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Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
112 files changed, 4033 insertions, 909 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index dbf5a0f..06d85ad 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ SP_ARTICLES += howto/maintain-git API_DOCS = $(patsubst %.txt,%,$(filter-out technical/api-index-skel.txt technical/api-index.txt, $(wildcard technical/api-*.txt))) SP_ARTICLES += $(API_DOCS) +TECH_DOCS += MyFirstContribution TECH_DOCS += SubmittingPatches TECH_DOCS += technical/hash-function-transition TECH_DOCS += technical/http-protocol @@ -122,7 +123,8 @@ ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml11 ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook ASCIIDOC_CONF = -f asciidoc.conf ASCIIDOC_COMMON = $(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) $(ASCIIDOC_CONF) \ - -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) + -amanversion=$(GIT_VERSION) \ + -amanmanual='Git Manual' -amansource='Git' TXT_TO_HTML = $(ASCIIDOC_COMMON) -b $(ASCIIDOC_HTML) TXT_TO_XML = $(ASCIIDOC_COMMON) -b $(ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK) MANPAGE_XSL = manpage-normal.xsl @@ -196,11 +198,13 @@ ifdef USE_ASCIIDOCTOR ASCIIDOC = asciidoctor ASCIIDOC_CONF = ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml5 -ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook45 +ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook5 ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -acompat-mode -atabsize=8 ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -I. -rasciidoctor-extensions ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -alitdd='&\#x2d;&\#x2d;' DBLATEX_COMMON = +XMLTO_EXTRA += --skip-validation +XMLTO_EXTRA += -x manpage.xsl endif SHELL_PATH ?= $(SHELL) diff --git a/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e9b808 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1134 @@ +My First Contribution to the Git Project +======================================== +:sectanchors: + +[[summary]] +== Summary + +This is a tutorial demonstrating the end-to-end workflow of creating a change to +the Git tree, sending it for review, and making changes based on comments. + +[[prerequisites]] +=== Prerequisites + +This tutorial assumes you're already fairly familiar with using Git to manage +source code. The Git workflow steps will largely remain unexplained. + +[[related-reading]] +=== Related Reading + +This tutorial aims to summarize the following documents, but the reader may find +useful additional context: + +- `Documentation/SubmittingPatches` +- `Documentation/howto/new-command.txt` + +[[getting-started]] +== Getting Started + +[[cloning]] +=== Clone the Git Repository + +Git is mirrored in a number of locations. Clone the repository from one of them; +https://git-scm.com/downloads suggests one of the best places to clone from is +the mirror on GitHub. + +---- +$ git clone https://github.com/git/git git +$ cd git +---- + +[[identify-problem]] +=== Identify Problem to Solve + +//// +Use + to indicate fixed-width here; couldn't get ` to work nicely with the +quotes around "Pony Saying 'Um, Hello'". +//// +In this tutorial, we will add a new command, +git psuh+, short for ``Pony Saying +`Um, Hello''' - a feature which has gone unimplemented despite a high frequency +of invocation during users' typical daily workflow. + +(We've seen some other effort in this space with the implementation of popular +commands such as `sl`.) + +[[setup-workspace]] +=== Set Up Your Workspace + +Let's start by making a development branch to work on our changes. Per +`Documentation/SubmittingPatches`, since a brand new command is a new feature, +it's fine to base your work on `master`. However, in the future for bugfixes, +etc., you should check that document and base it on the appropriate branch. + +For the purposes of this document, we will base all our work on the `master` +branch of the upstream project. Create the `psuh` branch you will use for +development like so: + +---- +$ git checkout -b psuh origin/master +---- + +We'll make a number of commits here in order to demonstrate how to send a topic +with multiple patches up for review simultaneously. + +[[code-it-up]] +== Code It Up! + +NOTE: A reference implementation can be found at +https://github.com/nasamuffin/git/tree/psuh. + +[[add-new-command]] +=== Adding a New Command + +Lots of the subcommands are written as builtins, which means they are +implemented in C and compiled into the main `git` executable. Implementing the +very simple `psuh` command as a built-in will demonstrate the structure of the +codebase, the internal API, and the process of working together as a contributor +with the reviewers and maintainer to integrate this change into the system. + +Built-in subcommands are typically implemented in a function named "cmd_" +followed by the name of the subcommand, in a source file named after the +subcommand and contained within `builtin/`. So it makes sense to implement your +command in `builtin/psuh.c`. Create that file, and within it, write the entry +point for your command in a function matching the style and signature: + +---- +int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) +---- + +We'll also need to add the declaration of psuh; open up `builtin.h`, find the +declaration for `cmd_pull`, and add a new line for `psuh` immediately before it, +in order to keep the declarations alphabetically sorted: + +---- +int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix); +---- + +Be sure to `#include "builtin.h"` in your `psuh.c`. + +Go ahead and add some throwaway printf to that function. This is a decent +starting point as we can now add build rules and register the command. + +NOTE: Your throwaway text, as well as much of the text you will be adding over +the course of this tutorial, is user-facing. That means it needs to be +localizable. Take a look at `po/README` under "Marking strings for translation". +Throughout the tutorial, we will mark strings for translation as necessary; you +should also do so when writing your user-facing commands in the future. + +---- +int cmd_psuh(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) +{ + printf(_("Pony saying hello goes here.\n")); + return 0; +} +---- + +Let's try to build it. Open `Makefile`, find where `builtin/pull.o` is added +to `BUILTIN_OBJS`, and add `builtin/psuh.o` in the same way next to it in +alphabetical order. Once you've done so, move to the top-level directory and +build simply with `make`. Also add the `DEVELOPER=1` variable to turn on +some additional warnings: + +---- +$ echo DEVELOPER=1 >config.mak +$ make +---- + +NOTE: When you are developing the Git project, it's preferred that you use the +`DEVELOPER` flag; if there's some reason it doesn't work for you, you can turn +it off, but it's a good idea to mention the problem to the mailing list. + +NOTE: The Git build is parallelizable. `-j#` is not included above but you can +use it as you prefer, here and elsewhere. + +Great, now your new command builds happily on its own. But nobody invokes it. +Let's change that. + +The list of commands lives in `git.c`. We can register a new command by adding +a `cmd_struct` to the `commands[]` array. `struct cmd_struct` takes a string +with the command name, a function pointer to the command implementation, and a +setup option flag. For now, let's keep mimicking `push`. Find the line where +`cmd_push` is registered, copy it, and modify it for `cmd_psuh`, placing the new +line in alphabetical order (immediately before `cmd_pull`). + +The options are documented in `builtin.h` under "Adding a new built-in." Since +we hope to print some data about the user's current workspace context later, +we need a Git directory, so choose `RUN_SETUP` as your only option. + +Go ahead and build again. You should see a clean build, so let's kick the tires +and see if it works. There's a binary you can use to test with in the +`bin-wrappers` directory. + +---- +$ ./bin-wrappers/git psuh +---- + +Check it out! You've got a command! Nice work! Let's commit this. + +`git status` reveals modified `Makefile`, `builtin.h`, and `git.c` as well as +untracked `builtin/psuh.c` and `git-psuh`. First, let's take care of the binary, +which should be ignored. Open `.gitignore` in your editor, find `/git-pull`, and +add an entry for your new command in alphabetical order: + +---- +... +/git-prune-packed +/git-psuh +/git-pull +/git-push +/git-quiltimport +/git-range-diff +... +---- + +Checking `git status` again should show that `git-psuh` has been removed from +the untracked list and `.gitignore` has been added to the modified list. Now we +can stage and commit: + +---- +$ git add Makefile builtin.h builtin/psuh.c git.c .gitignore +$ git commit -s +---- + +You will be presented with your editor in order to write a commit message. Start +the commit with a 50-column or less subject line, including the name of the +component you're working on, followed by a blank line (always required) and then +the body of your commit message, which should provide the bulk of the context. +Remember to be explicit and provide the "Why" of your change, especially if it +couldn't easily be understood from your diff. When editing your commit message, +don't remove the Signed-off-by line which was added by `-s` above. + +---- +psuh: add a built-in by popular demand + +Internal metrics indicate this is a command many users expect to be +present. So here's an implementation to help drive customer +satisfaction and engagement: a pony which doubtfully greets the user, +or, a Pony Saying "Um, Hello" (PSUH). + +This commit message is intentionally formatted to 72 columns per line, +starts with a single line as "commit message subject" that is written as +if to command the codebase to do something (add this, teach a command +that). The body of the message is designed to add information about the +commit that is not readily deduced from reading the associated diff, +such as answering the question "why?". + +Signed-off-by: A U Thor <author@example.com> +---- + +Go ahead and inspect your new commit with `git show`. "psuh:" indicates you +have modified mainly the `psuh` command. The subject line gives readers an idea +of what you've changed. The sign-off line (`-s`) indicates that you agree to +the Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 (see the +`Documentation/SubmittingPatches` +++[[dco]]+++ header). + +For the remainder of the tutorial, the subject line only will be listed for the +sake of brevity. However, fully-fleshed example commit messages are available +on the reference implementation linked at the top of this document. + +[[implementation]] +=== Implementation + +It's probably useful to do at least something besides printing out a string. +Let's start by having a look at everything we get. + +Modify your `cmd_psuh` implementation to dump the args you're passed, keeping +existing `printf()` calls in place: + +---- + int i; + + ... + + printf(Q_("Your args (there is %d):\n", + "Your args (there are %d):\n", + argc), + argc); + for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) + printf("%d: %s\n", i, argv[i]); + + printf(_("Your current working directory:\n<top-level>%s%s\n"), + prefix ? "/" : "", prefix ? prefix : ""); + +---- + +Build and try it. As you may expect, there's pretty much just whatever we give +on the command line, including the name of our command. (If `prefix` is empty +for you, try `cd Documentation/ && ../bin-wrappers/git psuh`). That's not so +helpful. So what other context can we get? + +Add a line to `#include "config.h"`. Then, add the following bits to the +function body: + +---- + const char *cfg_name; + +... + + git_config(git_default_config, NULL); + if (git_config_get_string_const("user.name", &cfg_name) > 0) + printf(_("No name is found in config\n")); + else + printf(_("Your name: %s\n"), cfg_name); +---- + +`git_config()` will grab the configuration from config files known to Git and +apply standard precedence rules. `git_config_get_string_const()` will look up +a specific key ("user.name") and give you the value. There are a number of +single-key lookup functions like this one; you can see them all (and more info +about how to use `git_config()`) in `Documentation/technical/api-config.txt`. + +You should see that the name printed matches the one you see when you run: + +---- +$ git config --get user.name +---- + +Great! Now we know how to check for values in the Git config. Let's commit this +too, so we don't lose our progress. + +---- +$ git add builtin/psuh.c +$ git commit -sm "psuh: show parameters & config opts" +---- + +NOTE: Again, the above is for sake of brevity in this tutorial. In a real change +you should not use `-m` but instead use the editor to write a meaningful +message. + +Still, it'd be nice to know what the user's working context is like. Let's see +if we can print the name of the user's current branch. We can mimic the +`git status` implementation; the printer is located in `wt-status.c` and we can +see that the branch is held in a `struct wt_status`. + +`wt_status_print()` gets invoked by `cmd_status()` in `builtin/commit.c`. +Looking at that implementation we see the status config being populated like so: + +---- +status_init_config(&s, git_status_config); +---- + +But as we drill down, we can find that `status_init_config()` wraps a call +to `git_config()`. Let's modify the code we wrote in the previous commit. + +Be sure to include the header to allow you to use `struct wt_status`: +---- +#include "wt-status.h" +---- + +Then modify your `cmd_psuh` implementation to declare your `struct wt_status`, +prepare it, and print its contents: + +---- + struct wt_status status; + +... + + wt_status_prepare(the_repository, &status); + git_config(git_default_config, &status); + +... + + printf(_("Your current branch: %s\n"), status.branch); +---- + +Run it again. Check it out - here's the (verbose) name of your current branch! + +Let's commit this as well. + +---- +$ git add builtin/psuh.c +$ git commit -sm "psuh: print the current branch" +---- + +Now let's see if we can get some info about a specific commit. + +Luckily, there are some helpers for us here. `commit.h` has a function called +`lookup_commit_reference_by_name` to which we can simply provide a hardcoded +string; `pretty.h` has an extremely handy `pp_commit_easy()` call which doesn't +require a full format object to be passed. + +Add the following includes: + +---- +#include "commit.h" +#include "pretty.h" +---- + +Then, add the following lines within your implementation of `cmd_psuh()` near +the declarations and the logic, respectively. + +---- + struct commit *c = NULL; + struct strbuf commitline = STRBUF_INIT; + +... + + c = lookup_commit_reference_by_name("origin/master"); + + if (c != NULL) { + pp_commit_easy(CMIT_FMT_ONELINE, c, &commitline); + printf(_("Current commit: %s\n"), commitline.buf); + } +---- + +The `struct strbuf` provides some safety belts to your basic `char*`, one of +which is a length member to prevent buffer overruns. It needs to be initialized +nicely with `STRBUF_INIT`. Keep it in mind when you need to pass around `char*`. + +`lookup_commit_reference_by_name` resolves the name you pass it, so you can play +with the value there and see what kind of things you can come up with. + +`pp_commit_easy` is a convenience wrapper in `pretty.h` that takes a single +format enum shorthand, rather than an entire format struct. It then +pretty-prints the commit according to that shorthand. These are similar to the +formats available with `--pretty=FOO` in many Git commands. + +Build it and run, and if you're using the same name in the example, you should +see the subject line of the most recent commit in `origin/master` that you know +about. Neat! Let's commit that as well. + +---- +$ git add builtin/psuh.c +$ git commit -sm "psuh: display the top of origin/master" +---- + +[[add-documentation]] +=== Adding Documentation + +Awesome! You've got a fantastic new command that you're ready to share with the +community. But hang on just a minute - this isn't very user-friendly. Run the +following: + +---- +$ ./bin-wrappers/git help psuh +---- + +Your new command is undocumented! Let's fix that. + +Take a look at `Documentation/git-*.txt`. These are the manpages for the +subcommands that Git knows about. You can open these up and take a look to get +acquainted with the format, but then go ahead and make a new file +`Documentation/git-psuh.txt`. Like with most of the documentation in the Git +project, help pages are written with AsciiDoc (see CodingGuidelines, "Writing +Documentation" section). Use the following template to fill out your own +manpage: + +// Surprisingly difficult to embed AsciiDoc source within AsciiDoc. +[listing] +.... +git-psuh(1) +=========== + +NAME +---- +git-psuh - Delight users' typo with a shy horse + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git-psuh [<arg>...]' + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +... + +OPTIONS[[OPTIONS]] +------------------ +... + +OUTPUT +------ +... + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite +.... + +The most important pieces of this to note are the file header, underlined by =, +the NAME section, and the SYNOPSIS, which would normally contain the grammar if +your command took arguments. Try to use well-established manpage headers so your +documentation is consistent with other Git and UNIX manpages; this makes life +easier for your user, who can skip to the section they know contains the +information they need. + +Now that you've written your manpage, you'll need to build it explicitly. We +convert your AsciiDoc to troff which is man-readable like so: + +---- +$ make all doc +$ man Documentation/git-psuh.1 +---- + +or + +---- +$ make -C Documentation/ git-psuh.1 +$ man Documentation/git-psuh.1 +---- + +NOTE: You may need to install the package `asciidoc` to get this to work. + +While this isn't as satisfying as running through `git help`, you can at least +check that your help page looks right. + +You can also check that the documentation coverage is good (that is, the project +sees that your command has been implemented as well as documented) by running +`make check-docs` from the top-level. + +Go ahead and commit your new documentation change. + +[[add-usage]] +=== Adding Usage Text + +Try and run `./bin-wrappers/git psuh -h`. Your command should crash at the end. +That's because `-h` is a special case which your command should handle by +printing usage. + +Take a look at `Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt`. This is a handy +tool for pulling out options you need to be able to handle, and it takes a +usage string. + +In order to use it, we'll need to prepare a NULL-terminated array of usage +strings and a `builtin_psuh_options` array. + +Add a line to `#include "parse-options.h"`. + +At global scope, add your array of usage strings: + +---- +static const char * const psuh_usage[] = { + N_("git psuh [<arg>...]"), + NULL, +}; +---- + +Then, within your `cmd_psuh()` implementation, we can declare and populate our +`option` struct. Ours is pretty boring but you can add more to it if you want to +explore `parse_options()` in more detail: + +---- + struct option options[] = { + OPT_END() + }; +---- + +Finally, before you print your args and prefix, add the call to +`parse-options()`: + +---- + argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, psuh_usage, 0); +---- + +This call will modify your `argv` parameter. It will strip the options you +specified in `options` from `argv` and the locations pointed to from `options` +entries will be updated. Be sure to replace your `argc` with the result from +`parse_options()`, or you will be confused if you try to parse `argv` later. + +It's worth noting the special argument `--`. As you may be aware, many Unix +commands use `--` to indicate "end of named parameters" - all parameters after +the `--` are interpreted merely as positional arguments. (This can be handy if +you want to pass as a parameter something which would usually be interpreted as +a flag.) `parse_options()` will terminate parsing when it reaches `--` and give +you the rest of the options afterwards, untouched. + +Build again. Now, when you run with `-h`, you should see your usage printed and +your command terminated before anything else interesting happens. Great! + +Go ahead and commit this one, too. + +[[testing]] +== Testing + +It's important to test your code - even for a little toy command like this one. +Moreover, your patch won't be accepted into the Git tree without tests. Your +tests should: + +* Illustrate the current behavior of the feature +* Prove the current behavior matches the expected behavior +* Ensure the externally-visible behavior isn't broken in later changes + +So let's write some tests. + +Related reading: `t/README` + +[[overview-test-structure]] +=== Overview of Testing Structure + +The tests in Git live in `t/` and are named with a 4-digit decimal number using +the schema shown in the Naming Tests section of `t/README`. + +[[write-new-test]] +=== Writing Your Test + +Since this a toy command, let's go ahead and name the test with t9999. However, +as many of the family/subcmd combinations are full, best practice seems to be +to find a command close enough to the one you've added and share its naming +space. + +Create a new file `t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh`. Begin with the header as so (see +"Writing Tests" and "Source 'test-lib.sh'" in `t/README`): + +---- +#!/bin/sh + +test_description='git-psuh test + +This test runs git-psuh and makes sure it does not crash.' + +. ./test-lib.sh +---- + +Tests are framed inside of a `test_expect_success` in order to output TAP +formatted results. Let's make sure that `git psuh` doesn't exit poorly and does +mention the right animal somewhere: + +---- +test_expect_success 'runs correctly with no args and good output' ' + git psuh >actual && + test_i18ngrep Pony actual +' +---- + +Indicate that you've run everything you wanted by adding the following at the +bottom of your script: + +---- +test_done +---- + +Make sure you mark your test script executable: + +---- +$ chmod +x t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh +---- + +You can get an idea of whether you created your new test script successfully +by running `make -C t test-lint`, which will check for things like test number +uniqueness, executable bit, and so on. + +[[local-test]] +=== Running Locally + +Let's try and run locally: + +---- +$ make +$ cd t/ && prove t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh +---- + +You can run the full test suite and ensure `git-psuh` didn't break anything: + +---- +$ cd t/ +$ prove -j$(nproc) --shuffle t[0-9]*.sh +---- + +NOTE: You can also do this with `make test` or use any testing harness which can +speak TAP. `prove` can run concurrently. `shuffle` randomizes the order the +tests are run in, which makes them resilient against unwanted inter-test +dependencies. `prove` also makes the output nicer. + +Go ahead and commit this change, as well. + +[[ready-to-share]] +== Getting Ready to Share + +You may have noticed already that the Git project performs its code reviews via +emailed patches, which are then applied by the maintainer when they are ready +and approved by the community. The Git project does not accept patches from +pull requests, and the patches emailed for review need to be formatted a +specific way. At this point the tutorial diverges, in order to demonstrate two +different methods of formatting your patchset and getting it reviewed. + +The first method to be covered is GitGitGadget, which is useful for those +already familiar with GitHub's common pull request workflow. This method +requires a GitHub account. + +The second method to be covered is `git send-email`, which can give slightly +more fine-grained control over the emails to be sent. This method requires some +setup which can change depending on your system and will not be covered in this +tutorial. + +Regardless of which method you choose, your engagement with reviewers will be +the same; the review process will be covered after the sections on GitGitGadget +and `git send-email`. + +[[howto-ggg]] +== Sending Patches via GitGitGadget + +One option for sending patches is to follow a typical pull request workflow and +send your patches out via GitGitGadget. GitGitGadget is a tool created by +Johannes Schindelin to make life as a Git contributor easier for those used to +the GitHub PR workflow. It allows contributors to open pull requests against its +mirror of the Git project, and does some magic to turn the PR into a set of +emails and send them out for you. It also runs the Git continuous integration +suite for you. It's documented at http://gitgitgadget.github.io. + +[[create-fork]] +=== Forking `git/git` on GitHub + +Before you can send your patch off to be reviewed using GitGitGadget, you will +need to fork the Git project and upload your changes. First thing - make sure +you have a GitHub account. + +Head to the https://github.com/git/git[GitHub mirror] and look for the Fork +button. Place your fork wherever you deem appropriate and create it. + +[[upload-to-fork]] +=== Uploading to Your Own Fork + +To upload your branch to your own fork, you'll need to add the new fork as a +remote. You can use `git remote -v` to show the remotes you have added already. +From your new fork's page on GitHub, you can press "Clone or download" to get +the URL; then you need to run the following to add, replacing your own URL and +remote name for the examples provided: + +---- +$ git remote add remotename git@github.com:remotename/git.git +---- + +or to use the HTTPS URL: + +---- +$ git remote add remotename https://github.com/remotename/git/.git +---- + +Run `git remote -v` again and you should see the new remote showing up. +`git fetch remotename` (with the real name of your remote replaced) in order to +get ready to push. + +Next, double-check that you've been doing all your development in a new branch +by running `git branch`. If you didn't, now is a good time to move your new +commits to their own branch. + +As mentioned briefly at the beginning of this document, we are basing our work +on `master`, so go ahead and update as shown below, or using your preferred +workflow. + +---- +$ git checkout master +$ git pull -r +$ git rebase master psuh +---- + +Finally, you're ready to push your new topic branch! (Due to our branch and +command name choices, be careful when you type the command below.) + +---- +$ git push remotename psuh +---- + +Now you should be able to go and check out your newly created branch on GitHub. + +[[send-pr-ggg]] +=== Sending a PR to GitGitGadget + +In order to have your code tested and formatted for review, you need to start by +opening a Pull Request against `gitgitgadget/git`. Head to +https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git and open a PR either with the "New pull +request" button or the convenient "Compare & pull request" button that may +appear with the name of your newly pushed branch. + +Review the PR's title and description, as it's used by GitGitGadget as the cover +letter for your change. When you're happy, submit your pull request. + +[[run-ci-ggg]] +=== Running CI and Getting Ready to Send + +If it's your first time using GitGitGadget (which is likely, as you're using +this tutorial) then someone will need to give you permission to use the tool. +As mentioned in the GitGitGadget documentation, you just need someone who +already uses it to comment on your PR with `/allow <username>`. GitGitGadget +will automatically run your PRs through the CI even without the permission given +but you will not be able to `/submit` your changes until someone allows you to +use the tool. + +If the CI fails, you can update your changes with `git rebase -i` and push your +branch again: + +---- +$ git push -f remotename psuh +---- + +In fact, you should continue to make changes this way up until the point when +your patch is accepted into `next`. + +//// +TODO https://github.com/gitgitgadget/gitgitgadget/issues/83 +It'd be nice to be able to verify that the patch looks good before sending it +to everyone on Git mailing list. +[[check-work-ggg]] +=== Check Your Work +//// + +[[send-mail-ggg]] +=== Sending Your Patches + +Now that your CI is passing and someone has granted you permission to use +GitGitGadget with the `/allow` command, sending out for review is as simple as +commenting on your PR with `/submit`. + +[[responding-ggg]] +=== Updating With Comments + +Skip ahead to <<reviewing,Responding to Reviews>> for information on how to +reply to review comments you will receive on the mailing list. + +Once you have your branch again in the shape you want following all review +comments, you can submit again: + +---- +$ git push -f remotename psuh +---- + +Next, go look at your pull request against GitGitGadget; you should see the CI +has been kicked off again. Now while the CI is running is a good time for you +to modify your description at the top of the pull request thread; it will be +used again as the cover letter. You should use this space to describe what +has changed since your previous version, so that your reviewers have some idea +of what they're looking at. When the CI is done running, you can comment once +more with `/submit` - GitGitGadget will automatically add a v2 mark to your +changes. + +[[howto-git-send-email]] +== Sending Patches with `git send-email` + +If you don't want to use GitGitGadget, you can also use Git itself to mail your +patches. Some benefits of using Git this way include finer grained control of +subject line (for example, being able to use the tag [RFC PATCH] in the subject) +and being able to send a ``dry run'' mail to yourself to ensure it all looks +good before going out to the list. + +[[setup-git-send-email]] +=== Prerequisite: Setting Up `git send-email` + +Configuration for `send-email` can vary based on your operating system and email +provider, and so will not be covered in this tutorial, beyond stating that in +many distributions of Linux, `git-send-email` is not packaged alongside the +typical `git` install. You may need to install this additional package; there +are a number of resources online to help you do so. You will also need to +determine the right way to configure it to use your SMTP server; again, as this +configuration can change significantly based on your system and email setup, it +is out of scope for the context of this tutorial. + +[[format-patch]] +=== Preparing Initial Patchset + +Sending emails with Git is a two-part process; before you can prepare the emails +themselves, you'll need to prepare the patches. Luckily, this is pretty simple: + +---- +$ git format-patch --cover-letter -o psuh/ master..psuh +---- + +The `--cover-letter` parameter tells `format-patch` to create a cover letter +template for you. You will need to fill in the template before you're ready +to send - but for now, the template will be next to your other patches. + +The `-o psuh/` parameter tells `format-patch` to place the patch files into a +directory. This is useful because `git send-email` can take a directory and +send out all the patches from there. + +`master..psuh` tells `format-patch` to generate patches for the difference +between `master` and `psuh`. It will make one patch file per commit. After you +run, you can go have a look at each of the patches with your favorite text +editor and make sure everything looks alright; however, it's not recommended to +make code fixups via the patch file. It's a better idea to make the change the +normal way using `git rebase -i` or by adding a new commit than by modifying a +patch. + +NOTE: Optionally, you can also use the `--rfc` flag to prefix your patch subject +with ``[RFC PATCH]'' instead of ``[PATCH]''. RFC stands for ``request for +comments'' and indicates that while your code isn't quite ready for submission, +you'd like to begin the code review process. This can also be used when your +patch is a proposal, but you aren't sure whether the community wants to solve +the problem with that approach or not - to conduct a sort of design review. You +may also see on the list patches marked ``WIP'' - this means they are incomplete +but want reviewers to look at what they have so far. You can add this flag with +`--subject-prefix=WIP`. + +Check and make sure that your patches and cover letter template exist in the +directory you specified - you're nearly ready to send out your review! + +[[cover-letter]] +=== Preparing Email + +In addition to an email per patch, the Git community also expects your patches +to come with a cover letter, typically with a subject line [PATCH 0/x] (where +x is the number of patches you're sending). Since you invoked `format-patch` +with `--cover-letter`, you've already got a template ready. Open it up in your +favorite editor. + +You should see a number of headers present already. Check that your `From:` +header is correct. Then modify your `Subject:` to something which succinctly +covers the purpose of your entire topic branch, for example: + +---- +Subject: [PATCH 0/7] adding the 'psuh' command +---- + +Make sure you retain the ``[PATCH 0/X]'' part; that's what indicates to the Git +community that this email is the beginning of a review, and many reviewers +filter their email for this type of flag. + +You'll need to add some extra parameters when you invoke `git send-email` to add +the cover letter. + +Next you'll have to fill out the body of your cover letter. This is an important +component of change submission as it explains to the community from a high level +what you're trying to do, and why, in a way that's more apparent than just +looking at your diff. Be sure to explain anything your diff doesn't make clear +on its own. + +Here's an example body for `psuh`: + +---- +Our internal metrics indicate widespread interest in the command +git-psuh - that is, many users are trying to use it, but finding it is +unavailable, using some unknown workaround instead. + +The following handful of patches add the psuh command and implement some +handy features on top of it. + +This patchset is part of the MyFirstContribution tutorial and should not +be merged. +---- + +The template created by `git format-patch --cover-letter` includes a diffstat. +This gives reviewers a summary of what they're in for when reviewing your topic. +The one generated for `psuh` from the sample implementation looks like this: + +---- + Documentation/git-psuh.txt | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++ + Makefile | 1 + + builtin.h | 1 + + builtin/psuh.c | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + git.c | 1 + + t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh | 12 +++++++ + 6 files changed, 128 insertions(+) + create mode 100644 Documentation/git-psuh.txt + create mode 100644 builtin/psuh.c + create mode 100755 t/t9999-psuh-tutorial.sh +---- + +Finally, the letter will include the version of Git used to generate the +patches. You can leave that string alone. + +[[sending-git-send-email]] +=== Sending Email + +At this point you should have a directory `psuh/` which is filled with your +patches and a cover letter. Time to mail it out! You can send it like this: + +---- +$ git send-email --to=target@example.com psuh/*.patch +---- + +NOTE: Check `git help send-email` for some other options which you may find +valuable, such as changing the Reply-to address or adding more CC and BCC lines. + +NOTE: When you are sending a real patch, it will go to git@vger.kernel.org - but +please don't send your patchset from the tutorial to the real mailing list! For +now, you can send it to yourself, to make sure you understand how it will look. + +After you run the command above, you will be presented with an interactive +prompt for each patch that's about to go out. This gives you one last chance to +edit or quit sending something (but again, don't edit code this way). Once you +press `y` or `a` at these prompts your emails will be sent! Congratulations! + +Awesome, now the community will drop everything and review your changes. (Just +kidding - be patient!) + +[[v2-git-send-email]] +=== Sending v2 + +Skip ahead to <<reviewing,Responding to Reviews>> for information on how to +handle comments from reviewers. Continue this section when your topic branch is +shaped the way you want it to look for your patchset v2. + +When you're ready with the next iteration of your patch, the process is fairly +similar. + +First, generate your v2 patches again: + +---- +$ git format-patch -v2 --cover-letter -o psuh/ master..psuh +---- + +This will add your v2 patches, all named like `v2-000n-my-commit-subject.patch`, +to the `psuh/` directory. You may notice that they are sitting alongside the v1 +patches; that's fine, but be careful when you are ready to send them. + +Edit your cover letter again. Now is a good time to mention what's different +between your last version and now, if it's something significant. You do not +need the exact same body in your second cover letter; focus on explaining to +reviewers the changes you've made that may not be as visible. + +You will also need to go and find the Message-Id of your previous cover letter. +You can either note it when you send the first series, from the output of `git +send-email`, or you can look it up on the +https://public-inbox.org/git[mailing list]. Find your cover letter in the +archives, click on it, then click "permalink" or "raw" to reveal the Message-Id +header. It should match: + +---- +Message-Id: <foo.12345.author@example.com> +---- + +Your Message-Id is `<foo.12345.author@example.com>`. This example will be used +below as well; make sure to replace it with the correct Message-Id for your +**previous cover letter** - that is, if you're sending v2, use the Message-Id +from v1; if you're sending v3, use the Message-Id from v2. + +While you're looking at the email, you should also note who is CC'd, as it's +common practice in the mailing list to keep all CCs on a thread. You can add +these CC lines directly to your cover letter with a line like so in the header +(before the Subject line): + +---- +CC: author@example.com, Othe R <other@example.com> +---- + +Now send the emails again, paying close attention to which messages you pass in +to the command: + +---- +$ git send-email --to=target@example.com + --in-reply-to="<foo.12345.author@example.com>" + psuh/v2* +---- + +[[single-patch]] +=== Bonus Chapter: One-Patch Changes + +In some cases, your very small change may consist of only one patch. When that +happens, you only need to send one email. Your commit message should already be +meaningful and explain at a high level the purpose (what is happening and why) +of your patch, but if you need to supply even more context, you can do so below +the `---` in your patch. Take the example below, which was generated with `git +format-patch` on a single commit, and then edited to add the content between +the `---` and the diffstat. + +---- +From 1345bbb3f7ac74abde040c12e737204689a72723 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 +From: A U Thor <author@example.com> +Date: Thu, 18 Apr 2019 15:11:02 -0700 +Subject: [PATCH] README: change the grammar + +I think it looks better this way. This part of the commit message will +end up in the commit-log. + +Signed-off-by: A U Thor <author@example.com> +--- +Let's have a wild discussion about grammar on the mailing list. This +part of my email will never end up in the commit log. Here is where I +can add additional context to the mailing list about my intent, outside +of the context of the commit log. This section was added after `git +format-patch` was run, by editing the patch file in a text editor. + + README.md | 2 +- + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) + +diff --git a/README.md b/README.md +index 88f126184c..38da593a60 100644 +--- a/README.md ++++ b/README.md +@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ + Git - fast, scalable, distributed revision control system + ========================================================= + +-Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an ++Git is a fast, scalable, and distributed revision control system with an + unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations + and full access to internals. + +-- +2.21.0.392.gf8f6787159e-goog +---- + +[[now-what]] +== My Patch Got Emailed - Now What? + +[[reviewing]] +=== Responding to Reviews + +After a few days, you will hopefully receive a reply to your patchset with some +comments. Woohoo! Now you can get back to work. + +It's good manners to reply to each comment, notifying the reviewer that you have +made the change requested, feel the original is better, or that the comment +inspired you to do something a new way which is superior to both the original +and the suggested change. This way reviewers don't need to inspect your v2 to +figure out whether you implemented their comment or not. + +If you are going to push back on a comment, be polite and explain why you feel +your original is better; be prepared that the reviewer may still disagree with +you, and the rest of the community may weigh in on one side or the other. As +with all code reviews, it's important to keep an open mind to doing something a +different way than you originally planned; other reviewers have a different +perspective on the project than you do, and may be thinking of a valid side +effect which had not occurred to you. It is always okay to ask for clarification +if you aren't sure why a change was suggested, or what the reviewer is asking +you to do. + +Make sure your email client has a plaintext email mode and it is turned on; the +Git list rejects HTML email. Please also follow the mailing list etiquette +outlined in the +https://kernel.googlesource.com/pub/scm/git/git/+/todo/MaintNotes[Maintainer's +Note], which are similar to etiquette rules in most open source communities +surrounding bottom-posting and inline replies. + +When you're making changes to your code, it is cleanest - that is, the resulting +commits are easiest to look at - if you use `git rebase -i` (interactive +rebase). Take a look at this +https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/git-pocket-guide/9781449327507/ch10.html[overview] +from O'Reilly. The general idea is to modify each commit which requires changes; +this way, instead of having a patch A with a mistake, a patch B which was fine +and required no upstream reviews in v1, and a patch C which fixes patch A for +v2, you can just ship a v2 with a correct patch A and correct patch B. This is +changing history, but since it's local history which you haven't shared with +anyone, that is okay for now! (Later, it may not make sense to do this; take a +look at the section below this one for some context.) + +[[after-approval]] +=== After Review Approval + +The Git project has four integration branches: `pu`, `next`, `master`, and +`maint`. Your change will be placed into `pu` fairly early on by the maintainer +while it is still in the review process; from there, when it is ready for wider +testing, it will be merged into `next`. Plenty of early testers use `next` and +may report issues. Eventually, changes in `next` will make it to `master`, +which is typically considered stable. Finally, when a new release is cut, +`maint` is used to base bugfixes onto. As mentioned at the beginning of this +document, you can read `Documents/SubmittingPatches` for some more info about +the use of the various integration branches. + +Back to now: your code has been lauded by the upstream reviewers. It is perfect. +It is ready to be accepted. You don't need to do anything else; the maintainer +will merge your topic branch to `next` and life is good. + +However, if you discover it isn't so perfect after this point, you may need to +take some special steps depending on where you are in the process. + +If the maintainer has announced in the "What's cooking in git.git" email that +your topic is marked for `next` - that is, that they plan to merge it to `next` +but have not yet done so - you should send an email asking the maintainer to +wait a little longer: "I've sent v4 of my series and you marked it for `next`, +but I need to change this and that - please wait for v5 before you merge it." + +If the topic has already been merged to `next`, rather than modifying your +patches with `git rebase -i`, you should make further changes incrementally - +that is, with another commit, based on top of the maintainer's topic branch as +detailed in https://github.com/gitster/git. Your work is still in the same topic +but is now incremental, rather than a wholesale rewrite of the topic branch. + +The topic branches in the maintainer's GitHub are mirrored in GitGitGadget, so +if you're sending your reviews out that way, you should be sure to open your PR +against the appropriate GitGitGadget/Git branch. + +If you're using `git send-email`, you can use it the same way as before, but you +should generate your diffs from `<topic>..<mybranch>` and base your work on +`<topic>` instead of `master`. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.1.txt index 76dd8fb..432762f 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.1.txt @@ -143,5 +143,8 @@ Fixes since v2.22 coding guidelines document did not talk about them and instead had a blanket ban against them. + * The internal diff machinery can be made to read out of bounds while + looking for --funcion-context line in a corner case, which has been + corrected. Also contains various documentation updates, code clean-ups and minor fixups. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3c4e78 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,348 @@ +Git 2.23 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.22 +------------------- + +Backward compatibility note + + * The "--base" option of "format-patch" computed the patch-ids for + prerequisite patches in an unstable way, which has been updated to + compute in a way that is compatible with "git patch-id --stable". + + * The "git log" command by default behaves as if the --mailmap option + was given. + + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * The "git fast-export/import" pair has been taught to handle commits + with log messages in encoding other than UTF-8 better. + + * In recent versions of Git, per-worktree refs are exposed in + refs/worktrees/<wtname>/ hierarchy, which means that worktree names + must be a valid refname component. The code now sanitizes the names + given to worktrees, to make sure these refs are well-formed. + + * "git merge" learned "--quit" option that cleans up the in-progress + merge while leaving the working tree and the index still in a mess. + + * "git format-patch" learns a configuration to set the default for + its --notes=<ref> option. + + * The code to show args with potential typo that cannot be + interpreted as a commit-ish has been improved. + + * "git clone --recurse-submodules" learned to set up the submodules + to ignore commit object names recorded in the superproject gitlink + and instead use the commits that happen to be at the tip of the + remote-tracking branches from the get-go, by passing the new + "--remote-submodules" option. + + * The pattern "git diff/grep" use to extract funcname and words + boundary for Matlab has been extend to cover Octave, which is more + or less equivalent. + + * "git help git" was hard to discover (well, at least for some + people). + + * The pattern "git diff/grep" use to extract funcname and words + boundary for Rust has been added. + + * "git status" can be told a non-standard default value for the + "--[no-]ahead-behind" option with a new configuration variable + status.aheadBehind. + + * "git fetch" and "git pull" reports when a fetch results in + non-fast-forward updates to let the user notice unusual situation. + The commands learned "--no-show-forced-updates" option to disable + this safety feature. + + * Two new commands "git switch" and "git restore" are introduced to + split "checking out a branch to work on advancing its history" and + "checking out paths out of the index and/or a tree-ish to work on + advancing the current history" out of the single "git checkout" + command. + + * "git branch --list" learned to always output the detached HEAD as + the first item (when the HEAD is detached, of course), regardless + of the locale. + + * The conditional inclusion mechanism learned to base the choice on + the branch the HEAD currently is on. + + * "git rev-list --objects" learned the "--no-object-names" option to + squelch the path to the object that is used as a grouping hint for + pack-objects. + + * A new tag.gpgSign configuration variable turns "git tag -a" into + "git tag -s". + + * "git multi-pack-index" learned expire and repack subcommands. + + * "git blame" learned to "ignore" commits in the history, whose + effects (as well as their presence) get ignored. + + * "git cherry-pick/revert" learned a new "--skip" action. + + * The tips of refs from the alternate object store can be used as + starting point for reachability computation now. + + * Extra blank lines in "git status" output have been reduced. + + * The commits in a repository can be described by multiple + commit-graph files now, which allows the commit-graph files to be + updated incrementally. + + * "git range-diff" output has been tweaked for easier identification + of which part of what file the patch shown is about. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * Update supporting parts of "git rebase" to remove code that should + no longer be used. + + * Developer support to emulate unsatisfied prerequisites in tests to + ensure that the remainder of the tests still succeeds when tests + with prerequisites are skipped. + + * "git update-server-info" learned not to rewrite the file with the + same contents. + + * The way of specifying the path to find dynamic libraries at runtime + has been simplified. The old default to pass -R/path/to/dir has been + replaced with the new default to pass -Wl,-rpath,/path/to/dir, + which is the more recent GCC uses. Those who need to build with an + old GCC can still use "CC_LD_DYNPATH=-R" + + * Prepare use of reachability index in topological walker that works + on a range (A..B). + + * A new tutorial targeting specifically aspiring git-core + developers has been added. + + * Auto-detect how to tell HP-UX aCC where to use dynamically linked + libraries from at runtime. + + * "git mergetool" and its tests now spawn fewer subprocesses. + + * Dev support update to help tracing out tests. + + * Support to build with MSVC has been updated. + + * "git fetch" that grabs from a group of remotes learned to run the + auto-gc only once at the very end. + + * A handful of Windows build patches have been upstreamed. + + * The code to read state files used by the sequencer machinery for + "git status" has been made more robust against a corrupt or stale + state files. + + * "git for-each-ref" with multiple patterns have been optimized. + + * The tree-walk API learned to pass an in-core repository + instance throughout more codepaths. + + * When one step in multi step cherry-pick or revert is reset or + committed, the command line prompt script failed to notice the + current status, which has been improved. + + * Many GIT_TEST_* environment variables control various aspects of + how our tests are run, but a few followed "non-empty is true, empty + or unset is false" while others followed the usual "there are a few + ways to spell true, like yes, on, etc., and also ways to spell + false, like no, off, etc." convention. + + * Adjust the dir-iterator API and apply it to the local clone + optimization codepath. + + * We have been trying out a few language features outside c89; the + coding guidelines document did not talk about them and instead had + a blanket ban against them. + + * A test helper has been introduced to optimize preparation of test + repositories with many simple commits, and a handful of test + scripts have been updated to use it. + + +Fixes since v2.22 +----------------- + + * A relative pathname given to "git init --template=<path> <repo>" + ought to be relative to the directory "git init" gets invoked in, + but it instead was made relative to the repository, which has been + corrected. + + * "git worktree add" used to fail when another worktree connected to + the same repository was corrupt, which has been corrected. + + * The ownership rule for the file descriptor to fast-import remote + backend was mixed up, leading to an unrelated file descriptor getting + closed, which has been fixed. + + * A "merge -c" instruction during "git rebase --rebase-merges" should + give the user a chance to edit the log message, even when there is + otherwise no need to create a new merge and replace the existing + one (i.e. fast-forward instead), but did not. Which has been + corrected. + + * Code cleanup and futureproof. + + * More parameter validation. + + * "git update-server-info" used to leave stale packfiles in its + output, which has been corrected. + + * The server side support for "git fetch" used to show incorrect + value for the HEAD symbolic ref when the namespace feature is in + use, which has been corrected. + + * "git am -i --resolved" segfaulted after trying to see a commit as + if it were a tree, which has been corrected. + + * "git bundle verify" needs to see if prerequisite objects exist in + the receiving repository, but the command did not check if we are + in a repository upfront, which has been corrected. + + * "git merge --squash" is designed to update the working tree and the + index without creating the commit, and this cannot be countermanded + by adding the "--commit" option; the command now refuses to work + when both options are given. + + * The data collected by fsmonitor was not properly written back to + the on-disk index file, breaking t7519 tests occasionally, which + has been corrected. + + * Update to Unicode 12.1 width table. + + * The command line to invoke a "git cat-file" command from inside + "git p4" was not properly quoted to protect a caret and running a + broken command on Windows, which has been corrected. + + * "git request-pull" learned to warn when the ref we ask them to pull + from in the local repository and in the published repository are + different. + + * When creating a partial clone, the object filtering criteria is + recorded for the origin of the clone, but this incorrectly used a + hardcoded name "origin" to name that remote; it has been corrected + to honor the "--origin <name>" option. + + * "git fetch" into a lazy clone forgot to fetch base objects that are + necessary to complete delta in a thin packfile, which has been + corrected. + + * The filter_data used in the list-objects-filter (which manages a + lazily sparse clone repository) did not use the dynamic array API + correctly---'nr' is supposed to point at one past the last element + of the array in use. This has been corrected. + + * The description about slashes in gitignore patterns (used to + indicate things like "anchored to this level only" and "only + matches directories") has been revamped. + + * The URL decoding code has been updated to avoid going past the end + of the string while parsing %-<hex>-<hex> sequence. + + * The list of for-each like macros used by clang-format has been + updated. + + * "git branch --list" learned to show branches that are checked out + in other worktrees connected to the same repository prefixed with + '+', similar to the way the currently checked out branch is shown + with '*' in front. + (merge 6e9381469e nb/branch-show-other-worktrees-head later to maint). + + * Code restructuring during 2.20 period broke fetching tags via + "import" based transports. + + * The commit-graph file is now part of the "files that the runtime + may keep open file descriptors on, all of which would need to be + closed when done with the object store", and the file descriptor to + an existing commit-graph file now is closed before "gc" finalizes a + new instance to replace it. + + * "git checkout -p" needs to selectively apply a patch in reverse, + which did not work well. + + * Code clean-up to avoid signed integer wraparounds during binary search. + + * "git interpret-trailers" always treated '#' as the comment + character, regardless of core.commentChar setting, which has been + corrected. + + * "git stash show 23" used to work, but no more after getting + rewritten in C; this regression has been corrected. + + * "git rebase --abort" used to leave refs/rewritten/ when concluding + "git rebase -r", which has been corrected. + + * An incorrect list of options was cached after command line + completion failed (e.g. trying to complete a command that requires + a repository outside one), which has been corrected. + + * The code to parse scaled numbers out of configuration files has + been made more robust and also easier to follow. + + * The codepath to compute delta islands used to spew progress output + without giving the callers any way to squelch it, which has been + fixed. + + * Protocol capabilities that go over wire should never be translated, + but it was incorrectly marked for translation, which has been + corrected. The output of protocol capabilities for debugging has + been tweaked a bit. + + * Use "Erase in Line" CSI sequence that is already used in the editor + support to clear cruft in the progress output. + + * "git submodule foreach" did not protect command line options passed + to the command to be run in each submodule correctly, when the + "--recursive" option was in use. + + * The configuration variable rebase.rescheduleFailedExec should be + effective only while running an interactive rebase and should not + affect anything when running a non-interactive one, which was not + the case. This has been corrected. + + * The "git clone" documentation refers to command line options in its + description in the short form; they have been replaced with long + forms to make them more recognisable. + + * Generation of pack bitmaps are now disabled when .keep files exist, + as these are mutually exclusive features. + (merge 7328482253 ew/repack-with-bitmaps-by-default later to maint). + + * "git rm" to resolve a conflicted path leaked an internal message + "needs merge" before actually removing the path, which was + confusing. This has been corrected. + + * "git stash --keep-index" did not work correctly on paths that have + been removed, which has been fixed. + (merge b932f6a5e8 tg/stash-keep-index-with-removed-paths later to maint). + + * Window 7 update ;-) + + * A codepath that reads from GPG for signed object verification read + past the end of allocated buffer, which has been fixed. + + * "git clean" silently skipped a path when it cannot lstat() it; now + it gives a warning. + + * "git push --atomic" that goes over the transport-helper (namely, + the smart http transport) failed to prevent refs to be pushed when + it can locally tell that one of the ref update will fail without + having to consult the other end, which has been corrected. + + * The internal diff machinery can be made to read out of bounds while + looking for --function-context line in a corner case, which has been + corrected. + (merge b777f3fd61 jk/xdiff-clamp-funcname-context-index later to maint). + + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge fbec05c210 cc/test-oidmap later to maint). + (merge 7a06fb038c jk/no-system-includes-in-dot-c later to maint). + (merge 81ed2b405c cb/xdiff-no-system-includes-in-dot-c later to maint). + (merge d61e6ce1dd sg/fsck-config-in-doc later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08a3973 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,307 @@ +Git 2.24 Release Notes +====================== + +Updates since v2.23 +------------------- + +Backward compatibility note + + * Although it is not officially deprecated, "filter-branch" is + showing its age and alternatives are available. From this release, + we started to discourage its uses and hint people about + filter-repo. + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * We now have an active interim maintainer for the Git-Gui part of + the system. Praise and thank Pratyush Yadav for volunteering. + + * The command line parser learned "--end-of-options" notation; the + standard convention for scripters to have hardcoded set of options + first on the command line, and force the command to treat end-user + input as non-options, has been to use "--" as the delimiter, but + that would not work for commands that use "--" as a delimiter + between revs and pathspec. + + * A mechanism to affect the default setting for a (related) group of + configuration variables is introduced. + + * "git fetch" learned "--set-upstream" option to help those who first + clone from their private fork they intend to push to, add the true + upstream via "git remote add" and then "git fetch" from it. + + * Device-tree files learned their own userdiff patterns. + (merge 3c81760bc6 sb/userdiff-dts later to maint). + + * "git rebase --rebase-merges" learned to drive different merge + strategies and pass strategy specific options to them. + + * A new "pre-merge-commit" hook has been introduced. + + * Command line completion updates for "git -c var.name=val" have been + added. + + * The lazy clone machinery has been taught that there can be more + than one promisor remote and consult them in order when downloading + missing objects on demand. + + * The list-objects-filter API (used to create a sparse/lazy clone) + learned to take a combined filter specification. + + * The documentation and tests for "git format-patch" have been + cleaned up. + + * On Windows, the root level of UNC share is now allowed to be used + just like any other directory. + + * The command line completion support (in contrib/) learned about the + "--skip" option of "git revert" and "git cherry-pick". + + * "git rebase --keep-base <upstream>" tries to find the original base + of the topic being rebased and rebase on top of that same base, + which is useful when running the "git rebase -i" (and its limited + variant "git rebase -x"). + + The command also has learned to fast-forward in more cases where it + can instead of replaying to recreate identical commits. + + * A configuration variable tells "git fetch" to write the commit + graph after finishing. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The code to write commit-graph over given commit object names has + been made a bit more robust. + + * The first line of verbose output from each test piece now carries + the test name and number to help scanning with eyeballs. + + * Further clean-up of the initialization code. + + * xmalloc() used to have a mechanism to ditch memory and address + space resources as the last resort upon seeing an allocation + failure from the underlying malloc(), which made the code complex + and thread-unsafe with dubious benefit, as major memory resource + users already do limit their uses with various other mechanisms. + It has been simplified away. + + * Unnecessary full-tree diff in "git log -L" machinery has been + optimized away. + + * The http transport lacked some optimization the native transports + learned to avoid unnecessary ref advertisement, which has been + corrected. + + * Preparation for SHA-256 upgrade continues in the test department. + (merge 0c37c41d13 bc/hash-independent-tests-part-5 later to maint). + + * The memory ownership model of the "git fast-import" got + straightened out. + + * Output from trace2 subsystem is formatted more prettily now. + + * The internal code originally invented for ".gitignore" processing + got reshuffled and renamed to make it less tied to "excluding" and + stress more that it is about "matching", as it has been reused for + things like sparse checkout specification that want to check if a + path is "included". + + * "git stash" learned to write refreshed index back to disk. + + * Coccinelle checks are done on more source files than before now. + + * The cache-tree code has been taught to be less aggressive in + attempting to see if a tree object it computed already exists in + the repository. + + * The code to parse and use the commit-graph file has been made more + robust against corrupted input. + + * The hg-to-git script (in contrib/) has been updated to work with + Python 3. + + * Update the way build artifacts in t/helper/ directory are ignored. + + +Fixes since v2.23 +----------------- + + * "git grep --recurse-submodules" that looks at the working tree + files looked at the contents in the index in submodules, instead of + files in the working tree. + (merge 6a289d45c0 mt/grep-submodules-working-tree later to maint). + + * Codepaths to walk tree objects have been audited for integer + overflows and hardened. + (merge 5aa02f9868 jk/tree-walk-overflow later to maint). + + * "git pack-refs" can lose refs that are created while running, which + is getting corrected. + (merge a613d4f817 sc/pack-refs-deletion-racefix later to maint). + + * "git checkout" and "git restore" to re-populate the index from a + tree-ish (typically HEAD) did not work correctly for a path that + was removed and then added again with the intent-to-add bit, when + the corresponding working tree file was empty. This has been + corrected. + + * Compilation fix. + (merge 70597e8386 rs/nedalloc-fixlets later to maint). + + * "git gui" learned to call the clean-up procedure before exiting. + (merge 0d88f3d2c5 py/git-gui-do-quit later to maint). + + * We promoted the "indent heuristics" that decides where to split + diff hunks from experimental to the default a few years ago, but + some stale documentation still marked it as experimental, which has + been corrected. + (merge 64e5e1fba1 sg/diff-indent-heuristic-non-experimental later to maint). + + * Fix a mismerge that happened in 2.22 timeframe. + (merge acb7da05ac en/checkout-mismerge-fix later to maint). + + * "git archive" recorded incorrect length in extended pax header in + some corner cases, which has been corrected. + (merge 71d41ff651 rs/pax-extended-header-length-fix later to maint). + + * On-demand object fetching in lazy clone incorrectly tried to fetch + commits from submodule projects, while still working in the + superproject, which has been corrected. + (merge a63694f523 jt/diff-lazy-fetch-submodule-fix later to maint). + + * Prepare get_short_oid() codepath to be thread-safe. + (merge 7cfcb16b0e rs/sort-oid-array-thread-safe later to maint). + + * "for-each-ref" and friends that show refs did not protect themselves + against ancient tags that did not record tagger names when asked to + show "%(taggername)", which have been corrected. + (merge 8b3f33ef11 mp/for-each-ref-missing-name-or-email later to maint). + + * The "git am" based backend of "git rebase" ignored the result of + updating ".gitattributes" done in one step when replaying + subsequent steps. + (merge 2c65d90f75 bc/reread-attributes-during-rebase later to maint). + + * Tell cURL library to use the same malloc() implementation, with the + xmalloc() wrapper, as the rest of the system, for consistency. + (merge 93b980e58f cb/curl-use-xmalloc later to maint). + + * Build fix to adjust .gitignore to unignore a path that we started to track. + (merge aac6ff7b5b js/visual-studio later to maint). + + * A few implementation fixes in the notes API. + (merge 60fe477a0b mh/notes-duplicate-entries later to maint). + + * Fix an earlier regression to "git push --all" which should have + been forbidden when the target remote repository is set to be a + mirror. + (merge 8e4c8af058 tg/push-all-in-mirror-forbidden later to maint). + + * Fix an earlier regression in the test suite, which mistakenly + stopped running HTTPD tests. + (merge 3960290675 sg/git-test-boolean later to maint). + + * "git rebase --autostash <upstream> <branch>", when <branch> is + different from the current branch, incorrectly moved the tip of the + current branch, which has been corrected. + (merge bf1e28e0ad bw/rebase-autostash-keep-current-branch later to maint). + + * Update support for Asciidoctor documentation toolchain. + (merge 83b0b8953e ma/asciidoctor-refmiscinfo later to maint). + + * Start using DocBook 5 (instead of DocBook 4.5) as Asciidoctor 2.0 + no longer works with the older one. + (merge f6461b82b9 bc/doc-use-docbook-5 later to maint). + + * The markup used in user-manual has been updated to work better with + asciidoctor. + (merge c4d2f6143a ma/user-manual-markup-update later to maint). + + * Make sure the grep machinery does not abort when seeing a payload + that is not UTF-8 even when JIT is not in use with PCRE1. + (merge ad7c543e3b cb/skip-utf8-check-with-pcre1 later to maint). + + * The name of the blob object that stores the filter specification + for sparse cloning/fetching was interpreted in a wrong place in the + code, causing Git to abort. + + * "git log --decorate-refs-exclude=<pattern>" was incorrectly + overruled when the "--simplify-by-decoration" option is used, which + has been corrected. + (merge 0cc7380d88 rs/simplify-by-deco-with-deco-refs-exclude later to maint). + + * The "upload-pack" (the counterpart of "git fetch") needs to disable + commit-graph when responding to a shallow clone/fetch request, but + the way this was done made Git panic, which has been corrected. + + * The object traversal machinery has been optimized not to load tree + objects when we are only interested in commit history. + (merge 72ed80c784 jk/list-objects-optim-wo-trees later to maint). + + * The object name parser for "Nth parent" syntax has been made more + robust against integer overflows. + (merge 59fa5f5a25 rs/nth-parent-parse later to maint). + + * The code used in following tags in "git fetch" has been optimized. + (merge b7e2d8bca5 ms/fetch-follow-tag-optim later to maint). + + * Regression fix for progress output. + (merge 2bb74b53a4 sg/progress-fix later to maint). + + * A bug in merge-recursive code that triggers when a branch with a + symbolic link is merged with a branch that replaces it with a + directory has been fixed. + (merge 83e3ad3b12 jt/merge-recursive-symlink-is-not-a-dir-in-way later to maint). + + * The rename detection logic sorts a list of rename source candidates + by similarity to pick the best candidate, which means that a tie + between sources with the same similarity is broken by the original + location in the original candidate list (which is sorted by path). + Force the sorting by similarity done with a stable sort, which is + not promised by system supplied qsort(3), to ensure consistent + results across platforms. + (merge 2049b8dc65 js/diff-rename-force-stable-sort later to maint). + + * The code to skip "UTF" and "UTF-" prefix, when computing an advice + message, did not work correctly when the prefix was "UTF", which + has been fixed. + (merge b181676ce9 rs/convert-fix-utf-without-dash later to maint). + + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge d1387d3895 en/fast-import-merge-doc later to maint). + (merge 1c24a54ea4 bm/repository-layout-typofix later to maint). + (merge 415b770b88 ds/midx-expire-repack later to maint). + (merge 19800bdc3f nd/diff-parseopt later to maint). + (merge 58166c2e9d tg/t0021-racefix later to maint). + (merge 7027f508c7 dl/compat-cleanup later to maint). + (merge e770fbfeff jc/test-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 1fd881d404 rs/trace2-dst-warning later to maint). + (merge 7e92756751 mh/http-urlmatch-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 9784f97321 mh/release-commit-memory-fix later to maint). + (merge 60d198d022 tb/banned-vsprintf-namefix later to maint). + (merge 80e3658647 rs/help-unknown-ref-does-not-return later to maint). + (merge 0a8bc7068f dt/remote-helper-doc-re-lock-option later to maint). + (merge 27fd1e4ea7 en/merge-options-ff-and-friends later to maint). + (merge 502c386ff9 sg/clean-nested-repo-with-ignored later to maint). + (merge 26e3d1cbea am/mailmap-andrey-mazo later to maint). + (merge 47b27c96fa ss/get-time-cleanup later to maint). + (merge dd2e50a84e jk/commit-graph-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 4fd39c76e6 cs/pretty-formats-doc-typofix later to maint). + (merge 40e747e89d dl/submodule-set-branch later to maint). + (merge 689a146c91 rs/commit-graph-use-list-count later to maint). + (merge 0eb7c37a8a js/doc-patch-text later to maint). + (merge 4b3aa170d1 rs/nth-switch-code-simplification later to maint). + (merge 0d4304c124 ah/doc-submodule-ignore-submodules later to maint). + (merge af78249463 cc/svn-fe-py-shebang later to maint). + (merge 7bd97d6dff rs/alias-use-copy-array later to maint). + (merge c46ebc2496 sg/travis-help-debug later to maint). + (merge 24c681794f ps/my-first-contribution-alphasort later to maint). + (merge 75b2c15435 cb/do-not-use-test-cmp-with-a later to maint). + (merge cda0d497e3 bw/submodule-helper-usage-fix later to maint). + (merge fe0ed5d5e9 am/visual-studio-config-fix later to maint). + (merge 2e09c01232 sg/name-rev-cutoff-underflow-fix later to maint). + (merge ddb3c856f3 as/shallow-slab-use-fix later to maint). + (merge 71f4960b91 js/mingw-spawn-with-spaces-in-path later to maint). + (merge 53d687bf5f ah/cleanups later to maint). + (merge f537485fa5 rs/test-remove-useless-debugging-cat later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt index 6553d69..6323fea 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Fixes since v2.7 setting GIT_WORK_TREE environment themselves. * The "exclude_list" structure has the usual "alloc, nr" pair of - fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_exclude_list() forgot + fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_pattern_list() forgot to reset 'alloc' to 0 when it cleared 'nr' to discard the managed array. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt index 2507971..5fbe1b8 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt @@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ notes for details). setting GIT_WORK_TREE environment themselves. * The "exclude_list" structure has the usual "alloc, nr" pair of - fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_exclude_list() forgot + fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_pattern_list() forgot to reset 'alloc' to 0 when it cleared 'nr' to discard the managed array. diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index 6d589e1..1a60cc1 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -372,9 +372,9 @@ such as "Thanks-to:", "Based-on-patch-by:", or "Mentored-by:". Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own repositories. -- `git-gui/` comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pat Thoyts: +- `git-gui/` comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pratyush Yadav: - git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git + https://github.com/prati0100/git-gui.git - `gitk-git/` comes from Paul Mackerras's gitk project: diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoc.conf b/Documentation/asciidoc.conf index 2c16c53..8fc4b67 100644 --- a/Documentation/asciidoc.conf +++ b/Documentation/asciidoc.conf @@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ template::[header-declarations] <refmeta> <refentrytitle>{mantitle}</refentrytitle> <manvolnum>{manvolnum}</manvolnum> -<refmiscinfo class="source">Git</refmiscinfo> -<refmiscinfo class="version">{git_version}</refmiscinfo> -<refmiscinfo class="manual">Git Manual</refmiscinfo> +<refmiscinfo class="source">{mansource}</refmiscinfo> +<refmiscinfo class="version">{manversion}</refmiscinfo> +<refmiscinfo class="manual">{manmanual}</refmiscinfo> </refmeta> <refnamediv> <refname>{manname}</refname> diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb index 0089e0c..d906a00 100644 --- a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb +++ b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb @@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ module Git named :chrome def process(parent, target, attrs) - if parent.document.basebackend? 'html' - prefix = parent.document.attr('git-relative-html-prefix') + prefix = parent.document.attr('git-relative-html-prefix') + if parent.document.doctype == 'book' + "<ulink url=\"#{prefix}#{target}.html\">" \ + "#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</ulink>" + elsif parent.document.basebackend? 'html' %(<a href="#{prefix}#{target}.html">#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</a>) elsif parent.document.basebackend? 'docbook' "<citerefentry>\n" \ @@ -20,9 +23,26 @@ module Git end end end + + class DocumentPostProcessor < Asciidoctor::Extensions::Postprocessor + def process document, output + if document.basebackend? 'docbook' + mansource = document.attributes['mansource'] + manversion = document.attributes['manversion'] + manmanual = document.attributes['manmanual'] + new_tags = "" \ + "<refmiscinfo class=\"source\">#{mansource}</refmiscinfo>\n" \ + "<refmiscinfo class=\"version\">#{manversion}</refmiscinfo>\n" \ + "<refmiscinfo class=\"manual\">#{manmanual}</refmiscinfo>\n" + output = output.sub(/<\/refmeta>/, new_tags + "</refmeta>") + end + output + end + end end end Asciidoctor::Extensions.register do inline_macro Git::Documentation::LinkGitProcessor, :linkgit + postprocessor Git::Documentation::DocumentPostProcessor end diff --git a/Documentation/blame-options.txt b/Documentation/blame-options.txt index dc41957..5d122db 100644 --- a/Documentation/blame-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/blame-options.txt @@ -110,5 +110,24 @@ commit. And the default value is 40. If there are more than one `-C` options given, the <num> argument of the last `-C` will take effect. +--ignore-rev <rev>:: + Ignore changes made by the revision when assigning blame, as if the + change never happened. Lines that were changed or added by an ignored + commit will be blamed on the previous commit that changed that line or + nearby lines. This option may be specified multiple times to ignore + more than one revision. If the `blame.markIgnoredLines` config option + is set, then lines that were changed by an ignored commit and attributed to + another commit will be marked with a `?` in the blame output. If the + `blame.markUnblamableLines` config option is set, then those lines touched + by an ignored commit that we could not attribute to another revision are + marked with a '*'. + +--ignore-revs-file <file>:: + Ignore revisions listed in `file`, which must be in the same format as an + `fsck.skipList`. This option may be repeated, and these files will be + processed after any files specified with the `blame.ignoreRevsFile` config + option. An empty file name, `""`, will clear the list of revs from + previously processed files. + -h:: Show help message. diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index 7e2a6f6..f50f1b4 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -144,6 +144,20 @@ refer to linkgit:gitignore[5] for details. For convenience: This is the same as `gitdir` except that matching is done case-insensitively (e.g. on case-insensitive file sytems) +`onbranch`:: + The data that follows the keyword `onbranch:` is taken to be a + pattern with standard globbing wildcards and two additional + ones, `**/` and `/**`, that can match multiple path components. + If we are in a worktree where the name of the branch that is + currently checked out matches the pattern, the include condition + is met. ++ +If the pattern ends with `/`, `**` will be automatically added. For +example, the pattern `foo/` becomes `foo/**`. In other words, it matches +all branches that begin with `foo/`. This is useful if your branches are +organized hierarchically and you would like to apply a configuration to +all the branches in that hierarchy. + A few more notes on matching via `gitdir` and `gitdir/i`: * Symlinks in `$GIT_DIR` are not resolved before matching. @@ -164,46 +178,53 @@ to either specify only the realpath version, or both versions. Example ~~~~~~~ - # Core variables - [core] - ; Don't trust file modes - filemode = false - - # Our diff algorithm - [diff] - external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper - renames = true - - [branch "devel"] - remote = origin - merge = refs/heads/devel - - # Proxy settings - [core] - gitProxy="ssh" for "kernel.org" - gitProxy=default-proxy ; for the rest - - [include] - path = /path/to/foo.inc ; include by absolute path - path = foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" relative to the current file - path = ~/foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" in your `$HOME` directory - - ; include if $GIT_DIR is /path/to/foo/.git - [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/foo/.git"] - path = /path/to/foo.inc - - ; include for all repositories inside /path/to/group - [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] - path = /path/to/foo.inc - - ; include for all repositories inside $HOME/to/group - [includeIf "gitdir:~/to/group/"] - path = /path/to/foo.inc - - ; relative paths are always relative to the including - ; file (if the condition is true); their location is not - ; affected by the condition - [includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] +---- +# Core variables +[core] + ; Don't trust file modes + filemode = false + +# Our diff algorithm +[diff] + external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper + renames = true + +[branch "devel"] + remote = origin + merge = refs/heads/devel + +# Proxy settings +[core] + gitProxy="ssh" for "kernel.org" + gitProxy=default-proxy ; for the rest + +[include] + path = /path/to/foo.inc ; include by absolute path + path = foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" relative to the current file + path = ~/foo.inc ; find "foo.inc" in your `$HOME` directory + +; include if $GIT_DIR is /path/to/foo/.git +[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/foo/.git"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + +; include for all repositories inside /path/to/group +[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + +; include for all repositories inside $HOME/to/group +[includeIf "gitdir:~/to/group/"] + path = /path/to/foo.inc + +; relative paths are always relative to the including +; file (if the condition is true); their location is not +; affected by the condition +[includeIf "gitdir:/path/to/group/"] + path = foo.inc +---- + + ; include only if we are in a worktree where foo-branch is + ; currently checked out + [includeIf "onbranch:foo-branch"] path = foo.inc Values @@ -326,6 +347,8 @@ include::config/difftool.txt[] include::config/fastimport.txt[] +include::config/feature.txt[] + include::config/fetch.txt[] include::config/format.txt[] diff --git a/Documentation/config/advice.txt b/Documentation/config/advice.txt index ec4f6ae..6aaa360 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/advice.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/advice.txt @@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ advice.*:: can tell Git that you do not need help by setting these to 'false': + -- + fetchShowForcedUpdates:: + Advice shown when linkgit:git-fetch[1] takes a long time + to calculate forced updates after ref updates, or to warn + that the check is disabled. pushUpdateRejected:: Set this variable to 'false' if you want to disable 'pushNonFFCurrent', @@ -37,12 +41,19 @@ advice.*:: we can still suggest that the user push to either refs/heads/* or refs/tags/* based on the type of the source object. + statusAheadBehind:: + Shown when linkgit:git-status[1] computes the ahead/behind + counts for a local ref compared to its remote tracking ref, + and that calculation takes longer than expected. Will not + appear if `status.aheadBehind` is false or the option + `--no-ahead-behind` is given. statusHints:: Show directions on how to proceed from the current state in the output of linkgit:git-status[1], in the template shown when writing commit messages in linkgit:git-commit[1], and in the help message shown - by linkgit:git-checkout[1] when switching branch. + by linkgit:git-switch[1] or + linkgit:git-checkout[1] when switching branch. statusUoption:: Advise to consider using the `-u` option to linkgit:git-status[1] when the command takes more than 2 seconds to enumerate untracked @@ -57,17 +68,21 @@ advice.*:: resolveConflict:: Advice shown by various commands when conflicts prevent the operation from being performed. + sequencerInUse:: + Advice shown when a sequencer command is already in progress. implicitIdentity:: Advice on how to set your identity configuration when your information is guessed from the system username and domain name. detachedHead:: - Advice shown when you used linkgit:git-checkout[1] to - move to the detach HEAD state, to instruct how to create - a local branch after the fact. + Advice shown when you used + linkgit:git-switch[1] or linkgit:git-checkout[1] + to move to the detach HEAD state, to instruct how to + create a local branch after the fact. checkoutAmbiguousRemoteBranchName:: Advice shown when the argument to - linkgit:git-checkout[1] ambiguously resolves to a + linkgit:git-checkout[1] and linkgit:git-switch[1] + ambiguously resolves to a remote tracking branch on more than one remote in situations where an unambiguous argument would have otherwise caused a remote-tracking branch to be diff --git a/Documentation/config/blame.txt b/Documentation/config/blame.txt index 67b5c1d..9468e85 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/blame.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/blame.txt @@ -19,3 +19,19 @@ blame.showEmail:: blame.showRoot:: Do not treat root commits as boundaries in linkgit:git-blame[1]. This option defaults to false. + +blame.ignoreRevsFile:: + Ignore revisions listed in the file, one unabbreviated object name per + line, in linkgit:git-blame[1]. Whitespace and comments beginning with + `#` are ignored. This option may be repeated multiple times. Empty + file names will reset the list of ignored revisions. This option will + be handled before the command line option `--ignore-revs-file`. + +blame.markUnblamables:: + Mark lines that were changed by an ignored revision that we could not + attribute to another commit with a '*' in the output of + linkgit:git-blame[1]. + +blame.markIgnoredLines:: + Mark lines that were changed by an ignored revision that we attributed to + another commit with a '?' in the output of linkgit:git-blame[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/config/branch.txt b/Documentation/config/branch.txt index 8f4b3fa..a592d52 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/branch.txt @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ branch.autoSetupMerge:: - Tells 'git branch' and 'git checkout' to set up new branches + Tells 'git branch', 'git switch' and 'git checkout' to set up new branches so that linkgit:git-pull[1] will appropriately merge from the starting point branch. Note that even if this option is not set, this behavior can be chosen per-branch using the `--track` @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ branch.autoSetupMerge:: branch. This option defaults to true. branch.autoSetupRebase:: - When a new branch is created with 'git branch' or 'git checkout' + When a new branch is created with 'git branch', 'git switch' or 'git checkout' that tracks another branch, this variable tells Git to set up pull to rebase instead of merge (see "branch.<name>.rebase"). When `never`, rebase is never automatically set to true. diff --git a/Documentation/config/checkout.txt b/Documentation/config/checkout.txt index c4118fa..6b64681 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/checkout.txt @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ checkout.defaultRemote:: - When you run 'git checkout <something>' and only have one + When you run 'git checkout <something>' + or 'git switch <something>' and only have one remote, it may implicitly fall back on checking out and tracking e.g. 'origin/<something>'. This stops working as soon as you have more than one remote with a '<something>' @@ -8,16 +9,10 @@ checkout.defaultRemote:: disambiguation. The typical use-case is to set this to `origin`. + -Currently this is used by linkgit:git-checkout[1] when 'git checkout -<something>' will checkout the '<something>' branch on another remote, +Currently this is used by linkgit:git-switch[1] and +linkgit:git-checkout[1] when 'git checkout <something>' +or 'git switch <something>' +will checkout the '<something>' branch on another remote, and by linkgit:git-worktree[1] when 'git worktree add' refers to a remote branch. This setting might be used for other checkout-like commands or functionality in the future. - -checkout.optimizeNewBranch:: - Optimizes the performance of "git checkout -b <new_branch>" when - using sparse-checkout. When set to true, git will not update the - repo based on the current sparse-checkout settings. This means it - will not update the skip-worktree bit in the index nor add/remove - files in the working directory to reflect the current sparse checkout - settings nor will it show the local changes. diff --git a/Documentation/config/color.txt b/Documentation/config/color.txt index 8375596..d5daacb 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/color.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/color.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ color.blame.highlightRecent:: + This setting should be set to a comma-separated list of color and date settings, starting and ending with a color, the dates should be set from oldest to newest. -The metadata will be colored given the colors if the the line was introduced +The metadata will be colored given the colors if the line was introduced before the given timestamp, overwriting older timestamped colors. + Instead of an absolute timestamp relative timestamps work as well, e.g. diff --git a/Documentation/config/core.txt b/Documentation/config/core.txt index 75538d2..852d2ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/core.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/core.txt @@ -86,7 +86,9 @@ core.untrackedCache:: it will automatically be removed, if set to `false`. Before setting it to `true`, you should check that mtime is working properly on your system. - See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. `keep` by default. + See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. `keep` by default, unless + `feature.manyFiles` is enabled which sets this setting to + `true` by default. core.checkStat:: When missing or is set to `default`, many fields in the stat @@ -577,7 +579,7 @@ the `GIT_NOTES_REF` environment variable. See linkgit:git-notes[1]. core.commitGraph:: If true, then git will read the commit-graph file (if it exists) - to parse the graph structure of commits. Defaults to false. See + to parse the graph structure of commits. Defaults to true. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] for more information. core.useReplaceRefs:: diff --git a/Documentation/config/diff.txt b/Documentation/config/diff.txt index 2c4c9ba..ff09f1c 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/diff.txt @@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ diff.external:: diff.ignoreSubmodules:: Sets the default value of --ignore-submodules. Note that this affects only 'git diff' Porcelain, and not lower level 'diff' - commands such as 'git diff-files'. 'git checkout' also honors + commands such as 'git diff-files'. 'git checkout' + and 'git switch' also honor this setting when reporting uncommitted changes. Setting it to 'all' disables the submodule summary normally shown by 'git commit' and 'git status' when `status.submoduleSummary` is set unless it is @@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ diff.guitool:: include::../mergetools-diff.txt[] diff.indentHeuristic:: - Set this option to `true` to enable experimental heuristics + Set this option to `false` to disable the default heuristics that shift diff hunk boundaries to make patches easier to read. diff.algorithm:: diff --git a/Documentation/config/feature.txt b/Documentation/config/feature.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..875f8c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/config/feature.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +feature.*:: + The config settings that start with `feature.` modify the defaults of + a group of other config settings. These groups are created by the Git + developer community as recommended defaults and are subject to change. + In particular, new config options may be added with different defaults. + +feature.experimental:: + Enable config options that are new to Git, and are being considered for + future defaults. Config settings included here may be added or removed + with each release, including minor version updates. These settings may + have unintended interactions since they are so new. Please enable this + setting if you are interested in providing feedback on experimental + features. The new default values are: ++ +* `pack.useSparse=true` uses a new algorithm when constructing a pack-file +which can improve `git push` performance in repos with many files. ++ +* `fetch.negotiationAlgorithm=skipping` may improve fetch negotiation times by +skipping more commits at a time, reducing the number of round trips. ++ +* `fetch.writeCommitGraph=true` writes a commit-graph after every `git fetch` +command that downloads a pack-file from a remote. Using the `--split` option, +most executions will create a very small commit-graph file on top of the +existing commit-graph file(s). Occasionally, these files will merge and the +write may take longer. Having an updated commit-graph file helps performance +of many Git commands, including `git merge-base`, `git push -f`, and +`git log --graph`. + +feature.manyFiles:: + Enable config options that optimize for repos with many files in the + working directory. With many files, commands such as `git status` and + `git checkout` may be slow and these new defaults improve performance: ++ +* `index.version=4` enables path-prefix compression in the index. ++ +* `core.untrackedCache=true` enables the untracked cache. This setting assumes +that mtime is working on your machine. diff --git a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt index cbfad6c..e8cb205 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt @@ -59,7 +59,23 @@ fetch.negotiationAlgorithm:: effort to converge faster, but may result in a larger-than-necessary packfile; The default is "default" which instructs Git to use the default algorithm that never skips commits (unless the server has acknowledged it or one - of its descendants). + of its descendants). If `feature.experimental` is enabled, then this + setting defaults to "skipping". Unknown values will cause 'git fetch' to error out. + See also the `--negotiation-tip` option for linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + +fetch.showForcedUpdates:: + Set to false to enable `--no-show-forced-updates` in + linkgit:git-fetch[1] and linkgit:git-pull[1] commands. + Defaults to true. + +fetch.writeCommitGraph:: + Set to true to write a commit-graph after every `git fetch` command + that downloads a pack-file from a remote. Using the `--split` option, + most executions will create a very small commit-graph file on top of + the existing commit-graph file(s). Occasionally, these files will + merge and the write may take longer. Having an updated commit-graph + file helps performance of many Git commands, including `git merge-base`, + `git push -f`, and `git log --graph`. Defaults to false, unless + `feature.experimental` is true. diff --git a/Documentation/config/format.txt b/Documentation/config/format.txt index dc77941..cb629fa 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/format.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/format.txt @@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ format.coverLetter:: A boolean that controls whether to generate a cover-letter when format-patch is invoked, but in addition can be set to "auto", to generate a cover-letter only when there's more than one patch. + Default is false. format.outputDirectory:: Set a custom directory to store the resulting files instead of the @@ -85,3 +86,18 @@ format.outputDirectory:: format.useAutoBase:: A boolean value which lets you enable the `--base=auto` option of format-patch by default. + +format.notes:: + Provides the default value for the `--notes` option to + format-patch. Accepts a boolean value, or a ref which specifies + where to get notes. If false, format-patch defaults to + `--no-notes`. If true, format-patch defaults to `--notes`. If + set to a non-boolean value, format-patch defaults to + `--notes=<ref>`, where `ref` is the non-boolean value. Defaults + to false. ++ +If one wishes to use the ref `ref/notes/true`, please use that literal +instead. ++ +This configuration can be specified multiple times in order to allow +multiple notes refs to be included. diff --git a/Documentation/config/gc.txt b/Documentation/config/gc.txt index 02b92b1..00ea0a6 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/gc.txt @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ gc.writeCommitGraph:: If true, then gc will rewrite the commit-graph file when linkgit:git-gc[1] is run. When using `git gc --auto` the commit-graph will be updated if housekeeping is - required. Default is false. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] + required. Default is true. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] for details. gc.logExpiry:: diff --git a/Documentation/config/index.txt b/Documentation/config/index.txt index f181503..7cb50b3 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/index.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/index.txt @@ -24,3 +24,4 @@ index.threads:: index.version:: Specify the version with which new index files should be initialized. This does not affect existing repositories. + If `feature.manyFiles` is enabled, then the default is 4. diff --git a/Documentation/config/interactive.txt b/Documentation/config/interactive.txt index ad846dd..a2d3c7e 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/interactive.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/interactive.txt @@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ interactive.singleKey:: In interactive commands, allow the user to provide one-letter input with a single key (i.e., without hitting enter). Currently this is used by the `--patch` mode of - linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-checkout[1], linkgit:git-commit[1], + linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-checkout[1], + linkgit:git-restore[1], linkgit:git-commit[1], linkgit:git-reset[1], and linkgit:git-stash[1]. Note that this setting is silently ignored if portable keystroke input is not available; requires the Perl module Term::ReadKey. diff --git a/Documentation/config/log.txt b/Documentation/config/log.txt index 78d9e44..e9e1e39 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/log.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/log.txt @@ -40,4 +40,5 @@ log.showSignature:: log.mailmap:: If true, makes linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1], and - linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] assume `--use-mailmap`. + linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] assume `--use-mailmap`, otherwise + assume `--no-use-mailmap`. True by default. diff --git a/Documentation/config/pack.txt b/Documentation/config/pack.txt index 9cdcfa7..1d66f0c 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/pack.txt @@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ pack.useSparse:: objects. This can have significant performance benefits when computing a pack to send a small change. However, it is possible that extra objects are added to the pack-file if the included - commits contain certain types of direct renames. + commits contain certain types of direct renames. Default is `false` + unless `feature.experimental` is enabled. pack.writeBitmaps (deprecated):: This is a deprecated synonym for `repack.writeBitmaps`. diff --git a/Documentation/config/remote.txt b/Documentation/config/remote.txt index 6c4cad8..a8e6437 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/remote.txt @@ -76,3 +76,11 @@ remote.<name>.pruneTags:: + See also `remote.<name>.prune` and the PRUNING section of linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + +remote.<name>.promisor:: + When set to true, this remote will be used to fetch promisor + objects. + +remote.<name>.partialclonefilter:: + The filter that will be applied when fetching from this + promisor remote. diff --git a/Documentation/config/stash.txt b/Documentation/config/stash.txt index 7710758..abc7ef4 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/stash.txt @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ stash.useBuiltin:: the built-in rewrite of it in C. + The C rewrite is first included with Git version 2.22 (and Git for Windows -version 2.19). This option serves an an escape hatch to re-enable the +version 2.19). This option serves as an escape hatch to re-enable the legacy version in case any bugs are found in the rewrite. This option and the shell script version of linkgit:git-stash[1] will be removed in some future release. diff --git a/Documentation/config/status.txt b/Documentation/config/status.txt index ed72fa7..0fc704a 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/status.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/status.txt @@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ status.branch:: Set to true to enable --branch by default in linkgit:git-status[1]. The option --no-branch takes precedence over this variable. +status.aheadBehind:: + Set to true to enable `--ahead-behind` and false to enable + `--no-ahead-behind` by default in linkgit:git-status[1] for + non-porcelain status formats. Defaults to true. + status.displayCommentPrefix:: If set to true, linkgit:git-status[1] will insert a comment prefix before each output line (starting with diff --git a/Documentation/config/tag.txt b/Documentation/config/tag.txt index 663663b..ef5adb3 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/tag.txt @@ -8,6 +8,14 @@ tag.sort:: linkgit:git-tag[1]. Without the "--sort=<value>" option provided, the value of this variable will be used as the default. +tag.gpgSign:: + A boolean to specify whether all tags should be GPG signed. + Use of this option when running in an automated script can + result in a large number of tags being signed. It is therefore + convenient to use an agent to avoid typing your gpg passphrase + several times. Note that this option doesn't affects tag signing + behavior enabled by "-u <keyid>" or "--local-user=<keyid>" options. + tar.umask:: This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the diff --git a/Documentation/config/transfer.txt b/Documentation/config/transfer.txt index 4a5dfe2..f5b6245 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/transfer.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/transfer.txt @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ linkgit:git-receive-pack[1]. On the fetch side, malformed objects will instead be left unreferenced in the repository. + Due to the non-quarantine nature of the `fetch.fsckObjects` -implementation it can not be relied upon to leave the object store +implementation it cannot be relied upon to leave the object store clean like `receive.fsckObjects` can. + As objects are unpacked they're written to the object store, so there diff --git a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt index f10ca41..e8ed647 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt @@ -1,11 +1,15 @@ -Generating patches with -p --------------------------- - -When "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", or "git-diff-files" are run -with a `-p` option, "git diff" without the `--raw` option, or -"git log" with the "-p" option, they -do not produce the output described above; instead they produce a -patch file. You can customize the creation of such patches via the +Generating patch text with -p +----------------------------- + +Running +linkgit:git-diff[1], +linkgit:git-log[1], +linkgit:git-show[1], +linkgit:git-diff-index[1], +linkgit:git-diff-tree[1], or +linkgit:git-diff-files[1] +with the `-p` option produces patch text. +You can customize the creation of patch text via the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` and the `GIT_DIFF_OPTS` environment variables. What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional @@ -49,7 +53,7 @@ similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old file made it into the new one. + -The index line includes the SHA-1 checksum before and after the change. +The index line includes the blob object names before and after the change. The <mode> is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise, separate lines indicate the old and the new mode. @@ -70,7 +74,7 @@ separate lines indicate the old and the new mode. rename to a -combined diff format +Combined diff format -------------------- Any diff-generating command can take the `-c` or `--cc` option to @@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ linkgit:git-show[1]. Note also that you can give the `-m` option to any of these commands to force generation of diffs with individual parents of a merge. -A 'combined diff' format looks like this: +A "combined diff" format looks like this: ------------ diff --combined describe.c @@ -113,11 +117,11 @@ index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510 ------------ 1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like - this (when `-c` option is used): + this (when the `-c` option is used): diff --combined file + -or like this (when `--cc` option is used): +or like this (when the `--cc` option is used): diff --cc file @@ -160,7 +164,7 @@ parents. 4. Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from accidentally feeding it to `patch -p1`. Combined diff format was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not - meant for apply. The change is similar to the change in the + meant to be applied. The change is similar to the change in the extended 'index' header: @@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@ diff --git a/Documentation/doc-diff b/Documentation/doc-diff index 3355be4..88a9b20 100755 --- a/Documentation/doc-diff +++ b/Documentation/doc-diff @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ asciidoc use asciidoc with both commits to-asciidoc use asciidoc with the 'to'-commit to-asciidoctor use asciidoctor with the 'to'-commit asciidoctor use asciidoctor with both commits -cut-header-footer cut away header and footer +cut-footer cut away footer " SUBDIRECTORY_OK=1 . "$(git --exec-path)/git-sh-setup" @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ force= clean= from_program= to_program= -cut_header_footer= +cut_footer= while test $# -gt 0 do case "$1" in @@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ do --asciidoc) from_program=-asciidoc to_program=-asciidoc ;; - --cut-header-footer) - cut_header_footer=-cut-header-footer ;; + --cut-footer) + cut_footer=-cut-footer ;; --) shift; break ;; *) @@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ construct_makemanflags () { from_makemanflags=$(construct_makemanflags "$from_program") && to_makemanflags=$(construct_makemanflags "$to_program") && -from_dir=$from_oid$from_program$cut_header_footer && -to_dir=$to_oid$to_program$cut_header_footer && +from_dir=$from_oid$from_program$cut_footer && +to_dir=$to_oid$to_program$cut_footer && # generate_render_makefile <srcdir> <dstdir> generate_render_makefile () { @@ -169,12 +169,11 @@ render_tree () { make -j$parallel -f - && mv "$tmp/rendered/$dname+" "$tmp/rendered/$dname" - if test "$cut_header_footer" = "-cut-header-footer" + if test "$cut_footer" = "-cut-footer" then for f in $(find "$tmp/rendered/$dname" -type f) do - tail -n +3 "$f" | head -n -2 | - sed -e '1{/^$/d}' -e '${/^$/d}' >"$f+" && + head -n -2 "$f" | sed -e '${/^$/d}' >"$f+" && mv "$f+" "$f" || return 1 done diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt index 91c4775..99df1f3 100644 --- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt @@ -88,6 +88,10 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] Allow several <repository> and <group> arguments to be specified. No <refspec>s may be specified. +--[no-]auto-gc:: + Run `git gc --auto` at the end to perform garbage collection + if needed. This is enabled by default. + -p:: --prune:: Before fetching, remove any remote-tracking references that no @@ -165,6 +169,13 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] Disable recursive fetching of submodules (this has the same effect as using the `--recurse-submodules=no` option). +--set-upstream:: + If the remote is fetched successfully, pull and add upstream + (tracking) reference, used by argument-less + linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information, + see `branch.<name>.merge` and `branch.<name>.remote` in + linkgit:git-config[1]. + --submodule-prefix=<path>:: Prepend <path> to paths printed in informative messages such as "Fetching submodule foo". This option is used @@ -221,6 +232,19 @@ endif::git-pull[] When multiple `--server-option=<option>` are given, they are all sent to the other side in the order listed on the command line. +--show-forced-updates:: + By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during + fetch. This can be disabled through fetch.showForcedUpdates, but + the --show-forced-updates option guarantees this check occurs. + See linkgit:git-config[1]. + +--no-show-forced-updates:: + By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during + fetch. Pass --no-show-forced-updates or set fetch.showForcedUpdates + to false to skip this check for performance reasons. If used during + 'git-pull' the --ff-only option will still check for forced updates + before attempting a fast-forward update. See linkgit:git-config[1]. + -4:: --ipv4:: Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses. diff --git a/Documentation/git-blame.txt b/Documentation/git-blame.txt index 16323eb..7e81541 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-blame.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-blame.txt @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] [-L <range>] [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>] + [--ignore-rev <rev>] [--ignore-revs-file <file>] [--progress] [--abbrev=<n>] [<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>..<rev>] [--] <file> diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt index d9325e2..135206f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt @@ -8,9 +8,8 @@ git-branch - List, create, or delete branches SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git branch' [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] +'git branch' [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--show-current] [-v [--abbrev=<length> | --no-abbrev]] - [--show-current] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column] [--sort=<key>] [(--merged | --no-merged) [<commit>]] [--contains [<commit]] [--no-contains [<commit>]] @@ -29,8 +28,10 @@ DESCRIPTION ----------- If `--list` is given, or if there are no non-option arguments, existing -branches are listed; the current branch will be highlighted with an -asterisk. Option `-r` causes the remote-tracking branches to be listed, +branches are listed; the current branch will be highlighted in green and +marked with an asterisk. Any branches checked out in linked worktrees will +be highlighted in cyan and marked with a plus sign. Option `-r` causes the +remote-tracking branches to be listed, and option `-a` shows both local and remote branches. If a `<pattern>` @@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ can leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. Note that this will create the new branch, but it will not switch the -working tree to it; use "git checkout <newbranch>" to switch to the +working tree to it; use "git switch <newbranch>" to switch to the new branch. When a local branch is started off a remote-tracking branch, Git sets up the @@ -183,8 +184,10 @@ This option is only applicable in non-verbose mode. When in list mode, show sha1 and commit subject line for each head, along with relationship to upstream branch (if any). If given twice, print - the name of the upstream branch, as well (see also `git remote - show <remote>`). + the path of the linked worktree (if any) and the name of the upstream + branch, as well (see also `git remote show <remote>`). Note that the + current worktree's HEAD will not have its path printed (it will always + be your current directory). -q:: --quiet:: @@ -211,7 +214,7 @@ This option is only applicable in non-verbose mode. + This behavior is the default when the start point is a remote-tracking branch. Set the branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable to `false` if you -want `git checkout` and `git branch` to always behave as if `--no-track` +want `git switch`, `git checkout` and `git branch` to always behave as if `--no-track` were given. Set it to `always` if you want this behavior when the start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch. @@ -310,7 +313,7 @@ Start development from a known tag:: $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux-2.6 my2.6 $ cd my2.6 $ git branch my2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1> -$ git checkout my2.6.14 +$ git switch my2.6.14 ------------ + <1> This step and the next one could be combined into a single step with @@ -347,9 +350,9 @@ Patterns will normally need quoting. NOTES ----- -If you are creating a branch that you want to checkout immediately, it is -easier to use the git checkout command with its `-b` option to create -a branch and check it out with a single command. +If you are creating a branch that you want to switch to immediately, +it is easier to use the "git switch" command with its `-c` option to +do the same thing with a single command. The options `--contains`, `--no-contains`, `--merged` and `--no-merged` serve four related but different purposes: diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt index d9de992..ee6a414 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt @@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ but it is explicitly forbidden at the beginning of a branch name). When run with `--branch` option in a repository, the input is first expanded for the ``previous checkout syntax'' `@{-n}`. For example, `@{-1}` is a way to refer the last thing that -was checked out using "git checkout" operation. This option should be +was checked out using "git switch" or "git checkout" operation. +This option should be used by porcelains to accept this syntax anywhere a branch name is expected, so they can act as if you typed the branch name. As an exception note that, the ``previous checkout operation'' might result diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt index 964f912..cf3cac0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt @@ -23,31 +23,22 @@ or the specified tree. If no paths are given, 'git checkout' will also update `HEAD` to set the specified branch as the current branch. -'git checkout' <branch>:: - To prepare for working on <branch>, switch to it by updating +'git checkout' [<branch>]:: + To prepare for working on `<branch>`, switch to it by updating the index and the files in the working tree, and by pointing - HEAD at the branch. Local modifications to the files in the + `HEAD` at the branch. Local modifications to the files in the working tree are kept, so that they can be committed to the - <branch>. + `<branch>`. + -If <branch> is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in -exactly one remote (call it <remote>) with a matching name, treat as -equivalent to +If `<branch>` is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in +exactly one remote (call it `<remote>`) with a matching name and +`--no-guess` is not specified, treat as equivalent to + ------------ $ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch> ------------ + -If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by -the `checkout.defaultRemote` configuration variable, we'll use that -one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the `<branch>` isn't -unique across all remotes. Set it to -e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` to always checkout remote -branches from there if `<branch>` is ambiguous but exists on the -'origin' remote. See also `checkout.defaultRemote` in -linkgit:git-config[1]. -+ -You could omit <branch>, in which case the command degenerates to +You could omit `<branch>`, in which case the command degenerates to "check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information, if exists, for the current branch. @@ -61,7 +52,7 @@ if exists, for the current branch. `--track` without `-b` implies branch creation; see the description of `--track` below. + -If `-B` is given, <new_branch> is created if it doesn't exist; otherwise, it +If `-B` is given, `<new_branch>` is created if it doesn't exist; otherwise, it is reset. This is the transactional equivalent of + ------------ @@ -75,25 +66,25 @@ successful. 'git checkout' --detach [<branch>]:: 'git checkout' [--detach] <commit>:: - Prepare to work on top of <commit>, by detaching HEAD at it + Prepare to work on top of `<commit>`, by detaching `HEAD` at it (see "DETACHED HEAD" section), and updating the index and the files in the working tree. Local modifications to the files in the working tree are kept, so that the resulting working tree will be the state recorded in the commit plus the local modifications. + -When the <commit> argument is a branch name, the `--detach` option can -be used to detach HEAD at the tip of the branch (`git checkout -<branch>` would check out that branch without detaching HEAD). +When the `<commit>` argument is a branch name, the `--detach` option can +be used to detach `HEAD` at the tip of the branch (`git checkout +<branch>` would check out that branch without detaching `HEAD`). + -Omitting <branch> detaches HEAD at the tip of the current branch. +Omitting `<branch>` detaches `HEAD` at the tip of the current branch. 'git checkout' [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...:: Overwrite paths in the working tree by replacing with the - contents in the index or in the <tree-ish> (most often a - commit). When a <tree-ish> is given, the paths that - match the <pathspec> are updated both in the index and in + contents in the index or in the `<tree-ish>` (most often a + commit). When a `<tree-ish>` is given, the paths that + match the `<pathspec>` are updated both in the index and in the working tree. + The index may contain unmerged entries because of a previous failed merge. @@ -118,7 +109,8 @@ OPTIONS --quiet:: Quiet, suppress feedback messages. ---[no-]progress:: +--progress:: +--no-progress:: Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet` is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not @@ -127,7 +119,7 @@ OPTIONS -f:: --force:: When switching branches, proceed even if the index or the - working tree differs from HEAD. This is used to throw away + working tree differs from `HEAD`. This is used to throw away local changes. + When checking out paths from the index, do not fail upon unmerged @@ -154,12 +146,12 @@ on your side branch as `theirs` (i.e. "one contributor's work on top of it"). -b <new_branch>:: - Create a new branch named <new_branch> and start it at - <start_point>; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. + Create a new branch named `<new_branch>` and start it at + `<start_point>`; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. -B <new_branch>:: - Creates the branch <new_branch> and start it at <start_point>; - if it already exists, then reset it to <start_point>. This is + Creates the branch `<new_branch>` and start it at `<start_point>`; + if it already exists, then reset it to `<start_point>`. This is equivalent to running "git branch" with "-f"; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. @@ -172,15 +164,36 @@ If no `-b` option is given, the name of the new branch will be derived from the remote-tracking branch, by looking at the local part of the refspec configured for the corresponding remote, and then stripping the initial part up to the "*". -This would tell us to use "hack" as the local branch when branching -off of "origin/hack" (or "remotes/origin/hack", or even -"refs/remotes/origin/hack"). If the given name has no slash, or the above +This would tell us to use `hack` as the local branch when branching +off of `origin/hack` (or `remotes/origin/hack`, or even +`refs/remotes/origin/hack`). If the given name has no slash, or the above guessing results in an empty name, the guessing is aborted. You can explicitly give a name with `-b` in such a case. --no-track:: Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the - branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable is true. + `branch.autoSetupMerge` configuration variable is true. + +--guess:: +--no-guess:: + If `<branch>` is not found but there does exist a tracking + branch in exactly one remote (call it `<remote>`) with a + matching name, treat as equivalent to ++ +------------ +$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch> +------------ ++ +If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by +the `checkout.defaultRemote` configuration variable, we'll use that +one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the `<branch>` isn't +unique across all remotes. Set it to +e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` to always checkout remote +branches from there if `<branch>` is ambiguous but exists on the +'origin' remote. See also `checkout.defaultRemote` in +linkgit:git-config[1]. ++ +Use `--no-guess` to disable this. -l:: Create the new branch's reflog; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for @@ -189,21 +202,21 @@ explicitly give a name with `-b` in such a case. --detach:: Rather than checking out a branch to work on it, check out a commit for inspection and discardable experiments. - This is the default behavior of "git checkout <commit>" when - <commit> is not a branch name. See the "DETACHED HEAD" section + This is the default behavior of `git checkout <commit>` when + `<commit>` is not a branch name. See the "DETACHED HEAD" section below for details. --orphan <new_branch>:: - Create a new 'orphan' branch, named <new_branch>, started from - <start_point> and switch to it. The first commit made on this + Create a new 'orphan' branch, named `<new_branch>`, started from + `<start_point>` and switch to it. The first commit made on this new branch will have no parents and it will be the root of a new history totally disconnected from all the other branches and commits. + The index and the working tree are adjusted as if you had previously run -"git checkout <start_point>". This allows you to start a new history -that records a set of paths similar to <start_point> by easily running -"git commit -a" to make the root commit. +`git checkout <start_point>`. This allows you to start a new history +that records a set of paths similar to `<start_point>` by easily running +`git commit -a` to make the root commit. + This can be useful when you want to publish the tree from a commit without exposing its full history. You might want to do this to publish @@ -212,17 +225,17 @@ whose full history contains proprietary or otherwise encumbered bits of code. + If you want to start a disconnected history that records a set of paths -that is totally different from the one of <start_point>, then you should +that is totally different from the one of `<start_point>`, then you should clear the index and the working tree right after creating the orphan -branch by running "git rm -rf ." from the top level of the working tree. +branch by running `git rm -rf .` from the top level of the working tree. Afterwards you will be ready to prepare your new files, repopulating the working tree, by copying them from elsewhere, extracting a tarball, etc. --ignore-skip-worktree-bits:: In sparse checkout mode, `git checkout -- <paths>` would - update only entries matched by <paths> and sparse patterns - in $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout. This option ignores - the sparse patterns and adds back any files in <paths>. + update only entries matched by `<paths>` and sparse patterns + in `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout`. This option ignores + the sparse patterns and adds back any files in `<paths>`. -m:: --merge:: @@ -246,25 +259,25 @@ the conflicted merge in the specified paths. When switching branches with `--merge`, staged changes may be lost. --conflict=<style>:: - The same as --merge option above, but changes the way the + The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the - merge.conflictStyle configuration variable. Possible values are + `merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable. Possible values are "merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by "merge" style, shows the original contents). -p:: --patch:: Interactively select hunks in the difference between the - <tree-ish> (or the index, if unspecified) and the working + `<tree-ish>` (or the index, if unspecified) and the working tree. The chosen hunks are then applied in reverse to the - working tree (and if a <tree-ish> was specified, the index). + working tree (and if a `<tree-ish>` was specified, the index). + This means that you can use `git checkout -p` to selectively discard edits from your current working tree. See the ``Interactive Mode'' section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode. + Note that this option uses the no overlay mode by default (see also -`--[no-]overlay`), and currently doesn't support overlay mode. +`--overlay`), and currently doesn't support overlay mode. --ignore-other-worktrees:: `git checkout` refuses when the wanted ref is already checked @@ -272,38 +285,42 @@ Note that this option uses the no overlay mode by default (see also out anyway. In other words, the ref can be held by more than one worktree. ---[no-]recurse-submodules:: - Using --recurse-submodules will update the content of all initialized +--overwrite-ignore:: +--no-overwrite-ignore:: + Silently overwrite ignored files when switching branches. This + is the default behavior. Use `--no-overwrite-ignore` to abort + the operation when the new branch contains ignored files. + +--recurse-submodules:: +--no-recurse-submodules:: + Using `--recurse-submodules` will update the content of all initialized submodules according to the commit recorded in the superproject. If local modifications in a submodule would be overwritten the checkout - will fail unless `-f` is used. If nothing (or --no-recurse-submodules) + will fail unless `-f` is used. If nothing (or `--no-recurse-submodules`) is used, the work trees of submodules will not be updated. - Just like linkgit:git-submodule[1], this will detach the - submodules HEAD. - ---no-guess:: - Do not attempt to create a branch if a remote tracking branch - of the same name exists. + Just like linkgit:git-submodule[1], this will detach `HEAD` of the + submodule. ---[no-]overlay:: +--overlay:: +--no-overlay:: In the default overlay mode, `git checkout` never removes files from the index or the working tree. When specifying `--no-overlay`, files that appear in the index and - working tree, but not in <tree-ish> are removed, to make them - match <tree-ish> exactly. + working tree, but not in `<tree-ish>` are removed, to make them + match `<tree-ish>` exactly. <branch>:: Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that, when prepended with "refs/heads/", is a valid ref), then that branch is checked out. Otherwise, if it refers to a valid - commit, your HEAD becomes "detached" and you are no longer on + commit, your `HEAD` becomes "detached" and you are no longer on any branch (see below for details). + -You can use the `"@{-N}"` syntax to refer to the N-th last +You can use the `@{-N}` syntax to refer to the N-th last branch/commit checked out using "git checkout" operation. You may -also specify `-` which is synonymous to `"@{-1}"`. +also specify `-` which is synonymous to `@{-1}`. + -As a special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the +As a special case, you may use `A...B` as a shortcut for the merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. @@ -312,7 +329,7 @@ leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. <start_point>:: The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see - linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to HEAD. + linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to `HEAD`. + As a special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can @@ -326,9 +343,9 @@ leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. DETACHED HEAD ------------- -HEAD normally refers to a named branch (e.g. 'master'). Meanwhile, each +`HEAD` normally refers to a named branch (e.g. `master`). Meanwhile, each branch refers to a specific commit. Let's look at a repo with three -commits, one of them tagged, and with branch 'master' checked out: +commits, one of them tagged, and with branch `master` checked out: ------------ HEAD (refers to branch 'master') @@ -341,10 +358,10 @@ a---b---c branch 'master' (refers to commit 'c') ------------ When a commit is created in this state, the branch is updated to refer to -the new commit. Specifically, 'git commit' creates a new commit 'd', whose -parent is commit 'c', and then updates branch 'master' to refer to new -commit 'd'. HEAD still refers to branch 'master' and so indirectly now refers -to commit 'd': +the new commit. Specifically, 'git commit' creates a new commit `d`, whose +parent is commit `c`, and then updates branch `master` to refer to new +commit `d`. `HEAD` still refers to branch `master` and so indirectly now refers +to commit `d`: ------------ $ edit; git add; git commit @@ -361,7 +378,7 @@ a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') It is sometimes useful to be able to checkout a commit that is not at the tip of any named branch, or even to create a new commit that is not referenced by a named branch. Let's look at what happens when we -checkout commit 'b' (here we show two ways this may be done): +checkout commit `b` (here we show two ways this may be done): ------------ $ git checkout v2.0 # or @@ -376,9 +393,9 @@ a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') ------------ -Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, HEAD now refers -directly to commit 'b'. This is known as being in detached HEAD state. -It means simply that HEAD refers to a specific commit, as opposed to +Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, `HEAD` now refers +directly to commit `b`. This is known as being in detached `HEAD` state. +It means simply that `HEAD` refers to a specific commit, as opposed to referring to a named branch. Let's see what happens when we create a commit: ------------ @@ -395,7 +412,7 @@ a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') ------------ -There is now a new commit 'e', but it is referenced only by HEAD. We can +There is now a new commit `e`, but it is referenced only by `HEAD`. We can of course add yet another commit in this state: ------------ @@ -413,7 +430,7 @@ a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') ------------ In fact, we can perform all the normal Git operations. But, let's look -at what happens when we then checkout master: +at what happens when we then checkout `master`: ------------ $ git checkout master @@ -428,9 +445,9 @@ a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') ------------ It is important to realize that at this point nothing refers to commit -'f'. Eventually commit 'f' (and by extension commit 'e') will be deleted +`f`. Eventually commit `f` (and by extension commit `e`) will be deleted by the routine Git garbage collection process, unless we create a reference -before that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit 'f', +before that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit `f`, any of these will create a reference to it: ------------ @@ -439,19 +456,19 @@ $ git branch foo <2> $ git tag foo <3> ------------ -<1> creates a new branch 'foo', which refers to commit 'f', and then - updates HEAD to refer to branch 'foo'. In other words, we'll no longer - be in detached HEAD state after this command. +<1> creates a new branch `foo`, which refers to commit `f`, and then + updates `HEAD` to refer to branch `foo`. In other words, we'll no longer + be in detached `HEAD` state after this command. -<2> similarly creates a new branch 'foo', which refers to commit 'f', - but leaves HEAD detached. +<2> similarly creates a new branch `foo`, which refers to commit `f`, + but leaves `HEAD` detached. -<3> creates a new tag 'foo', which refers to commit 'f', - leaving HEAD detached. +<3> creates a new tag `foo`, which refers to commit `f`, + leaving `HEAD` detached. -If we have moved away from commit 'f', then we must first recover its object +If we have moved away from commit `f`, then we must first recover its object name (typically by using git reflog), and then we can create a reference to -it. For example, to see the last two commits to which HEAD referred, we +it. For example, to see the last two commits to which `HEAD` referred, we can use either of these commands: ------------ @@ -462,12 +479,12 @@ $ git log -g -2 HEAD ARGUMENT DISAMBIGUATION ----------------------- -When there is only one argument given and it is not `--` (e.g. "git -checkout abc"), and when the argument is both a valid `<tree-ish>` -(e.g. a branch "abc" exists) and a valid `<pathspec>` (e.g. a file +When there is only one argument given and it is not `--` (e.g. `git +checkout abc`), and when the argument is both a valid `<tree-ish>` +(e.g. a branch `abc` exists) and a valid `<pathspec>` (e.g. a file or a directory whose name is "abc" exists), Git would usually ask you to disambiguate. Because checking out a branch is so common an -operation, however, "git checkout abc" takes "abc" as a `<tree-ish>` +operation, however, `git checkout abc` takes "abc" as a `<tree-ish>` in such a situation. Use `git checkout -- <pathspec>` if you want to checkout these paths out of the index. @@ -475,7 +492,7 @@ EXAMPLES -------- . The following sequence checks out the `master` branch, reverts - the `Makefile` to two revisions back, deletes hello.c by + the `Makefile` to two revisions back, deletes `hello.c` by mistake, and gets it back from the index. + ------------ @@ -487,7 +504,7 @@ $ git checkout hello.c <3> + <1> switch branch <2> take a file out of another commit -<3> restore hello.c from the index +<3> restore `hello.c` from the index + If you want to check out _all_ C source files out of the index, you can say @@ -516,7 +533,7 @@ $ git checkout -- hello.c $ git checkout mytopic ------------ + -However, your "wrong" branch and correct "mytopic" branch may +However, your "wrong" branch and correct `mytopic` branch may differ in files that you have modified locally, in which case the above checkout would fail like this: + @@ -557,6 +574,11 @@ $ edit frotz $ git add frotz ------------ +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-switch[1], +linkgit:git-restore[1] + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt index 754b16c..83ce51a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt @@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-x] [--ff] [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>... -'git cherry-pick' --continue -'git cherry-pick' --quit -'git cherry-pick' --abort +'git cherry-pick' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit) DESCRIPTION ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-clean.txt b/Documentation/git-clean.txt index db876f7..a7f309d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clean.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clean.txt @@ -26,18 +26,20 @@ are affected. OPTIONS ------- -d:: - Remove untracked directories in addition to untracked files. - If an untracked directory is managed by a different Git - repository, it is not removed by default. Use -f option twice - if you really want to remove such a directory. + Normally, when no <path> is specified, git clean will not + recurse into untracked directories to avoid removing too much. + Specify -d to have it recurse into such directories as well. + If any paths are specified, -d is irrelevant; all untracked + files matching the specified paths (with exceptions for nested + git directories mentioned under `--force`) will be removed. -f:: --force:: If the Git configuration variable clean.requireForce is not set to false, 'git clean' will refuse to delete files or directories - unless given -f, -n or -i. Git will refuse to delete directories - with .git sub directory or file unless a second -f - is given. + unless given -f or -i. Git will refuse to modify untracked + nested git repositories (directories with a .git subdirectory) + unless a second -f is given. -i:: --interactive:: @@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ OPTIONS still use the ignore rules given with `-e` options from the command line. This allows removing all untracked files, including build products. This can be used (possibly in - conjunction with 'git reset') to create a pristine + conjunction with 'git restore' or 'git reset') to create a pristine working directory to test a clean build. -X:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt index ca8871c..34011c2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt @@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ SYNOPSIS [--dissociate] [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] [--depth <depth>] [--[no-]single-branch] [--no-tags] [--recurse-submodules[=<pathspec>]] [--[no-]shallow-submodules] - [--jobs <n>] [--] <repository> [<directory>] + [--[no-]remote-submodules] [--jobs <n>] [--] <repository> + [<directory>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -260,6 +261,12 @@ or `--mirror` is given) --[no-]shallow-submodules:: All submodules which are cloned will be shallow with a depth of 1. +--[no-]remote-submodules:: + All submodules which are cloned will use the status of the submodule’s + remote-tracking branch to update the submodule, rather than the + superproject’s recorded SHA-1. Equivalent to passing `--remote` to + `git submodule update`. + --separate-git-dir=<git dir>:: Instead of placing the cloned repository where it is supposed to be, place the cloned repository at the specified directory, diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt index 624470e..8c708a7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git commit-graph read' [--object-dir <dir>] -'git commit-graph verify' [--object-dir <dir>] -'git commit-graph write' <options> [--object-dir <dir>] +'git commit-graph verify' [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress] +'git commit-graph write' <options> [--object-dir <dir>] [--[no-]progress] DESCRIPTION @@ -26,9 +26,12 @@ OPTIONS Use given directory for the location of packfiles and commit-graph file. This parameter exists to specify the location of an alternate that only has the objects directory, not a full `.git` directory. The - commit-graph file is expected to be at `<dir>/info/commit-graph` and + commit-graph file is expected to be in the `<dir>/info` directory and the packfiles are expected to be in `<dir>/pack`. +--[no-]progress:: + Turn progress on/off explicitly. If neither is specified, progress is + shown if standard error is connected to a terminal. COMMANDS -------- @@ -51,6 +54,25 @@ or `--stdin-packs`.) + With the `--append` option, include all commits that are present in the existing commit-graph file. ++ +With the `--split` option, write the commit-graph as a chain of multiple +commit-graph files stored in `<dir>/info/commit-graphs`. The new commits +not already in the commit-graph are added in a new "tip" file. This file +is merged with the existing file if the following merge conditions are +met: ++ +* If `--size-multiple=<X>` is not specified, let `X` equal 2. If the new +tip file would have `N` commits and the previous tip has `M` commits and +`X` times `N` is greater than `M`, instead merge the two files into a +single file. ++ +* If `--max-commits=<M>` is specified with `M` a positive integer, and the +new tip file would have more than `M` commits, then instead merge the new +tip with the previous tip. ++ +Finally, if `--expire-time=<datetime>` is not specified, let `datetime` +be the current time. After writing the split commit-graph, delete all +unused commit-graph whose modified times are older than `datetime`. 'read':: @@ -61,6 +83,9 @@ Used for debugging purposes. Read the commit-graph file and verify its contents against the object database. Used to check for corrupted data. ++ +With the `--shallow` option, only check the tip commit-graph file in +a chain of split commit-graphs. EXAMPLES diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index a85c2c2..afa7b75 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -282,18 +282,20 @@ FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1].) --untracked-files[=<mode>]:: Show untracked files. + +-- The mode parameter is optional (defaults to 'all'), and is used to specify the handling of untracked files; when -u is not used, the default is 'normal', i.e. show untracked files and directories. -+ + The possible options are: -+ + - 'no' - Show no untracked files - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. -+ + The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. +-- -v:: --verbose:: @@ -359,7 +361,7 @@ When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area called the "index" with 'git add'. A file can be reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree, -to that of the last commit with `git reset HEAD -- <file>`, +to that of the last commit with `git restore --staged <file>`, which effectively reverts 'git add' and prevents the changes to this file from participating in the next commit. After building the state to be committed incrementally with these commands, diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index ff9310f..899e92a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -339,33 +339,35 @@ EXAMPLES Given a .git/config like this: - # - # This is the config file, and - # a '#' or ';' character indicates - # a comment - # - - ; core variables - [core] - ; Don't trust file modes - filemode = false - - ; Our diff algorithm - [diff] - external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper - renames = true - - ; Proxy settings - [core] - gitproxy=proxy-command for kernel.org - gitproxy=default-proxy ; for all the rest - - ; HTTP - [http] - sslVerify - [http "https://weak.example.com"] - sslVerify = false - cookieFile = /tmp/cookie.txt +------------ +# +# This is the config file, and +# a '#' or ';' character indicates +# a comment +# + +; core variables +[core] + ; Don't trust file modes + filemode = false + +; Our diff algorithm +[diff] + external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper + renames = true + +; Proxy settings +[core] + gitproxy=proxy-command for kernel.org + gitproxy=default-proxy ; for all the rest + +; HTTP +[http] + sslVerify +[http "https://weak.example.com"] + sslVerify = false + cookieFile = /tmp/cookie.txt +------------ you can set the filemode to true with diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt index f98b7c6..79e22b1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt @@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ write so it might not be enough to grant the users using 'git-cvsserver' write access to the database file without granting them write access to the directory, too. -The database can not be reliably regenerated in a +The database cannot be reliably regenerated in a consistent form after the branch it is tracking has changed. Example: For merged branches, 'git-cvsserver' only tracks one branch of development, and after a 'git merge' an diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt index 64c01ba..784e934 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt @@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ This program dumps the given revisions in a form suitable to be piped into 'git fast-import'. You can use it as a human-readable bundle replacement (see -linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a kind of an interactive -'git filter-branch'. - +linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a format that can be edited before being +fed to 'git fast-import' in order to do history rewrites (an ability +relied on by tools like 'git filter-repo'). OPTIONS ------- @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ marks the same across runs. and will make master{tilde}4 no longer have master{tilde}5 as a parent (though both the old master{tilde}4 and new master{tilde}4 will have all the same files). Use - --reference-excluded-parents to instead have the the stream + --reference-excluded-parents to instead have the stream refer to commits in the excluded range of history by their sha1sum. Note that the resulting stream can only be used by a repository which already contains the necessary parent @@ -129,6 +129,13 @@ marks the same across runs. for intermediary filters (e.g. for rewriting commit messages which refer to older commits, or for stripping blobs by id). +--reencode=(yes|no|abort):: + Specify how to handle `encoding` header in commit objects. When + asking to 'abort' (which is the default), this program will die + when encountering such a commit object. With 'yes', the commit + message will be reencoded into UTF-8. With 'no', the original + encoding will be preserved. + --refspec:: Apply the specified refspec to each ref exported. Multiple of them can be specified. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt index d65cdb3..0bb2762 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt @@ -388,9 +388,10 @@ change to the project. original-oid? ('author' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)? 'committer' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF + ('encoding' SP <encoding>)? data ('from' SP <commit-ish> LF)? - ('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)? + ('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)* (filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall | notemodify)* LF? .... @@ -424,7 +425,7 @@ the same commit, as `filedeleteall` wipes the branch clean (see below). The `LF` after the command is optional (it used to be required). Note that for reasons of backward compatibility, if the commit ends with a -`data` command (i.e. it has has no `from`, `merge`, `filemodify`, +`data` command (i.e. it has no `from`, `merge`, `filemodify`, `filedelete`, `filecopy`, `filerename`, `filedeleteall` or `notemodify` commands) then two `LF` commands may appear at the end of the command instead of just one. @@ -455,6 +456,12 @@ that was selected by the --date-format=<fmt> command-line option. See ``Date Formats'' above for the set of supported formats, and their syntax. +`encoding` +^^^^^^^^^^ +The optional `encoding` command indicates the encoding of the commit +message. Most commits are UTF-8 and the encoding is omitted, but this +allows importing commit messages into git without first reencoding them. + `from` ^^^^^^ The `from` command is used to specify the commit to initialize diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt index 266d63c..5b1909f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt @@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ This updates (or creates, as necessary) branches `pu` and `tmp` in the local repository by fetching from the branches (respectively) `pu` and `maint` from the remote repository. + -The `pu` branch will be updated even if it is does not fast-forward, +The `pu` branch will be updated even if it does not fast-forward, because it is prefixed with a plus sign; `tmp` will not be. * Peek at a remote's branch, without configuring the remote in your local @@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ BUGS ---- Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already checked out submodules right now. When e.g. upstream added a new submodule in the -just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself can not be +just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself cannot be fetched, making it impossible to check out that submodule later without having to do a fetch again. This is expected to be fixed in a future Git version. diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt index 6b53dd7..5876598 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt @@ -16,6 +16,19 @@ SYNOPSIS [--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force] [--state-branch <branch>] [--] [<rev-list options>...] +WARNING +------- +'git filter-branch' has a plethora of pitfalls that can produce non-obvious +manglings of the intended history rewrite (and can leave you with little +time to investigate such problems since it has such abysmal performance). +These safety and performance issues cannot be backward compatibly fixed and +as such, its use is not recommended. Please use an alternative history +filtering tool such as https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/[git +filter-repo]. If you still need to use 'git filter-branch', please +carefully read <<SAFETY>> (and <<PERFORMANCE>>) to learn about the land +mines of filter-branch, and then vigilantly avoid as many of the hazards +listed there as reasonably possible. + DESCRIPTION ----------- Lets you rewrite Git revision history by rewriting the branches mentioned @@ -445,36 +458,236 @@ warned. (or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to `--prune`, use `git repack -ad; git prune` instead). -NOTES ------ - -git-filter-branch allows you to make complex shell-scripted rewrites -of your Git history, but you probably don't need this flexibility if -you're simply _removing unwanted data_ like large files or passwords. -For those operations you may want to consider -http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/[The BFG Repo-Cleaner], -a JVM-based alternative to git-filter-branch, typically at least -10-50x faster for those use-cases, and with quite different -characteristics: - -* Any particular version of a file is cleaned exactly _once_. The BFG, - unlike git-filter-branch, does not give you the opportunity to - handle a file differently based on where or when it was committed - within your history. This constraint gives the core performance - benefit of The BFG, and is well-suited to the task of cleansing bad - data - you don't care _where_ the bad data is, you just want it - _gone_. - -* By default The BFG takes full advantage of multi-core machines, - cleansing commit file-trees in parallel. git-filter-branch cleans - commits sequentially (i.e. in a single-threaded manner), though it - _is_ possible to write filters that include their own parallelism, - in the scripts executed against each commit. - -* The http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/#examples[command options] - are much more restrictive than git-filter branch, and dedicated just - to the tasks of removing unwanted data- e.g: - `--strip-blobs-bigger-than 1M`. +[[PERFORMANCE]] +PERFORMANCE +----------- + +The performance of git-filter-branch is glacially slow; its design makes it +impossible for a backward-compatible implementation to ever be fast: + +* In editing files, git-filter-branch by design checks out each and +every commit as it existed in the original repo. If your repo has 10\^5 +files and 10\^5 commits, but each commit only modifies 5 files, then +git-filter-branch will make you do 10\^10 modifications, despite only +having (at most) 5*10^5 unique blobs. + +* If you try and cheat and try to make git-filter-branch only work on +files modified in a commit, then two things happen + + ** you run into problems with deletions whenever the user is simply + trying to rename files (because attempting to delete files that + don't exist looks like a no-op; it takes some chicanery to remap + deletes across file renames when the renames happen via arbitrary + user-provided shell) + + ** even if you succeed at the map-deletes-for-renames chicanery, you + still technically violate backward compatibility because users are + allowed to filter files in ways that depend upon topology of + commits instead of filtering solely based on file contents or names + (though this has not been observed in the wild). + +* Even if you don't need to edit files but only want to e.g. rename or +remove some and thus can avoid checking out each file (i.e. you can use +--index-filter), you still are passing shell snippets for your filters. +This means that for every commit, you have to have a prepared git repo +where those filters can be run. That's a significant setup. + +* Further, several additional files are created or updated per commit by +git-filter-branch. Some of these are for supporting the convenience +functions provided by git-filter-branch (such as map()), while others +are for keeping track of internal state (but could have also been +accessed by user filters; one of git-filter-branch's regression tests +does so). This essentially amounts to using the filesystem as an IPC +mechanism between git-filter-branch and the user-provided filters. +Disks tend to be a slow IPC mechanism, and writing these files also +effectively represents a forced synchronization point between separate +processes that we hit with every commit. + +* The user-provided shell commands will likely involve a pipeline of +commands, resulting in the creation of many processes per commit. +Creating and running another process takes a widely varying amount of +time between operating systems, but on any platform it is very slow +relative to invoking a function. + +* git-filter-branch itself is written in shell, which is kind of slow. +This is the one performance issue that could be backward-compatibly +fixed, but compared to the above problems that are intrinsic to the +design of git-filter-branch, the language of the tool itself is a +relatively minor issue. + + ** Side note: Unfortunately, people tend to fixate on the + written-in-shell aspect and periodically ask if git-filter-branch + could be rewritten in another language to fix the performance + issues. Not only does that ignore the bigger intrinsic problems + with the design, it'd help less than you'd expect: if + git-filter-branch itself were not shell, then the convenience + functions (map(), skip_commit(), etc) and the `--setup` argument + could no longer be executed once at the beginning of the program + but would instead need to be prepended to every user filter (and + thus re-executed with every commit). + +The https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/[git filter-repo] tool is +an alternative to git-filter-branch which does not suffer from these +performance problems or the safety problems (mentioned below). For those +with existing tooling which relies upon git-filter-branch, 'git +repo-filter' also provides +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/blob/master/contrib/filter-repo-demos/filter-lamely[filter-lamely], +a drop-in git-filter-branch replacement (with a few caveats). While +filter-lamely suffers from all the same safety issues as +git-filter-branch, it at least ameloriates the performance issues a +little. + +[[SAFETY]] +SAFETY +------ + +git-filter-branch is riddled with gotchas resulting in various ways to +easily corrupt repos or end up with a mess worse than what you started +with: + +* Someone can have a set of "working and tested filters" which they +document or provide to a coworker, who then runs them on a different OS +where the same commands are not working/tested (some examples in the +git-filter-branch manpage are also affected by this). BSD vs. GNU +userland differences can really bite. If lucky, error messages are +spewed. But just as likely, the commands either don't do the filtering +requested, or silently corrupt by making some unwanted change. The +unwanted change may only affect a few commits, so it's not necessarily +obvious either. (The fact that problems won't necessarily be obvious +means they are likely to go unnoticed until the rewritten history is in +use for quite a while, at which point it's really hard to justify +another flag-day for another rewrite.) + +* Filenames with spaces are often mishandled by shell snippets since +they cause problems for shell pipelines. Not everyone is familiar with +find -print0, xargs -0, git-ls-files -z, etc. Even people who are +familiar with these may assume such flags are not relevant because +someone else renamed any such files in their repo back before the person +doing the filtering joined the project. And often, even those familiar +with handling arguments with spaces may not do so just because they +aren't in the mindset of thinking about everything that could possibly +go wrong. + +* Non-ascii filenames can be silently removed despite being in a desired +directory. Keeping only wanted paths is often done using pipelines like +`git ls-files | grep -v ^WANTED_DIR/ | xargs git rm`. ls-files will +only quote filenames if needed, so folks may not notice that one of the +files didn't match the regex (at least not until it's much too late). +Yes, someone who knows about core.quotePath can avoid this (unless they +have other special characters like \t, \n, or "), and people who use +ls-files -z with something other than grep can avoid this, but that +doesn't mean they will. + +* Similarly, when moving files around, one can find that filenames with +non-ascii or special characters end up in a different directory, one +that includes a double quote character. (This is technically the same +issue as above with quoting, but perhaps an interesting different way +that it can and has manifested as a problem.) + +* It's far too easy to accidentally mix up old and new history. It's +still possible with any tool, but git-filter-branch almost invites it. +If lucky, the only downside is users getting frustrated that they don't +know how to shrink their repo and remove the old stuff. If unlucky, +they merge old and new history and end up with multiple "copies" of each +commit, some of which have unwanted or sensitive files and others which +don't. This comes about in multiple different ways: + + ** the default to only doing a partial history rewrite ('--all' is not + the default and few examples show it) + + ** the fact that there's no automatic post-run cleanup + + ** the fact that --tag-name-filter (when used to rename tags) doesn't + remove the old tags but just adds new ones with the new name + + ** the fact that little educational information is provided to inform + users of the ramifications of a rewrite and how to avoid mixing old + and new history. For example, this man page discusses how users + need to understand that they need to rebase their changes for all + their branches on top of new history (or delete and reclone), but + that's only one of multiple concerns to consider. See the + "DISCUSSION" section of the git filter-repo manual page for more + details. + +* Annotated tags can be accidentally converted to lightweight tags, due +to either of two issues: + + ** Someone can do a history rewrite, realize they messed up, restore + from the backups in refs/original/, and then redo their + git-filter-branch command. (The backup in refs/original/ is not a + real backup; it dereferences tags first.) + + ** Running git-filter-branch with either --tags or --all in your + <rev-list options>. In order to retain annotated tags as + annotated, you must use --tag-name-filter (and must not have + restored from refs/original/ in a previously botched rewrite). + +* Any commit messages that specify an encoding will become corrupted +by the rewrite; git-filter-branch ignores the encoding, takes the original +bytes, and feeds it to commit-tree without telling it the proper +encoding. (This happens whether or not --msg-filter is used.) + +* Commit messages (even if they are all UTF-8) by default become +corrupted due to not being updated -- any references to other commit +hashes in commit messages will now refer to no-longer-extant commits. + +* There are no facilities for helping users find what unwanted crud they +should delete, which means they are much more likely to have incomplete +or partial cleanups that sometimes result in confusion and people +wasting time trying to understand. (For example, folks tend to just +look for big files to delete instead of big directories or extensions, +and once they do so, then sometime later folks using the new repository +who are going through history will notice a build artifact directory +that has some files but not others, or a cache of dependencies +(node_modules or similar) which couldn't have ever been functional since +it's missing some files.) + +* If --prune-empty isn't specified, then the filtering process can +create hoards of confusing empty commits + +* If --prune-empty is specified, then intentionally placed empty +commits from before the filtering operation are also pruned instead of +just pruning commits that became empty due to filtering rules. + +* If --prune empty is specified, sometimes empty commits are missed +and left around anyway (a somewhat rare bug, but it happens...) + +* A minor issue, but users who have a goal to update all names and +emails in a repository may be led to --env-filter which will only update +authors and committers, missing taggers. + +* If the user provides a --tag-name-filter that maps multiple tags to +the same name, no warning or error is provided; git-filter-branch simply +overwrites each tag in some undocumented pre-defined order resulting in +only one tag at the end. (A git-filter-branch regression test requires +this surprising behavior.) + +Also, the poor performance of git-filter-branch often leads to safety +issues: + +* Coming up with the correct shell snippet to do the filtering you want +is sometimes difficult unless you're just doing a trivial modification +such as deleting a couple files. Unfortunately, people often learn if +the snippet is right or wrong by trying it out, but the rightness or +wrongness can vary depending on special circumstances (spaces in +filenames, non-ascii filenames, funny author names or emails, invalid +timezones, presence of grafts or replace objects, etc.), meaning they +may have to wait a long time, hit an error, then restart. The +performance of git-filter-branch is so bad that this cycle is painful, +reducing the time available to carefully re-check (to say nothing about +what it does to the patience of the person doing the rewrite even if +they do technically have more time available). This problem is extra +compounded because errors from broken filters may not be shown for a +long time and/or get lost in a sea of output. Even worse, broken +filters often just result in silent incorrect rewrites. + +* To top it all off, even when users finally find working commands, they +naturally want to share them. But they may be unaware that their repo +didn't have some special cases that someone else's does. So, when +someone else with a different repository runs the same commands, they +get hit by the problems above. Or, the user just runs commands that +really were vetted for special cases, but they run it on a different OS +where it doesn't work, as noted above. GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt index 774cecc..6dcd39f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt @@ -214,6 +214,11 @@ symref:: `:lstrip` and `:rstrip` options in the same way as `refname` above. +worktreepath:: + The absolute path to the worktree in which the ref is checked + out, if it is checked out in any linked worktree. Empty string + otherwise. + In addition to the above, for commit and tag objects, the header field names (`tree`, `parent`, `object`, `type`, and `tag`) can be used to specify the value in the header field. diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index 1af85d4..0ac56f4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -17,12 +17,13 @@ SYNOPSIS [--signature-file=<file>] [-n | --numbered | -N | --no-numbered] [--start-number <n>] [--numbered-files] - [--in-reply-to=Message-Id] [--suffix=.<sfx>] + [--in-reply-to=<message id>] [--suffix=.<sfx>] [--ignore-if-in-upstream] - [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=Subject-Prefix] + [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=<subject prefix>] [(--reroll-count|-v) <n>] [--to=<email>] [--cc=<email>] - [--[no-]cover-letter] [--quiet] [--notes[=<ref>]] + [--[no-]cover-letter] [--quiet] + [--no-notes | --notes[=<ref>]] [--interdiff=<previous>] [--range-diff=<previous> [--creation-factor=<percent>]] [--progress] @@ -158,9 +159,9 @@ Beware that the default for 'git send-email' is to thread emails itself. If you want `git format-patch` to take care of threading, you will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. ---in-reply-to=Message-Id:: +--in-reply-to=<message id>:: Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a - reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to + reply to the given <message id>, which avoids breaking threads to provide a new patch series. --ignore-if-in-upstream:: @@ -170,9 +171,9 @@ will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. patches being generated, and any patch that matches is ignored. ---subject-prefix=<Subject-Prefix>:: +--subject-prefix=<subject prefix>:: Instead of the standard '[PATCH]' prefix in the subject - line, instead use '[<Subject-Prefix>]'. This + line, instead use '[<subject prefix>]'. This allows for useful naming of a patch series, and can be combined with the `--numbered` option. @@ -263,6 +264,7 @@ material (this may change in the future). for details. --notes[=<ref>]:: +--no-notes:: Append the notes (see linkgit:git-notes[1]) for the commit after the three-dash line. + @@ -273,6 +275,9 @@ these explanations after `format-patch` has run but before sending, keeping them as Git notes allows them to be maintained between versions of the patch series (but see the discussion of the `notes.rewrite` configuration options in linkgit:git-notes[1] to use this workflow). ++ +The default is `--no-notes`, unless the `format.notes` configuration is +set. --[no-]signature=<signature>:: Add a signature to each message produced. Per RFC 3676 the signature @@ -309,7 +314,8 @@ you can use `--suffix=-patch` to get `0001-description-of-my-change-patch`. --base=<commit>:: Record the base tree information to identify the state the patch series applies to. See the BASE TREE INFORMATION section - below for details. + below for details. If <commit> is "auto", a base commit is + automatically chosen. --root:: Treat the revision argument as a <revision range>, even if it @@ -325,8 +331,9 @@ CONFIGURATION ------------- You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message, defaults for the subject prefix and file suffix, number patches when -outputting more than one patch, add "To" or "Cc:" headers, configure -attachments, and sign off patches with configuration variables. +outputting more than one patch, add "To:" or "Cc:" headers, configure +attachments, change the patch output directory, and sign off patches +with configuration variables. ------------ [format] @@ -338,7 +345,8 @@ attachments, and sign off patches with configuration variables. cc = <email> attach [ = mime-boundary-string ] signOff = true - coverletter = auto + outputDirectory = <directory> + coverLetter = auto ------------ @@ -421,8 +429,8 @@ One way to test if your MUA is set up correctly is: * Apply it: $ git fetch <project> master:test-apply - $ git checkout test-apply - $ git reset --hard + $ git switch test-apply + $ git restore --source=HEAD --staged --worktree :/ $ git am a.patch If it does not apply correctly, there can be various reasons. diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt index e0eae64..d72d15b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt @@ -104,6 +104,11 @@ care about this output and want to speed it up further. progress status even if the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. +CONFIGURATION +------------- + +include::config/fsck.txt[] + DISCUSSION ---------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt index 247f765..0c114ad 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt @@ -115,15 +115,14 @@ NOTES ----- 'git gc' tries very hard not to delete objects that are referenced -anywhere in your repository. In -particular, it will keep not only objects referenced by your current set -of branches and tags, but also objects referenced by the index, -remote-tracking branches, refs saved by 'git filter-branch' in -refs/original/, reflogs (which may reference commits in branches -that were later amended or rewound), and anything else in the refs/* namespace. -If you are expecting some objects to be deleted and they aren't, check -all of those locations and decide whether it makes sense in your case to -remove those references. +anywhere in your repository. In particular, it will keep not only +objects referenced by your current set of branches and tags, but also +objects referenced by the index, remote-tracking branches, notes saved +by 'git notes' under refs/notes/, reflogs (which may reference commits +in branches that were later amended or rewound), and anything else in +the refs/* namespace. If you are expecting some objects to be deleted +and they aren't, check all of those locations and decide whether it +makes sense in your case to remove those references. On the other hand, when 'git gc' runs concurrently with another process, there is a risk of it deleting an object that the other process is using diff --git a/Documentation/git-gui.txt b/Documentation/git-gui.txt index 5f93f80..c9d7e96 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gui.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gui.txt @@ -112,15 +112,9 @@ Other versions are distributed as part of the Git suite for the convenience of end users. -A 'git gui' development repository can be obtained from: +The official repository of the 'git gui' project can be found at: - git clone git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git - -or - - git clone http://repo.or.cz/r/git-gui.git - -or browsed online at http://repo.or.cz/w/git-gui.git/[]. + https://github.com/prati0100/git-gui.git/ GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt index b02e922..b406bc4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-log.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ OPTIONS Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each commit was reached. ---use-mailmap:: +--[no-]use-mailmap:: Use mailmap file to map author and committer names and email addresses to canonical real names and email addresses. See linkgit:git-shortlog[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt index 0b057cb..a2ea1fd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt @@ -92,21 +92,23 @@ OPTIONS EXAMPLES -------- - $ git ls-remote --tags ./. - d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 - f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 - 7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 - c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 - 0918385dbd9656cab0d1d81ba7453d49bbc16250 refs/tags/junio-gpg-pub - $ git ls-remote http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git master pu rc - 5fe978a5381f1fbad26a80e682ddd2a401966740 refs/heads/master - c781a84b5204fb294c9ccc79f8b3baceeb32c061 refs/heads/pu - $ git remote add korg http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git - $ git ls-remote --tags korg v\* - d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 - f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 - c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 - 7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 +---- +$ git ls-remote --tags ./. +d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 +f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 +7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 +c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 +0918385dbd9656cab0d1d81ba7453d49bbc16250 refs/tags/junio-gpg-pub +$ git ls-remote http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git master pu rc +5fe978a5381f1fbad26a80e682ddd2a401966740 refs/heads/master +c781a84b5204fb294c9ccc79f8b3baceeb32c061 refs/heads/pu +$ git remote add korg http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git +$ git ls-remote --tags korg v\* +d6602ec5194c87b0fc87103ca4d67251c76f233a refs/tags/v0.99 +f25a265a342aed6041ab0cc484224d9ca54b6f41 refs/tags/v0.99.1 +c5db5456ae3b0873fc659c19fafdde22313cc441 refs/tags/v0.99.2 +7ceca275d047c90c0c7d5afb13ab97efdf51bd6e refs/tags/v0.99.3 +---- SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt index 9f07f4f..2d944e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt @@ -80,9 +80,11 @@ which is reachable from both 'A' and 'B' through the parent relationship. For example, with this topology: - o---o---o---B - / - ---o---1---o---o---o---A +.... + o---o---o---B + / +---o---1---o---o---o---A +.... the merge base between 'A' and 'B' is '1'. @@ -90,21 +92,25 @@ Given three commits 'A', 'B' and 'C', `git merge-base A B C` will compute the merge base between 'A' and a hypothetical commit 'M', which is a merge between 'B' and 'C'. For example, with this topology: - o---o---o---o---C - / - / o---o---o---B - / / - ---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... + o---o---o---o---C + / + / o---o---o---B + / / +---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... the result of `git merge-base A B C` is '1'. This is because the equivalent topology with a merge commit 'M' between 'B' and 'C' is: - o---o---o---o---o - / \ - / o---o---o---o---M - / / - ---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... + o---o---o---o---o + / \ + / o---o---o---o---M + / / +---2---1---o---o---o---A +.... and the result of `git merge-base A M` is '1'. Commit '2' is also a common ancestor between 'A' and 'M', but '1' is a better common ancestor, @@ -116,11 +122,13 @@ the best common ancestor of all commits. When the history involves criss-cross merges, there can be more than one 'best' common ancestor for two commits. For example, with this topology: - ---1---o---A - \ / - X - / \ - ---2---o---o---B +.... +---1---o---A + \ / + X + / \ +---2---o---o---B +.... both '1' and '2' are merge-bases of A and B. Neither one is better than the other (both are 'best' merge bases). When the `--all` option is not given, @@ -131,36 +139,42 @@ and B is (or at least used to be) to compute the merge base between A and B, and check if it is the same as A, in which case, A is an ancestor of B. You will see this idiom used often in older scripts. - A=$(git rev-parse --verify A) - if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)" - then - ... A is an ancestor of B ... - fi +.... +A=$(git rev-parse --verify A) +if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)" +then + ... A is an ancestor of B ... +fi +.... In modern git, you can say this in a more direct way: - if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B - then - ... A is an ancestor of B ... - fi +.... +if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B +then + ... A is an ancestor of B ... +fi +.... instead. Discussion on fork-point mode ----------------------------- -After working on the `topic` branch created with `git checkout -b +After working on the `topic` branch created with `git switch -c topic origin/master`, the history of remote-tracking branch `origin/master` may have been rewound and rebuilt, leading to a history of this shape: - o---B2 - / - ---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) - \ - B0 - \ - D0---D1---D (topic) +.... + o---B2 + / +---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) + \ + B0 + \ + D0---D1---D (topic) +.... where `origin/master` used to point at commits B0, B1, B2 and now it points at B, and your `topic` branch was started on top of it back @@ -193,13 +207,15 @@ will find B0, and will replay D0, D1 and D on top of B to create a new history of this shape: - o---B2 - / - ---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) - \ \ - B0 D0'--D1'--D' (topic - updated) - \ - D0---D1---D (topic - old) +.... + o---B2 + / +---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master) + \ \ + B0 D0'--D1'--D' (topic - updated) + \ + D0---D1---D (topic - old) +.... A caveat is that older reflog entries in your repository may be expired by `git gc`. If B0 no longer appears in the reflog of the diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt index 02676fb..2ab84a9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt @@ -54,20 +54,24 @@ original is first. But the argument order to the 3-way merge program Examples: - torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat MM - This is MM from the original tree. # original - This is modified MM in the branch A. # merge1 - This is modified MM in the branch B. # merge2 - This is modified MM in the branch B. # current contents +---- +torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat MM +This is MM from the original tree. # original +This is modified MM in the branch A. # merge1 +This is modified MM in the branch B. # merge2 +This is modified MM in the branch B. # current contents +---- or - torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat AA MM - cat: : No such file or directory - This is added AA in the branch A. - This is added AA in the branch B. - This is added AA in the branch B. - fatal: merge program failed +---- +torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat AA MM +cat: : No such file or directory +This is added AA in the branch A. +This is added AA in the branch B. +This is added AA in the branch B. +fatal: merge program failed +---- where the latter example shows how 'git merge-index' will stop trying to merge once anything has returned an error (i.e., `cat` returned an error diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt index 6294dbc..092529c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt @@ -10,11 +10,10 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [--[no-]edit] - [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]] + [--no-verify] [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]] [--[no-]allow-unrelated-histories] [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [-F <file>] [<commit>...] -'git merge' --abort -'git merge' --continue +'git merge' (--continue | --abort | --quit) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -88,6 +87,11 @@ will be appended to the specified message. Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the result of auto-conflict resolution if possible. +--overwrite-ignore:: +--no-overwrite-ignore:: + Silently overwrite ignored files from the merge result. This + is the default behavior. Use `--no-overwrite-ignore` to abort. + --abort:: Abort the current conflict resolution process, and try to reconstruct the pre-merge state. @@ -100,6 +104,10 @@ commit or stash your changes before running 'git merge'. 'git merge --abort' is equivalent to 'git reset --merge' when `MERGE_HEAD` is present. +--quit:: + Forget about the current merge in progress. Leave the index + and the working tree as-is. + --continue:: After a 'git merge' stops due to conflicts you can conclude the merge by running 'git merge --continue' (see "HOW TO RESOLVE diff --git a/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt b/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt index f7778a2..233b2b7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-multi-pack-index - Write and verify multi-pack-indexes SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git multi-pack-index' [--object-dir=<dir>] <verb> +'git multi-pack-index' [--object-dir=<dir>] <subcommand> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -23,13 +23,35 @@ OPTIONS `<dir>/packs/multi-pack-index` for the current MIDX file, and `<dir>/packs` for the pack-files to index. +The following subcommands are available: + write:: - When given as the verb, write a new MIDX file to - `<dir>/packs/multi-pack-index`. + Write a new MIDX file. verify:: - When given as the verb, verify the contents of the MIDX file - at `<dir>/packs/multi-pack-index`. + Verify the contents of the MIDX file. + +expire:: + Delete the pack-files that are tracked by the MIDX file, but + have no objects referenced by the MIDX. Rewrite the MIDX file + afterward to remove all references to these pack-files. + +repack:: + Create a new pack-file containing objects in small pack-files + referenced by the multi-pack-index. If the size given by the + `--batch-size=<size>` argument is zero, then create a pack + containing all objects referenced by the multi-pack-index. For + a non-zero batch size, Select the pack-files by examining packs + from oldest-to-newest, computing the "expected size" by counting + the number of objects in the pack referenced by the + multi-pack-index, then divide by the total number of objects in + the pack and multiply by the pack size. We select packs with + expected size below the batch size until the set of packs have + total expected size at least the batch size. If the total size + does not reach the batch size, then do nothing. If a new pack- + file is created, rewrite the multi-pack-index to reference the + new pack-file. A later run of 'git multi-pack-index expire' will + delete the pack-files that were part of this batch. EXAMPLES diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt index e45f3e6..fecdf26 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ depth is 4095. --keep-pack=<pack-name>:: This flag causes an object already in the given pack to be ignored, even if it would have otherwise been - packed. `<pack-name>` is the the pack file name without + packed. `<pack-name>` is the pack file name without leading directory (e.g. `pack-123.pack`). The option could be specified multiple times to keep multiple packs. diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt index a5e9501..dfb901f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt @@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ BUGS ---- Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already checked out submodules right now. When e.g. upstream added a new submodule in the -just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself can not be +just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself cannot be fetched, making it impossible to check out that submodule later without having to do a fetch again. This is expected to be fixed in a future Git version. diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt index 6a8a0d9..3b80534 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ without any `<refspec>` on the command line. Otherwise, missing + If <dst> doesn't start with `refs/` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) we will try to infer where in `refs/*` on the destination <repository> it -belongs based on the the type of <src> being pushed and whether <dst> +belongs based on the type of <src> being pushed and whether <dst> is ambiguous. + -- diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index 5e4e927..639a417 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -8,16 +8,16 @@ git-rebase - Reapply commits on top of another base tip SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] - [<upstream> [<branch>]] +'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] + [--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] [<upstream> [<branch>]] 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>] -'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo | --show-current-patch +'git rebase' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo | --show-current-patch) DESCRIPTION ----------- If <branch> is specified, 'git rebase' will perform an automatic -`git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise +`git switch <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise it remains on the current branch. If <upstream> is not specified, the upstream configured in @@ -217,6 +217,24 @@ As a special case, you may use "A\...B" as a shortcut for the merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD. +--keep-base:: + Set the starting point at which to create the new commits to the + merge base of <upstream> <branch>. Running + 'git rebase --keep-base <upstream> <branch>' is equivalent to + running 'git rebase --onto <upstream>... <upstream>'. ++ +This option is useful in the case where one is developing a feature on +top of an upstream branch. While the feature is being worked on, the +upstream branch may advance and it may not be the best idea to keep +rebasing on top of the upstream but to keep the base commit as-is. ++ +Although both this option and --fork-point find the merge base between +<upstream> and <branch>, this option uses the merge base as the _starting +point_ on which new commits will be created, whereas --fork-point uses +the merge base to determine the _set of commits_ which will be rebased. ++ +See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. + <upstream>:: Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit, not just an existing branch name. Defaults to the configured @@ -369,6 +387,10 @@ ends up being empty, the <upstream> will be used as a fallback. + If either <upstream> or --root is given on the command line, then the default is `--no-fork-point`, otherwise the default is `--fork-point`. ++ +If your branch was based on <upstream> but <upstream> was rewound and +your branch contains commits which were dropped, this option can be used +with `--keep-base` in order to drop those commits from your branch. --ignore-whitespace:: --whitespace=<option>:: @@ -543,8 +565,8 @@ In addition, the following pairs of options are incompatible: * --preserve-merges and --interactive * --preserve-merges and --signoff * --preserve-merges and --rebase-merges - * --rebase-merges and --strategy - * --rebase-merges and --strategy-option + * --keep-base and --onto + * --keep-base and --root BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES ----------------------- @@ -832,7 +854,8 @@ Hard case: The changes are not the same.:: This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used `--interactive` to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or if the upstream used one of `commit --amend`, `reset`, or - `filter-branch`. + a full history rewriting command like + https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[`filter-repo`]. The easy case @@ -870,7 +893,7 @@ NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful --interactive` will be **resurrected**! The idea is to manually tell 'git rebase' "where the old 'subsystem' -ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base +ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge base between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit of the old 'subsystem', for example: diff --git a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt index dedf97e..25702ed 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt @@ -165,29 +165,31 @@ ref listing the commits pushed to the repository, and logs the push certificates of signed pushes with good signatures to a logger service: - #!/bin/sh - # mail out commit update information. - while read oval nval ref - do - if expr "$oval" : '0*$' >/dev/null - then - echo "Created a new ref, with the following commits:" - git rev-list --pretty "$nval" - else - echo "New commits:" - git rev-list --pretty "$nval" "^$oval" - fi | - mail -s "Changes to ref $ref" commit-list@mydomain - done - # log signed push certificate, if any - if test -n "${GIT_PUSH_CERT-}" && test ${GIT_PUSH_CERT_STATUS} = G +---- +#!/bin/sh +# mail out commit update information. +while read oval nval ref +do + if expr "$oval" : '0*$' >/dev/null then - ( - echo expected nonce is ${GIT_PUSH_NONCE} - git cat-file blob ${GIT_PUSH_CERT} - ) | mail -s "push certificate from $GIT_PUSH_CERT_SIGNER" push-log@mydomain - fi - exit 0 + echo "Created a new ref, with the following commits:" + git rev-list --pretty "$nval" + else + echo "New commits:" + git rev-list --pretty "$nval" "^$oval" + fi | + mail -s "Changes to ref $ref" commit-list@mydomain +done +# log signed push certificate, if any +if test -n "${GIT_PUSH_CERT-}" && test ${GIT_PUSH_CERT_STATUS} = G +then + ( + echo expected nonce is ${GIT_PUSH_NONCE} + git cat-file blob ${GIT_PUSH_CERT} + ) | mail -s "push certificate from $GIT_PUSH_CERT_SIGNER" push-log@mydomain +fi +exit 0 +---- The exit code from this hook invocation is ignored, however a non-zero exit code will generate an error message. @@ -212,8 +214,10 @@ anyway. This hook can be used, for example, to run `git update-server-info` if the repository is packed and is served via a dumb transport. - #!/bin/sh - exec git update-server-info +---- +#!/bin/sh +exec git update-server-info +---- QUARANTINE ENVIRONMENT diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-remote.txt index 0cad37f..9659abb 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote.txt @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ $ git branch -r staging/master staging/staging-linus staging/staging-next -$ git checkout -b staging staging/master +$ git switch -c staging staging/master ... ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt index aa0cc8b..92f146d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ depth is 4095. --keep-pack=<pack-name>:: Exclude the given pack from repacking. This is the equivalent - of having `.keep` file on the pack. `<pack-name>` is the the + of having `.keep` file on the pack. `<pack-name>` is the pack file name without leading directory (e.g. `pack-123.pack`). The option could be specified multiple times to keep multiple packs. diff --git a/Documentation/git-replace.txt b/Documentation/git-replace.txt index 246dc99..f271d75 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-replace.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-replace.txt @@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ The following format are available: CREATING REPLACEMENT OBJECTS ---------------------------- -linkgit:git-filter-branch[1], linkgit:git-hash-object[1] and -linkgit:git-rebase[1], among other git commands, can be used to create -replacement objects from existing objects. The `--edit` option can -also be used with 'git replace' to create a replacement object by +linkgit:git-hash-object[1], linkgit:git-rebase[1], and +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo], among other git commands, can be used to +create replacement objects from existing objects. The `--edit` option +can also be used with 'git replace' to create a replacement object by editing an existing object. If you want to replace many blobs, trees or commits that are part of a @@ -148,13 +148,13 @@ pending objects. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-hash-object[1] -linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] linkgit:git-rebase[1] linkgit:git-tag[1] linkgit:git-branch[1] linkgit:git-commit[1] linkgit:git-var[1] linkgit:git[1] +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt index 95763d7..4cfc883 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ For such a test, you need to merge master and topic somehow. One way to do it is to pull master into the topic branch: ------------ - $ git checkout topic + $ git switch topic $ git merge master o---*---o---+ topic @@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ the upstream might have been advanced since the test merge `+`, in which case the final commit graph would look like this: ------------ - $ git checkout topic + $ git switch topic $ git merge master $ ... work on both topic and master branches - $ git checkout master + $ git switch master $ git merge topic o---*---o---+---o---o topic @@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ merges, you could blow away the test merge, and keep building on top of the tip before the test merge: ------------ - $ git checkout topic + $ git switch topic $ git merge master $ git reset --hard HEAD^ ;# rewind the test merge $ ... work on both topic and master branches - $ git checkout master + $ git switch master $ git merge topic o---*---o-------o---o topic diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt index 26e746c..97e0544 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt @@ -25,12 +25,13 @@ The `<tree-ish>`/`<commit>` defaults to `HEAD` in all forms. the current branch.) + This means that `git reset <paths>` is the opposite of `git add -<paths>`. +<paths>`. This command is equivalent to +`git restore [--source=<tree-ish>] --staged <paths>...`. + After running `git reset <paths>` to update the index entry, you can -use linkgit:git-checkout[1] to check the contents out of the index to -the working tree. -Alternatively, using linkgit:git-checkout[1] and specifying a commit, you +use linkgit:git-restore[1] to check the contents out of the index to +the working tree. Alternatively, using linkgit:git-restore[1] +and specifying a commit with `--source`, you can copy the contents of a path out of a commit to the index and to the working tree in one go. @@ -86,8 +87,8 @@ but carries forward unmerged index entries. changes, reset is aborted. -- -If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch, -linkgit:git-revert[1] is your friend. +See "Reset, restore and revert" in linkgit:git[1] for the differences +between the three commands. OPTIONS @@ -149,9 +150,9 @@ See also the `--amend` option to linkgit:git-commit[1]. Undo a commit, making it a topic branch:: + ------------ -$ git branch topic/wip <1> -$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <2> -$ git checkout topic/wip <3> +$ git branch topic/wip <1> +$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <2> +$ git switch topic/wip <3> ------------ + <1> You have made some commits, but realize they were premature @@ -232,13 +233,13 @@ working tree are not in any shape to be committed yet, but you need to get to the other branch for a quick bugfix. + ------------ -$ git checkout feature ;# you were working in "feature" branch and -$ work work work ;# got interrupted +$ git switch feature ;# you were working in "feature" branch and +$ work work work ;# got interrupted $ git commit -a -m "snapshot WIP" <1> -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master $ fix fix fix $ git commit ;# commit with real log -$ git checkout feature +$ git switch feature $ git reset --soft HEAD^ ;# go back to WIP state <2> $ git reset <3> ------------ @@ -279,18 +280,18 @@ reset it while keeping the changes in your working tree. + ------------ $ git tag start -$ git checkout -b branch1 +$ git switch -c branch1 $ edit $ git commit ... <1> $ edit -$ git checkout -b branch2 <2> +$ git switch -c branch2 <2> $ git reset --keep start <3> ------------ + <1> This commits your first edits in `branch1`. <2> In the ideal world, you could have realized that the earlier commit did not belong to the new topic when you created and switched - to `branch2` (i.e. `git checkout -b branch2 start`), but nobody is + to `branch2` (i.e. `git switch -c branch2 start`), but nobody is perfect. <3> But you can use `reset --keep` to remove the unwanted commit after you switched to `branch2`. diff --git a/Documentation/git-restore.txt b/Documentation/git-restore.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ab2e40 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-restore.txt @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +git-restore(1) +============== + +NAME +---- +git-restore - Restore working tree files + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git restore' [<options>] [--source=<tree>] [--staged] [--worktree] <pathspec>... +'git restore' (-p|--patch) [<options>] [--source=<tree>] [--staged] [--worktree] [<pathspec>...] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Restore specified paths in the working tree with some contents from a +restore source. If a path is tracked but does not exist in the restore +source, it will be removed to match the source. + +The command can also be used to restore the content in the index with +`--staged`, or restore both the working tree and the index with +`--staged --worktree`. + +By default, the restore sources for working tree and the index are the +index and `HEAD` respectively. `--source` could be used to specify a +commit as the restore source. + +See "Reset, restore and revert" in linkgit:git[1] for the differences +between the three commands. + +THIS COMMAND IS EXPERIMENTAL. THE BEHAVIOR MAY CHANGE. + +OPTIONS +------- +-s <tree>:: +--source=<tree>:: + Restore the working tree files with the content from the given + tree. It is common to specify the source tree by naming a + commit, branch or tag associated with it. ++ +If not specified, the default restore source for the working tree is +the index, and the default restore source for the index is +`HEAD`. When both `--staged` and `--worktree` are specified, +`--source` must also be specified. + +-p:: +--patch:: + Interactively select hunks in the difference between the + restore source and the restore location. See the ``Interactive + Mode'' section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate + the `--patch` mode. ++ +Note that `--patch` can accept no pathspec and will prompt to restore +all modified paths. + +-W:: +--worktree:: +-S:: +--staged:: + Specify the restore location. If neither option is specified, + by default the working tree is restored. Specifying `--staged` + will only restore the index. Specifying both restores both. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Quiet, suppress feedback messages. Implies `--no-progress`. + +--progress:: +--no-progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet` + is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not + attached to a terminal, regardless of `--quiet`. + +--ours:: +--theirs:: + When restoring files in the working tree from the index, use + stage #2 ('ours') or #3 ('theirs') for unmerged paths. ++ +Note that during `git rebase` and `git pull --rebase`, 'ours' and +'theirs' may appear swapped. See the explanation of the same options +in linkgit:git-checkout[1] for details. + +-m:: +--merge:: + When restoring files on the working tree from the index, + recreate the conflicted merge in the unmerged paths. + +--conflict=<style>:: + The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the + conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the + `merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable. Possible values + are "merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is + shown by "merge" style, shows the original contents). + +--ignore-unmerged:: + When restoring files on the working tree from the index, do + not abort the operation if there are unmerged entries and + neither `--ours`, `--theirs`, `--merge` or `--conflict` is + specified. Unmerged paths on the working tree are left alone. + +--ignore-skip-worktree-bits:: + In sparse checkout mode, by default is to only update entries + matched by `<pathspec>` and sparse patterns in + $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout. This option ignores the sparse + patterns and unconditionally restores any files in + `<pathspec>`. + +--overlay:: +--no-overlay:: + In overlay mode, the command never removes files when + restoring. In no-overlay mode, tracked files that do not + appear in the `--source` tree are removed, to make them match + `<tree>` exactly. The default is no-overlay mode. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +The following sequence switches to the `master` branch, reverts the +`Makefile` to two revisions back, deletes hello.c by mistake, and gets +it back from the index. + +------------ +$ git switch master +$ git restore --source master~2 Makefile <1> +$ rm -f hello.c +$ git restore hello.c <2> +------------ + +<1> take a file out of another commit +<2> restore hello.c from the index + +If you want to restore _all_ C source files to match the version in +the index, you can say + +------------ +$ git restore '*.c' +------------ + +Note the quotes around `*.c`. The file `hello.c` will also be +restored, even though it is no longer in the working tree, because the +file globbing is used to match entries in the index (not in the +working tree by the shell). + +To restore all files in the current directory + +------------ +$ git restore . +------------ + +or to restore all working tree files with 'top' pathspec magic (see +linkgit:gitglossary[7]) + +------------ +$ git restore :/ +------------ + +To restore a file in the index to match the version in `HEAD` (this is +the same as using linkgit:git-reset[1]) + +------------ +$ git restore --staged hello.c +------------ + +or you can restore both the index and the working tree (this the same +as using linkgit:git-checkout[1]) + +------------ +$ git restore --source=HEAD --staged --worktree hello.c +------------ + +or the short form which is more practical but less readable: + +------------ +$ git restore -s@ -SW hello.c +------------ + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-checkout[1], +linkgit:git-reset[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt index 88609ff..9392760 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt @@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [ --date=<format>] [ [ --objects | --objects-edge | --objects-edge-aggressive ] [ --unpacked ] + [ --object-names | --no-object-names ] [ --filter=<filter-spec> [ --filter-print-omitted ] ] ] [ --missing=<missing-action> ] [ --pretty | --header ] diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt index 0c82ca5..9d22270 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt @@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git revert' [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>... -'git revert' --continue -'git revert' --quit -'git revert' --abort +'git revert' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -26,10 +24,13 @@ effect of some earlier commits (often only a faulty one). If you want to throw away all uncommitted changes in your working directory, you should see linkgit:git-reset[1], particularly the `--hard` option. If you want to extract specific files as they were in another commit, you -should see linkgit:git-checkout[1], specifically the `git checkout -<commit> -- <filename>` syntax. Take care with these alternatives as +should see linkgit:git-restore[1], specifically the `--source` +option. Take care with these alternatives as both will discard uncommitted changes in your working directory. +See "Reset, restore and revert" in linkgit:git[1] for the differences +between the three commands. + OPTIONS ------- <commit>...:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index 504ae7f..0a69810 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -278,6 +278,14 @@ must be used for each option. Automating ~~~~~~~~~~ +--no-[to|cc|bcc]:: + Clears any list of "To:", "Cc:", "Bcc:" addresses previously + set via config. + +--no-identity:: + Clears the previously read value of `sendemail.identity` set + via config, if any. + --to-cmd=<command>:: Specify a command to execute once per patch file which should generate patch file specific "To:" entries. @@ -478,11 +486,13 @@ Use gmail as the smtp server To use 'git send-email' to send your patches through the GMail SMTP server, edit ~/.gitconfig to specify your account settings: - [sendemail] - smtpEncryption = tls - smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com - smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com - smtpServerPort = 587 +---- +[sendemail] + smtpEncryption = tls + smtpServer = smtp.gmail.com + smtpUser = yourname@gmail.com + smtpServerPort = 587 +---- If you have multifactor authentication setup on your gmail account, you will need to generate an app-specific password for use with 'git send-email'. Visit diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt index e31ea7d..8fbe12c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt @@ -235,12 +235,12 @@ return to your original branch to make the emergency fix, like this: + ---------------------------------------------------------------- # ... hack hack hack ... -$ git checkout -b my_wip +$ git switch -c my_wip $ git commit -a -m "WIP" -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master $ edit emergency fix $ git commit -a -m "Fix in a hurry" -$ git checkout my_wip +$ git switch my_wip $ git reset --soft HEAD^ # ... continue hacking ... ---------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -293,7 +293,8 @@ SEE ALSO linkgit:git-checkout[1], linkgit:git-commit[1], linkgit:git-reflog[1], -linkgit:git-reset[1] +linkgit:git-reset[1], +linkgit:git-switch[1] GIT --- diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt index d4e8f24..7731b45 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-status.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt @@ -59,16 +59,17 @@ This is optional and defaults to the original version 'v1' format. --untracked-files[=<mode>]:: Show untracked files. + +-- The mode parameter is used to specify the handling of untracked files. It is optional: it defaults to 'all', and if specified, it must be stuck to the option (e.g. `-uno`, but not `-u no`). -+ + The possible options are: -+ + - 'no' - Show no untracked files. - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories. - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. -+ + When `-u` option is not used, untracked files and directories are shown (i.e. the same as specifying `normal`), to help you avoid forgetting to add newly created files. Because it takes extra work @@ -78,9 +79,10 @@ Consider enabling untracked cache and split index if supported (see `git update-index --untracked-cache` and `git update-index --split-index`), Otherwise you can use `no` to have `git status` return more quickly without showing untracked files. -+ + The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. +-- --ignore-submodules[=<when>]:: Ignore changes to submodules when looking for changes. <when> can be @@ -100,11 +102,12 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. --ignored[=<mode>]:: Show ignored files as well. + +-- The mode parameter is used to specify the handling of ignored files. It is optional: it defaults to 'traditional'. -+ + The possible options are: -+ + - 'traditional' - Shows ignored files and directories, unless --untracked-files=all is specified, in which case individual files in ignored directories are @@ -112,12 +115,13 @@ The possible options are: - 'no' - Show no ignored files. - 'matching' - Shows ignored files and directories matching an ignore pattern. -+ + When 'matching' mode is specified, paths that explicitly match an ignored pattern are shown. If a directory matches an ignore pattern, then it is shown, but not paths contained in the ignored directory. If a directory does not match an ignore pattern, but all contents are ignored, then the directory is not shown, but all contents are shown. +-- -z:: Terminate entries with NUL, instead of LF. This implies diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index 0ed5c24..1f46380 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -173,7 +173,8 @@ submodule with the `--init` option. If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into the registered submodules, and update any nested submodules within. -- -set-branch ((-d|--default)|(-b|--branch <branch>)) [--] <path>:: +set-branch (-b|--branch) <branch> [--] <path>:: +set-branch (-d|--default) [--] <path>:: Sets the default remote tracking branch for the submodule. The `--branch` option allows the remote branch to be specified. The `--default` option removes the submodule.<name>.branch configuration diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index 3071162..53774f5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -769,11 +769,11 @@ option for (hopefully) obvious reasons. + This option is NOT recommended as it makes it difficult to track down old references to SVN revision numbers in existing documentation, bug -reports and archives. If you plan to eventually migrate from SVN to Git -and are certain about dropping SVN history, consider -linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] instead. filter-branch also allows -reformatting of metadata for ease-of-reading and rewriting authorship -info for non-"svn.authorsFile" users. +reports, and archives. If you plan to eventually migrate from SVN to +Git and are certain about dropping SVN history, consider +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] instead. +filter-repo also allows reformatting of metadata for ease-of-reading +and rewriting authorship info for non-"svn.authorsFile" users. svn.useSvmProps:: svn-remote.<name>.useSvmProps:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-switch.txt b/Documentation/git-switch.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1979003 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-switch.txt @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ +git-switch(1) +============= + +NAME +---- +git-switch - Switch branches + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git switch' [<options>] [--no-guess] <branch> +'git switch' [<options>] --detach [<start-point>] +'git switch' [<options>] (-c|-C) <new-branch> [<start-point>] +'git switch' [<options>] --orphan <new-branch> + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Switch to a specified branch. The working tree and the index are +updated to match the branch. All new commits will be added to the tip +of this branch. + +Optionally a new branch could be created with either `-c`, `-C`, +automatically from a remote branch of same name (see `--guess`), or +detach the working tree from any branch with `--detach`, along with +switching. + +Switching branches does not require a clean index and working tree +(i.e. no differences compared to `HEAD`). The operation is aborted +however if the operation leads to loss of local changes, unless told +otherwise with `--discard-changes` or `--merge`. + +THIS COMMAND IS EXPERIMENTAL. THE BEHAVIOR MAY CHANGE. + +OPTIONS +------- +<branch>:: + Branch to switch to. + +<new-branch>:: + Name for the new branch. + +<start-point>:: + The starting point for the new branch. Specifying a + `<start-point>` allows you to create a branch based on some + other point in history than where HEAD currently points. (Or, + in the case of `--detach`, allows you to inspect and detach + from some other point.) ++ +You can use the `@{-N}` syntax to refer to the N-th last +branch/commit switched to using "git switch" or "git checkout" +operation. You may also specify `-` which is synonymous to `@{-1}`. +This is often used to switch quickly between two branches, or to undo +a branch switch by mistake. ++ +As a special case, you may use `A...B` as a shortcut for the merge +base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can leave +out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`. + +-c <new-branch>:: +--create <new-branch>:: + Create a new branch named `<new-branch>` starting at + `<start-point>` before switching to the branch. This is a + convenient shortcut for: ++ +------------ +$ git branch <new-branch> +$ git switch <new-branch> +------------ + +-C <new-branch>:: +--force-create <new-branch>:: + Similar to `--create` except that if `<new-branch>` already + exists, it will be reset to `<start-point>`. This is a + convenient shortcut for: ++ +------------ +$ git branch -f <new-branch> +$ git switch <new-branch> +------------ + +-d:: +--detach:: + Switch to a commit for inspection and discardable + experiments. See the "DETACHED HEAD" section in + linkgit:git-checkout[1] for details. + +--guess:: +--no-guess:: + If `<branch>` is not found but there does exist a tracking + branch in exactly one remote (call it `<remote>`) with a + matching name, treat as equivalent to ++ +------------ +$ git switch -c <branch> --track <remote>/<branch> +------------ ++ +If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by +the `checkout.defaultRemote` configuration variable, we'll use that +one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the `<branch>` isn't +unique across all remotes. Set it to e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` +to always checkout remote branches from there if `<branch>` is +ambiguous but exists on the 'origin' remote. See also +`checkout.defaultRemote` in linkgit:git-config[1]. ++ +`--guess` is the default behavior. Use `--no-guess` to disable it. + +-f:: +--force:: + An alias for `--discard-changes`. + +--discard-changes:: + Proceed even if the index or the working tree differs from + `HEAD`. Both the index and working tree are restored to match + the switching target. If `--recurse-submodules` is specified, + submodule content is also restored to match the switching + target. This is used to throw away local changes. + +-m:: +--merge:: + If you have local modifications to one or more files that are + different between the current branch and the branch to which + you are switching, the command refuses to switch branches in + order to preserve your modifications in context. However, + with this option, a three-way merge between the current + branch, your working tree contents, and the new branch is + done, and you will be on the new branch. ++ +When a merge conflict happens, the index entries for conflicting +paths are left unmerged, and you need to resolve the conflicts +and mark the resolved paths with `git add` (or `git rm` if the merge +should result in deletion of the path). + +--conflict=<style>:: + The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the + conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the + `merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable. Possible values are + "merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by + "merge" style, shows the original contents). + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Quiet, suppress feedback messages. + +--progress:: +--no-progress:: + Progress status is reported on the standard error stream + by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet` + is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not + attached to a terminal, regardless of `--quiet`. + +-t:: +--track:: + When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration. + `-c` is implied. See `--track` in linkgit:git-branch[1] for + details. ++ +If no `-c` option is given, the name of the new branch will be derived +from the remote-tracking branch, by looking at the local part of the +refspec configured for the corresponding remote, and then stripping +the initial part up to the "*". This would tell us to use `hack` as +the local branch when branching off of `origin/hack` (or +`remotes/origin/hack`, or even `refs/remotes/origin/hack`). If the +given name has no slash, or the above guessing results in an empty +name, the guessing is aborted. You can explicitly give a name with +`-c` in such a case. + +--no-track:: + Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the + `branch.autoSetupMerge` configuration variable is true. + +--orphan <new-branch>:: + Create a new 'orphan' branch, named `<new-branch>`. All + tracked files are removed. + +--ignore-other-worktrees:: + `git switch` refuses when the wanted ref is already + checked out by another worktree. This option makes it check + the ref out anyway. In other words, the ref can be held by + more than one worktree. + +--recurse-submodules:: +--no-recurse-submodules:: + Using `--recurse-submodules` will update the content of all + initialized submodules according to the commit recorded in the + superproject. If nothing (or `--no-recurse-submodules`) is + used, the work trees of submodules will not be updated. Just + like linkgit:git-submodule[1], this will detach `HEAD` of the + submodules. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +The following command switches to the "master" branch: + +------------ +$ git switch master +------------ + +After working in the wrong branch, switching to the correct branch +would be done using: + +------------ +$ git switch mytopic +------------ + +However, your "wrong" branch and correct "mytopic" branch may differ +in files that you have modified locally, in which case the above +switch would fail like this: + +------------ +$ git switch mytopic +error: You have local changes to 'frotz'; not switching branches. +------------ + +You can give the `-m` flag to the command, which would try a three-way +merge: + +------------ +$ git switch -m mytopic +Auto-merging frotz +------------ + +After this three-way merge, the local modifications are _not_ +registered in your index file, so `git diff` would show you what +changes you made since the tip of the new branch. + +To switch back to the previous branch before we switched to mytopic +(i.e. "master" branch): + +------------ +$ git switch - +------------ + +You can grow a new branch from any commit. For example, switch to +"HEAD~3" and create branch "fixup": + +------------ +$ git switch -c fixup HEAD~3 +Switched to a new branch 'fixup' +------------ + +If you want to start a new branch from a remote branch of the same +name: + +------------ +$ git switch new-topic +Branch 'new-topic' set up to track remote branch 'new-topic' from 'origin' +Switched to a new branch 'new-topic' +------------ + +To check out commit `HEAD~3` for temporary inspection or experiment +without creating a new branch: + +------------ +$ git switch --detach HEAD~3 +HEAD is now at 9fc9555312 Merge branch 'cc/shared-index-permbits' +------------ + +If it turns out whatever you have done is worth keeping, you can +always create a new name for it (without switching away): + +------------ +$ git switch -c good-surprises +------------ + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-checkout[1], +linkgit:git-branch[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt index a74e7b9..2e5599a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt @@ -64,6 +64,13 @@ OPTIONS -s:: --sign:: Make a GPG-signed tag, using the default e-mail address's key. + The default behavior of tag GPG-signing is controlled by `tag.gpgSign` + configuration variable if it exists, or disabled oder otherwise. + See linkgit:git-config[1]. + +--no-sign:: + Override `tag.gpgSign` configuration variable that is + set to force each and every tag to be signed. -u <keyid>:: --local-user=<keyid>:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt index bd0e364..969bb2e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-update-server-info - Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git update-server-info' [--force] +'git update-server-info' DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -19,15 +19,6 @@ $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY/info directories to help clients discover what references and packs the server has. This command generates such auxiliary files. - -OPTIONS -------- - --f:: ---force:: - Update the info files from scratch. - - OUTPUT ------ diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index 81f7ecd..9b82564 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation -can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`. +can be viewed at https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html +or https://git-scm.com/docs. OPTIONS @@ -211,6 +212,26 @@ people via patch over e-mail. include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] +Reset, restore and revert +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +There are three commands with similar names: `git reset`, +`git restore` and `git revert`. + +* linkgit:git-revert[1] is about making a new commit that reverts the + changes made by other commits. + +* linkgit:git-restore[1] is about restoring files in the working tree + from either the index or another commit. This command does not + update your branch. The command can also be used to restore files in + the index from another commit. + +* linkgit:git-reset[1] is about updating your branch, moving the tip + in order to add or remove commits from the branch. This operation + changes the commit history. ++ +`git reset` can also be used to restore the index, overlapping with +`git restore`. + Low-level commands (plumbing) ----------------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index 4fb20cd..c5a528c 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ Checking-out and checking-in These attributes affect how the contents stored in the repository are copied to the working tree files when commands -such as 'git checkout' and 'git merge' run. They also affect how +such as 'git switch', 'git checkout' and 'git merge' run. +They also affect how Git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the repository upon 'git add' and 'git commit'. @@ -809,6 +810,8 @@ patterns are available: - `css` suitable for cascading style sheets. +- `dts` suitable for devicetree (DTS) files. + - `fortran` suitable for source code in the Fortran language. - `fountain` suitable for Fountain documents. @@ -819,7 +822,7 @@ patterns are available: - `java` suitable for source code in the Java language. -- `matlab` suitable for source code in the MATLAB language. +- `matlab` suitable for source code in the MATLAB and Octave languages. - `objc` suitable for source code in the Objective-C language. @@ -833,6 +836,8 @@ patterns are available: - `ruby` suitable for source code in the Ruby language. +- `rust` suitable for source code in the Rust language. + - `tex` suitable for source code for LaTeX documents. diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt index 592e06d..4b32876 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt @@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ arguments. Here are the rules: file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to disambiguate. + + * Because `--` disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it + cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions. + You can use `--end-of-options` for this (it also works for commands + that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it + is simply an alias for `--`). + When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing @@ -47,8 +53,8 @@ disambiguating `--` at appropriate places. things: + -------------------------------- -$ git checkout -- *.c -$ git checkout -- \*.c +$ git restore *.c +$ git restore \*.c -------------------------------- + The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking @@ -209,6 +215,18 @@ See also http://marc.info/?l=git&m=116563135620359 and http://marc.info/?l=git&m=119150393620273 for further information. +Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or +in the index can take `--staged` and/or `--worktree`. + +* `--staged` is exactly like `--cached`, which is used to ask a + command to only work on the index, not the working tree. + +* `--worktree` is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the + working tree only, not the index. + +* The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work + on both the index and the working tree. + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt index e29a9ef..f880d21 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt @@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ used earlier, and create a branch in it. You do that by simply just saying that you want to check out a new branch: ------------ -$ git checkout -b mybranch +$ git switch -c mybranch ------------ will create a new branch based at the current `HEAD` position, and switch @@ -755,7 +755,7 @@ just telling 'git checkout' what the base of the checkout would be. In other words, if you have an earlier tag or branch, you'd just do ------------ -$ git checkout -b mybranch earlier-commit +$ git switch -c mybranch earlier-commit ------------ and it would create the new branch `mybranch` at the earlier commit, @@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ and check out the state at that time. You can always just jump back to your original `master` branch by doing ------------ -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master ------------ (or any other branch-name, for that matter) and if you forget which @@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ $ git branch <branchname> [startingpoint] which will simply _create_ the branch, but will not do anything further. You can then later -- once you decide that you want to actually develop -on that branch -- switch to that branch with a regular 'git checkout' +on that branch -- switch to that branch with a regular 'git switch' with the branchname as the argument. @@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ being the same as the original `master` branch, let's make sure we're in that branch, and do some work there. ------------------------------------------------ -$ git checkout mybranch +$ git switch mybranch $ echo "Work, work, work" >>hello $ git commit -m "Some work." -i hello ------------------------------------------------ @@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ does some work in the original branch, and simulate that by going back to the master branch, and editing the same file differently there: ------------ -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master ------------ Here, take a moment to look at the contents of `hello`, and notice how they @@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ to the `master` branch. Let's go back to `mybranch`, and run 'git merge' to get the "upstream changes" back to your branch. ------------ -$ git checkout mybranch +$ git switch mybranch $ git merge -m "Merge upstream changes." master ------------ @@ -1133,9 +1133,8 @@ Remember, before running 'git merge', our `master` head was at work." commit. ------------ -$ git checkout mybranch -$ git reset --hard master^2 -$ git checkout master +$ git switch -C mybranch master^2 +$ git switch master $ git reset --hard master^ ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/giteveryday.txt b/Documentation/giteveryday.txt index 9f2528f..1bd919f 100644 --- a/Documentation/giteveryday.txt +++ b/Documentation/giteveryday.txt @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ following commands. * linkgit:git-log[1] to see what happened. - * linkgit:git-checkout[1] and linkgit:git-branch[1] to switch + * linkgit:git-switch[1] and linkgit:git-branch[1] to switch branches. * linkgit:git-add[1] to manage the index file. @@ -51,8 +51,7 @@ following commands. * linkgit:git-commit[1] to advance the current branch. - * linkgit:git-reset[1] and linkgit:git-checkout[1] (with - pathname parameters) to undo changes. + * linkgit:git-restore[1] to undo changes. * linkgit:git-merge[1] to merge between local branches. @@ -80,9 +79,9 @@ $ git tag v2.43 <2> Create a topic branch and develop.:: + ------------ -$ git checkout -b alsa-audio <1> +$ git switch -c alsa-audio <1> $ edit/compile/test -$ git checkout -- curses/ux_audio_oss.c <2> +$ git restore curses/ux_audio_oss.c <2> $ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c <3> $ edit/compile/test $ git diff HEAD <4> @@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ $ git commit -a -s <5> $ edit/compile/test $ git diff HEAD^ <6> $ git commit -a --amend <7> -$ git checkout master <8> +$ git switch master <8> $ git merge alsa-audio <9> $ git log --since='3 days ago' <10> $ git log v2.43.. curses/ <11> @@ -148,11 +147,11 @@ Clone the upstream and work on it. Feed changes to upstream.:: ------------ $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6 $ cd my2.6 -$ git checkout -b mine master <1> +$ git switch -c mine master <1> $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s <2> $ git format-patch master <3> $ git send-email --to="person <email@example.com>" 00*.patch <4> -$ git checkout master <5> +$ git switch master <5> $ git pull <6> $ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <7> $ git ls-remote --heads http://git.kernel.org/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git <8> @@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit satellite$ git push origin <4> mothership$ cd frotz -mothership$ git checkout master +mothership$ git switch master mothership$ git merge satellite/master <5> ------------ + @@ -216,7 +215,7 @@ machine into the master branch. Branch off of a specific tag.:: + ------------ -$ git checkout -b private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1> +$ git switch -c private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1> $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a $ git checkout master $ git cherry-pick v2.6.14..private2.6.14 <2> @@ -274,14 +273,14 @@ $ mailx <3> & s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply & s 7 8 ./+hold-linus & q -$ git checkout -b topic/one master +$ git switch -c topic/one master $ git am -3 -i -s ./+to-apply <4> $ compile/test -$ git checkout -b hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s ./+hold-linus <5> -$ git checkout topic/one && git rebase master <6> -$ git checkout pu && git reset --hard next <7> +$ git switch -c hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s ./+hold-linus <5> +$ git switch topic/one && git rebase master <6> +$ git switch -C pu next <7> $ git merge topic/one topic/two && git merge hold/linus <8> -$ git checkout maint +$ git switch maint $ git cherry-pick master~4 <9> $ compile/test $ git tag -s -m "GIT 0.99.9x" v0.99.9x <10> diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index 786e778..50365f2 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -103,6 +103,28 @@ The default 'pre-commit' hook, when enabled--and with the `hooks.allownonascii` config option unset or set to false--prevents the use of non-ASCII filenames. +pre-merge-commit +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-merge[1], and can be bypassed +with the `--no-verify` option. It takes no parameters, and is +invoked after the merge has been carried out successfully and before +obtaining the proposed commit log message to +make a commit. Exiting with a non-zero status from this script +causes the `git merge` command to abort before creating a commit. + +The default 'pre-merge-commit' hook, when enabled, runs the +'pre-commit' hook, if the latter is enabled. + +This hook is invoked with the environment variable +`GIT_EDITOR=:` if the command will not bring up an editor +to modify the commit message. + +If the merge cannot be carried out automatically, the conflicts +need to be resolved and the result committed separately (see +linkgit:git-merge[1]). At that point, this hook will not be executed, +but the 'pre-commit' hook will, if it is enabled. + prepare-commit-msg ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -165,12 +187,13 @@ rebased, and is not set when rebasing the current branch. post-checkout ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked when a linkgit:git-checkout[1] is run after having updated the +This hook is invoked when a linkgit:git-checkout[1] or +linkgit:git-switch[1] is run after having updated the worktree. The hook is given three parameters: the ref of the previous HEAD, the ref of the new HEAD (which may or may not have changed), and a flag indicating whether the checkout was a branch checkout (changing branches, flag=1) or a file checkout (retrieving a file from the index, flag=0). -This hook cannot affect the outcome of `git checkout`. +This hook cannot affect the outcome of `git switch` or `git checkout`. It is also run after linkgit:git-clone[1], unless the `--no-checkout` (`-n`) option is used. The first parameter given to the hook is the null-ref, the second the @@ -406,7 +429,8 @@ exit with a zero status. For example, the hook can simply run `git read-tree -u -m HEAD "$1"` in order to emulate `git fetch` that is run in the reverse direction with `git push`, as the two-tree form of `git read-tree -u -m` is -essentially the same as `git checkout` that switches branches while +essentially the same as `git switch` or `git checkout` +that switches branches while keeping the local changes in the working tree that do not interfere with the difference between the branches. @@ -423,10 +447,12 @@ post-rewrite This hook is invoked by commands that rewrite commits (linkgit:git-commit[1] when called with `--amend` and -linkgit:git-rebase[1]; currently `git filter-branch` does 'not' call -it!). Its first argument denotes the command it was invoked by: -currently one of `amend` or `rebase`. Further command-dependent -arguments may be passed in the future. +linkgit:git-rebase[1]; however, full-history (re)writing tools like +linkgit:git-fast-import[1] or +https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] typically +do not call it!). Its first argument denotes the command it was +invoked by: currently one of `amend` or `rebase`. Further +command-dependent arguments may be passed in the future. The hook receives a list of the rewritten commits on stdin, in the format diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt index a66e95b..f2a65ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ of the superproject, the setting there will override the one found in .gitmodules. Both settings can be overridden on the command line by using the -"--ignore-submodule" option. The 'git submodule' commands are not +"--ignore-submodules" option. The 'git submodule' commands are not affected by this setting. -- @@ -105,14 +105,15 @@ EXAMPLES Consider the following .gitmodules file: - [submodule "libfoo"] - path = include/foo - url = git://foo.com/git/lib.git - - [submodule "libbar"] - path = include/bar - url = git://bar.com/git/lib.git +---- +[submodule "libfoo"] + path = include/foo + url = git://foo.com/git/lib.git +[submodule "libbar"] + path = include/bar + url = git://bar.com/git/lib.git +---- This defines two submodules, `libfoo` and `libbar`. These are expected to be checked out in the paths `include/foo` and `include/bar`, and for both diff --git a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt index 43f80c8..a5c3c04 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt @@ -297,9 +297,13 @@ Supported if the helper has the "option" capability. same batch are complete. Only objects which were reported in the output of 'list' with a sha1 may be fetched this way. + -Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating a file under -GIT_DIR/objects/pack which is keeping a pack until refs can be -suitably updated. +Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating the full path of +a file under `$GIT_DIR/objects/pack` which is keeping a pack until +refs can be suitably updated. The path must end with `.keep`. This is +a mechanism to name a <pack,idx,keep> tuple by giving only the keep +component. The kept pack will not be deleted by a concurrent repack, +even though its objects may not be referenced until the fetch completes. +The `.keep` file will be deleted at the conclusion of the fetch. + If option 'check-connectivity' is requested, the helper must output 'connectivity-ok' if the clone is self-contained and connected. diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt index 216b11e..d6388f1 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ objects/[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]:: here are often called 'unpacked' (or 'loose') objects. objects/pack:: - Packs (files that store many object in compressed form, + Packs (files that store many objects in compressed form, along with index files to allow them to be randomly accessed) are found in this directory. diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt index e0976f6..8bdb7d0 100644 --- a/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt @@ -370,13 +370,13 @@ situation: $ git status On branch master Changes to be committed: - (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) + (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage) new file: closing.txt Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) - (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) + (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) modified: file.txt diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt index 242de31..59ef5ce 100644 --- a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ $ git status On branch master Changes to be committed: Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'. - (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) + (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage) modified: file1 modified: file2 @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ automatically. The asterisk marks the branch you are currently on; type ------------------------------------------------ -$ git checkout experimental +$ git switch experimental ------------------------------------------------ to switch to the experimental branch. Now edit a file, commit the @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ change, and switch back to the master branch: ------------------------------------------------ (edit file) $ git commit -a -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master ------------------------------------------------ Check that the change you made is no longer visible, since it was diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt index 35317e7..7963a79 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt @@ -786,9 +786,9 @@ forks:: subdirectories of project root (basename) to be forks of existing projects. For each project +$projname.git+, projects in the +$projname/+ directory and its subdirectories will not be - shown in the main projects list. Instead, a \'\+' mark is shown - next to +$projname+, which links to a "forks" view that lists all - the forks (all projects in +$projname/+ subdirectory). Additionally + shown in the main projects list. Instead, a \'+' mark is shown + next to `$projname`, which links to a "forks" view that lists all + the forks (all projects in `$projname/` subdirectory). Additionally a "forks" view for a project is linked from project summary page. + If the project list is taken from a file (+$projects_list+ points to a diff --git a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt index ca11c7b..abc0dc6 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt @@ -301,8 +301,7 @@ topics on 'next': .Rewind and rebuild next [caption="Recipe: "] ===================================== -* `git checkout next` -* `git reset --hard master` +* `git switch -C next master` * `git merge ai/topic_in_next1` * `git merge ai/topic_in_next2` * ... diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt index 8d38ae6..090c888 100644 --- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt +++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt @@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a [[def_object]]object:: The unit of storage in Git. It is uniquely identified by the <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>> of its contents. Consequently, an - object can not be changed. + object cannot be changed. [[def_object_database]]object database:: Stores a set of "objects", and an individual <<def_object,object>> is diff --git a/Documentation/manpage.xsl b/Documentation/manpage.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef64bab --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"> + <xsl:import href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl-ns/current/manpages/docbook.xsl" /> +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt index 79a00d2..59b8ff1 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt @@ -40,20 +40,24 @@ set to `no` at the beginning of them. case of a merge conflict. --ff:: - When the merge resolves as a fast-forward, only update the branch - pointer, without creating a merge commit. This is the default - behavior. - --no-ff:: - Create a merge commit even when the merge resolves as a - fast-forward. This is the default behaviour when merging an - annotated (and possibly signed) tag that is not stored in - its natural place in 'refs/tags/' hierarchy. - --ff-only:: - Refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status unless the - current `HEAD` is already up to date or the merge can be - resolved as a fast-forward. + Specifies how a merge is handled when the merged-in history is + already a descendant of the current history. `--ff` is the + default unless merging an annotated (and possibly signed) tag + that is not stored in its natural place in the `refs/tags/` + hierarchy, in which case `--no-ff` is assumed. ++ +With `--ff`, when possible resolve the merge as a fast-forward (only +update the branch pointer to match the merged branch; do not create a +merge commit). When not possible (when the merged-in history is not a +descendant of the current history), create a merge commit. ++ +With `--no-ff`, create a merge commit in all cases, even when the merge +could instead be resolved as a fast-forward. ++ +With `--ff-only`, resolve the merge as a fast-forward when possible. +When not possible, refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status. -S[<keyid>]:: --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]:: @@ -105,6 +109,10 @@ option can be used to override --squash. + With --squash, --commit is not allowed, and will fail. +--no-verify:: + This option bypasses the pre-merge and commit-msg hooks. + See also linkgit:githooks[5]. + -s <strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index 0795983..b87e2e8 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] '%GP':: show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used to sign a signed commit '%gD':: reflog selector, e.g., `refs/stash@{1}` or `refs/stash@{2 - minutes ago`}; the format follows the rules described for the + minutes ago}`; the format follows the rules described for the `-g` option. The portion before the `@` is the refname as given on the command line (so `git log -g refs/heads/master` would yield `refs/heads/master@{0}`). diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index 71a1fcc..90ff9e2 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -182,6 +182,14 @@ explicitly. Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the command line as `<commit>`. +--alternate-refs:: + Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate + repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate + repository is any repository whose object directory is specified + in `objects/info/alternates`. The set of included objects may + be modified by `core.alternateRefsCommand`, etc. See + linkgit:git-config[1]. + --single-worktree:: By default, all working trees will be examined by the following options when there are more than one (see @@ -708,6 +716,16 @@ ifdef::git-rev-list[] Only useful with `--objects`; print the object IDs that are not in packs. +--object-names:: + Only useful with `--objects`; print the names of the object IDs + that are found. This is the default behavior. + +--no-object-names:: + Only useful with `--objects`; does not print the names of the object + IDs that are found. This inverts `--object-names`. This flag allows + the output to be more easily parsed by commands such as + linkgit:git-cat-file[1]. + --filter=<filter-spec>:: Only useful with one of the `--objects*`; omits objects (usually blobs) from the list of printed objects. The '<filter-spec>' @@ -738,6 +756,22 @@ explicitly-given commit or tree. Note that the form '--filter=sparse:path=<path>' that wants to read from an arbitrary path on the filesystem has been dropped for security reasons. ++ +Multiple '--filter=' flags can be specified to combine filters. Only +objects which are accepted by every filter are included. ++ +The form '--filter=combine:<filter1>+<filter2>+...<filterN>' can also be +used to combined several filters, but this is harder than just repeating +the '--filter' flag and is usually not necessary. Filters are joined by +'{plus}' and individual filters are %-encoded (i.e. URL-encoded). +Besides the '{plus}' and '%' characters, the following characters are +reserved and also must be encoded: `~!@#$^&*()[]{}\;",<>?`+'`+ +as well as all characters with ASCII code <= `0x20`, which includes +space and newline. ++ +Other arbitrary characters can also be encoded. For instance, +'combine:tree:3+blob:none' and 'combine:tree%3A3+blob%3Anone' are +equivalent. --no-filter:: Turn off any previous `--filter=` argument. diff --git a/Documentation/revisions.txt b/Documentation/revisions.txt index 82c1e57..97f995e 100644 --- a/Documentation/revisions.txt +++ b/Documentation/revisions.txt @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ Here's an example to make it more clear: ------------------------------ $ git config push.default current $ git config remote.pushdefault myfork -$ git checkout -b mybranch origin/master +$ git switch -c mybranch origin/master $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream} refs/remotes/origin/master diff --git a/Documentation/sequencer.txt b/Documentation/sequencer.txt index 5a57c4a..3bceb56 100644 --- a/Documentation/sequencer.txt +++ b/Documentation/sequencer.txt @@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ `.git/sequencer`. Can be used to continue after resolving conflicts in a failed cherry-pick or revert. +--skip:: + Skip the current commit and continue with the rest of the + sequence. + --quit:: Forget about the current operation in progress. Can be used to clear the sequencer state after a failed cherry-pick or diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt index 5abb8e8..76b6e4f 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt @@ -111,11 +111,11 @@ marked. If you to exclude files, make sure you have loaded index first. * Prepare `struct dir_struct dir` and clear it with `memset(&dir, 0, sizeof(dir))`. -* To add single exclude pattern, call `add_exclude_list()` and then - `add_exclude()`. +* To add single exclude pattern, call `add_pattern_list()` and then + `add_pattern()`. * To add patterns from a file (e.g. `.git/info/exclude`), call - `add_excludes_from_file()` , and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`. A + `add_patterns_from_file()` , and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`. A short-hand function `setup_standard_excludes()` can be used to set up the standard set of exclude settings. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt index 46c3d5c..ad9d019 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ this: do not do this you will get an error for each ref that it does not point to a valid object. -Note: As a side-effect of this you can not safely assume that all +Note: As a side-effect of this you cannot safely assume that all objects you lookup are available in superproject. All submodule objects will be available the same way as the superprojects objects. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt index fd1e6289..71eb081 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Format details are given in a later section. === The Normal Format Target The normal format target is a tradition printf format and similar -to GIT_TRACE format. This format is enabled with the `GIT_TR` +to GIT_TRACE format. This format is enabled with the `GIT_TRACE2` environment variable or the `trace2.normalTarget` system or global config setting. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt index bde1862..7962e32 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt @@ -62,9 +62,7 @@ Initializing `setup_traverse_info`:: Initialize a `traverse_info` given the pathname of the tree to start - traversing from. The `base` argument is assumed to be the `path` - member of the `name_entry` being recursed into unless the tree is a - top-level tree in which case the empty string ("") is used. + traversing from. Walking ------- @@ -140,6 +138,10 @@ same in the next callback invocation. This utilizes the memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the overhead of using a generic strlen(). +`strbuf_make_traverse_path`:: + + Convenience wrapper to `make_traverse_path` into a strbuf. + Authors ------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt index 16452a0..a4f1744 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt @@ -44,8 +44,9 @@ HEADER: 1-byte number (C) of "chunks" - 1-byte (reserved for later use) - Current clients should ignore this value. + 1-byte number (B) of base commit-graphs + We infer the length (H*B) of the Base Graphs chunk + from this value. CHUNK LOOKUP: @@ -92,6 +93,12 @@ CHUNK DATA: positions for the parents until reaching a value with the most-significant bit on. The other bits correspond to the position of the last parent. + Base Graphs List (ID: {'B', 'A', 'S', 'E'}) [Optional] + This list of H-byte hashes describe a set of B commit-graph files that + form a commit-graph chain. The graph position for the ith commit in this + file's OID Lookup chunk is equal to i plus the number of commits in all + base graphs. If B is non-zero, this chunk must exist. + TRAILER: H-byte HASH-checksum of all of the above. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt index fb53341..729fbcb 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt @@ -127,6 +127,197 @@ Design Details helpful for these clones, anyway. The commit-graph will not be read or written when shallow commits are present. +Commit Graphs Chains +-------------------- + +Typically, repos grow with near-constant velocity (commits per day). Over time, +the number of commits added by a fetch operation is much smaller than the +number of commits in the full history. By creating a "chain" of commit-graphs, +we enable fast writes of new commit data without rewriting the entire commit +history -- at least, most of the time. + +## File Layout + +A commit-graph chain uses multiple files, and we use a fixed naming convention +to organize these files. Each commit-graph file has a name +`$OBJDIR/info/commit-graphs/graph-{hash}.graph` where `{hash}` is the hex- +valued hash stored in the footer of that file (which is a hash of the file's +contents before that hash). For a chain of commit-graph files, a plain-text +file at `$OBJDIR/info/commit-graphs/commit-graph-chain` contains the +hashes for the files in order from "lowest" to "highest". + +For example, if the `commit-graph-chain` file contains the lines + +``` + {hash0} + {hash1} + {hash2} +``` + +then the commit-graph chain looks like the following diagram: + + +-----------------------+ + | graph-{hash2}.graph | + +-----------------------+ + | + +-----------------------+ + | | + | graph-{hash1}.graph | + | | + +-----------------------+ + | + +-----------------------+ + | | + | | + | | + | graph-{hash0}.graph | + | | + | | + | | + +-----------------------+ + +Let X0 be the number of commits in `graph-{hash0}.graph`, X1 be the number of +commits in `graph-{hash1}.graph`, and X2 be the number of commits in +`graph-{hash2}.graph`. If a commit appears in position i in `graph-{hash2}.graph`, +then we interpret this as being the commit in position (X0 + X1 + i), and that +will be used as its "graph position". The commits in `graph-{hash2}.graph` use these +positions to refer to their parents, which may be in `graph-{hash1}.graph` or +`graph-{hash0}.graph`. We can navigate to an arbitrary commit in position j by checking +its containment in the intervals [0, X0), [X0, X0 + X1), [X0 + X1, X0 + X1 + +X2). + +Each commit-graph file (except the base, `graph-{hash0}.graph`) contains data +specifying the hashes of all files in the lower layers. In the above example, +`graph-{hash1}.graph` contains `{hash0}` while `graph-{hash2}.graph` contains +`{hash0}` and `{hash1}`. + +## Merging commit-graph files + +If we only added a new commit-graph file on every write, we would run into a +linear search problem through many commit-graph files. Instead, we use a merge +strategy to decide when the stack should collapse some number of levels. + +The diagram below shows such a collapse. As a set of new commits are added, it +is determined by the merge strategy that the files should collapse to +`graph-{hash1}`. Thus, the new commits, the commits in `graph-{hash2}` and +the commits in `graph-{hash1}` should be combined into a new `graph-{hash3}` +file. + + +---------------------+ + | | + | (new commits) | + | | + +---------------------+ + | | + +-----------------------+ +---------------------+ + | graph-{hash2} |->| | + +-----------------------+ +---------------------+ + | | | + +-----------------------+ +---------------------+ + | | | | + | graph-{hash1} |->| | + | | | | + +-----------------------+ +---------------------+ + | tmp_graphXXX + +-----------------------+ + | | + | | + | | + | graph-{hash0} | + | | + | | + | | + +-----------------------+ + +During this process, the commits to write are combined, sorted and we write the +contents to a temporary file, all while holding a `commit-graph-chain.lock` +lock-file. When the file is flushed, we rename it to `graph-{hash3}` +according to the computed `{hash3}`. Finally, we write the new chain data to +`commit-graph-chain.lock`: + +``` + {hash3} + {hash0} +``` + +We then close the lock-file. + +## Merge Strategy + +When writing a set of commits that do not exist in the commit-graph stack of +height N, we default to creating a new file at level N + 1. We then decide to +merge with the Nth level if one of two conditions hold: + + 1. `--size-multiple=<X>` is specified or X = 2, and the number of commits in + level N is less than X times the number of commits in level N + 1. + + 2. `--max-commits=<C>` is specified with non-zero C and the number of commits + in level N + 1 is more than C commits. + +This decision cascades down the levels: when we merge a level we create a new +set of commits that then compares to the next level. + +The first condition bounds the number of levels to be logarithmic in the total +number of commits. The second condition bounds the total number of commits in +a `graph-{hashN}` file and not in the `commit-graph` file, preventing +significant performance issues when the stack merges and another process only +partially reads the previous stack. + +The merge strategy values (2 for the size multiple, 64,000 for the maximum +number of commits) could be extracted into config settings for full +flexibility. + +## Deleting graph-{hash} files + +After a new tip file is written, some `graph-{hash}` files may no longer +be part of a chain. It is important to remove these files from disk, eventually. +The main reason to delay removal is that another process could read the +`commit-graph-chain` file before it is rewritten, but then look for the +`graph-{hash}` files after they are deleted. + +To allow holding old split commit-graphs for a while after they are unreferenced, +we update the modified times of the files when they become unreferenced. Then, +we scan the `$OBJDIR/info/commit-graphs/` directory for `graph-{hash}` +files whose modified times are older than a given expiry window. This window +defaults to zero, but can be changed using command-line arguments or a config +setting. + +## Chains across multiple object directories + +In a repo with alternates, we look for the `commit-graph-chain` file starting +in the local object directory and then in each alternate. The first file that +exists defines our chain. As we look for the `graph-{hash}` files for +each `{hash}` in the chain file, we follow the same pattern for the host +directories. + +This allows commit-graphs to be split across multiple forks in a fork network. +The typical case is a large "base" repo with many smaller forks. + +As the base repo advances, it will likely update and merge its commit-graph +chain more frequently than the forks. If a fork updates their commit-graph after +the base repo, then it should "reparent" the commit-graph chain onto the new +chain in the base repo. When reading each `graph-{hash}` file, we track +the object directory containing it. During a write of a new commit-graph file, +we check for any changes in the source object directory and read the +`commit-graph-chain` file for that source and create a new file based on those +files. During this "reparent" operation, we necessarily need to collapse all +levels in the fork, as all of the files are invalid against the new base file. + +It is crucial to be careful when cleaning up "unreferenced" `graph-{hash}.graph` +files in this scenario. It falls to the user to define the proper settings for +their custom environment: + + 1. When merging levels in the base repo, the unreferenced files may still be + referenced by chains from fork repos. + + 2. The expiry time should be set to a length of time such that every fork has + time to recompute their commit-graph chain to "reparent" onto the new base + file(s). + + 3. If the commit-graph chain is updated in the base, the fork will not have + access to the new chain until its chain is updated to reference those files. + (This may change in the future [5].) + Related Links ------------- [0] https://bugs.chromium.org/p/git/issues/detail?id=8 @@ -153,3 +344,7 @@ Related Links [4] https://public-inbox.org/git/20180108154822.54829-1-git@jeffhostetler.com/T/#u A patch to remove the ahead-behind calculation from 'status'. + +[5] https://public-inbox.org/git/f27db281-abad-5043-6d71-cbb083b1c877@gmail.com/ + A discussion of a "two-dimensional graph position" that can allow reading + multiple commit-graph chains at the same time. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt b/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt index bc2ace2..2ae8fa4 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt @@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ packfile marked as UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE (using the PSRC field; see below). To avoid the race when writing new objects referring to an about-to-be-deleted object, code paths that write new objects will need to copy any objects from UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE packs that they -refer to to new, non-UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE packs (or loose objects). +refer to new, non-UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE packs (or loose objects). UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE are then safe to delete if their creation time (as indicated by the file's mtime) is long enough ago. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt index 896c7b3..210373e 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt @@ -30,12 +30,20 @@ advance* during clone and fetch operations and thereby reduce download times and disk usage. Missing objects can later be "demand fetched" if/when needed. +A remote that can later provide the missing objects is called a +promisor remote, as it promises to send the objects when +requested. Initialy Git supported only one promisor remote, the origin +remote from which the user cloned and that was configured in the +"extensions.partialClone" config option. Later support for more than +one promisor remote has been implemented. + Use of partial clone requires that the user be online and the origin -remote be available for on-demand fetching of missing objects. This may -or may not be problematic for the user. For example, if the user can -stay within the pre-selected subset of the source tree, they may not -encounter any missing objects. Alternatively, the user could try to -pre-fetch various objects if they know that they are going offline. +remote or other promisor remotes be available for on-demand fetching +of missing objects. This may or may not be problematic for the user. +For example, if the user can stay within the pre-selected subset of +the source tree, they may not encounter any missing objects. +Alternatively, the user could try to pre-fetch various objects if they +know that they are going offline. Non-Goals @@ -100,18 +108,18 @@ or commits that reference missing trees. Handling Missing Objects ------------------------ -- An object may be missing due to a partial clone or fetch, or missing due - to repository corruption. To differentiate these cases, the local - repository specially indicates such filtered packfiles obtained from the - promisor remote as "promisor packfiles". +- An object may be missing due to a partial clone or fetch, or missing + due to repository corruption. To differentiate these cases, the + local repository specially indicates such filtered packfiles + obtained from promisor remotes as "promisor packfiles". + These promisor packfiles consist of a "<name>.promisor" file with arbitrary contents (like the "<name>.keep" files), in addition to their "<name>.pack" and "<name>.idx" files. - The local repository considers a "promisor object" to be an object that - it knows (to the best of its ability) that the promisor remote has promised - that it has, either because the local repository has that object in one of + it knows (to the best of its ability) that promisor remotes have promised + that they have, either because the local repository has that object in one of its promisor packfiles, or because another promisor object refers to it. + When Git encounters a missing object, Git can see if it is a promisor object @@ -123,12 +131,12 @@ expensive-to-modify list of missing objects.[a] - Since almost all Git code currently expects any referenced object to be present locally and because we do not want to force every command to do a dry-run first, a fallback mechanism is added to allow Git to attempt - to dynamically fetch missing objects from the promisor remote. + to dynamically fetch missing objects from promisor remotes. + When the normal object lookup fails to find an object, Git invokes -fetch-object to try to get the object from the server and then retry -the object lookup. This allows objects to be "faulted in" without -complicated prediction algorithms. +promisor_remote_get_direct() to try to get the object from a promisor +remote and then retry the object lookup. This allows objects to be +"faulted in" without complicated prediction algorithms. + For efficiency reasons, no check as to whether the missing object is actually a promisor object is performed. @@ -157,8 +165,7 @@ and prefetch those objects in bulk. + We are not happy with this global variable and would like to remove it, but that requires significant refactoring of the object code to pass an -additional flag. We hope that concurrent efforts to add an ODB API can -encompass this. +additional flag. Fetching Missing Objects @@ -182,21 +189,63 @@ has been updated to not use any object flags when the corresponding argument though they are not necessary. +Using many promisor remotes +--------------------------- + +Many promisor remotes can be configured and used. + +This allows for example a user to have multiple geographically-close +cache servers for fetching missing blobs while continuing to do +filtered `git-fetch` commands from the central server. + +When fetching objects, promisor remotes are tried one after the other +until all the objects have been fetched. + +Remotes that are considered "promisor" remotes are those specified by +the following configuration variables: + +- `extensions.partialClone = <name>` + +- `remote.<name>.promisor = true` + +- `remote.<name>.partialCloneFilter = ...` + +Only one promisor remote can be configured using the +`extensions.partialClone` config variable. This promisor remote will +be the last one tried when fetching objects. + +We decided to make it the last one we try, because it is likely that +someone using many promisor remotes is doing so because the other +promisor remotes are better for some reason (maybe they are closer or +faster for some kind of objects) than the origin, and the origin is +likely to be the remote specified by extensions.partialClone. + +This justification is not very strong, but one choice had to be made, +and anyway the long term plan should be to make the order somehow +fully configurable. + +For now though the other promisor remotes will be tried in the order +they appear in the config file. + Current Limitations ------------------- -- The remote used for a partial clone (or the first partial fetch - following a regular clone) is marked as the "promisor remote". +- It is not possible to specify the order in which the promisor + remotes are tried in other ways than the order in which they appear + in the config file. + -We are currently limited to a single promisor remote and only that -remote may be used for subsequent partial fetches. +It is also not possible to specify an order to be used when fetching +from one remote and a different order when fetching from another +remote. + +- It is not possible to push only specific objects to a promisor + remote. + -We accept this limitation because we believe initial users of this -feature will be using it on repositories with a strong single central -server. +It is not possible to push at the same time to multiple promisor +remote in a specific order. -- Dynamic object fetching will only ask the promisor remote for missing - objects. We assume that the promisor remote has a complete view of the +- Dynamic object fetching will only ask promisor remotes for missing + objects. We assume that promisor remotes have a complete view of the repository and can satisfy all such requests. - Repack essentially treats promisor and non-promisor packfiles as 2 @@ -218,15 +267,17 @@ server. Future Work ----------- -- Allow more than one promisor remote and define a strategy for fetching - missing objects from specific promisor remotes or of iterating over the - set of promisor remotes until a missing object is found. +- Improve the way to specify the order in which promisor remotes are + tried. + -A user might want to have multiple geographically-close cache servers -for fetching missing blobs while continuing to do filtered `git-fetch` -commands from the central server, for example. +For example this could allow to specify explicitly something like: +"When fetching from this remote, I want to use these promisor remotes +in this order, though, when pushing or fetching to that remote, I want +to use those promisor remotes in that order." + +- Allow pushing to promisor remotes. + -Or the user might want to work in a triangular work flow with multiple +The user might want to work in a triangular work flow with multiple promisor remotes that each have an incomplete view of the repository. - Allow repack to work on promisor packfiles (while keeping them distinct diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt index 03264c7..40f91f6 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ Capabilities ------------ There are two different types of capabilities: normal capabilities, -which can be used to to convey information or alter the behavior of a +which can be used to convey information or alter the behavior of a request, and commands, which are the core actions that a client wants to perform (fetch, push, etc). diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index eff7890..06bd899 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ -Git User Manual -=============== += Git User Manual Git is a fast distributed revision control system. @@ -41,12 +40,10 @@ complete. [[repositories-and-branches]] -Repositories and Branches -========================= +== Repositories and Branches [[how-to-get-a-git-repository]] -How to get a Git repository ---------------------------- +=== How to get a Git repository It will be useful to have a Git repository to experiment with as you read this manual. @@ -73,8 +70,7 @@ top-level directory named `.git`, which contains all the information about the history of the project. [[how-to-check-out]] -How to check out a different version of a project -------------------------------------------------- +=== How to check out a different version of a project Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a collection of files. It stores the history as a compressed collection of @@ -122,10 +118,10 @@ Tags are expected to always point at the same version of a project, while heads are expected to advance as development progresses. Create a new branch head pointing to one of these versions and check it -out using linkgit:git-checkout[1]: +out using linkgit:git-switch[1]: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git checkout -b new v2.6.13 +$ git switch -c new v2.6.13 ------------------------------------------------ The working directory then reflects the contents that the project had @@ -151,8 +147,7 @@ with no way to find the history it used to point to; so use this command carefully. [[understanding-commits]] -Understanding History: Commits ------------------------------- +=== Understanding History: Commits Every change in the history of a project is represented by a commit. The linkgit:git-show[1] command shows the most recent commit on the @@ -202,8 +197,7 @@ history, including file data and directory contents, is stored in an object with a name that is a hash of its contents. [[understanding-reachability]] -Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability Every commit (except the very first commit in a project) also has a parent commit which shows what happened before this commit. @@ -227,8 +221,7 @@ that Y is a descendant of X, or that there is a chain of parents leading from commit Y to commit X. [[history-diagrams]] -Understanding history: History diagrams -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Understanding history: History diagrams We will sometimes represent Git history using diagrams like the one below. Commits are shown as "o", and the links between them with @@ -247,8 +240,7 @@ If we need to talk about a particular commit, the character "o" may be replaced with another letter or number. [[what-is-a-branch]] -Understanding history: What is a branch? -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Understanding history: What is a branch? When we need to be precise, we will use the word "branch" to mean a line of development, and "branch head" (or just "head") to mean a reference @@ -261,8 +253,7 @@ However, when no confusion will result, we often just use the term "branch" both for branches and for branch heads. [[manipulating-branches]] -Manipulating branches ---------------------- +=== Manipulating branches Creating, deleting, and modifying branches is quick and easy; here's a summary of the commands: @@ -282,10 +273,10 @@ a summary of the commands: this command will fail with a warning. `git branch -D <branch>`:: delete the branch `<branch>` irrespective of its merged status. -`git checkout <branch>`:: +`git switch <branch>`:: make the current branch `<branch>`, updating the working directory to reflect the version referenced by `<branch>`. -`git checkout -b <new> <start-point>`:: +`git switch -c <new> <start-point>`:: create a new branch `<new>` referencing `<start-point>`, and check it out. @@ -299,25 +290,24 @@ ref: refs/heads/master ------------------------------------------------ [[detached-head]] -Examining an old version without creating a new branch ------------------------------------------------------- +=== Examining an old version without creating a new branch -The `git checkout` command normally expects a branch head, but will also -accept an arbitrary commit; for example, you can check out the commit -referenced by a tag: +The `git switch` command normally expects a branch head, but will also +accept an arbitrary commit when invoked with --detach; for example, +you can check out the commit referenced by a tag: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git checkout v2.6.17 +$ git switch --detach v2.6.17 Note: checking out 'v2.6.17'. You are in 'detached HEAD' state. You can look around, make experimental changes and commit them, and you can discard any commits you make in this -state without impacting any branches by performing another checkout. +state without impacting any branches by performing another switch. If you want to create a new branch to retain commits you create, you may -do so (now or later) by using -b with the checkout command again. Example: +do so (now or later) by using -c with the switch command again. Example: - git checkout -b new_branch_name + git switch -c new_branch_name HEAD is now at 427abfa Linux v2.6.17 ------------------------------------------------ @@ -340,8 +330,7 @@ make up a name for the new branch. You can still create a new branch (or tag) for this version later if you decide to. [[examining-remote-branches]] -Examining branches from a remote repository -------------------------------------------- +=== Examining branches from a remote repository The "master" branch that was created at the time you cloned is a copy of the HEAD in the repository that you cloned from. That repository @@ -373,7 +362,7 @@ You might want to build on one of these remote-tracking branches on a branch of your own, just as you would for a tag: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git checkout -b my-todo-copy origin/todo +$ git switch -c my-todo-copy origin/todo ------------------------------------------------ You can also check out `origin/todo` directly to examine it or @@ -383,8 +372,7 @@ Note that the name "origin" is just the name that Git uses by default to refer to the repository that you cloned from. [[how-git-stores-references]] -Naming branches, tags, and other references -------------------------------------------- +=== Naming branches, tags, and other references Branches, remote-tracking branches, and tags are all references to commits. All references are named with a slash-separated path name @@ -413,8 +401,7 @@ references with the same shorthand name, see the "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. [[Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch]] -Updating a repository with git fetch ------------------------------------- +=== Updating a repository with git fetch After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates. @@ -425,8 +412,7 @@ repository. It will not touch any of your own branches--not even the "master" branch that was created for you on clone. [[fetching-branches]] -Fetching branches from other repositories ------------------------------------------ +=== Fetching branches from other repositories You can also track branches from repositories other than the one you cloned from, using linkgit:git-remote[1]: @@ -474,8 +460,7 @@ text editor. (See the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1] for details.) [[exploring-git-history]] -Exploring Git history -===================== +== Exploring Git history Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a collection of files. It does this by storing compressed snapshots of @@ -489,8 +474,7 @@ We start with one specialized tool that is useful for finding the commit that introduced a bug into a project. [[using-bisect]] -How to use bisect to find a regression --------------------------------------- +=== How to use bisect to find a regression Suppose version 2.6.18 of your project worked, but the version at "master" crashes. Sometimes the best way to find the cause of such a @@ -572,8 +556,7 @@ linkgit:git-bisect[1] for more information about this and other `git bisect` features. [[naming-commits]] -Naming commits --------------- +=== Naming commits We have seen several ways of naming commits already: @@ -637,8 +620,7 @@ e05db0fd4f31dde7005f075a84f96b360d05984b ------------------------------------------------- [[creating-tags]] -Creating tags -------------- +=== Creating tags We can also create a tag to refer to a particular commit; after running @@ -655,8 +637,7 @@ should create a tag object instead; see the linkgit:git-tag[1] man page for details. [[browsing-revisions]] -Browsing revisions ------------------- +=== Browsing revisions The linkgit:git-log[1] command can show lists of commits. On its own, it shows all commits reachable from the parent commit; but you @@ -697,8 +678,7 @@ multiple independent lines of development, the particular order that commits are listed in may be somewhat arbitrary. [[generating-diffs]] -Generating diffs ----------------- +=== Generating diffs You can generate diffs between any two versions using linkgit:git-diff[1]: @@ -726,8 +706,7 @@ will generate a file with a patch for each commit reachable from test but not from master. [[viewing-old-file-versions]] -Viewing old file versions -------------------------- +=== Viewing old file versions You can always view an old version of a file by just checking out the correct revision first. But sometimes it is more convenient to be @@ -742,12 +721,10 @@ Before the colon may be anything that names a commit, and after it may be any path to a file tracked by Git. [[history-examples]] -Examples --------- +=== Examples [[counting-commits-on-a-branch]] -Counting the number of commits on a branch -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Counting the number of commits on a branch Suppose you want to know how many commits you've made on `mybranch` since it diverged from `origin`: @@ -765,8 +742,7 @@ $ git rev-list origin..mybranch | wc -l ------------------------------------------------- [[checking-for-equal-branches]] -Check whether two branches point at the same history -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Check whether two branches point at the same history Suppose you want to check whether two branches point at the same point in history. @@ -798,8 +774,7 @@ $ git log origin...master will return no commits when the two branches are equal. [[finding-tagged-descendants]] -Find first tagged version including a given fix -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Find first tagged version including a given fix Suppose you know that the commit e05db0fd fixed a certain problem. You'd like to find the earliest tagged release that contains that @@ -883,8 +858,7 @@ shows that e05db0fd is reachable from itself, from v1.5.0-rc1, and from v1.5.0-rc2, and not from v1.5.0-rc0. [[showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch]] -Showing commits unique to a given branch -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Showing commits unique to a given branch Suppose you would like to see all the commits reachable from the branch head named `master` but not from any other head in your repository. @@ -931,8 +905,7 @@ $ gitk $( git show-ref --heads ) --not $( git show-ref --tags ) syntax such as `--not`.) [[making-a-release]] -Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release The linkgit:git-archive[1] command can create a tar or zip archive from any version of a project; for example: @@ -983,8 +956,7 @@ and then he just cut-and-pastes the output commands after verifying that they look OK. [[Finding-commits-With-given-Content]] -Finding commits referencing a file with given content -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Finding commits referencing a file with given content Somebody hands you a copy of a file, and asks which commits modified a file such that it contained the given content either before or after the @@ -1000,12 +972,10 @@ student. The linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-diff-tree[1], and linkgit:git-hash-object[1] man pages may prove helpful. [[Developing-With-git]] -Developing with Git -=================== +== Developing with Git [[telling-git-your-name]] -Telling Git your name ---------------------- +=== Telling Git your name Before creating any commits, you should introduce yourself to Git. The easiest way to do so is to use linkgit:git-config[1]: @@ -1030,8 +1000,7 @@ also edit it with your favorite editor. [[creating-a-new-repository]] -Creating a new repository -------------------------- +=== Creating a new repository Creating a new repository from scratch is very easy: @@ -1052,8 +1021,7 @@ $ git commit ------------------------------------------------- [[how-to-make-a-commit]] -How to make a commit --------------------- +=== How to make a commit Creating a new commit takes three steps: @@ -1148,8 +1116,7 @@ for inclusion in the index (by right-clicking on the diff hunk and choosing "Stage Hunk For Commit"). [[creating-good-commit-messages]] -Creating good commit messages ------------------------------ +=== Creating good commit messages Though not required, it's a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the @@ -1162,8 +1129,7 @@ rest of the commit in the body. [[ignoring-files]] -Ignoring files --------------- +=== Ignoring files A project will often generate files that you do 'not' want to track with Git. This typically includes files generated by a build process or temporary @@ -1205,8 +1171,7 @@ Some Git commands can also take exclude patterns directly on the command line. See linkgit:gitignore[5] for the details. [[how-to-merge]] -How to merge ------------- +=== How to merge You can rejoin two diverging branches of development using linkgit:git-merge[1]: @@ -1254,8 +1219,7 @@ has two parents, one pointing to the top of the current branch, and one to the top of the other branch. [[resolving-a-merge]] -Resolving a merge ------------------ +=== Resolving a merge When a merge isn't resolved automatically, Git leaves the index and the working tree in a special state that gives you all the @@ -1297,8 +1261,7 @@ The above is all you need to know to resolve a simple merge. But Git also provides more information to help resolve conflicts: [[conflict-resolution]] -Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge All of the changes that Git was able to merge automatically are already added to the index file, so linkgit:git-diff[1] shows only @@ -1401,14 +1364,13 @@ the different stages of that file will be "collapsed", after which `git diff` will (by default) no longer show diffs for that file. [[undoing-a-merge]] -Undoing a merge ---------------- +=== Undoing a merge If you get stuck and decide to just give up and throw the whole mess away, you can always return to the pre-merge state with ------------------------------------------------- -$ git reset --hard HEAD +$ git merge --abort ------------------------------------------------- Or, if you've already committed the merge that you want to throw away, @@ -1423,8 +1385,7 @@ itself have been merged into another branch, as doing so may confuse further merges. [[fast-forwards]] -Fast-forward merges -------------------- +=== Fast-forward merges There is one special case not mentioned above, which is treated differently. Normally, a merge results in a merge commit, with two @@ -1438,15 +1399,14 @@ to point at the head of the merged-in branch, without any new commits being created. [[fixing-mistakes]] -Fixing mistakes ---------------- +=== Fixing mistakes If you've messed up the working tree, but haven't yet committed your mistake, you can return the entire working tree to the last committed state with ------------------------------------------------- -$ git reset --hard HEAD +$ git restore --staged --worktree :/ ------------------------------------------------- If you make a commit that you later wish you hadn't, there are two @@ -1463,8 +1423,7 @@ fundamentally different ways to fix the problem: a branch that has had its history changed. [[reverting-a-commit]] -Fixing a mistake with a new commit -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Fixing a mistake with a new commit Creating a new commit that reverts an earlier change is very easy; just pass the linkgit:git-revert[1] command a reference to the bad @@ -1490,8 +1449,7 @@ conflicts manually, just as in the case of <<resolving-a-merge, resolving a merge>>. [[fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history]] -Fixing a mistake by rewriting history -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Fixing a mistake by rewriting history If the problematic commit is the most recent commit, and you have not yet made that commit public, then you may just @@ -1518,17 +1476,14 @@ this is an advanced topic to be left for <<cleaning-up-history,another chapter>>. [[checkout-of-path]] -Checking out an old version of a file -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Checking out an old version of a file In the process of undoing a previous bad change, you may find it useful to check out an older version of a particular file using -linkgit:git-checkout[1]. We've used `git checkout` before to switch -branches, but it has quite different behavior if it is given a path -name: the command +linkgit:git-restore[1]. The command ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout HEAD^ path/to/file +$ git restore --source=HEAD^ path/to/file ------------------------------------------------- replaces path/to/file by the contents it had in the commit HEAD^, and @@ -1545,8 +1500,7 @@ $ git show HEAD^:path/to/file which will display the given version of the file. [[interrupted-work]] -Temporarily setting aside work in progress -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Temporarily setting aside work in progress While you are in the middle of working on something complicated, you find an unrelated but obvious and trivial bug. You would like to fix it @@ -1577,8 +1531,7 @@ $ git stash pop [[ensuring-good-performance]] -Ensuring good performance -------------------------- +=== Ensuring good performance On large repositories, Git depends on compression to keep the history information from taking up too much space on disk or in memory. Some @@ -1589,12 +1542,10 @@ to avoid automatic compression kicking in when it is not convenient. [[ensuring-reliability]] -Ensuring reliability --------------------- +=== Ensuring reliability [[checking-for-corruption]] -Checking the repository for corruption -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Checking the repository for corruption The linkgit:git-fsck[1] command runs a number of self-consistency checks on the repository, and reports on any problems. This may take some @@ -1620,12 +1571,10 @@ You can run `git fsck --no-dangling` to suppress these messages, and still view real errors. [[recovering-lost-changes]] -Recovering lost changes -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Recovering lost changes [[reflogs]] -Reflogs -^^^^^^^ +===== Reflogs Say you modify a branch with <<fixing-mistakes,`git reset --hard`>>, and then realize that the branch was the only reference you had to @@ -1672,8 +1621,7 @@ same project, the reflog history is not shared: it tells you only about how the branches in your local repository have changed over time. [[dangling-object-recovery]] -Examining dangling objects -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +===== Examining dangling objects In some situations the reflog may not be able to save you. For example, suppose you delete a branch, then realize you need the history it @@ -1717,12 +1665,10 @@ dangling objects can arise in other situations. [[sharing-development]] -Sharing development with others -=============================== +== Sharing development with others [[getting-updates-With-git-pull]] -Getting updates with git pull ------------------------------ +=== Getting updates with git pull After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates and merge them @@ -1785,8 +1731,7 @@ $ git merge branch are roughly equivalent. [[submitting-patches]] -Submitting patches to a project -------------------------------- +=== Submitting patches to a project If you just have a few changes, the simplest way to submit them may just be to send them as patches in email: @@ -1814,8 +1759,7 @@ Consult the mailing list for your project first to determine their requirements for submitting patches. [[importing-patches]] -Importing patches to a project ------------------------------- +=== Importing patches to a project Git also provides a tool called linkgit:git-am[1] (am stands for "apply mailbox"), for importing such an emailed series of patches. @@ -1847,8 +1791,7 @@ the original mailbox, with authorship and commit log message each taken from the message containing each patch. [[public-repositories]] -Public Git repositories ------------------------ +=== Public Git repositories Another way to submit changes to a project is to tell the maintainer of that project to pull the changes from your repository using @@ -1888,21 +1831,22 @@ pull from that repository. So the flow of changes, in a situation where there is one other developer with a public repository, looks like this: - you push - your personal repo ------------------> your public repo - ^ | - | | - | you pull | they pull - | | - | | - | they push V - their public repo <------------------- their repo +.... + you push +your personal repo ------------------> your public repo + ^ | + | | + | you pull | they pull + | | + | | + | they push V +their public repo <------------------- their repo +.... We explain how to do this in the following sections. [[setting-up-a-public-repository]] -Setting up a public repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Setting up a public repository Assume your personal repository is in the directory `~/proj`. We first create a new clone of the repository and tell `git daemon` that it @@ -1922,8 +1866,7 @@ public repository. You can use scp, rsync, or whatever is most convenient. [[exporting-via-git]] -Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Exporting a Git repository via the Git protocol This is the preferred method. @@ -1944,8 +1887,7 @@ linkgit:git-daemon[1] man page for details. (See especially the examples section.) [[exporting-via-http]] -Exporting a git repository via HTTP -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Exporting a git repository via HTTP The Git protocol gives better performance and reliability, but on a host with a web server set up, HTTP exports may be simpler to set up. @@ -1977,8 +1919,7 @@ for a slightly more sophisticated setup using WebDAV which also allows pushing over HTTP.) [[pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository]] -Pushing changes to a public repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Pushing changes to a public repository Note that the two techniques outlined above (exporting via <<exporting-via-http,http>> or <<exporting-via-git,git>>) allow other @@ -2037,8 +1978,7 @@ See the explanations of the `remote.<name>.url`, linkgit:git-config[1] for details. [[forcing-push]] -What to do when a push fails -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== What to do when a push fails If a push would not result in a <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>> of the remote branch, then it will fail with an error like: @@ -2092,8 +2032,7 @@ pull, or by a fetch followed by a rebase; see the linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7] for more. [[setting-up-a-shared-repository]] -Setting up a shared repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Setting up a shared repository Another way to collaborate is by using a model similar to that commonly used in CVS, where several developers with special rights @@ -2123,8 +2062,7 @@ advantages over the central shared repository: "out". [[setting-up-gitweb]] -Allowing web browsing of a repository -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Allowing web browsing of a repository The gitweb cgi script provides users an easy way to browse your project's revisions, file contents and logs without having to install @@ -2140,8 +2078,7 @@ linkgit:gitweb[1] for instructions on details setting up a permanent installation with a CGI or Perl capable server. [[how-to-get-a-git-repository-with-minimal-history]] -How to get a Git repository with minimal history ------------------------------------------------- +=== How to get a Git repository with minimal history A <<def_shallow_clone,shallow clone>>, with its truncated history, is useful when one is interested only in recent history @@ -2160,12 +2097,10 @@ have to result in huge conflicts. This limitation may make such a repository unsuitable to be used in merge based workflows. [[sharing-development-examples]] -Examples --------- +=== Examples [[maintaining-topic-branches]] -Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer This describes how Tony Luck uses Git in his role as maintainer of the IA64 architecture for the Linux kernel. @@ -2211,8 +2146,8 @@ $ git branch --track release origin/master These can be easily kept up to date using linkgit:git-pull[1]. ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout test && git pull -$ git checkout release && git pull +$ git switch test && git pull +$ git switch release && git pull ------------------------------------------------- Important note! If you have any local changes in these branches, then @@ -2264,7 +2199,7 @@ tested changes 2) help future bug hunters that use `git bisect` to find problems ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b speed-up-spinlocks v2.6.35 +$ git switch -c speed-up-spinlocks v2.6.35 ------------------------------------------------- Now you apply the patch(es), run some tests, and commit the change(s). If @@ -2279,7 +2214,7 @@ When you are happy with the state of this change, you can merge it into the "test" branch in preparation to make it public: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout test && git merge speed-up-spinlocks +$ git switch test && git merge speed-up-spinlocks ------------------------------------------------- It is unlikely that you would have any conflicts here ... but you might if you @@ -2291,7 +2226,7 @@ see the value of keeping each patch (or patch series) in its own branch. It means that the patches can be moved into the `release` tree in any order. ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout release && git merge speed-up-spinlocks +$ git switch release && git merge speed-up-spinlocks ------------------------------------------------- After a while, you will have a number of branches, and despite the @@ -2461,8 +2396,7 @@ done [[cleaning-up-history]] -Rewriting history and maintaining patch series -============================================== +== Rewriting history and maintaining patch series Normally commits are only added to a project, never taken away or replaced. Git is designed with this assumption, and violating it will @@ -2472,8 +2406,7 @@ However, there is a situation in which it can be useful to violate this assumption. [[patch-series]] -Creating the perfect patch series ---------------------------------- +=== Creating the perfect patch series Suppose you are a contributor to a large project, and you want to add a complicated feature, and to present it to the other developers in a way @@ -2505,14 +2438,13 @@ use them, and then explain some of the problems that can arise because you are rewriting history. [[using-git-rebase]] -Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase --------------------------------------------------- +=== Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase Suppose that you create a branch `mywork` on a remote-tracking branch `origin`, and create some commits on top of it: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b mywork origin +$ git switch -c mywork origin $ vi file.txt $ git commit $ vi otherfile.txt @@ -2552,7 +2484,7 @@ commits without any merges, you may instead choose to use linkgit:git-rebase[1]: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout mywork +$ git switch mywork $ git rebase origin ------------------------------------------------- @@ -2593,8 +2525,7 @@ the rebase. See <<interactive-rebase>> for details, and <<reordering-patch-series>> for alternatives. [[rewriting-one-commit]] -Rewriting a single commit -------------------------- +=== Rewriting a single commit We saw in <<fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history>> that you can replace the most recent commit using @@ -2612,8 +2543,7 @@ If you need to amend commits from deeper in your history, you can use <<interactive-rebase,interactive rebase's `edit` instruction>>. [[reordering-patch-series]] -Reordering or selecting from a patch series -------------------------------------------- +=== Reordering or selecting from a patch series Sometimes you want to edit a commit deeper in your history. One approach is to use `git format-patch` to create a series of patches @@ -2632,8 +2562,7 @@ $ git am *.patch ------------------------------------------------- [[interactive-rebase]] -Using interactive rebases -------------------------- +=== Using interactive rebases You can also edit a patch series with an interactive rebase. This is the same as <<reordering-patch-series,reordering a patch series using @@ -2690,16 +2619,14 @@ For a more detailed discussion of the procedure and additional tips, see the "INTERACTIVE MODE" section of linkgit:git-rebase[1]. [[patch-series-tools]] -Other tools ------------ +=== Other tools There are numerous other tools, such as StGit, which exist for the purpose of maintaining a patch series. These are outside of the scope of this manual. [[problems-With-rewriting-history]] -Problems with rewriting history -------------------------------- +=== Problems with rewriting history The primary problem with rewriting the history of a branch has to do with merging. Suppose somebody fetches your branch and merges it into @@ -2747,8 +2674,7 @@ For true distributed development that supports proper merging, published branches should never be rewritten. [[bisect-merges]] -Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history ------------------------------------------------------------------------ +=== Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history The linkgit:git-bisect[1] command correctly handles history that includes merge commits. However, when the commit that it finds is a @@ -2813,12 +2739,10 @@ linear by rebasing against the latest upstream version before publishing. [[advanced-branch-management]] -Advanced branch management -========================== +== Advanced branch management [[fetching-individual-branches]] -Fetching individual branches ----------------------------- +=== Fetching individual branches Instead of using linkgit:git-remote[1], you can also choose just to update one branch at a time, and to store it locally under an @@ -2846,8 +2770,7 @@ already have a branch named example-master, it will attempt to master branch. In more detail: [[fetch-fast-forwards]] -git fetch and fast-forwards ---------------------------- +=== git fetch and fast-forwards In the previous example, when updating an existing branch, `git fetch` checks to make sure that the most recent commit on the remote @@ -2884,8 +2807,7 @@ unless you've already created a reference of your own pointing to them. [[forcing-fetch]] -Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates ------------------------------------------------- +=== Forcing git fetch to do non-fast-forward updates If git fetch fails because the new head of a branch is not a descendant of the old head, you may force the update with: @@ -2905,8 +2827,7 @@ Be aware that commits that the old version of example/master pointed at may be lost, as we saw in the previous section. [[remote-branch-configuration]] -Configuring remote-tracking branches ------------------------------------- +=== Configuring remote-tracking branches We saw above that `origin` is just a shortcut to refer to the repository that you originally cloned from. This information is @@ -2957,8 +2878,7 @@ the refspec syntax. [[git-concepts]] -Git concepts -============ +== Git concepts Git is built on a small number of simple but powerful ideas. While it is possible to get things done without understanding them, you will find @@ -2968,8 +2888,7 @@ We start with the most important, the <<def_object_database,object database>> and the <<def_index,index>>. [[the-object-database]] -The Object Database -------------------- +=== The Object Database We already saw in <<understanding-commits>> that all commits are stored @@ -3013,8 +2932,7 @@ There are four different types of objects: "blob", "tree", "commit", and The object types in some more detail: [[commit-object]] -Commit Object -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Commit Object The "commit" object links a physical state of a tree with a description of how we got there and why. Use the `--pretty=raw` option to @@ -3066,8 +2984,7 @@ commit whose parent is normally the current HEAD, and whose tree is taken from the content currently stored in the index. [[tree-object]] -Tree Object -~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Tree Object The ever-versatile linkgit:git-show[1] command can also be used to examine tree objects, but linkgit:git-ls-tree[1] will give you more @@ -3106,8 +3023,7 @@ Note that the files all have mode 644 or 755: Git actually only pays attention to the executable bit. [[blob-object]] -Blob Object -~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Blob Object You can use linkgit:git-show[1] to examine the contents of a blob; take, for example, the blob in the entry for `COPYING` from the tree above: @@ -3136,8 +3052,7 @@ sometimes be useful for browsing the contents of a tree that is not currently checked out. [[trust]] -Trust -~~~~~ +==== Trust If you receive the SHA-1 name of a blob from one source, and its contents from another (possibly untrusted) source, you can still trust that those @@ -3166,8 +3081,7 @@ like GPG/PGP. To assist in this, Git also provides the tag object... [[tag-object]] -Tag Object -~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Tag Object A tag object contains an object, object type, tag name, the name of the person ("tagger") who created the tag, and a message, which may contain @@ -3196,8 +3110,7 @@ objects. (Note that linkgit:git-tag[1] can also be used to create references whose names begin with `refs/tags/`). [[pack-files]] -How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== How Git stores objects efficiently: pack files Newly created objects are initially created in a file named after the object's SHA-1 hash (stored in `.git/objects`). @@ -3255,8 +3168,7 @@ The linkgit:git-gc[1] command performs packing, pruning, and more for you, so is normally the only high-level command you need. [[dangling-objects]] -Dangling objects -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Dangling objects The linkgit:git-fsck[1] command will sometimes complain about dangling objects. They are not a problem. @@ -3336,8 +3248,7 @@ don't want to do that while the filesystem is mounted. accesses to a repository but you might receive confusing or scary messages.) [[recovering-from-repository-corruption]] -Recovering from repository corruption -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Recovering from repository corruption By design, Git treats data trusted to it with caution. However, even in the absence of bugs in Git itself, it is still possible that hardware or @@ -3454,8 +3365,7 @@ whole thing. It's up to you--Git does *have* a lot of information, it is just missing one particular blob version. [[the-index]] -The index ---------- +=== The index The index is a binary file (generally kept in `.git/index`) containing a sorted list of path names, each with permissions and the SHA-1 of a blob @@ -3513,8 +3423,7 @@ If you blow the index away entirely, you generally haven't lost any information as long as you have the name of the tree that it described. [[submodules]] -Submodules -========== +== Submodules Large projects are often composed of smaller, self-contained modules. For example, an embedded Linux distribution's source tree would include every @@ -3668,13 +3577,13 @@ change within the submodule, and then update the superproject to reference the new commit: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout master +$ git switch master ------------------------------------------------- or ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b fix-up +$ git switch -c fix-up ------------------------------------------------- then @@ -3700,8 +3609,8 @@ $ git push You have to run `git submodule update` after `git pull` if you want to update submodules, too. -Pitfalls with submodules ------------------------- +[[pitfalls-with-submodules]] +=== Pitfalls with submodules Always publish the submodule change before publishing the change to the superproject that references it. If you forget to publish the submodule change, @@ -3770,8 +3679,7 @@ submodule update` will not overwrite them. Instead, you get the usual warning about not being able switch from a dirty branch. [[low-level-operations]] -Low-level Git operations -======================== +== Low-level Git operations Many of the higher-level commands were originally implemented as shell scripts using a smaller core of low-level Git commands. These can still @@ -3779,8 +3687,7 @@ be useful when doing unusual things with Git, or just as a way to understand its inner workings. [[object-manipulation]] -Object access and manipulation ------------------------------- +=== Object access and manipulation The linkgit:git-cat-file[1] command can show the contents of any object, though the higher-level linkgit:git-show[1] is usually more useful. @@ -3797,11 +3704,10 @@ verified by linkgit:git-verify-tag[1], though it is normally simpler to use linkgit:git-tag[1] for both. [[the-workflow]] -The Workflow ------------- +=== The Workflow -High-level operations such as linkgit:git-commit[1], -linkgit:git-checkout[1] and linkgit:git-reset[1] work by moving data +High-level operations such as linkgit:git-commit[1] and +linkgit:git-restore[1] work by moving data between the working tree, the index, and the object database. Git provides low-level operations which perform each of these steps individually. @@ -3813,8 +3719,7 @@ the database or the working directory. Thus there are four main combinations: [[working-directory-to-index]] -working directory -> index -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== working directory -> index The linkgit:git-update-index[1] command updates the index with information from the working directory. You generally update the @@ -3850,8 +3755,7 @@ The previously introduced linkgit:git-add[1] is just a wrapper for linkgit:git-update-index[1]. [[index-to-object-database]] -index -> object database -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== index -> object database You write your current index file to a "tree" object with the program @@ -3866,8 +3770,7 @@ use that tree to re-generate the index at any time by going in the other direction: [[object-database-to-index]] -object database -> index -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== object database -> index You read a "tree" file from the object database, and use that to populate (and overwrite--don't do this if your index contains any @@ -3883,8 +3786,7 @@ earlier. However, that is only your 'index' file: your working directory contents have not been modified. [[index-to-working-directory]] -index -> working directory -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== index -> working directory You update your working directory from the index by "checking out" files. This is not a very common operation, since normally you'd just @@ -3913,8 +3815,7 @@ Finally, there are a few odds and ends which are not purely moving from one representation to the other: [[tying-it-all-together]] -Tying it all together -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +==== Tying it all together To commit a tree you have instantiated with `git write-tree`, you'd create a "commit" object that refers to that tree and the history @@ -3988,8 +3889,7 @@ Here is a picture that illustrates how various pieces fit together: [[examining-the-data]] -Examining the data ------------------- +=== Examining the data You can examine the data represented in the object database and the index with various helper tools. For every object, you can use @@ -4024,8 +3924,7 @@ $ git cat-file commit HEAD to see what the top commit was. [[merging-multiple-trees]] -Merging multiple trees ----------------------- +=== Merging multiple trees Git can help you perform a three-way merge, which can in turn be used for a many-way merge by repeating the merge procedure several @@ -4075,8 +3974,7 @@ index file, and you can just write the result out with [[merging-multiple-trees-2]] -Merging multiple trees, continued ---------------------------------- +=== Merging multiple trees, continued Sadly, many merges aren't trivial. If there are files that have been added, moved or removed, or if both branches have modified the @@ -4146,15 +4044,13 @@ $ git merge-index git-merge-one-file hello.c and that is what higher level `git merge -s resolve` is implemented with. [[hacking-git]] -Hacking Git -=========== +== Hacking Git This chapter covers internal details of the Git implementation which probably only Git developers need to understand. [[object-details]] -Object storage format ---------------------- +=== Object storage format All objects have a statically determined "type" which identifies the format of the object (i.e. how it is used, and how it can refer to other @@ -4184,8 +4080,7 @@ of all objects, and verifies their internal consistency (in addition to just verifying their superficial consistency through the hash). [[birdview-on-the-source-code]] -A birds-eye view of Git's source code -------------------------------------- +=== A birds-eye view of Git's source code It is not always easy for new developers to find their way through Git's source code. This section gives you a little guidance to show where to @@ -4194,7 +4089,7 @@ start. A good place to start is with the contents of the initial commit, with: ---------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout e83c5163 +$ git switch --detach e83c5163 ---------------------------------------------------- The initial revision lays the foundation for almost everything Git has @@ -4394,25 +4289,22 @@ You see, Git is actually the best tool to find out about the source of Git itself! [[glossary]] -Git Glossary -============ +== Git Glossary [[git-explained]] -Git explained -------------- +=== Git explained include::glossary-content.txt[] [[git-quick-start]] -Appendix A: Git Quick Reference -=============================== +[appendix] +== Git Quick Reference This is a quick summary of the major commands; the previous chapters explain how these work in more detail. [[quick-creating-a-new-repository]] -Creating a new repository -------------------------- +=== Creating a new repository From a tarball: @@ -4433,14 +4325,13 @@ $ cd project ----------------------------------------------- [[managing-branches]] -Managing branches ------------------ +=== Managing branches ----------------------------------------------- -$ git branch # list all local branches in this repo -$ git checkout test # switch working directory to branch "test" -$ git branch new # create branch "new" starting at current HEAD -$ git branch -d new # delete branch "new" +$ git branch # list all local branches in this repo +$ git switch test # switch working directory to branch "test" +$ git branch new # create branch "new" starting at current HEAD +$ git branch -d new # delete branch "new" ----------------------------------------------- Instead of basing a new branch on current HEAD (the default), use: @@ -4456,7 +4347,7 @@ $ git branch new test~10 # ten commits before tip of branch "test" Create and switch to a new branch at the same time: ----------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout -b new v2.6.15 +$ git switch -c new v2.6.15 ----------------------------------------------- Update and examine branches from the repository you cloned from: @@ -4467,7 +4358,7 @@ $ git branch -r # list origin/master origin/next ... -$ git checkout -b masterwork origin/master +$ git switch -c masterwork origin/master ----------------------------------------------- Fetch a branch from a different repository, and give it a new @@ -4498,8 +4389,7 @@ $ git branch -r # list all remote branches [[exploring-history]] -Exploring history ------------------ +=== Exploring history ----------------------------------------------- $ gitk # visualize and browse history @@ -4534,8 +4424,7 @@ $ git bisect bad # if this revision is bad. ----------------------------------------------- [[making-changes]] -Making changes --------------- +=== Making changes Make sure Git knows who to blame: @@ -4565,8 +4454,7 @@ $ git commit -a # use latest content of all tracked files ----------------------------------------------- [[merging]] -Merging -------- +=== Merging ----------------------------------------------- $ git merge test # merge branch "test" into the current branch @@ -4576,8 +4464,7 @@ $ git pull . test # equivalent to git merge test ----------------------------------------------- [[sharing-your-changes]] -Sharing your changes --------------------- +=== Sharing your changes Importing or exporting patches: @@ -4622,8 +4509,7 @@ $ git push example test ----------------------------------------------- [[repository-maintenance]] -Repository maintenance ----------------------- +=== Repository maintenance Check for corruption: @@ -4639,12 +4525,11 @@ $ git gc [[todo]] -Appendix B: Notes and todo list for this manual -=============================================== +[appendix] +== Notes and todo list for this manual [[todo-list]] -Todo list ---------- +=== Todo list This is a work in progress. |