result in silent incorrect rewrites. + +* To top it all off, even when users finally find working commands, they +naturally want to share them. But they may be unaware that their repo +didn't have some special cases that someone else's does. So, when +someone else with a different repository runs the same commands, they +get hit by the problems above. Or, the user just runs commands that +really were vetted for special cases, but they run it on a different OS +where it doesn't work, as noted above. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index b9b97e6..0ac56f4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ SYNOPSIS [--signature-file=<file>] [-n | --numbered | -N | --no-numbered] [--start-number <n>] [--numbered-files] - [--in-reply-to=Message-Id] [--suffix=.<sfx>] + [--in-reply-to=<message id>] [--suffix=.<sfx>] [--ignore-if-in-upstream] - [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=Subject-Prefix] + [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=<subject prefix>] [(--reroll-count|-v) <n>] [--to=<email>] [--cc=<email>] [--[no-]cover-letter] [--quiet] @@ -159,9 +159,9 @@ Beware that the default for 'git send-email' is to thread emails itself. If you want `git format-patch` to take care of threading, you will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. ---in-reply-to=Message-Id:: +--in-reply-to=<message id>:: Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a - reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to + reply to the given <message id>, which avoids breaking threads to provide a new patch series. --ignore-if-in-upstream:: @@ -171,9 +171,9 @@ will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. patches being generated, and any patch that matches is ignored. ---subject-prefix=<Subject-Prefix>:: +--subject-prefix=<subject prefix>:: Instead of the standard '[PATCH]' prefix in the subject - line, instead use '[<Subject-Prefix>]'. This + line, instead use '[<subject prefix>]'. This allows for useful naming of a patch series, and can be combined with the `--numbered` option. @@ -314,7 +314,8 @@ you can use `--suffix=-patch` to get `0001-description-of-my-change-patch`. --base=<commit>:: Record the base tree information to identify the state the patch series applies to. See the BASE TREE INFORMATION section - below for details. + below for details. If <commit> is "auto", a base commit is + automatically chosen. --root:: Treat the revision argument as a <revision range>, even if it @@ -330,8 +331,9 @@ CONFIGURATION ------------- You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message, defaults for the subject prefix and file suffix, number patches when -outputting more than one patch, add "To" or "Cc:" headers, configure -attachments, and sign off patches with configuration variables. +outputting more than one patch, add "To:" or "Cc:" headers, configure +attachments, change the patch output directory, and sign off patches +with configuration variables. ------------ [format] @@ -343,7 +345,8 @@ attachments, and sign off patches with configuration variables. cc = <email> attach [ = mime-boundary-string ] signOff = true - coverletter = auto + outputDirectory = <directory> + coverLetter = auto ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt index 247f765..0c114ad 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt @@ -115,15 +115,14 @@ NOTES ----- 'git gc' tries very hard not to delete objects that are referenced -anywhere in your repository. In -particular, it will keep not only objects referenced by your current set -of branches and tags, but also objects referenced by the index, -remote-tracking branches, refs saved by 'git filter-branch' in -refs/original/, reflogs (which may reference commits in branches -that were later amended or rewound), and anything else in the refs/* namespace. -If you are expecting some objects to be deleted and they aren't, check -all of those locations and decide whether it makes sense in your case to -remove those references. +anywhere in your repository. In particular, it will keep not only +objects referenced by your current set of branches and tags, but also +objects referenced by the index, remote-tracking branches, notes saved +by 'git notes' under refs/notes/, reflogs (which may reference commits +in branches that were later amended or rewound), and anything else in +the refs/* namespace. If you are expecting some objects to be deleted +and they aren't, check all of those locations and decide whether it +makes sense in your case to remove those references. On the other hand, when 'git gc' runs concurrently with another process, there is a risk of it deleting an object that the other process is using diff --git a/Documentation/git-gui.txt b/Documentation/git-gui.txt index 5f93f80..c9d7e96 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gui.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gui.txt @@ -112,15 +112,9 @@ Other versions are distributed as part of the Git suite for the convenience of end users. -A 'git gui' development repository can be obtained from: +The official repository of the 'git gui' project can be found at: - git clone git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git - -or - - git clone http://repo.or.cz/r/git-gui.git - -or browsed online at http://repo.or.cz/w/git-gui.git/[]. + https://github.com/prati0100/git-gui.git/ GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt index 0b057cb..a2ea1fd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt @@ -92,21 +92,23 @@ OPTIONS EXAMPLES -------- - $ git ls-remote --tags ./. - d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 - f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 - 7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 - c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 - 0918385dbd9656cab0d1d81ba7453d49bbc16250 refs/tags/junio-gpg-pub - $ git ls-remote http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git master pu rc - 5fe978a5381f1fbad26a80e682ddd2a401966740 refs/heads/master - c781a84b5204fb294c9ccc79f8b3baceeb32c061 refs/heads/pu - $ git remote add korg http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git - $ git ls-remote --tags korg v\* - d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 - f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 - c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 - 7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 +---- +$ git ls-remote --tags ./. +d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 +f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 +7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 +c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 +0918385dbd9656cab0d1d81ba7453d49bbc16250 refs/tags/junio-gpg-pub +$ git ls-remote http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git master pu rc +5fe978a5381f1fbad26a80e682ddd2a401966740 refs/heads/master +c781a84b5204fb294c9ccc79f8b3baceeb32c061 refs/heads/pu +$ git remote add korg http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git +$ git ls-remote --tags korg v\* +d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 +f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 +c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 +7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 +---- SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt index 261d5c1..2d944e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt @@ -80,9 +80,11 @@ which is reachable from both 'A' and 'B' through the parent relationship. For example, with this topology: - o---o---o---B - / - ---o---1---o---o---o---A +.... + o---o---o---B + / +---o---1---o---o---o---A +.... the merge base between 'A' and 'B' is '1'. @@ -90,21 +92,25 @@ Given three commits 'A', 'B' and 'C', `git merge-base A B C` will compute the merge base between 'A' and a hypothetical commit 'M', which is a merge between 'B' and 'C'. For example, with this topology: - o---o---o---o---C - / - / o---o---o---B - / / - ---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... + o---o---o---o---C + / + / o---o---o---B + / / +---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... the result of `git merge-base A B C` is '1'. This is because the equivalent topology with a merge commit 'M' between 'B' and 'C' is: - o---o---o---o---o - / \ - / o---o---o---o---M - / / - ---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... + o---o---o---o---o + / \ + / o---o---o---o---M + / / +---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... and the result of `git merge-base A M` is '1'. Commit '2' is also a common ancestor between 'A' and 'M', but '1' is a better common ancestor, @@ -116,11 +122,13 @@ the best common ancestor of all commits. When the history involves criss-cross merges, there can be more than one 'best' common ancestor for two commits. For example, with this topology: - ---1---o---A - \ / - X - / \ - ---2---o---o---B +.... +---1---o---A + \ / + X + / \ +---2---o---o---B +.... both '1' and '2' are merge-bases of A and B. Neither one is better than the other (both are 'best' merge bases). When the `--all` option is not given, @@ -131,18 +139,22 @@ and B is (or at least used to be) to compute the merge base between A and B, and check if it is the same as A, in which case, A is an ancestor of B. You will see this idiom used often in older scripts. - A=$(git rev-parse --verify A) - if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)" - then - ... A is an ancestor of B ... - fi +.... +A=$(git rev-parse --verify A) +if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)" +then + ... A is an ancestor of B ... +fi +.... In modern git, you can say this in a more direct way: - if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B - then - ... A is an ancestor of B ... - fi +.... +if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B +then + ... A is an ancestor of B ... +fi +.... instead. @@ -154,13 +166,15 @@ topic origin/master`, the history of remote-tracking branch `origin/master` may have been rewound and rebuilt, leading to a history of this shape: - o---B2 - / - ---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) - \ - B0 - \ - D0---D1---D (topic) +.... + o---B2 + / +---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) + \ + B0 + \ + D0---D1---D (topic) +.... where `origin/master` used to point at commits B0, B1, B2 and now it points at B, and your `topic` branch was started on top of it back @@ -193,13 +207,15 @@ will find B0, and will replay D0, D1 and D on top of B to create a new history of this shape: - o---B2 - / - ---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) - \ \ - B0 D0'--D1'--D' (topic - updated) - \ - D0---D1---D (topic - old) +.... + o---B2 + / +---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) + \ \ + B0 D0'--D1'--D' (topic - updated) + \ + D0---D1---D (topic - old) +.... A caveat is that older reflog entries in your repository may be expired by `git gc`. If B0 no longer appears in the reflog of the diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt index 02676fb..2ab84a9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt @@ -54,20 +54,24 @@ original is first. But the argument order to the 3-way merge program Examples: - torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat MM - This is MM from the original tree. # original - This is modified MM in the branch A. # merge1 - This is modified MM in the branch B. # merge2 - This is modified MM in the branch B. # current contents +---- +torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat MM +This is MM from the original tree. # original +This is modified MM in the branch A. # merge1 +This is modified MM in the branch B. # merge2 +This is modified MM in the branch B. # current contents +---- or - torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat AA MM - cat: : No such file or directory - This is added AA in the branch A. - This is added AA in the branch B. - This is added AA in the branch B. - fatal: merge program failed +---- +torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat AA MM +cat: : No such file or directory +This is added AA in the branch A. +This is added AA in the branch B. +This is added AA in the branch B. +fatal: merge program failed +---- where the latter example shows how 'git merge-index' will stop trying to merge once anything has returned an error (i.e., `cat` returned an error diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt index 01fd52d..092529c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [--[no-]edit] - [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]] + [--no-verify] [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]] [--[no-]allow-unrelated-histories] [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [-F <file>] [<commit>...] 'git merge' (--continue | --abort | --quit) diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index 6156609..639a417 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ git-rebase - Reapply commits on top of another base tip SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] - [<upstream> [<branch>]] +'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] + [--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] [<upstream> [<branch>]] 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>] 'git rebase' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo | --show-current-patch) @@ -217,6 +217,24 @@ As a special case, you may use "A\...B" as a shortcut for the merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. +--keep-base:: + Set the starting point at which to create the new commits to the + merge base of <upstream> <branch>. Running + 'git rebase --keep-base <upstream> <branch>' is equivalent to + running 'git rebase --onto <upstream>... <upstream>'. ++ +This option is useful in the case where one is developing a feature on +top of an upstream branch. While the feature is being worked on, the +upstream branch may advance and it may not be the best idea to keep +rebasing on top of the upstream but to keep the base commit as-is. ++ +Although both this option and --fork-point find the merge base between +<upstream> and <branch>, this option uses the merge base as the _starting +point_ on which new commits will be created, whereas --fork-point uses +the merge base to determine the _set of commits_ which will be rebased. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + <upstream>:: Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit, not just an existing branch name. Defaults to the configured @@ -369,6 +387,10 @@ ends up being empty, the <upstream> will be used as a fallback. + If either <upstream> or --root is given on the command line, then the default is `--no-fork-point`, otherwise the default is `--fork-point`. ++ +If your branch was based on <upstream> but <upstream> was rewound and +your branch contains commits which were dropped, this option can be used +with `--keep-base` in order to drop those commits from your branch. --ignore-whitespace:: --whitespace=<option>:: @@ -543,8 +565,8 @@ In addition, the following pairs of options are incompatible: * --preserve-merges and --interactive * --preserve-merges and --signoff * --preserve-merges and --rebase-merges - * --rebase-merges and --strategy - * --rebase-merges and --strategy-option + * --keep-base and --onto + * --keep-base and --root BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES ----------------------- @@ -832,7 +854,8 @@ Hard case: The changes are not the same.:: This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used `--interactive` to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or if the upstream used one of `commit --amend`, `reset`, or - `filter-branch`. + a full history rewriting command like + https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[`filter-repo`]. The easy case @@ -870,7 +893,7 @@ NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful --interactive` will be **resurrected**! The idea is to manually tell 'git rebase' "where the old 'subsystem' -ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base +ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge base between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit of the old 'subsystem', for example: diff --git a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt index dedf97e..25702ed 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt @@ -165,29 +165,31 @@ ref listing the commits pushed to the repository, and logs the push certificates of signed pushes with good signatures to a logger service: - #!/bin/sh - # mail out commit update information. - while read oval nval ref - do - if expr "$oval" : '0*$' >/dev/null - then - echo "Created a new ref, with the following commits:" - git rev-list --pretty "$nval" - else - echo "New commits:" - git rev-list --pretty "$nval" "^$oval" - fi | - mail -s "Changes to ref $ref" commit-list@mydomain - done - # log signed push certificate, if any - if test -n "${GIT_PUSH_CERT-}" && test ${GIT_PUSH_CERT_STATUS} = G +---- +#!/bin/sh +# mail out commit update information. +while read oval nval ref +do + if expr "$oval" : '0*$' >/dev/null then - ( - echo expected nonce is ${GIT_PUSH_NONCE} - git cat-file blob ${GIT_PUSH_CERT} - ) | mail -s "push certificate from $GIT_PUSH_CERT_SIGNER" push-log@mydomain - fi - exit 0 + echo "Created a new ref, with the following commits:" + git rev-list --pretty "$nval" + else + echo "New commits:" + git rev-list --pretty "$nval" "^$oval" + fi | + mail -s "Changes to ref $ref" commit-list@mydomain +done +# log signed push certificate, if any +if test -n "${GIT_PUSH_CERT-}" && test ${GIT_PUSH_CERT_STATUS} = G +then + ( + echo expected nonce is ${GIT_PUSH_NONCE} + git cat-file blob ${GIT_PUSH_CERT} + ) | mail -s "push certificate from $GIT_PUSH_CERT_SIGNER" push-log@mydomain +fi +exit 0 +---- The exit code from this hook invocation is ignored, however a non-zero exit code will generate an error message. @@ -212,8 +214,10 @@ anyway. This hook can be used, for example, to run `git update-server-info` if the repository is packed and is served via a dumb transport. - #!/bin/sh - exec git update-server-info +---- +#!/bin/sh +exec git update-server-info +---- QUARANTINE ENVIRONMENT diff --git a/Documentation/git-replace.txt b/Documentation/git-replace.txt index 246dc99..f271d75 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-replace.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-replace.txt @@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ The following format are available: CREATING REPLACEMENT OBJECTS ---------------------------- -linkgit:git-filter-branch[1], linkgit:git-hash-object[1] and -linkgit:git-rebase[1], among other git commands, can be used to create -replacement objects from existing objects. The `--edit` option can -also be used with 'git replace' to create a replacement object by +linkgit:git-hash-object[1], linkgit:git-rebase[1], and +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo], among other git commands, can be used to +create replacement objects from existing objects. The `--edit` option +can also be used with 'git replace' to create a replacement object by editing an existing object. If you want to replace many blobs, trees or commits that are part of a @@ -148,13 +148,13 @@ pending objects. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-hash-object[1] -linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] linkgit:git-rebase[1] linkgit:git-tag[1] linkgit:git-branch[1] linkgit:git-commit[1] linkgit:git-var[1] linkgit:git[1] +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index d93e5d0..0a69810 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -486,11 +486,13 @@ Use gmail as the smtp server To use 'git send-email' to send your patches through the GMail SMTP server, edit ~/.gitconfig to specify your account settings: - [sendemail] - smtpEncryption = tls - smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com - smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com - smtpServerPort = 587 +---- +[sendemail] + smtpEncryption = tls + smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com + smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com + smtpServerPort = 587 +---- If you have multifactor authentication setup on your gmail account, you will need to generate an app-specific password for use with 'git send-email'. Visit diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt index d4e8f24..7731b45 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-status.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt @@ -59,16 +59,17 @@ This is optional and defaults to the original version 'v1' format. --untracked-files[=<mode>]:: Show untracked files. + +-- The mode parameter is used to specify the handling of untracked files. It is optional: it defaults to 'all', and if specified, it must be stuck to the option (e.g. `-uno`, but not `-u no`). -+ + The possible options are: -+ + - 'no' - Show no untracked files. - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories. - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. -+ + When `-u` option is not used, untracked files and directories are shown (i.e. the same as specifying `normal`), to help you avoid forgetting to add newly created files. Because it takes extra work @@ -78,9 +79,10 @@ Consider enabling untracked cache and split index if supported (see `git update-index --untracked-cache` and `git update-index --split-index`), Otherwise you can use `no` to have `git status` return more quickly without showing untracked files. -+ + The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. +-- --ignore-submodules[=<when>]:: Ignore changes to submodules when looking for changes. <when> can be @@ -100,11 +102,12 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. --ignored[=<mode>]:: Show ignored files as well. + +-- The mode parameter is used to specify the handling of ignored files. It is optional: it defaults to 'traditional'. -+ + The possible options are: -+ + - 'traditional' - Shows ignored files and directories, unless --untracked-files=all is specified, in which case individual files in ignored directories are @@ -112,12 +115,13 @@ The possible options are: - 'no' - Show no ignored files. - 'matching' - Shows ignored files and directories matching an ignore pattern. -+ + When 'matching' mode is specified, paths that explicitly match an ignored pattern are shown. If a directory matches an ignore pattern, then it is shown, but not paths contained in the ignored directory. If a directory does not match an ignore pattern, but all contents are ignored, then the directory is not shown, but all contents are shown. +-- -z:: Terminate entries with NUL, instead of LF. This implies diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index 0ed5c24..1f46380 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -173,7 +173,8 @@ submodule with the `--init` option. If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into the registered submodules, and update any nested submodules within. -- -set-branch ((-d|--default)|(-b|--branch <branch>)) [--] <path>:: +set-branch (-b|--branch) <branch> [--] <path>:: +set-branch (-d|--default) [--] <path>:: Sets the default remote tracking branch for the submodule. The `--branch` option allows the remote branch to be specified. The `--default` option removes the submodule.<name>.branch configuration diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index 3071162..53774f5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -769,11 +769,11 @@ option for (hopefully) obvious reasons. + This option is NOT recommended as it makes it difficult to track down old references to SVN revision numbers in existing documentation, bug -reports and archives. If you plan to eventually migrate from SVN to Git -and are certain about dropping SVN history, consider -linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] instead. filter-branch also allows -reformatting of metadata for ease-of-reading and rewriting authorship -info for non-"svn.authorsFile" users. +reports, and archives. If you plan to eventually migrate from SVN to +Git and are certain about dropping SVN history, consider +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] instead. +filter-repo also allows reformatting of metadata for ease-of-reading +and rewriting authorship info for non-"svn.authorsFile" users. svn.useSvmProps:: svn-remote.<name>.useSvmProps:: diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index fb1d188..c5a528c 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -810,6 +810,8 @@ patterns are available: - `css` suitable for cascading style sheets. +- `dts` suitable for devicetree (DTS) files. + - `fortran` suitable for source code in the Fortran language. - `fountain` suitable for Fountain documents. diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt index 1ed3ca3..4b32876 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt @@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ arguments. Here are the rules: file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to disambiguate. + + * Because `--` disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it + cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions. + You can use `--end-of-options` for this (it also works for commands + that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it + is simply an alias for `--`). + When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index 82cd573..50365f2 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -103,6 +103,28 @@ The default 'pre-commit' hook, when enabled--and with the `hooks.allownonascii` config option unset or set to false--prevents the use of non-ASCII filenames. +pre-merge-commit +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-merge[1], and can be bypassed +with the `--no-verify` option. It takes no parameters, and is +invoked after the merge has been carried out successfully and before +obtaining the proposed commit log message to +make a commit. Exiting with a non-zero status from this script +causes the `git merge` command to abort before creating a commit. + +The default 'pre-merge-commit' hook, when enabled, runs the +'pre-commit' hook, if the latter is enabled. + +This hook is invoked with the environment variable +`GIT_EDITOR=:` if the command will not bring up an editor +to modify the commit message. + +If the merge cannot be carried out automatically, the conflicts +need to be resolved and the result committed separately (see +linkgit:git-merge[1]). At that point, this hook will not be executed, +but the 'pre-commit' hook will, if it is enabled. + prepare-commit-msg ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -425,10 +447,12 @@ post-rewrite This hook is invoked by commands that rewrite commits (linkgit:git-commit[1] when called with `--amend` and -linkgit:git-rebase[1]; currently `git filter-branch` does 'not' call -it!). Its first argument denotes the command it was invoked by: -currently one of `amend` or `rebase`. Further command-dependent -arguments may be passed in the future. +linkgit:git-rebase[1]; however, full-history (re)writing tools like +linkgit:git-fast-import[1] or +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] typically +do not call it!). Its first argument denotes the command it was +invoked by: currently one of `amend` or `rebase`. Further +command-dependent arguments may be passed in the future. The hook receives a list of the rewritten commits on stdin, in the format diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt index a66e95b..f2a65ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ of the superproject, the setting there will override the one found in .gitmodules. Both settings can be overridden on the command line by using the -"--ignore-submodule" option. The 'git submodule' commands are not +"--ignore-submodules" option. The 'git submodule' commands are not affected by this setting. -- @@ -105,14 +105,15 @@ EXAMPLES Consider the following .gitmodules file: - [submodule "libfoo"] - path = include/foo - url = git://foo.com/git/lib.git - - [submodule "libbar"] - path = include/bar - url = git://bar.com/git/lib.git +---- +[submodule "libfoo"] + path = include/foo + url = git://foo.com/git/lib.git +[submodule "libbar"] + path = include/bar + url = git://bar.com/git/lib.git +---- This defines two submodules, `libfoo` and `libbar`. These are expected to be checked out in the paths `include/foo` and `include/bar`, and for both diff --git a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt index 43f80c8..a5c3c04 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt @@ -297,9 +297,13 @@ Supported if the helper has the "option" capability. same batch are complete. Only objects which were reported in the output of 'list' with a sha1 may be fetched this way. + -Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating a file under -GIT_DIR/objects/pack which is keeping a pack until refs can be -suitably updated. +Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating the full path of +a file under `$GIT_DIR/objects/pack` which is keeping a pack until +refs can be suitably updated. The path must end with `.keep`. This is +a mechanism to name a <pack,idx,keep> tuple by giving only the keep +component. The kept pack will not be deleted by a concurrent repack, +even though its objects may not be referenced until the fetch completes. +The `.keep` file will be deleted at the conclusion of the fetch. + If option 'check-connectivity' is requested, the helper must output 'connectivity-ok' if the clone is self-contained and connected. diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt index 216b11e..d6388f1 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ objects/[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]:: here are often called 'unpacked' (or 'loose') objects. objects/pack:: - Packs (files that store many object in compressed form, + Packs (files that store many objects in compressed form, along with index files to allow them to be randomly accessed) are found in this directory. diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt index 35317e7..7963a79 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt @@ -786,9 +786,9 @@ forks:: subdirectories of project root (basename) to be forks of existing projects. For each project +$projname.git+, projects in the +$projname/+ directory and its subdirectories will not be - shown in the main projects list. Instead, a \'\+' mark is shown - next to +$projname+, which links to a "forks" view that lists all - the forks (all projects in +$projname/+ subdirectory). Additionally + shown in the main projects list. Instead, a \'+' mark is shown + next to `$projname`, which links to a "forks" view that lists all + the forks (all projects in `$projname/` subdirectory). Additionally a "forks" view for a project is linked from project summary page. + If the project list is taken from a file (+$projects_list+ points to a diff --git a/Documentation/manpage.xsl b/Documentation/manpage.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef64bab --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"> + <xsl:import href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl-ns/current/manpages/docbook.xsl" /> +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt index 79a00d2..59b8ff1 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt @@ -40,20 +40,24 @@ set to `no` at the beginning of them. case of a merge conflict. --ff:: - When the merge resolves as a fast-forward, only update the branch - pointer, without creating a merge commit. This is the default - behavior. - --no-ff:: - Create a merge commit even when the merge resolves as a - fast-forward. This is the default behaviour when merging an - annotated (and possibly signed) tag that is not stored in - its natural place in 'refs/tags/' hierarchy. - --ff-only:: - Refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status unless the - current `HEAD` is already up to date or the merge can be - resolved as a fast-forward. + Specifies how a merge is handled when the merged-in history is + already a descendant of the current history. `--ff` is the + default unless merging an annotated (and possibly signed) tag + that is not stored in its natural place in the `refs/tags/` + hierarchy, in which case `--no-ff` is assumed. ++ +With `--ff`, when possible resolve the merge as a fast-forward (only +update the branch pointer to match the merged branch; do not create a +merge commit). When not possible (when the merged-in history is not a +descendant of the current history), create a merge commit. ++ +With `--no-ff`, create a merge commit in all cases, even when the merge +could instead be resolved as a fast-forward. ++ +With `--ff-only`, resolve the merge as a fast-forward when possible. +When not possible, refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status. -S[<keyid>]:: --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: @@ -105,6 +109,10 @@ option can be used to override --squash. + With --squash, --commit is not allowed, and will fail. +--no-verify:: + This option bypasses the pre-merge and commit-msg hooks. + See also linkgit:githooks[5]. + -s <strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index 0795983..b87e2e8 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] '%GP':: show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used to sign a signed commit '%gD':: reflog selector, e.g., `refs/stash@{1}` or `refs/stash@{2 - minutes ago`}; the format follows the rules described for the + minutes ago}`; the format follows the rules described for the `-g` option. The portion before the `@` is the refname as given on the command line (so `git log -g refs/heads/master` would yield `refs/heads/master@{0}`). diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index bb1251c..90ff9e2 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -756,6 +756,22 @@ explicitly-given commit or tree. Note that the form '--filter=sparse:path=<path>' that wants to read from an arbitrary path on the filesystem has been dropped for security reasons. ++ +Multiple '--filter=' flags can be specified to combine filters. Only +objects which are accepted by every filter are included. ++ +The form '--filter=combine:<filter1>+<filter2>+...<filterN>' can also be +used to combined several filters, but this is harder than just repeating +the '--filter' flag and is usually not necessary. Filters are joined by +'{plus}' and individual filters are %-encoded (i.e. URL-encoded). +Besides the '{plus}' and '%' characters, the following characters are +reserved and also must be encoded: `~!@#$^&*()[]{}\;",<>?`+'`+ +as well as all characters with ASCII code <= `0x20`, which includes +space and newline. ++ +Other arbitrary characters can also be encoded. For instance, +'combine:tree:3+blob:none' and 'combine:tree%3A3+blob%3Anone' are +equivalent. --no-filter:: Turn off any previous `--filter=` argument. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt index 5abb8e8..76b6e4f 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt @@ -111,11 +111,11 @@ marked. If you to exclude files, make sure you have loaded index first. * Prepare `struct dir_struct dir` and clear it with `memset(&dir, 0, sizeof(dir))`. -* To add single exclude pattern, call `add_exclude_list()` and then - `add_exclude()`. +* To add single exclude pattern, call `add_pattern_list()` and then + `add_pattern()`. * To add patterns from a file (e.g. `.git/info/exclude`), call - `add_excludes_from_file()` , and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`. A + `add_patterns_from_file()` , and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`. A short-hand function `setup_standard_excludes()` can be used to set up the standard set of exclude settings. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt index bde1862..7962e32 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt @@ -62,9 +62,7 @@ Initializing `setup_traverse_info`:: Initialize a `traverse_info` given the pathname of the tree to start - traversing from. The `base` argument is assumed to be the `path` - member of the `name_entry` being recursed into unless the tree is a - top-level tree in which case the empty string ("") is used. + traversing from. Walking ------- @@ -140,6 +138,10 @@ same in the next callback invocation. This utilizes the memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the overhead of using a generic strlen(). +`strbuf_make_traverse_path`:: + + Convenience wrapper to `make_traverse_path` into a strbuf. + Authors ------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt index 896c7b3..210373e 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt @@ -30,12 +30,20 @@ advance* during clone and fetch operations and thereby reduce download times and disk usage. Missing objects can later be "demand fetched" if/when needed. +A remote that can later provide the missing objects is called a +promisor remote, as it promises to send the objects when +requested. Initialy Git supported only one promisor remote, the origin +remote from which the user cloned and that was configured in the +"extensions.partialClone" config option. Later support for more than +one promisor remote has been implemented. + Use of partial clone requires that the user be online and the origin -remote be available for on-demand fetching of missing objects. This may -or may not be problematic for the user. For example, if the user can -stay within the pre-selected subset of the source tree, they may not -encounter any missing objects. Alternatively, the user could try to -pre-fetch various objects if they know that they are going offline. +remote or other promisor remotes be available for on-demand fetching +of missing objects. This may or may not be problematic for the user. +For example, if the user can stay within the pre-selected subset of +the source tree, they may not encounter any missing objects. +Alternatively, the user could try to pre-fetch various objects if they +know that they are going offline. Non-Goals @@ -100,18 +108,18 @@ or commits that reference missing trees. Handling Missing Objects ------------------------ -- An object may be missing due to a partial clone or fetch, or missing due - to repository corruption. To differentiate these cases, the local - repository specially indicates such filtered packfiles obtained from the - promisor remote as "promisor packfiles". +- An object may be missing due to a partial clone or fetch, or missing + due to repository corruption. To differentiate these cases, the + local repository specially indicates such filtered packfiles + obtained from promisor remotes as "promisor packfiles". + These promisor packfiles consist of a "<name>.promisor" file with arbitrary contents (like the "<name>.keep" files), in addition to their "<name>.pack" and "<name>.idx" files. - The local repository considers a "promisor object" to be an object that - it knows (to the best of its ability) that the promisor remote has promised - that it has, either because the local repository has that object in one of + it knows (to the best of its ability) that promisor remotes have promised + that they have, either because the local repository has that object in one of its promisor packfiles, or because another promisor object refers to it. + When Git encounters a missing object, Git can see if it is a promisor object @@ -123,12 +131,12 @@ expensive-to-modify list of missing objects.[a] - Since almost all Git code currently expects any referenced object to be present locally and because we do not want to force every command to do a dry-run first, a fallback mechanism is added to allow Git to attempt - to dynamically fetch missing objects from the promisor remote. + to dynamically fetch missing objects from promisor remotes. + When the normal object lookup fails to find an object, Git invokes -fetch-object to try to get the object from the server and then retry -the object lookup. This allows objects to be "faulted in" without -complicated prediction algorithms. +promisor_remote_get_direct() to try to get the object from a promisor +remote and then retry the object lookup. This allows objects to be +"faulted in" without complicated prediction algorithms. + For efficiency reasons, no check as to whether the missing object is actually a promisor object is performed. @@ -157,8 +165,7 @@ and prefetch those objects in bulk. + We are not happy with this global variable and would like to remove it, but that requires significant refactoring of the object code to pass an -additional flag. We hope that concurrent efforts to add an ODB API can -encompass this. +additional flag. Fetching Missing Objects @@ -182,21 +189,63 @@ has been updated to not use any object flags when the corresponding argument though they are not necessary. +Using many promisor remotes +--------------------------- + +Many promisor remotes can be configured and used. + +This allows for example a user to have multiple geographically-close +cache servers for fetching missing blobs while continuing to do +filtered `git-fetch` commands from the central server. + +When fetching objects, promisor remotes are tried one after the other +until all the objects have been fetched. + +Remotes that are considered "promisor" remotes are those specified by +the following configuration variables: + +- `extensions.partialClone = <name>` + +- `remote.<name>.promisor = true` + +- `remote.<name>.partialCloneFilter = ...` + +Only one promisor remote can be configured using the +`extensions.partialClone` config variable. This promisor remote will +be the last one tried when fetching objects. + +We decided to make it the last one we try, because it is likely that +someone using many promisor remotes is doing so because the other +promisor remotes are better for some reason (maybe they are closer or +faster for some kind of objects) than the origin, and the origin is +likely to be the remote specified by extensions.partialClone. + +This justification is not very strong, but one choice had to be made, +and anyway the long term plan should be to make the order somehow +fully configurable. + +For now though the other promisor remotes will be tried in the order +they appear in the config file. + Current Limitations ------------------- -- The remote used for a partial clone (or the first partial fetch - following a regular clone) is marked as the "promisor remote". +- It is not possible to specify the order in which the promisor + remotes are tried in other ways than the order in which they appear + in the config file. + -We are currently limited to a single promisor remote and only that -remote may be used for subsequent partial fetches. +It is also not possible to specify an order to be used when fetching +from one remote and a different order when fetching from another +remote. + +- It is not possible to push only specific objects to a promisor + remote. + -We accept this limitation because we believe initial users of this -feature will be using it on repositories with a strong single central -server. +It is not possible to push at the same time to multiple promisor +remote in a specific order. -- Dynamic object fetching will only ask the promisor remote for missing - objects. We assume that the promisor remote has a complete view of the +- Dynamic object fetching will only ask promisor remotes for missing + objects. We assume that promisor remotes have a complete view of the repository and can satisfy all such requests. - Repack essentially treats promisor and non-promisor packfiles as 2 @@ -218,15 +267,17 @@ server. Future Work ----------- -- Allow more than one promisor remote and define a strategy for fetching - missing objects from specific promisor remotes or of iterating over the - set of promisor remotes until a missing object is found. +- Improve the way to specify the order in which promisor remotes are + tried. + -A user might want to have multiple geographically-close cache servers -for fetching missing blobs while continuing to do filtered `git-fetch` -commands from the central server, for example. +For example this could allow to specify explicitly something like: +"When fetching from this remote, I want to use these promisor remotes +in this order, though, when pushing or fetching to that remote, I want +to use those promisor remotes in that order." + +- Allow pushing to promisor remotes. + -Or the user might want to work in a triangular work flow with multiple +The user might want to work in a triangular work flow with multiple promisor remotes that each have an incomplete view of the repository. - Allow repack to work on promisor packfiles (while keeping them distinct diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index 8bce75b..06bd899 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ -Git User Manual -=============== += Git User Manual Git is a fast distributed revision control system. @@ -41,12 +40,10 @@ complete. [[repositories-and-branches]] -Repositories and Branches -========================= +== Repositories and Branches [[how-to-get-a-git-repository]] -How to get a Git repository ---------------------------- +=== How to get a Git repository It will be useful to have a Git repository to experiment with as you read this manual. @@ -73,8 +70,7 @@ top-level directory named `.git`, which contains all the information about the history of the project. [[how-to-check-out]] -How to check out a different version of a project -------------------------------------------------- +=== How to check out a different version of a project Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a collection of files. It stores the history as a compressed collection of @@ -151,8 +147,7 @@ with no way to find the history it used to point to; so use this command carefully. [[understanding-commits]] -Understanding History: Commits ------------------------------- +=== Understanding History: Commits Every change in the history of a project is represented by a commit. The linkgit:git-show[1] command shows the most recent commit on the @@ -202,8 +197,7 @@ history, including file data and directory contents, is stored in an object with a name that is a hash of its contents. [[understanding-reachability]] -Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability Every commit (except the very first commit in a project) also has a parent commit which shows what happened before this commit. @@ -227,8 +221,7 @@ that Y is a descendant of X, or that there is a chain of parents leading from commit Y to commit X. [[history-diagrams]] -Understanding history: History diagrams -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Understanding history: History diagrams We will sometimes represent Git history using diagrams like the one below. Commits are shown as "o", and the links between them with @@ -247,8 +240,7 @@ If we need to talk about a particular commit, the character "o" may be replaced with another letter or number. [[what-is-a-branch]] -Understanding history: What is a branch? -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Understanding history: What is a branch? When we need to be precise, we will use the word "branch" to mean a line of development, and "branch head" (or just "head") to mean a reference @@ -261,8 +253,7 @@ However, when no confusion will result, we often just use the term "branch" both for branches and for branch heads. [[manipulating-branches]] -Manipulating branches ---------------------- +=== Manipulating branches Creating, deleting, and modifying branches is quick and easy; here's a summary of the commands: @@ -299,8 +290,7 @@ ref: refs/heads/master ------------------------------------------------ [[detached-head]] -Examining an old version without creating a new branch ------------------------------------------------------- +=== Examining an old version without creating a new branch The `git switch` command normally expects a branch head, but will also accept an arbitrary commit when invoked with --detach; for example, @@ -340,8 +330,7 @@ make up a name for the new branch. You can still create a new branch (or tag) for this version later if you decide to. [[examining-remote-branches]] -Examining branches from a remote repository -------------------------------------------- +=== Examining branches from a remote repository The "master" branch that was created at the time you cloned is a copy of the HEAD in the repository that you cloned from. That repository @@ -383,8 +372,7 @@ Note that the name "origin" is just the name that Git uses by default to refer to the repository that you cloned from. [[how-git-stores-references]] -Naming branches, tags, and other references -------------------------------------------- +=== Naming branches, tags, and other references Branches, remote-tracking branches, and tags are all references to commits. All references are named with a slash-separated path name @@ -413,8 +401,7 @@ references with the same shorthand name, see the "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. [[Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch]] -Updating a repository with git fetch ------------------------------------- +=== Updating a repository with git fetch After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates. @@ -425,8 +412,7 @@ repository. It will not touch any of your own branches--not even the "master" branch that was created for you on clone. [[fetching-branches]] -Fetching branches from other repositories ------------------------------------------ +=== Fetching branches from other repositories You can also track branches from repositories other than the one you cloned from, using linkgit:git-remote[1]: @@ -474,8 +460,7 @@ text editor. (See the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1] for details.) [[exploring-git-history]] -Exploring Git history -===================== +== Exploring Git history Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a collection of files. It does this by storing compressed snapshots of @@ -489,8 +474,7 @@ We start with one specialized tool that is useful for finding the commit that introduced a bug into a project. [[using-bisect]] -How to use bisect to find a regression --------------------------------------- +=== How to use bisect to find a regression Suppose version 2.6.18 of your project worked, but the version at "master" crashes. Sometimes the best way to find the cause of such a @@ -572,8 +556,7 @@ linkgit:git-bisect[1] for more information about this and other `git bisect` features. [[naming-commits]] -Naming commits --------------- +=== Naming commits We have seen several ways of naming commits already: @@ -637,8 +620,7 @@ e05db0fd4f31dde7005f075a84f96b360d05984b ------------------------------------------------- [[creating-tags]] -Creating tags -------------- +=== Creating tags We can also create a tag to refer to a particular commit; after running @@ -655,8 +637,7 @@ should create a tag object instead; see the linkgit:git-tag[1] man page for details. [[browsing-revisions]] -Browsing revisions ------------------- +=== Browsing revisions The linkgit:git-log[1] command can show lists of commits. On its own, it shows all commits reachable from the parent commit; but you @@ -697,8 +678,7 @@ multiple independent lines of development, the particular order that commits are listed in may be somewhat arbitrary. [[generating-diffs]] -Generating diffs ----------------- +=== Generating diffs You can generate diffs between any two versions using linkgit:git-diff[1]: @@ -726,8 +706,7 @@ will generate a file with a patch for each commit reachable from test but not from master. [[viewing-old-file-versions]] -Viewing old file versions -------------------------- +=== Viewing old file versions You can always view an old version of a file by just checking out the correct revision first. But sometimes it is more convenient to be @@ -742,12 +721,10 @@ Before the colon may be anything that names a commit, and after it may be any path to a file tracked by Git. [[history-examples]] -Examples --------- +=== Examples [[counting-commits-on-a-branch]] -Counting the number of commits on a branch -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Counting the number of commits on a branch Suppose you want to know how many commits you've made on `mybranch` since it diverged from `origin`: @@ -765,8 +742,7 @@ $ git rev-list origin..mybranch | wc -l ------------------------------------------------- [[checking-for-equal-branches]] -Check whether two branches point at the same history -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Check whether two branches point at the same history Suppose you want to check whether two branches point at the same point in history. @@ -798,8 +774,7 @@ $ git log origin...master will return no commits when the two branches are equal. [[finding-tagged-descendants]] -Find first tagged version including a given fix -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Find first tagged version including a given fix Suppose you know that the commit e05db0fd fixed a certain problem. You'd like to find the earliest tagged release that contains that @@ -883,8 +858,7 @@ shows that e05db0fd is reachable from itself, from v1.5.0-rc1, and from v1.5.0-rc2, and not from v1.5.0-rc0. [[showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch]] -Showing commits unique to a given branch -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Showing commits unique to a given branch Suppose you would like to see all the commits reachable from the branch head named `master` but not from any other head in your repository. @@ -931,8 +905,7 @@ $ gitk $( git show-ref --heads ) --not $( git show-ref --tags ) syntax such as `--not`.) [[making-a-release]] -Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release The linkgit:git-archive[1] command can create a tar or zip archive from any version of a project; for example: @@ -983,8 +956,7 @@ and then he just cut-and-pastes the output commands after verifying that they look OK. [[Finding-commits-With-given-Content]] -Finding commits referencing a file with given content -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Finding commits referencing a file with given content Somebody hands you a copy of a file, and asks which commits modified a file such that it contained the given content either before or after the @@ -1000,12 +972,10 @@ student. The linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-diff-tree[1], and linkgit:git-hash-object[1] man pages may prove helpful. [[Developing-With-git]] -Developing with Git -=================== +== Developing with Git [[telling-git-your-name]] -Telling Git your name ---------------------- +=== Telling Git your name Before creating any commits, you should introduce yourself to Git. The easiest way to do so is to use linkgit:git-config[1]: @@ -1030,8 +1000,7 @@ also edit it with your favorite editor. [[creating-a-new-repository]] -Creating a new repository -------------------------- +=== Creating a new repository Creating a new repository from scratch is very easy: @@ -1052,8 +1021,7 @@ $ git commit ------------------------------------------------- [[how-to-make-a-commit]] -How to make a commit --------------------- +=== How to make a commit Creating a new commit takes three steps: @@ -1148,8 +1116,7 @@ for inclusion in the index (by right-clicking on the diff hunk and choosing "Stage Hunk For Commit"). [[creating-good-commit-messages]] -Creating good commit messages ------------------------------ +=== Creating good commit messages Though not required, it's a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the @@ -1162,8 +1129,7 @@ rest of the commit in the body. [[ignoring-files]] -Ignoring files --------------- +=== Ignoring files A project will often generate files that you do 'not' want to track with Git. This typically includes files generated by a build process or temporary @@ -1205,8 +1171,7 @@ Some Git commands can also take exclude patterns directly on the command line. See linkgit:gitignore[5] for the details. [[how-to-merge]] -How to merge ------------- +=== How to merge You can rejoin two diverging branches of development using linkgit:git-merge[1]: @@ -1254,8 +1219,7 @@ has two parents, one pointing to the top of the current branch, and one to the top of the other branch. [[resolving-a-merge]] -Resolving a merge ------------------ +=== Resolving a merge When a merge isn't resolved automatically, Git leaves the index and the working tree in a special state that gives you all the @@ -1297,8 +1261,7 @@ The above is all you need to know to resolve a simple merge. But Git also provides more information to help resolve conflicts: [[conflict-resolution]] -Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge All of the changes that Git was able to merge automatically are already added to the index file, so linkgit:git-diff[1] shows only @@ -1401,8 +1364,7 @@ the different stages of that file will be "collapsed", after which `git diff` will (by default) no longer show diffs for that file. [[undoing-a-merge]] -Undoing a merge ---------------- +=== Undoing a merge If you get stuck and decide to just give up and throw the whole mess away, you can always return to the pre-merge state with @@ -1423,8 +1385,7 @@ itself have been merged into another branch, as doing so may confuse further merges. [[fast-forwards]] -Fast-forward merges -------------------- +=== Fast-forward merges There is one special case not mentioned above, which is treated differently. Normally, a merge results in a merge commit, with two @@ -1438,8 +1399,7 @@ to point at the head of the merged-in branch, without any new commits being created. [[fixing-mistakes]] -Fixing mistakes ---------------- +=== Fixing mistakes If you've messed up the working tree, but haven't yet committed your mistake, you can return the entire working tree to the last committed @@ -1463,8 +1423,7 @@ fundamentally different ways to fix the problem: a branch that has had its history changed. [[reverting-a-commit]] -Fixing a mistake with a new commit -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Fixing a mistake with a new commit Creating a new commit that reverts an earlier change is very easy; just pass the linkgit:git-revert[1] command a reference to the bad @@ -1490,8 +1449,7 @@ conflicts manually, just as in the case of <<resolving-a-merge, resolving a merge>>. [[fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history]] -Fixing a mistake by rewriting history -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Fixing a mistake by rewriting history If the problematic commit is the most recent commit, and you have not yet made that commit public, then you may just @@ -1518,8 +1476,7 @@ this is an advanced topic to be left for <<cleaning-up-history,another chapter>>. [[checkout-of-path]] -Checking out an old version of a file -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Checking out an old version of a file In the process of undoing a previous bad change, you may find it useful to check out an older version of a particular file using @@ -1543,8 +1500,7 @@ $ git show HEAD^:path/to/file which will display the given version of the file. [[interrupted-work]] -Temporarily setting aside work in progress -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Temporarily setting aside work in progress While you are in the middle of working on something complicated, you find an unrelated but obvious and trivial bug. You would like to fix it @@ -1575,8 +1531,7 @@ $ git stash pop [[ensuring-good-performance]] -Ensuring good performance -------------------------- +=== Ensuring good performance On large repositories, Git depends on compression to keep the history information from taking up too much space on disk or in memory. Some @@ -1587,12 +1542,10 @@ to avoid automatic compression kicking in when it is not convenient. [[ensuring-reliability]] -Ensuring reliability --------------------- +=== Ensuring reliability [[checking-for-corruption]] -Checking the repository for corruption -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Checking the repository for corruption The linkgit:git-fsck[1] command runs a number of self-consistency checks on the repository, and reports on any problems. This may take some @@ -1618,12 +1571,10 @@ You can run `git fsck --no-dangling` to suppress these messages, and still view real errors. [[recovering-lost-changes]] -Recovering lost changes -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Recovering lost changes [[reflogs]] -Reflogs -^^^^^^^ +===== Reflogs Say you modify a branch with <<fixing-mistakes,`git reset --hard`>>, and then realize that the branch was the only reference you had to @@ -1670,8 +1621,7 @@ same project, the reflog history is not shared: it tells you only about how the branches in your local repository have changed over time. [[dangling-object-recovery]] -Examining dangling objects -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +===== Examining dangling objects In some situations the reflog may not be able to save you. For example, suppose you delete a branch, then realize you need the history it @@ -1715,12 +1665,10 @@ dangling objects can arise in other situations. [[sharing-development]] -Sharing development with others -=============================== +== Sharing development with others [[getting-updates-With-git-pull]] -Getting updates with git pull ------------------------------ +=== Getting updates with git pull After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates and merge them @@ -1783,8 +1731,7 @@ $ git merge branch are roughly equivalent. [[submitting-patches]] -Submitting patches to a project -------------------------------- +=== Submitting patches to a project If you just have a few changes, the simplest way to submit them may just be to send them as patches in email: @@ -1812,8 +1759,7 @@ Consult the mailing list for your project first to determine their requirements for submitting patches. [[importing-patches]] -Importing patches to a project ------------------------------- +=== Importing patches to a project Git also provides a tool called linkgit:git-am[1] (am stands for "apply mailbox"), for importing such an emailed series of patches. @@ -1845,8 +1791,7 @@ the original mailbox, with authorship and commit log message each taken from the message containing each patch. [[public-repositories]] -Public Git repositories ------------------------ +=== Public Git repositories Another way to submit changes to a project is to tell the maintainer of that project to pull the changes from your repository using @@ -1886,21 +1831,22 @@ pull from that repository. So the flow of changes, in a situation where there is one other developer with a public repository, looks like this: - you push - your personal repo ------------------> your public repo - ^ | - | | - | you pull | they pull - | | - | | - | they push V - their public repo <------------------- their repo +.... + you push +your personal repo ------------------> your public repo + ^ | + | | + | you pull | they pull + | | + | | + | they push V +their public repo <------------------- their repo +.... We explain how to do this in the following sections. [[setting-up-a-public-repository]] -Setting up a public repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Setting up a public repository Assume your personal repository is in the directory `~/proj`. We first create a new clone of the repository and tell `git daemon` that it @@ -1920,8 +1866,7 @@ public repository. You can use scp, rsync, or whatever is most convenient. [[exporting-via-git]] -Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol This is the preferred method. @@ -1942,8 +1887,7 @@ linkgit:git-daemon[1] man page for details. (See especially the examples section.) [[exporting-via-http]] -Exporting a git repository via HTTP -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Exporting a git repository via HTTP The Git protocol gives better performance and reliability, but on a host with a web server set up, HTTP exports may be simpler to set up. @@ -1975,8 +1919,7 @@ for a slightly more sophisticated setup using WebDAV which also allows pushing over HTTP.) [[pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository]] -Pushing changes to a public repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Pushing changes to a public repository Note that the two techniques outlined above (exporting via <<exporting-via-http,http>> or <<exporting-via-git,git>>) allow other @@ -2035,8 +1978,7 @@ See the explanations of the `remote.<name>.url`, linkgit:git-config[1] for details. [[forcing-push]] -What to do when a push fails -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== What to do when a push fails If a push would not result in a <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>> of the remote branch, then it will fail with an error like: @@ -2090,8 +2032,7 @@ pull, or by a fetch followed by a rebase; see the linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7] for more. [[setting-up-a-shared-repository]] -Setting up a shared repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Setting up a shared repository Another way to collaborate is by using a model similar to that commonly used in CVS, where several developers with special rights @@ -2121,8 +2062,7 @@ advantages over the central shared repository: "out". [[setting-up-gitweb]] -Allowing web browsing of a repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Allowing web browsing of a repository The gitweb cgi script provides users an easy way to browse your project's revisions, file contents and logs without having to install @@ -2138,8 +2078,7 @@ linkgit:gitweb[1] for instructions on details setting up a permanent installation with a CGI or Perl capable server. [[how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history]] -How to get a Git repository with minimal history ------------------------------------------------- +=== How to get a Git repository with minimal history A <<def_shallow_clone,shallow clone>>, with its truncated history, is useful when one is interested only in recent history @@ -2158,12 +2097,10 @@ have to result in huge conflicts. This limitation may make such a repository unsuitable to be used in merge based workflows. [[sharing-development-examples]] -Examples --------- +=== Examples [[maintaining-topic-branches]] -Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer This describes how Tony Luck uses Git in his role as maintainer of the IA64 architecture for the Linux kernel. @@ -2459,8 +2396,7 @@ done [[cleaning-up-history]] -Rewriting history and maintaining patch series -============================================== +== Rewriting history and maintaining patch series Normally commits are only added to a project, never taken away or replaced. Git is designed with this assumption, and violating it will @@ -2470,8 +2406,7 @@ However, there is a situation in which it can be useful to violate this assumption. [[patch-series]] -Creating the perfect patch series ---------------------------------- +=== Creating the perfect patch series Suppose you are a contributor to a large project, and you want to add a complicated feature, and to present it to the other developers in a way @@ -2503,8 +2438,7 @@ use them, and then explain some of the problems that can arise because you are rewriting history. [[using-git-rebase]] -Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase --------------------------------------------------- +=== Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase Suppose that you create a branch `mywork` on a remote-tracking branch `origin`, and create some commits on top of it: @@ -2591,8 +2525,7 @@ the rebase. See <<interactive-rebase>> for details, and <<reordering-patch-series>> for alternatives. [[rewriting-one-commit]] -Rewriting a single commit -------------------------- +=== Rewriting a single commit We saw in <<fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history>> that you can replace the most recent commit using @@ -2610,8 +2543,7 @@ If you need to amend commits from deeper in your history, you can use <<interactive-rebase,interactive rebase's `edit` instruction>>. [[reordering-patch-series]] -Reordering or selecting from a patch series -------------------------------------------- +=== Reordering or selecting from a patch series Sometimes you want to edit a commit deeper in your history. One approach is to use `git format-patch` to create a series of patches @@ -2630,8 +2562,7 @@ $ git am *.patch ------------------------------------------------- [[interactive-rebase]] -Using interactive rebases -------------------------- +=== Using interactive rebases You can also edit a patch series with an interactive rebase. This is the same as <<reordering-patch-series,reordering a patch series using @@ -2688,16 +2619,14 @@ For a more detailed discussion of the procedure and additional tips, see the "INTERACTIVE MODE" section of linkgit:git-rebase[1]. [[patch-series-tools]] -Other tools ------------ +=== Other tools There are numerous other tools, such as StGit, which exist for the purpose of maintaining a patch series. These are outside of the scope of this manual. [[problems-With-rewriting-history]] -Problems with rewriting history -------------------------------- +=== Problems with rewriting history The primary problem with rewriting the history of a branch has to do with merging. Suppose somebody fetches your branch and merges it into @@ -2745,8 +2674,7 @@ For true distributed development that supports proper merging, published branches should never be rewritten. [[bisect-merges]] -Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history ------------------------------------------------------------------------ +=== Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history The linkgit:git-bisect[1] command correctly handles history that includes merge commits. However, when the commit that it finds is a @@ -2811,12 +2739,10 @@ linear by rebasing against the latest upstream version before publishing. [[advanced-branch-management]] -Advanced branch management -========================== +== Advanced branch management [[fetching-individual-branches]] -Fetching individual branches ----------------------------- +=== Fetching individual branches Instead of using linkgit:git-remote[1], you can also choose just to update one branch at a time, and to store it locally under an @@ -2844,8 +2770,7 @@ already have a branch named example-master, it will attempt to master branch. In more detail: [[fetch-fast-forwards]] -git fetch and fast-forwards ---------------------------- +=== git fetch and fast-forwards In the previous example, when updating an existing branch, `git fetch` checks to make sure that the most recent commit on the remote @@ -2882,8 +2807,7 @@ unless you've already created a reference of your own pointing to them. [[forcing-fetch]] -Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates ------------------------------------------------- +=== Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates If git fetch fails because the new head of a branch is not a descendant of the old head, you may force the update with: @@ -2903,8 +2827,7 @@ Be aware that commits that the old version of example/master pointed at may be lost, as we saw in the previous section. [[remote-branch-configuration]] -Configuring remote-tracking branches ------------------------------------- +=== Configuring remote-tracking branches We saw above that `origin` is just a shortcut to refer to the repository that you originally cloned from. This information is @@ -2955,8 +2878,7 @@ the refspec syntax. [[git-concepts]] -Git concepts -============ +== Git concepts Git is built on a small number of simple but powerful ideas. While it is possible to get things done without understanding them, you will find @@ -2966,8 +2888,7 @@ We start with the most important, the <<def_object_database,object database>> and the <<def_index,index>>. [[the-object-database]] -The Object Database -------------------- +=== The Object Database We already saw in <<understanding-commits>> that all commits are stored @@ -3011,8 +2932,7 @@ There are four different types of objects: "blob", "tree", "commit", and The object types in some more detail: [[commit-object]] -Commit Object -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Commit Object The "commit" object links a physical state of a tree with a description of how we got there and why. Use the `--pretty=raw` option to @@ -3064,8 +2984,7 @@ commit whose parent is normally the current HEAD, and whose tree is taken from the content currently stored in the index. [[tree-object]] -Tree Object -~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Tree Object The ever-versatile linkgit:git-show[1] command can also be used to examine tree objects, but linkgit:git-ls-tree[1] will give you more @@ -3104,8 +3023,7 @@ Note that the files all have mode 644 or 755: Git actually only pays attention to the executable bit. [[blob-object]] -Blob Object -~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Blob Object You can use linkgit:git-show[1] to examine the contents of a blob; take, for example, the blob in the entry for `COPYING` from the tree above: @@ -3134,8 +3052,7 @@ sometimes be useful for browsing the contents of a tree that is not currently checked out. [[trust]] -Trust -~~~~~ +==== Trust If you receive the SHA-1 name of a blob from one source, and its contents from another (possibly untrusted) source, you can still trust that those @@ -3164,8 +3081,7 @@ like GPG/PGP. To assist in this, Git also provides the tag object... [[tag-object]] -Tag Object -~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Tag Object A tag object contains an object, object type, tag name, the name of the person ("tagger") who created the tag, and a message, which may contain @@ -3194,8 +3110,7 @@ objects. (Note that linkgit:git-tag[1] can also be used to create references whose names begin with `refs/tags/`). [[pack-files]] -How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files Newly created objects are initially created in a file named after the object's SHA-1 hash (stored in `.git/objects`). @@ -3253,8 +3168,7 @@ The linkgit:git-gc[1] command performs packing, pruning, and more for you, so is normally the only high-level command you need. [[dangling-objects]] -Dangling objects -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Dangling objects The linkgit:git-fsck[1] command will sometimes complain about dangling objects. They are not a problem. @@ -3334,8 +3248,7 @@ don't want to do that while the filesystem is mounted. accesses to a repository but you might receive confusing or scary messages.) [[recovering-from-repository-corruption]] -Recovering from repository corruption -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Recovering from repository corruption By design, Git treats data trusted to it with caution. However, even in the absence of bugs in Git itself, it is still possible that hardware or @@ -3452,8 +3365,7 @@ whole thing. It's up to you--Git does *have* a lot of information, it is just missing one particular blob version. [[the-index]] -The index ---------- +=== The index The index is a binary file (generally kept in `.git/index`) containing a sorted list of path names, each with permissions and the SHA-1 of a blob @@ -3511,8 +3423,7 @@ If you blow the index away entirely, you generally haven't lost any information as long as you have the name of the tree that it described. [[submodules]] -Submodules -========== +== Submodules Large projects are often composed of smaller, self-contained modules. For example, an embedded Linux distribution's source tree would include every @@ -3698,8 +3609,8 @@ $ git push You have to run `git submodule update` after `git pull` if you want to update submodules, too. -Pitfalls with submodules ------------------------- +[[pitfalls-with-submodules]] +=== Pitfalls with submodules Always publish the submodule change before publishing the change to the superproject that references it. If you forget to publish the submodule change, @@ -3768,8 +3679,7 @@ submodule update` will not overwrite them. Instead, you get the usual warning about not being able switch from a dirty branch. [[low-level-operations]] -Low-level Git operations -======================== +== Low-level Git operations Many of the higher-level commands were originally implemented as shell scripts using a smaller core of low-level Git commands. These can still @@ -3777,8 +3687,7 @@ be useful when doing unusual things with Git, or just as a way to understand its inner workings. [[object-manipulation]] -Object access and manipulation ------------------------------- +=== Object access and manipulation The linkgit:git-cat-file[1] command can show the contents of any object, though the higher-level linkgit:git-show[1] is usually more useful. @@ -3795,8 +3704,7 @@ verified by linkgit:git-verify-tag[1], though it is normally simpler to use linkgit:git-tag[1] for both. [[the-workflow]] -The Workflow ------------- +=== The Workflow High-level operations such as linkgit:git-commit[1] and linkgit:git-restore[1] work by moving data @@ -3811,8 +3719,7 @@ the database or the working directory. Thus there are four main combinations: [[working-directory-to-index]] -working directory -> index -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== working directory -> index The linkgit:git-update-index[1] command updates the index with information from the working directory. You generally update the @@ -3848,8 +3755,7 @@ The previously introduced linkgit:git-add[1] is just a wrapper for linkgit:git-update-index[1]. [[index-to-object-database]] -index -> object database -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== index -> object database You write your current index file to a "tree" object with the program @@ -3864,8 +3770,7 @@ use that tree to re-generate the index at any time by going in the other direction: [[object-database-to-index]] -object database -> index -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== object database -> index You read a "tree" file from the object database, and use that to populate (and overwrite--don't do this if your index contains any @@ -3881,8 +3786,7 @@ earlier. However, that is only your 'index' file: your working directory contents have not been modified. [[index-to-working-directory]] -index -> working directory -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== index -> working directory You update your working directory from the index by "checking out" files. This is not a very common operation, since normally you'd just @@ -3911,8 +3815,7 @@ Finally, there are a few odds and ends which are not purely moving from one representation to the other: [[tying-it-all-together]] -Tying it all together -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Tying it all together To commit a tree you have instantiated with `git write-tree`, you'd create a "commit" object that refers to that tree and the history @@ -3986,8 +3889,7 @@ Here is a picture that illustrates how various pieces fit together: [[examining-the-data]] -Examining the data ------------------- +=== Examining the data You can examine the data represented in the object database and the index with various helper tools. For every object, you can use @@ -4022,8 +3924,7 @@ $ git cat-file commit HEAD to see what the top commit was. [[merging-multiple-trees]] -Merging multiple trees ----------------------- +=== Merging multiple trees Git can help you perform a three-way merge, which can in turn be used for a many-way merge by repeating the merge procedure several @@ -4073,8 +3974,7 @@ index file, and you can just write the result out with [[merging-multiple-trees-2]] -Merging multiple trees, continued ---------------------------------- +=== Merging multiple trees, continued Sadly, many merges aren't trivial. If there are files that have been added, moved or removed, or if both branches have modified the @@ -4144,15 +4044,13 @@ $ git merge-index git-merge-one-file hello.c and that is what higher level `git merge -s resolve` is implemented with. [[hacking-git]] -Hacking Git -=========== +== Hacking Git This chapter covers internal details of the Git implementation which probably only Git developers need to understand. [[object-details]] -Object storage format ---------------------- +=== Object storage format All objects have a statically determined "type" which identifies the format of the object (i.e. how it is used, and how it can refer to other @@ -4182,8 +4080,7 @@ of all objects, and verifies their internal consistency (in addition to just verifying their superficial consistency through the hash). [[birdview-on-the-source-code]] -A birds-eye view of Git's source code -------------------------------------- +=== A birds-eye view of Git's source code It is not always easy for new developers to find their way through Git's source code. This section gives you a little guidance to show where to @@ -4392,25 +4289,22 @@ You see, Git is actually the best tool to find out about the source of Git itself! [[glossary]] -Git Glossary -============ +== Git Glossary [[git-explained]] -Git explained -------------- +=== Git explained include::glossary-content.txt[] [[git-quick-start]] -Appendix A: Git Quick Reference -=============================== +[appendix] +== Git Quick Reference This is a quick summary of the major commands; the previous chapters explain how these work in more detail. [[quick-creating-a-new-repository]] -Creating a new repository -------------------------- +=== Creating a new repository From a tarball: @@ -4431,8 +4325,7 @@ $ cd project ----------------------------------------------- [[managing-branches]] -Managing branches ------------------ +=== Managing branches ----------------------------------------------- $ git branch # list all local branches in this repo @@ -4496,8 +4389,7 @@ $ git branch -r # list all remote branches [[exploring-history]] -Exploring history ------------------ +=== Exploring history ----------------------------------------------- $ gitk # visualize and browse history @@ -4532,8 +4424,7 @@ $ git bisect bad # if this revision is bad. ----------------------------------------------- [[making-changes]] -Making changes --------------- +=== Making changes Make sure Git knows who to blame: @@ -4563,8 +4454,7 @@ $ git commit -a # use latest content of all tracked files ----------------------------------------------- [[merging]] -Merging -------- +=== Merging ----------------------------------------------- $ git merge test # merge branch "test" into the current branch @@ -4574,8 +4464,7 @@ $ git pull . test # equivalent to git merge test ----------------------------------------------- [[sharing-your-changes]] -Sharing your changes --------------------- +=== Sharing your changes Importing or exporting patches: @@ -4620,8 +4509,7 @@ $ git push example test ----------------------------------------------- [[repository-maintenance]] -Repository maintenance ----------------------- +=== Repository maintenance Check for corruption: @@ -4637,12 +4525,11 @@ $ git gc [[todo]] -Appendix B: Notes and todo list for this manual -=============================================== +[appendix] +== Notes and todo list for this manual [[todo-list]] -Todo list ---------- +=== Todo list This is a work in progress. |