diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
272 files changed, 17408 insertions, 4029 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/.gitignore b/Documentation/.gitignore index 2f938f4..1c3a9fe 100644 --- a/Documentation/.gitignore +++ b/Documentation/.gitignore @@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ *.html *.[1-8] *.made +*.texi git.info +gitman.info howto-index.txt doc.dep cmds-*.txt +manpage-base-url.xsl diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines index 994eb91..b8bf618 100644 --- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines +++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines @@ -21,8 +21,13 @@ code. For git in general, three rough rules are: As for more concrete guidelines, just imitate the existing code (this is a good guideline, no matter which project you are -contributing to). But if you must have a list of rules, -here they are. +contributing to). It is always preferable to match the _local_ +convention. New code added to git suite is expected to match +the overall style of existing code. Modifications to existing +code is expected to match the style the surrounding code already +uses (even if it doesn't match the overall style of existing code). + +But if you must have a list of rules, here they are. For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive): @@ -89,6 +94,8 @@ For C programs: of "else if" statements, it can make sense to add braces to single line blocks. + - We try to avoid assignments inside if(). + - Try to make your code understandable. You may put comments in, but comments invariably tend to stale out when the code they were describing changes. Often splitting a function @@ -103,7 +110,7 @@ For C programs: - Use the API. No, really. We have a strbuf (variable length string), several arrays with the ALLOC_GROW() macro, a - path_list for sorted string lists, a hash map (mapping struct + string_list for sorted string lists, a hash map (mapping struct objects) named "struct decorate", amongst other things. - When you come up with an API, document it. @@ -122,3 +129,6 @@ For C programs: used in the git core command set (unless your command is clearly separate from it, such as an importer to convert random-scm-X repositories to git). + + - When we pass <string, length> pair to functions, we should try to + pass them in that order. diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index 43781fb..4797b2d 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -1,9 +1,12 @@ MAN1_TXT= \ $(filter-out $(addsuffix .txt, $(ARTICLES) $(SP_ARTICLES)), \ $(wildcard git-*.txt)) \ - gitk.txt -MAN5_TXT=gitattributes.txt gitignore.txt gitcli.txt gitmodules.txt -MAN7_TXT=git.txt + gitk.txt git.txt +MAN5_TXT=gitattributes.txt gitignore.txt gitmodules.txt githooks.txt \ + gitrepository-layout.txt +MAN7_TXT=gitcli.txt gittutorial.txt gittutorial-2.txt \ + gitcvs-migration.txt gitcore-tutorial.txt gitglossary.txt \ + gitdiffcore.txt gitworkflows.txt MAN_TXT = $(MAN1_TXT) $(MAN5_TXT) $(MAN7_TXT) MAN_XML=$(patsubst %.txt,%.xml,$(MAN_TXT)) @@ -11,17 +14,10 @@ MAN_HTML=$(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(MAN_TXT)) DOC_HTML=$(MAN_HTML) -ARTICLES = tutorial -ARTICLES += tutorial-2 -ARTICLES += core-tutorial -ARTICLES += cvs-migration -ARTICLES += diffcore -ARTICLES += howto-index -ARTICLES += repository-layout -ARTICLES += hooks +ARTICLES = howto-index ARTICLES += everyday ARTICLES += git-tools -ARTICLES += glossary +ARTICLES += git-bisect-lk2009 # with their own formatting rules. SP_ARTICLES = howto/revert-branch-rebase howto/using-merge-subtree user-manual API_DOCS = $(patsubst %.txt,%,$(filter-out technical/api-index-skel.txt technical/api-index.txt, $(wildcard technical/api-*.txt))) @@ -37,6 +33,7 @@ DOC_MAN7=$(patsubst %.txt,%.7,$(MAN7_TXT)) prefix?=$(HOME) bindir?=$(prefix)/bin htmldir?=$(prefix)/share/doc/git-doc +pdfdir?=$(prefix)/share/doc/git-doc mandir?=$(prefix)/share/man man1dir=$(mandir)/man1 man5dir=$(mandir)/man5 @@ -45,15 +42,18 @@ man7dir=$(mandir)/man7 ASCIIDOC=asciidoc ASCIIDOC_EXTRA = -MANPAGE_XSL = callouts.xsl +MANPAGE_XSL = manpage-normal.xsl +XMLTO_EXTRA = INSTALL?=install RM ?= rm -f DOC_REF = origin/man +HTML_REF = origin/html infodir?=$(prefix)/share/info MAKEINFO=makeinfo INSTALL_INFO=install-info DOCBOOK2X_TEXI=docbook2x-texi +DBLATEX=dblatex ifndef PERL_PATH PERL_PATH = /usr/bin/perl endif @@ -61,13 +61,71 @@ endif -include ../config.mak.autogen -include ../config.mak +# +# For asciidoc ... +# -7.1.2, no extra settings are needed. +# 8.0-, set ASCIIDOC8. +# + +# +# For docbook-xsl ... +# -1.68.1, set ASCIIDOC_NO_ROFF? (based on changelog from 1.73.0) +# 1.69.0, no extra settings are needed? +# 1.69.1-1.71.0, set DOCBOOK_SUPPRESS_SP? +# 1.71.1, no extra settings are needed? +# 1.72.0, set DOCBOOK_XSL_172. +# 1.73.0-, set ASCIIDOC_NO_ROFF +# + +# +# If you had been using DOCBOOK_XSL_172 in an attempt to get rid +# of 'the ".ft C" problem' in your generated manpages, and you +# instead ended up with weird characters around callouts, try +# using ASCIIDOC_NO_ROFF instead (it works fine with ASCIIDOC8). +# + ifdef ASCIIDOC8 -ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a asciidoc7compatible +ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a asciidoc7compatible -a no-inline-literal endif ifdef DOCBOOK_XSL_172 -ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a docbook-xsl-172 +ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-asciidoc-no-roff MANPAGE_XSL = manpage-1.72.xsl +else + ifdef ASCIIDOC_NO_ROFF + # docbook-xsl after 1.72 needs the regular XSL, but will not + # pass-thru raw roff codes from asciidoc.conf, so turn them off. + ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-asciidoc-no-roff + endif +endif +ifdef MAN_BOLD_LITERAL +XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-bold-literal.xsl +endif +ifdef DOCBOOK_SUPPRESS_SP +XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-suppress-sp.xsl +endif + +# Newer DocBook stylesheet emits warning cruft in the output when +# this is not set, and if set it shows an absolute link. Older +# stylesheets simply ignore this parameter. +# +# Distros may want to use MAN_BASE_URL=file:///path/to/git/docs/ +# or similar. +ifndef MAN_BASE_URL +MAN_BASE_URL = file://$(htmldir)/ endif +XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-base-url.xsl + +# If your target system uses GNU groff, it may try to render +# apostrophes as a "pretty" apostrophe using unicode. This breaks +# cut&paste, so you should set GNU_ROFF to force them to be ASCII +# apostrophes. Unfortunately does not work with non-GNU roff. +ifdef GNU_ROFF +XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-quote-apos.xsl +endif + +SHELL_PATH ?= $(SHELL) +# Shell quote; +SHELL_PATH_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(SHELL_PATH)) # # Please note that there is a minor bug in asciidoc. @@ -78,6 +136,32 @@ endif # yourself - yes, all 6 characters of it! # +QUIET_SUBDIR0 = +$(MAKE) -C # space to separate -C and subdir +QUIET_SUBDIR1 = + +ifneq ($(findstring $(MAKEFLAGS),w),w) +PRINT_DIR = --no-print-directory +else # "make -w" +NO_SUBDIR = : +endif + +ifneq ($(findstring $(MAKEFLAGS),s),s) +ifndef V + QUIET_ASCIIDOC = @echo ' ' ASCIIDOC $@; + QUIET_XMLTO = @echo ' ' XMLTO $@; + QUIET_DB2TEXI = @echo ' ' DB2TEXI $@; + QUIET_MAKEINFO = @echo ' ' MAKEINFO $@; + QUIET_DBLATEX = @echo ' ' DBLATEX $@; + QUIET_XSLTPROC = @echo ' ' XSLTPROC $@; + QUIET_GEN = @echo ' ' GEN $@; + QUIET_STDERR = 2> /dev/null + QUIET_SUBDIR0 = +@subdir= + QUIET_SUBDIR1 = ;$(NO_SUBDIR) echo ' ' SUBDIR $$subdir; \ + $(MAKE) $(PRINT_DIR) -C $$subdir + export V +endif +endif + all: html man html: $(DOC_HTML) @@ -91,7 +175,11 @@ man7: $(DOC_MAN7) info: git.info gitman.info -install: man +pdf: user-manual.pdf + +install: install-man + +install-man: man $(INSTALL) -d -m 755 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir) $(INSTALL) -d -m 755 $(DESTDIR)$(man5dir) $(INSTALL) -d -m 755 $(DESTDIR)$(man7dir) @@ -109,11 +197,15 @@ install-info: info echo "No directory found in $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)" >&2 ; \ fi +install-pdf: pdf + $(INSTALL) -d -m 755 $(DESTDIR)$(pdfdir) + $(INSTALL) -m 644 user-manual.pdf $(DESTDIR)$(pdfdir) + install-html: html - sh ./install-webdoc.sh $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-webdoc.sh $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ../GIT-VERSION-FILE: .FORCE-GIT-VERSION-FILE - $(MAKE) -C ../ GIT-VERSION-FILE + $(QUIET_SUBDIR0)../ $(QUIET_SUBDIR1) GIT-VERSION-FILE -include ../GIT-VERSION-FILE @@ -121,8 +213,8 @@ install-html: html # Determine "include::" file references in asciidoc files. # doc.dep : $(wildcard *.txt) build-docdep.perl - $(RM) $@+ $@ - $(PERL_PATH) ./build-docdep.perl >$@+ + $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(PERL_PATH) ./build-docdep.perl >$@+ $(QUIET_STDERR) && \ mv $@+ $@ -include doc.dep @@ -140,93 +232,109 @@ cmds_txt = cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt \ $(cmds_txt): cmd-list.made cmd-list.made: cmd-list.perl ../command-list.txt $(MAN1_TXT) - $(RM) $@ - $(PERL_PATH) ./cmd-list.perl ../command-list.txt + $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@ && \ + $(PERL_PATH) ./cmd-list.perl ../command-list.txt $(QUIET_STDERR) && \ date >$@ -git.7 git.html: git.txt - clean: $(RM) *.xml *.xml+ *.html *.html+ *.1 *.5 *.7 - $(RM) *.texi *.texi+ git.info gitman.info + $(RM) *.texi *.texi+ *.texi++ git.info gitman.info $(RM) howto-index.txt howto/*.html doc.dep $(RM) technical/api-*.html technical/api-index.txt $(RM) $(cmds_txt) *.made + $(RM) manpage-base-url.xsl $(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt - $(RM) $@+ $@ + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ $(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 -d manpage -f asciidoc.conf \ - $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< + $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< && \ mv $@+ $@ -%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml - $(RM) $@ - xmlto -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) man $< +manpage-base-url.xsl: manpage-base-url.xsl.in + sed "s|@@MAN_BASE_URL@@|$(MAN_BASE_URL)|" $< > $@ + +%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml manpage-base-url.xsl + $(QUIET_XMLTO)$(RM) $@ && \ + xmlto -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) $(XMLTO_EXTRA) man $< %.xml : %.txt - $(RM) $@+ $@ + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ $(ASCIIDOC) -b docbook -d manpage -f asciidoc.conf \ - $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< + $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) -o $@+ $< && \ mv $@+ $@ user-manual.xml: user-manual.txt user-manual.conf - $(ASCIIDOC) -b docbook -d book $< + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -b docbook -d book $< technical/api-index.txt: technical/api-index-skel.txt \ technical/api-index.sh $(patsubst %,%.txt,$(API_DOCS)) - cd technical && sh ./api-index.sh + $(QUIET_GEN)cd technical && '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./api-index.sh $(patsubst %,%.html,$(API_DOCS) technical/api-index): %.html : %.txt - $(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 -f asciidoc.conf \ + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 -f asciidoc.conf \ $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) $*.txt XSLT = docbook.xsl XSLTOPTS = --xinclude --stringparam html.stylesheet docbook-xsl.css user-manual.html: user-manual.xml - xsltproc $(XSLTOPTS) -o $@ $(XSLT) $< + $(QUIET_XSLTPROC)xsltproc $(XSLTOPTS) -o $@ $(XSLT) $< git.info: user-manual.texi - $(MAKEINFO) --no-split -o $@ user-manual.texi + $(QUIET_MAKEINFO)$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -o $@ user-manual.texi user-manual.texi: user-manual.xml - $(RM) $@+ $@ - $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) user-manual.xml --to-stdout | $(PERL_PATH) fix-texi.perl >$@+ + $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) user-manual.xml --encoding=UTF-8 --to-stdout >$@++ && \ + $(PERL_PATH) fix-texi.perl <$@++ >$@+ && \ + rm $@++ && \ + mv $@+ $@ + +user-manual.pdf: user-manual.xml + $(QUIET_DBLATEX)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(DBLATEX) -o $@+ -p /etc/asciidoc/dblatex/asciidoc-dblatex.xsl -s /etc/asciidoc/dblatex/asciidoc-dblatex.sty $< && \ mv $@+ $@ gitman.texi: $(MAN_XML) cat-texi.perl - $(RM) $@+ $@ - ($(foreach xml,$(MAN_XML),$(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --to-stdout $(xml);)) | \ - $(PERL_PATH) cat-texi.perl $@ >$@+ + $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + ($(foreach xml,$(MAN_XML),$(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --encoding=UTF-8 \ + --to-stdout $(xml) &&) true) > $@++ && \ + $(PERL_PATH) cat-texi.perl $@ <$@++ >$@+ && \ + rm $@++ && \ mv $@+ $@ gitman.info: gitman.texi - $(MAKEINFO) --no-split $*.texi + $(QUIET_MAKEINFO)$(MAKEINFO) --no-split --no-validate $*.texi $(patsubst %.txt,%.texi,$(MAN_TXT)): %.texi : %.xml - $(RM) $@+ $@ - $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --to-stdout $*.xml >$@+ + $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --to-stdout $*.xml >$@+ && \ mv $@+ $@ howto-index.txt: howto-index.sh $(wildcard howto/*.txt) - $(RM) $@+ $@ - sh ./howto-index.sh $(wildcard howto/*.txt) >$@+ + $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./howto-index.sh $(wildcard howto/*.txt) >$@+ && \ mv $@+ $@ $(patsubst %,%.html,$(ARTICLES)) : %.html : %.txt - $(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 $*.txt + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -b xhtml11 $*.txt WEBDOC_DEST = /pub/software/scm/git/docs $(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(wildcard howto/*.txt)): %.html : %.txt - $(RM) $@+ $@ - sed -e '1,/^$$/d' $< | $(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 - >$@+ + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + sed -e '1,/^$$/d' $< | $(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) -b xhtml11 - >$@+ && \ mv $@+ $@ install-webdoc : html - sh ./install-webdoc.sh $(WEBDOC_DEST) + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-webdoc.sh $(WEBDOC_DEST) + +quick-install: quick-install-man + +quick-install-man: + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-doc-quick.sh $(DOC_REF) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir) -quick-install: - sh ./install-doc-quick.sh $(DOC_REF) $(DESTDIR)$(mandir) +quick-install-html: + '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-doc-quick.sh $(HTML_REF) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) .PHONY: .FORCE-GIT-VERSION-FILE diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt index f6393f8..7bfa341 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Fixes since v1.5.2.1 correctly when the branch name had slash in it. - The email address of the user specified with user.email - configuration was overriden by EMAIL environment variable. + configuration was overridden by EMAIL environment variable. - The tree parser did not warn about tree entries with nonsense file modes, and assumed they must be blobs. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.txt index 6195715..e8328d0 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.2.txt @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Updates since v1.5.1 expansion). These conversions apply when checking files in or out, and exporting via git-archive. -* The packfile format now optionally suports 64-bit index. +* The packfile format now optionally supports 64-bit index. This release supports the "version 2" format of the .idx file. This is automatically enabled when a huge packfile diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.txt index d03894b..0668d3c 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.3.txt @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Updates since v1.5.2 - "git rev-list" learned --regexp-ignore-case and --extended-regexp options to tweak its matching logic used - for --grep fitering. + for --grep filtering. - "git describe --contains" is a handier way to call more obscure command "git name-rev --tags". @@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ Updates since v1.5.2 - We used to have core.legacyheaders configuration, when set to false, allowed git to write loose objects in a format - that mimicks the format used by objects stored in packs. It + that mimics the format used by objects stored in packs. It turns out that this was not so useful. Although we will continue to read objects written in that format, we do not honor that configuration anymore and create loose objects in @@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ Updates since v1.5.2 small enough delta results it creates while looking for the best delta candidates. - - "git pack-objects" learned a new heuristcs to prefer delta + - "git pack-objects" learned a new heuristic to prefer delta that is shallower in depth over the smallest delta possible. This improves both overall packfile access performance and packfile density. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt index 89fa6d0..323c1a8 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Fixes since v1.5.4.3 * "git log --merge" did not work well with --left-right option. - * "git svn" promprted for client cert password every time it accessed the + * "git svn" prompted for client cert password every time it accessed the server. * The reset command in "git fast-import" data stream was documented to diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt index 0282341..bbd130e 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Fixes since v1.5.4.4 1.5.4). * Bogus refspec configuration such as "remote.there.fetch = =" were not - detected as errors (regressionin 1.5.4). + detected as errors (regression in 1.5.4). * You couldn't specify a custom editor whose path contains a whitespace via GIT_EDITOR (and core.editor). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e3c3e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +GIT v1.5.4.6 Release Notes +========================== + +I personally do not think there is any reason anybody should want to +run v1.5.4.X series these days, because 'master' version is always +more stable than any tagged released version of git. + +This is primarily to futureproof "git-shell" to accept requests +without a dash between "git" and subcommand name (e.g. "git +upload-pack") which the newer client will start to make sometime in +the future. + +Fixes since v1.5.4.5 +-------------------- + + * Command line option "-n" to "git-repack" was not correctly parsed. + + * Error messages from "git-apply" when the patchfile cannot be opened + have been improved. + + * Error messages from "git-bisect" when given nonsense revisions have + been improved. + + * reflog syntax that uses time e.g. "HEAD@{10 seconds ago}:path" did not + stop parsing at the closing "}". + + * "git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name ^master^2" printed solitary "^", + but it should print nothing. + + * "git apply" did not enforce "match at the beginning" correctly. + + * a path specification "a/b" in .gitattributes file should not match + "sub/a/b", but it did. + + * "git log --date-order --topo-order" did not override the earlier + date-order with topo-order as expected. + + * "git fast-export" did not export octopus merges correctly. + + * "git archive --prefix=$path/" mishandled gitattributes. + +As usual, it also comes with many documentation fixes and clarifications. + diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9065a0e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +GIT v1.5.4.7 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since 1.5.4.7 +------------------- + + * Removed support for an obsolete gitweb request URI, whose + implementation ran "git diff" Porcelain, instead of using plumbing, + which would have run an external diff command specified in the + repository configuration as the gitweb user. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..391a7b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +GIT v1.5.5.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.5.5.1 +-------------------- + + * "git repack -n" was mistakenly made no-op earlier. + + * "git imap-send" wanted to always have imap.host even when use of + imap.tunnel made it unnecessary. + + * reflog syntax that uses time e.g. "HEAD@{10 seconds ago}:path" did not + stop parsing at the closing "}". + + * "git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name ^master^2" printed solitary "^", + but it should print nothing. + + * "git commit" did not detect when it failed to write tree objects. + + * "git fetch" sometimes transferred too many objects unnecessarily. + + * a path specification "a/b" in .gitattributes file should not match + "sub/a/b". + + * various gitweb fixes. + +Also comes with various documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f22f98b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +GIT v1.5.5.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.5.5.2 +-------------------- + + * "git send-email --compose" did not notice that non-ascii contents + needed some MIME magic. + + * "git fast-export" did not export octopus merges correctly. + +Also comes with various documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d0279e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +GIT v1.5.5.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.5.5.4 +-------------------- + + * "git name-rev --all" used to segfault. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30fa361 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +GIT v1.5.5.5 Release Notes +========================== + +I personally do not think there is any reason anybody should want to +run v1.5.5.X series these days, because 'master' version is always +more stable than any tagged released version of git. + +This is primarily to futureproof "git-shell" to accept requests +without a dash between "git" and subcommand name (e.g. "git +upload-pack") which the newer client will start to make sometime in +the future. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5e85cb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +GIT v1.5.5.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since 1.5.5.5 +------------------- + + * Removed support for an obsolete gitweb request URI, whose + implementation ran "git diff" Porcelain, instead of using plumbing, + which would have run an external diff command specified in the + repository configuration as the gitweb user. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4864b16 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +GIT v1.5.6.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.5.6 +------------------ + +* Last minute change broke loose object creation on AIX. + +* (performance fix) We used to make $GIT_DIR absolute path early in the + programs but keeping it relative to the current directory internally + gives 1-3 per-cent performance boost. + +* bash completion knows the new --graph option to git-log family. + + +* git-diff -c/--cc showed unnecessary "deletion" lines at the context + boundary. + +* git-for-each-ref ignored %(object) and %(type) requests for tag + objects. + +* git-merge usage had a typo. + +* Rebuilding of git-svn metainfo database did not take rewriteRoot + option into account. + +* Running "git-rebase --continue/--skip/--abort" before starting a + rebase gave nonsense error messages. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5902a85 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +GIT v1.5.6.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Futureproof +----------- + + * "git-shell" accepts requests without a dash between "git" and + subcommand name (e.g. "git upload-pack") which the newer client will + start to make sometime in the future. + +Fixes since v1.5.6.1 +-------------------- + +* "git clone" from a remote that is named with url.insteadOf setting in + $HOME/.gitconfig did not work well. + +* "git describe --long --tags" segfaulted when the described revision was + tagged with a lightweight tag. + +* "git diff --check" did not report the result via its exit status + reliably. + +* When remote side used to have branch 'foo' and git-fetch finds that now + it has branch 'foo/bar', it refuses to lose the existing remote tracking + branch and its reflog. The error message has been improved to suggest + pruning the remote if the user wants to proceed and get the latest set + of branches from the remote, including such 'foo/bar'. + +* "git reset file" should mean the same thing as "git reset HEAD file", + but we required disambiguating -- even when "file" is not ambiguous. + +* "git show" segfaulted when an annotated tag that points at another + annotated tag was given to it. + +* Optimization for a large import via "git-svn" introduced in v1.5.6 had a + serious memory and temporary file leak, which made it unusable for + moderately large import. + +* "git-svn" mangled remote nickname used in the configuration file + unnecessarily. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9426112 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +GIT v1.5.6.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.5.6.2 +-------------------- + +* Setting core.sharerepository to traditional "true" value was supposed to make + the repository group writable but should not affect permission for others. + However, since 1.5.6, it was broken to drop permission for others when umask is + 022, making the repository unreadable by others. + +* Setting GIT_TRACE will report spawning of external process via run_command(). + +* Using an object with very deep delta chain pinned memory needed for extracting + intermediate base objects unnecessarily long, leading to excess memory usage. + +* Bash completion script did not notice '--' marker on the command + line and tried the relatively slow "ref completion" even when + completing arguments after one. + +* Registering a non-empty blob racily and then truncating the working + tree file for it confused "racy-git avoidance" logic into thinking + that the path is now unchanged. + +* The section that describes attributes related to git-archive were placed + in a wrong place in the gitattributes(5) manual page. + +* "git am" was not helpful to the users when it detected that the committer + information is not set up properly yet. + +* "git clone" had a leftover debugging fprintf(). + +* "git clone -q" was not quiet enough as it used to and gave object count + and progress reports. + +* "git clone" marked downloaded packfile with .keep; this could be a + good thing if the remote side is well packed but otherwise not, + especially for a project that is not really big. + +* "git daemon" used to call syslog() from a signal handler, which + could raise signals of its own but generally is not reentrant. This + was fixed by restructuring the code to report syslog() after the handler + returns. + +* When "git push" tries to remove a remote ref, and corresponding + tracking ref is missing, we used to report error (i.e. failure to + remove something that does not exist). + +* "git mailinfo" (hence "git am") did not handle commit log messages in a + MIME multipart mail correctly. + +Contains other various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8968f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +GIT v1.5.6.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.5.6.3 +-------------------- + +* Various commands could overflow its internal buffer on a platform + with small PATH_MAX value in a repository that has contents with + long pathnames. + +* There wasn't a way to make --pretty=format:%<> specifiers to honor + .mailmap name rewriting for authors and committers. Now you can with + %aN and %cN. + +* Bash completion wasted too many cycles; this has been optimized to be + usable again. + +* Bash completion lost ref part when completing something like "git show + pu:Makefile". + +* "git-cvsserver" did not clean up its temporary working area after annotate + request. + +* "git-daemon" called syslog() from its signal handler, which was a + no-no. + +* "git-fetch" into an empty repository used to remind that the fetch will + be huge by saying "no common commits", but this was an unnecessary + noise; it is already known by the user anyway. + +* "git-http-fetch" would have segfaulted when pack idx file retrieved + from the other side was corrupt. + +* "git-index-pack" used too much memory when dealing with a deep delta chain. + +* "git-mailinfo" (hence "git-am") did not correctly handle in-body [PATCH] + line to override the commit title taken from the mail Subject header. + +* "git-rebase -i -p" lost parents that are not involved in the history + being rewritten. + +* "git-rm" lost track of where the index file was when GIT_DIR was + specified as a relative path. + +* "git-rev-list --quiet" was not quiet as advertised. + +Contains other various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..47ca172 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +GIT v1.5.6.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.5.6.4 +-------------------- + +* "git cvsimport" used to spit out "UNKNOWN LINE..." diagnostics to stdout. + +* "git commit -F filename" and "git tag -F filename" run from subdirectories + did not read the right file. + +* "git init --template=" with blank "template" parameter linked files + under root directories to .git, which was a total nonsense. Instead, it + means "I do not want to use anything from the template directory". + +* "git diff-tree" and other diff plumbing ignored diff.renamelimit configuration + variable when the user explicitly asked for rename detection. + +* "git name-rev --name-only" did not work when "--stdin" option was in effect. + +* "git show-branch" mishandled its 8th branch. + +* Addition of "git update-index --ignore-submodules" that happened during + 1.5.6 cycle broke "git update-index --ignore-missing". + +* "git send-email" did not parse charset from an existing Content-type: + header properly. + +Contains other various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79da23d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +GIT v1.5.6.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since 1.5.6.5 +------------------- + + * Removed support for an obsolete gitweb request URI, whose + implementation ran "git diff" Porcelain, instead of using plumbing, + which would have run an external diff command specified in the + repository configuration as the gitweb user. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.txt index f3256fb..e143d8d 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.5.6.txt @@ -6,16 +6,40 @@ Updates since v1.5.5 (subsystems) +* Comes with updated gitk and git-gui. (portability) +* git will build on AIX better than before now. + +* core.ignorecase configuration variable can be used to work better on + filesystems that are not case sensitive. + +* "git init" now autodetects the case sensitivity of the filesystem and + sets core.ignorecase accordingly. + +* cpio is no longer used; neither "curl" binary (libcurl is still used). + +(documentation) + +* Many freestanding documentation pages have been converted and made + available to "git help" (aka "man git<something>") as section 7 of + the manual pages. This means bookmarks to some HTML documentation + files may need to be updated (eg "tutorial.html" became + "gittutorial.html"). (performance) +* "git clone" was rewritten in C. This will hopefully help cloning a + repository with insane number of refs. + * "git rebase --onto $there $from $branch" used to switch to the tip of $branch only to immediately reset back to $from, smudging work tree files unnecessarily. This has been optimized. +* Object creation codepath in "git-svn" has been optimized by enhancing + plumbing commands git-cat-file and git-hash-object. + (usability, bells and whistles) * "git add -p" (and the "patch" subcommand of "git add -i") can choose to @@ -23,20 +47,57 @@ Updates since v1.5.5 * "git bisect help" gives longer and more helpful usage information. +* "git bisect" does not use a special branch "bisect" anymore; instead, it + does its work on a detached HEAD. + +* "git branch" (and "git checkout -b") can be told to set up + branch.<name>.rebase automatically, so that later you can say "git pull" + and magically cause "git pull --rebase" to happen. + +* "git branch --merged" and "git branch --no-merged" can be used to list + branches that have already been merged (or not yet merged) to the + current branch. + +* "git cherry-pick" and "git revert" can add a sign-off. + +* "git commit" mentions the author identity when you are committing + somebody else's changes. + * "git diff/log --dirstat" output is consistent between binary and textual changes. -* "git gc --auto" honors a new pre-aut-gc hook to temporarily disable it. +* "git filter-branch" rewrites signed tags by demoting them to annotated. + +* "git format-patch --no-binary" can produce a patch that lack binary + changes (i.e. cannot be used to propagate the whole changes) meant only + for reviewing. + +* "git init --bare" is a synonym for "git --bare init" now. + +* "git gc --auto" honors a new pre-auto-gc hook to temporarily disable it. * "git log --pretty=tformat:<custom format>" gives a LF after each entry, instead of giving a LF between each pair of entries which is how "git log --pretty=format:<custom format>" works. +* "git log" and friends learned the "--graph" option to show the ancestry + graph at the left margin of the output. + +* "git log" and friends can be told to use date format that is different + from the default via 'log.date' configuration variable. + * "git send-email" now can send out messages outside a git repository. +* "git send-email --compose" was made aware of rfc2047 quoting. + * "git status" can optionally include output from "git submodule summary". +* "git svn" learned --add-author-from option to propagate the authorship + by munging the commit log message. + +* new object creation and looking up in "git svn" has been optimized. + * "gitweb" can read from a system-wide configuration file. (internal) @@ -51,9 +112,4 @@ Fixes since v1.5.5 All of the fixes in v1.5.5 maintenance series are included in this release, unless otherwise noted. - --- -exec >/var/tmp/1 -O=v1.5.5-56-g5f0734f -echo O=`git describe refs/heads/master` -git shortlog --no-merges $O..refs/heads/master ^refs/heads/maint +And there are too numerous small fixes to otherwise note here ;-) diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..49d7a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +GIT v1.6.0.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.0 +------------------ + +* "git diff --cc" did not honor content mangling specified by + gitattributes and core.autocrlf when reading from the work tree. + +* "git diff --check" incorrectly detected new trailing blank lines when + whitespace check was in effect. + +* "git for-each-ref" tried to dereference NULL when asked for '%(body)" on + a tag with a single incomplete line as its payload. + +* "git format-patch" peeked before the beginning of a string when + "format.headers" variable is empty (a misconfiguration). + +* "git help help" did not work correctly. + +* "git mailinfo" (hence "git am") was unhappy when MIME multipart message + contained garbage after the finishing boundary. + +* "git mailinfo" also was unhappy when the "From: " line only had a bare + e-mail address. + +* "git merge" did not refresh the index correctly when a merge resulted in + a fast-forward. + +* "git merge" did not resolve a truly trivial merges that can be done + without content level merges. + +* "git svn dcommit" to a repository with URL that has embedded usernames + did not work correctly. + +Contains other various documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51b32f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +GIT v1.6.0.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.0.1 +-------------------- + +* Installation on platforms that needs .exe suffix to git-* programs were + broken in 1.6.0.1. + +* Installation on filesystems without symbolic links support did not + work well. + +* In-tree documentations and test scripts now use "git foo" form to set a + better example, instead of the "git-foo" form (which is an acceptable + form if you have "PATH=$(git --exec-path):$PATH" in your script) + +* Many commands did not use the correct working tree location when used + with GIT_WORK_TREE environment settings. + +* Some systems needs to use compatibility fnmach and regex libraries + independent from each other; the compat/ area has been reorganized to + allow this. + + +* "git apply --unidiff-zero" incorrectly applied a -U0 patch that inserts + a new line before the second line. + +* "git blame -c" did not exactly work like "git annotate" when range + boundaries are involved. + +* "git checkout file" when file is still unmerged checked out contents from + a random high order stage, which was confusing. + +* "git clone $there $here/" with extra trailing slashes after explicit + local directory name $here did not work as expected. + +* "git diff" on tracked contents with CRLF line endings did not drive "less" + intelligently when showing added or removed lines. + +* "git diff --dirstat -M" did not add changes in subdirectories up + correctly for renamed paths. + +* "git diff --cumulative" did not imply "--dirstat". + +* "git for-each-ref refs/heads/" did not work as expected. + +* "git gui" allowed users to feed patch without any context to be applied. + +* "git gui" botched parsing "diff" output when a line that begins with two + dashes and a space gets removed or a line that begins with two pluses + and a space gets added. + +* "git gui" translation updates and i18n fixes. + +* "git index-pack" is more careful against disk corruption while completing + a thin pack. + +* "git log -i --grep=pattern" did not ignore case; neither "git log -E + --grep=pattern" triggered extended regexp. + +* "git log --pretty="%ad" --date=short" did not use short format when + showing the timestamp. + +* "git log --author=author" match incorrectly matched with the + timestamp part of "author " line in commit objects. + +* "git log -F --author=author" did not work at all. + +* Build procedure for "git shell" that used stub versions of some + functions and globals was not understood by linkers on some platforms. + +* "git stash" was fooled by a stat-dirty but otherwise unmodified paths + and refused to work until the user refreshed the index. + +* "git svn" was broken on Perl before 5.8 with recent fixes to reduce + use of temporary files. + +* "git verify-pack -v" did not work correctly when given more than one + packfile. + +Also contains many documentation updates. + +-- +exec >/var/tmp/1 +O=v1.6.0.1-78-g3632cfc +echo O=$(git describe maint) +git shortlog --no-merges $O..maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae05778 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +GIT v1.6.0.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.0.2 +-------------------- + +* "git archive --format=zip" did not honor core.autocrlf while + --format=tar did. + +* Continuing "git rebase -i" was very confused when the user left modified + files in the working tree while resolving conflicts. + +* Continuing "git rebase -i" was also very confused when the user left + some staged changes in the index after "edit". + +* "git rebase -i" now honors the pre-rebase hook, just like the + other rebase implementations "git rebase" and "git rebase -m". + +* "git rebase -i" incorrectly aborted when there is no commit to replay. + +* Behaviour of "git diff --quiet" was inconsistent with "diff --exit-code" + with the output redirected to /dev/null. + +* "git diff --no-index" on binary files no longer outputs a bogus + "diff --git" header line. + +* "git diff" hunk header patterns with multiple elements separated by LF + were not used correctly. + +* Hunk headers in "git diff" default to using extended regular + expressions, fixing some of the internal patterns on non-GNU + platforms. + +* New config "diff.*.xfuncname" exposes extended regular expressions + for user specified hunk header patterns. + +* "git gc" when ejecting otherwise unreachable objects from packfiles into + loose form leaked memory. + +* "git index-pack" was recently broken and mishandled objects added by + thin-pack completion processing under memory pressure. + +* "git index-pack" was recently broken and misbehaved when run from inside + .git/objects/pack/ directory. + +* "git stash apply sash@{1}" was fixed to error out. Prior versions + would have applied stash@{0} incorrectly. + +* "git stash apply" now offers a better suggestion on how to continue + if the working tree is currently dirty. + +* "git for-each-ref --format=%(subject)" fixed for commits with no + no newline in the message body. + +* "git remote" fixed to protect printf from user input. + +* "git remote show -v" now displays all URLs of a remote. + +* "git checkout -b branch" was confused when branch already existed. + +* "git checkout -q" once again suppresses the locally modified file list. + +* "git clone -q", "git fetch -q" asks remote side to not send + progress messages, actually making their output quiet. + +* Cross-directory renames are no longer used when creating packs. This + allows more graceful behavior on filesystems like sshfs. + +* Stale temporary files under $GIT_DIR/objects/pack are now cleaned up + automatically by "git prune". + +* "git merge" once again removes directories after the last file has + been removed from it during the merge. + +* "git merge" did not allocate enough memory for the structure itself when + enumerating the parents of the resulting commit. + +* "git blame -C -C" no longer segfaults while trying to pass blame if + it encounters a submodule reference. + +* "git rm" incorrectly claimed that you have local modifications when a + path was merely stat-dirty. + +* "git svn" fixed to display an error message when 'set-tree' failed, + instead of a Perl compile error. + +* "git submodule" fixed to handle checking out a different commit + than HEAD after initializing the submodule. + +* The "git commit" error message when there are still unmerged + files present was clarified to match "git write-tree". + +* "git init" was confused when core.bare or core.sharedRepository are set + in system or user global configuration file by mistake. When --bare or + --shared is given from the command line, these now override such + settings made outside the repositories. + +* Some segfaults due to uncaught NULL pointers were fixed in multiple + tools such as apply, reset, update-index. + +* Solaris builds now default to OLD_ICONV=1 to avoid compile warnings; + Solaris 8 does not define NEEDS_LIBICONV by default. + +* "Git.pm" tests relied on unnecessarily more recent version of Perl. + +* "gitweb" triggered undef warning on commits without log messages. + +* "gitweb" triggered undef warnings on missing trees. + +* "gitweb" now removes PATH_INFO from its URLs so users don't have + to manually set the URL in the gitweb configuration. + +* Bash completion removed support for legacy "git-fetch", "git-push" + and "git-pull" as these are no longer installed. Dashless form + ("git fetch") is still however supported. + +Many other documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d522661 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +GIT v1.6.0.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.0.3 +-------------------- + +* 'git add -p' said "No changes" when only binary files were changed. + +* 'git archive' did not work correctly in bare repositories. + +* 'git checkout -t -b newbranch' when you are on detached HEAD was broken. + +* when we refuse to detect renames because there are too many new or + deleted files, 'git diff' did not say how many there are. + +* 'git push --mirror' tried and failed to push the stash; there is no + point in sending it to begin with. + +* 'git push' did not update the remote tracking reference if the corresponding + ref on the remote end happened to be already up to date. + +* 'git pull $there $branch:$current_branch' did not work when you were on + a branch yet to be born. + +* when giving up resolving a conflicted merge, 'git reset --hard' failed + to remove new paths from the working tree. + +* 'git send-email' had a small fd leak while scanning directory. + +* 'git status' incorrectly reported a submodule directory as an untracked + directory. + +* 'git svn' used deprecated 'git-foo' form of subcommand invocation. + +* 'git update-ref -d' to remove a reference did not honor --no-deref option. + +* Plugged small memleaks here and there. + +* Also contains many documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a08bb96 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +GIT v1.6.0.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.0.4 +-------------------- + +* "git checkout" used to crash when your HEAD was pointing at a deleted + branch. + +* "git checkout" from an un-checked-out state did not allow switching out + of the current branch. + +* "git diff" always allowed GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF and --no-ext-diff was no-op for + the command. + +* Giving 3 or more tree-ish to "git diff" is supposed to show the combined + diff from second and subsequent trees to the first one, but the order was + screwed up. + +* "git fast-export" did not export all tags. + +* "git ls-files --with-tree=<tree>" did not work with options other + than -c, most notably with -m. + +* "git pack-objects" did not make its best effort to honor --max-pack-size + option when a single first object already busted the given limit and + placed many objects in a single pack. + +* "git-p4" fast import frontend was too eager to trigger its keyword expansion + logic, even on a keyword-looking string that does not have closing '$' on the + same line. + +* "git push $there" when the remote $there is defined in $GIT_DIR/branches/$there + behaves more like what cg-push from Cogito used to work. + +* when giving up resolving a conflicted merge, "git reset --hard" failed + to remove new paths from the working tree. + +* "git tag" did not complain when given mutually incompatible set of options. + +* The message constructed in the internal editor was discarded when "git + tag -s" failed to sign the message, which was often caused by the user + not configuring GPG correctly. + +* "make check" cannot be run without sparse; people may have meant to say + "make test" instead, so suggest that. + +* Internal diff machinery had a corner case performance bug that choked on + a large file with many repeated contents. + +* "git repack" used to grab objects out of packs marked with .keep + into a new pack. + +* Many unsafe call to sprintf() style varargs functions are corrected. + +* Also contains quite a few documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64ece1f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +GIT v1.6.0.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since 1.6.0.5 +------------------- + + * "git fsck" had a deep recursion that wasted stack space. + + * "git fast-export" and "git fast-import" choked on an old style + annotated tag that lack the tagger information. + + * "git mergetool -- file" did not correctly skip "--" marker that + signals the end of options list. + + * "git show $tag" segfaulted when an annotated $tag pointed at a + nonexistent object. + + * "git show 2>error" when the standard output is automatically redirected + to the pager redirected the standard error to the pager as well; there + was no need to. + + * "git send-email" did not correctly handle list of addresses when + they had quoted comma (e.g. "Lastname, Givenname" <mail@addre.ss>). + + * Logic to discover branch ancestry in "git svn" was unreliable when + the process to fetch history was interrupted. + + * Removed support for an obsolete gitweb request URI, whose + implementation ran "git diff" Porcelain, instead of using plumbing, + which would have run an external diff command specified in the + repository configuration as the gitweb user. + +Also contains numerous documentation typofixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de7ef16 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,258 @@ +GIT v1.6.0 Release Notes +======================== + +User visible changes +-------------------- + +With the default Makefile settings, most of the programs are now +installed outside your $PATH, except for "git", "gitk" and +some server side programs that need to be accessible for technical +reasons. Invoking a git subcommand as "git-xyzzy" from the command +line has been deprecated since early 2006 (and officially announced in +1.5.4 release notes); use of them from your scripts after adding +output from "git --exec-path" to the $PATH is still supported in this +release, but users are again strongly encouraged to adjust their +scripts to use "git xyzzy" form, as we will stop installing +"git-xyzzy" hardlinks for built-in commands in later releases. + +An earlier change to page "git status" output was overwhelmingly unpopular +and has been reverted. + +Source changes needed for porting to MinGW environment are now all in the +main git.git codebase. + +By default, packfiles created with this version uses delta-base-offset +encoding introduced in v1.4.4. Pack idx files are using version 2 that +allows larger packs and added robustness thanks to its CRC checking, +introduced in v1.5.2 and v1.4.4.5. If you want to keep your repositories +backwards compatible past these versions, set repack.useDeltaBaseOffset +to false or pack.indexVersion to 1, respectively. + +We used to prevent sample hook scripts shipped in templates/ from +triggering by default by relying on the fact that we install them as +unexecutable, but on some filesystems, this approach does not work. +They are now shipped with ".sample" suffix. If you want to activate +any of these samples as-is, rename them to drop the ".sample" suffix, +instead of running "chmod +x" on them. For example, you can rename +hooks/post-update.sample to hooks/post-update to enable the sample +hook that runs update-server-info, in order to make repositories +friendly to dumb protocols (i.e. HTTP). + +GIT_CONFIG, which was only documented as affecting "git config", but +actually affected all git commands, now only affects "git config". +GIT_LOCAL_CONFIG, also only documented as affecting "git config" and +not different from GIT_CONFIG in a useful way, is removed. + +The ".dotest" temporary area "git am" and "git rebase" use is now moved +inside the $GIT_DIR, to avoid mistakes of adding it to the project by +accident. + +An ancient merge strategy "stupid" has been removed. + + +Updates since v1.5.6 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + +* git-p4 in contrib learned "allowSubmit" configuration to control on + which branch to allow "submit" subcommand. + +* git-gui learned to stage changes per-line. + +(portability) + +* Changes for MinGW port have been merged, thanks to Johannes Sixt and + gangs. + +* Sample hook scripts shipped in templates/ are now suffixed with + *.sample. + +* perl's in-place edit (-i) does not work well without backup files on Windows; + some tests are rewritten to cope with this. + +(documentation) + +* Updated howto/update-hook-example + +* Got rid of usage of "git-foo" from the tutorial and made typography + more consistent. + +* Disambiguating "--" between revs and paths is finally documented. + +(performance, robustness, sanity etc.) + +* index-pack used too much memory when dealing with a deep delta chain. + This has been optimized. + +* reduced excessive inlining to shrink size of the "git" binary. + +* verify-pack checks the object CRC when using version 2 idx files. + +* When an object is corrupt in a pack, the object became unusable even + when the same object is available in a loose form, We now try harder to + fall back to these redundant objects when able. In particular, "git + repack -a -f" can be used to fix such a corruption as long as necessary + objects are available. + +* Performance of "git-blame -C -C" operation is vastly improved. + +* git-clone does not create refs in loose form anymore (it behaves as + if you immediately ran git-pack-refs after cloning). This will help + repositories with insanely large number of refs. + +* core.fsyncobjectfiles configuration can be used to ensure that the loose + objects created will be fsync'ed (this is only useful on filesystems + that does not order data writes properly). + +* "git commit-tree" plumbing can make Octopus with more than 16 parents. + "git commit" has been capable of this for quite some time. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + +* even more documentation pages are now accessible via "man" and "git help". + +* A new environment variable GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES can be used to stop + the discovery process of the toplevel of working tree; this may be useful + when you are working in a slow network disk and are outside any working tree, + as bash-completion and "git help" may still need to run in these places. + +* By default, stash entries never expire. Set reflogexpire in [gc + "refs/stash"] to a reasonable value to get traditional auto-expiration + behaviour back + +* Longstanding latency issue with bash completion script has been + addressed. This will need to be backmerged to 'maint' later. + +* pager.<cmd> configuration variable can be used to enable/disable the + default paging behaviour per command. + +* "git-add -i" has a new action 'e/dit' to allow you edit the patch hunk + manually. + +* git-am records the original tip of the branch in ORIG_HEAD before it + starts applying patches. + +* git-apply can handle a patch that touches the same path more than once + much better than before. + +* git-apply can be told not to trust the line counts recorded in the input + patch but recount, with the new --recount option. + +* git-apply can be told to apply a patch to a path deeper than what the + patch records with --directory option. + +* git-archive can be told to omit certain paths from its output using + export-ignore attributes. + +* git-archive uses the zlib default compression level when creating + zip archive. + +* git-archive's command line options --exec and --remote can take their + parameters as separate command line arguments, similar to other commands. + IOW, both "--exec=path" and "--exec path" are now supported. + +* With -v option, git-branch describes the remote tracking statistics + similar to the way git-checkout reports by how many commits your branch + is ahead/behind. + +* git-branch's --contains option used to always require a commit parameter + to limit the branches with; it now defaults to list branches that + contains HEAD if this parameter is omitted. + +* git-branch's --merged and --no-merged option used to always limit the + branches relative to the HEAD, but they can now take an optional commit + argument that is used in place of HEAD. + +* git-bundle can read the revision arguments from the standard input. + +* git-cherry-pick can replay a root commit now. + +* git-clone can clone from a remote whose URL would be rewritten by + configuration stored in $HOME/.gitconfig now. + +* "git-clone --mirror" is a handy way to set up a bare mirror repository. + +* git-cvsserver learned to respond to "cvs co -c". + +* git-diff --check now checks leftover merge conflict markers. + +* "git-diff -p" learned to grab a better hunk header lines in + BibTex, Pascal/Delphi, and Ruby files and also pays attention to + chapter and part boundary in TeX documents. + +* When remote side used to have branch 'foo' and git-fetch finds that now + it has branch 'foo/bar', it refuses to lose the existing remote tracking + branch and its reflog. The error message has been improved to suggest + pruning the remote if the user wants to proceed and get the latest set + of branches from the remote, including such 'foo/bar'. + +* fast-export learned to export and import marks file; this can be used to + interface with fast-import incrementally. + +* fast-import and fast-export learned to export and import gitlinks. + +* "gitk" left background process behind after being asked to dig very deep + history and the user killed the UI; the process is killed when the UI goes + away now. + +* git-rebase records the original tip of branch in ORIG_HEAD before it is + rewound. + +* "git rerere" can be told to update the index with auto-reused resolution + with rerere.autoupdate configuration variable. + +* git-rev-parse learned $commit^! and $commit^@ notations used in "log" + family. These notations are available in gitk as well, because the gitk + command internally uses rev-parse to interpret its arguments. + +* git-rev-list learned --children option to show child commits it + encountered during the traversal, instead of showing parent commits. + +* git-send-mail can talk not just over SSL but over TLS now. + +* git-shortlog honors custom output format specified with "--pretty=format:". + +* "git-stash save" learned --keep-index option. This lets you stash away the + local changes and bring the changes staged in the index to your working + tree for examination and testing. + +* git-stash also learned branch subcommand to create a new branch out of + stashed changes. + +* git-status gives the remote tracking statistics similar to the way + git-checkout reports by how many commits your branch is ahead/behind. + +* "git-svn dcommit" is now aware of auto-props setting the subversion user + has. + +* You can tell "git status -u" to even more aggressively omit checking + untracked files with --untracked-files=no. + +* Original SHA-1 value for "update-ref -d" is optional now. + +* Error codes from gitweb are made more descriptive where possible, rather + than "403 forbidden" as we used to issue everywhere. + +(internal) + +* git-merge has been reimplemented in C. + + +Fixes since v1.5.6 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.5.6 maintenance series are included in +this release, unless otherwise noted. + + * git-clone ignored its -u option; the fix needs to be backported to + 'maint'; + + * git-mv used to lose the distinction between changes that are staged + and that are only in the working tree, by staging both in the index + after moving such a path. + + * "git-rebase -i -p" rewrote the parents to wrong ones when amending + (either edit or squash) was involved, and did not work correctly + when fast forwarding. + diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c594ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +GIT v1.6.1.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.1 +------------------ + +* "git add frotz/nitfol" when "frotz" is a submodule should have errored + out, but it didn't. + +* "git apply" took file modes from the patch text and updated the mode + bits of the target tree even when the patch was not about mode changes. + +* "git bisect view" on Cygwin did not launch gitk + +* "git checkout $tree" did not trigger an error. + +* "git commit" tried to remove COMMIT_EDITMSG from the work tree by mistake. + +* "git describe --all" complained when a commit is described with a tag, + which was nonsense. + +* "git diff --no-index --" did not trigger no-index (aka "use git-diff as + a replacement of diff on untracked files") behaviour. + +* "git format-patch -1 HEAD" on a root commit failed to produce patch + text. + +* "git fsck branch" did not work as advertised; instead it behaved the same + way as "git fsck". + +* "git log --pretty=format:%s" did not handle a multi-line subject the + same way as built-in log listers (i.e. shortlog, --pretty=oneline, etc.) + +* "git daemon", and "git merge-file" are more careful when freopen fails + and barf, instead of going on and writing to unopened filehandle. + +* "git http-push" did not like some RFC 4918 compliant DAV server + responses. + +* "git merge -s recursive" mistakenly overwritten an untracked file in the + work tree upon delete/modify conflict. + +* "git merge -s recursive" didn't leave the index unmerged for entries with + rename/delete conflicts. + +* "git merge -s recursive" clobbered untracked files in the work tree. + +* "git mv -k" with more than one erroneous paths misbehaved. + +* "git read-tree -m -u" hence branch switching incorrectly lost a + subdirectory in rare cases. + +* "git rebase -i" issued an unnecessary error message upon a user error of + marking the first commit to be "squash"ed. + +* "git shortlog" did not format a commit message with multi-line + subject correctly. + +Many documentation updates. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be37cbb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +GIT v1.6.1.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.1.1 +-------------------- + +* The logic for rename detection in internal diff used by commands like + "git diff" and "git blame" has been optimized to avoid loading the same + blob repeatedly. + +* We did not allow writing out a blob that is larger than 2GB for no good + reason. + +* "git format-patch -o $dir", when $dir is a relative directory, used it + as relative to the root of the work tree, not relative to the current + directory. + +* v1.6.1 introduced an optimization for "git push" into a repository (A) + that borrows its objects from another repository (B) to avoid sending + objects that are available in repository B, when they are not yet used + by repository A. However the code on the "git push" sender side was + buggy and did not work when repository B had new objects that are not + known by the sender. This caused pushing into a "forked" repository + served by v1.6.1 software using "git push" from v1.6.1 sometimes did not + work. The bug was purely on the "git push" sender side, and has been + corrected. + +* "git status -v" did not paint its diff output in colour even when + color.ui configuration was set. + +* "git ls-tree" learned --full-tree option to help Porcelain scripts that + want to always see the full path regardless of the current working + directory. + +* "git grep" incorrectly searched in work tree paths even when they are + marked as assume-unchanged. It now searches in the index entries. + +* "git gc" with no grace period needlessly ejected packed but unreachable + objects in their loose form, only to delete them right away. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f0bde1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +GIT v1.6.1.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.1.2 +-------------------- + +* "git diff --binary | git apply" pipeline did not work well when + a binary blob is changed to a symbolic link. + +* Some combinations of -b/-w/--ignore-space-at-eol to "git diff" did + not work as expected. + +* "git grep" did not pass the -I (ignore binary) option when + calling out an external grep program. + +* "git log" and friends include HEAD to the set of starting points + when --all is given. This makes a difference when you are not + on any branch. + +* "git mv" to move an untracked file to overwrite a tracked + contents misbehaved. + +* "git merge -s octopus" with many potential merge bases did not + work correctly. + +* RPM binary package installed the html manpages in a wrong place. + +Also includes minor documentation fixes and updates. + + +-- +git shortlog --no-merges v1.6.1.2-33-gc789350.. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ce6316 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +GIT v1.6.1.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.1.3 +-------------------- + +* .gitignore learned to handle backslash as a quoting mechanism for + comment introduction character "#". + This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.1. + +* "git fast-export" produced wrong output with some parents missing from + commits, when the history is clock-skewed. + +* "git fast-import" sometimes failed to read back objects it just wrote + out and aborted, because it failed to flush stale cached data. + +* "git-ls-tree" and "git-diff-tree" used a pathspec correctly when + deciding to descend into a subdirectory but they did not match the + individual paths correctly. This caused pathspecs "abc/d ab" to match + "abc/0" ("abc/d" made them decide to descend into the directory "abc/", + and then "ab" incorrectly matched "abc/0" when it shouldn't). + This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.3. + +* import-zips script (in contrib) did not compute the common directory + prefix correctly. + This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.2. + +* "git init" segfaulted when given an overlong template location via + the --template= option. + This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.4. + +* "git repack" did not error out when necessary object was missing in the + repository. + +* git-repack (invoked from git-gc) did not work as nicely as it should in + a repository that borrows objects from neighbours via alternates + mechanism especially when some packs are marked with the ".keep" flag + to prevent them from being repacked. + This fix was first merged to 1.6.2.3. + +Also includes minor documentation fixes and updates. + +-- +git shortlog --no-merges v1.6.1.3.. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..adb7cca --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,286 @@ +GIT v1.6.1 Release Notes +======================== + +Updates since v1.6.0 +-------------------- + +When some commands (e.g. "git log", "git diff") spawn pager internally, we +used to make the pager the parent process of the git command that produces +output. This meant that the exit status of the whole thing comes from the +pager, not the underlying git command. We swapped the order of the +processes around and you will see the exit code from the command from now +on. + +(subsystems) + +* gitk can call out to git-gui to view "git blame" output; git-gui in turn + can run gitk from its blame view. + +* Various git-gui updates including updated translations. + +* Various gitweb updates from repo.or.cz installation. + +* Updates to emacs bindings. + +(portability) + +* A few test scripts used nonportable "grep" that did not work well on + some platforms, e.g. Solaris. + +* Sample pre-auto-gc script has OS X support. + +* Makefile has support for (ancient) FreeBSD 4.9. + +(performance) + +* Many operations that are lstat(3) heavy can be told to pre-execute + necessary lstat(3) in parallel before their main operations, which + potentially gives much improved performance for cold-cache cases or in + environments with weak metadata caching (e.g. NFS). + +* The underlying diff machinery to produce textual output has been + optimized, which would result in faster "git blame" processing. + +* Most of the test scripts (but not the ones that try to run servers) + can be run in parallel. + +* Bash completion of refnames in a repository with massive number of + refs has been optimized. + +* Cygwin port uses native stat/lstat implementations when applicable, + which leads to improved performance. + +* "git push" pays attention to alternate repositories to avoid sending + unnecessary objects. + +* "git svn" can rebuild an out-of-date rev_map file. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + +* When you mistype a command name, git helpfully suggests what it guesses + you might have meant to say. help.autocorrect configuration can be set + to a non-zero value to accept the suggestion when git can uniquely + guess. + +* The packfile machinery hopefully is more robust when dealing with + corrupt packs if redundant objects involved in the corruption are + available elsewhere. + +* "git add -N path..." adds the named paths as an empty blob, so that + subsequent "git diff" will show a diff as if they are creation events. + +* "git add" gained a built-in synonym for people who want to say "stage + changes" instead of "add contents to the staging area" which amounts + to the same thing. + +* "git apply" learned --include=paths option, similar to the existing + --exclude=paths option. + +* "git bisect" is careful about a user mistake and suggests testing of + merge base first when good is not a strict ancestor of bad. + +* "git bisect skip" can take a range of commits. + +* "git blame" re-encodes the commit metainfo to UTF-8 from i18n.commitEncoding + by default. + +* "git check-attr --stdin" can check attributes for multiple paths. + +* "git checkout --track origin/hack" used to be a syntax error. It now + DWIMs to create a corresponding local branch "hack", i.e. acts as if you + said "git checkout --track -b hack origin/hack". + +* "git checkout --ours/--theirs" can be used to check out one side of a + conflicting merge during conflict resolution. + +* "git checkout -m" can be used to recreate the initial conflicted state + during conflict resolution. + +* "git cherry-pick" can also utilize rerere for conflict resolution. + +* "git clone" learned to be verbose with -v + +* "git commit --author=$name" can look up author name from existing + commits. + +* output from "git commit" has been reworded in a more concise and yet + more informative way. + +* "git count-objects" reports the on-disk footprint for packfiles and + their corresponding idx files. + +* "git daemon" learned --max-connections=<count> option. + +* "git daemon" exports REMOTE_ADDR to record client address, so that + spawned programs can act differently on it. + +* "git describe --tags" favours closer lightweight tags than farther + annotated tags now. + +* "git diff" learned to mimic --suppress-blank-empty from GNU diff via a + configuration option. + +* "git diff" learned to put more sensible hunk headers for Python, + HTML and ObjC contents. + +* "git diff" learned to vary the a/ vs b/ prefix depending on what are + being compared, controlled by diff.mnemonicprefix configuration. + +* "git diff" learned --dirstat-by-file to count changed files, not number + of lines, when summarizing the global picture. + +* "git diff" learned "textconv" filters --- a binary or hard-to-read + contents can be munged into human readable form and the difference + between the results of the conversion can be viewed (obviously this + cannot produce a patch that can be applied, so this is disabled in + format-patch among other things). + +* "--cached" option to "git diff has an easier to remember synonym "--staged", + to ask "what is the difference between the given commit and the + contents staged in the index?" + +* "git for-each-ref" learned "refname:short" token that gives an + unambiguously abbreviated refname. + +* Auto-numbering of the subject lines is the default for "git + format-patch" now. + +* "git grep" learned to accept -z similar to GNU grep. + +* "git help" learned to use GIT_MAN_VIEWER environment variable before + using "man" program. + +* "git imap-send" can optionally talk SSL. + +* "git index-pack" is more careful against disk corruption while + completing a thin pack. + +* "git log --check" and "git log --exit-code" passes their underlying diff + status with their exit status code. + +* "git log" learned --simplify-merges, a milder variant of --full-history; + "gitk --simplify-merges" is easier to view than with --full-history. + +* "git log" learned "--source" to show what ref each commit was reached + from. + +* "git log" also learned "--simplify-by-decoration" to show the + birds-eye-view of the topology of the history. + +* "git log --pretty=format:" learned "%d" format element that inserts + names of tags that point at the commit. + +* "git merge --squash" and "git merge --no-ff" into an unborn branch are + noticed as user errors. + +* "git merge -s $strategy" can use a custom built strategy if you have a + command "git-merge-$strategy" on your $PATH. + +* "git pull" (and "git fetch") can be told to operate "-v"erbosely or + "-q"uietly. + +* "git push" can be told to reject deletion of refs with receive.denyDeletes + configuration. + +* "git rebase" honours pre-rebase hook; use --no-verify to bypass it. + +* "git rebase -p" uses interactive rebase machinery now to preserve the merges. + +* "git reflog expire branch" can be used in place of "git reflog expire + refs/heads/branch". + +* "git remote show $remote" lists remote branches one-per-line now. + +* "git send-email" can be given revision range instead of files and + maildirs on the command line, and automatically runs format-patch to + generate patches for the given revision range. + +* "git submodule foreach" subcommand allows you to iterate over checked + out submodules. + +* "git submodule sync" subcommands allows you to update the origin URL + recorded in submodule directories from the toplevel .gitmodules file. + +* "git svn branch" can create new branches on the other end. + +* "gitweb" can use more saner PATH_INFO based URL. + +(internal) + +* "git hash-object" learned to lie about the path being hashed, so that + correct gitattributes processing can be done while hashing contents + stored in a temporary file. + +* various callers of git-merge-recursive avoid forking it as an external + process. + +* Git class defined in "Git.pm" can be subclasses a bit more easily. + +* We used to link GNU regex library as a compatibility layer for some + platforms, but it turns out it is not necessary on most of them. + +* Some path handling routines used fixed number of buffers used alternately + but depending on the call depth, this arrangement led to hard to track + bugs. This issue is being addressed. + + +Fixes since v1.6.0 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.0.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + +* Porcelains implemented as shell scripts were utterly confused when you + entered to a subdirectory of a work tree from sideways, following a + symbolic link (this may need to be backported to older releases later). + +* Tracking symbolic links would work better on filesystems whose lstat() + returns incorrect st_size value for them. + +* "git add" and "git update-index" incorrectly allowed adding S/F when S + is a tracked symlink that points at a directory D that has a path F in + it (we still need to fix a similar nonsense when S is a submodule and F + is a path in it). + +* "git am" after stopping at a broken patch lost --whitespace, -C, -p and + --3way options given from the command line initially. + +* "git diff --stdin" used to take two trees on a line and compared them, + but we dropped support for such a use case long time ago. This has + been resurrected. + +* "git filter-branch" failed to rewrite a tag name with slashes in it. + +* "git http-push" did not understand URI scheme other than opaquelocktoken + when acquiring a lock from the server (this may need to be backported to + older releases later). + +* After "git rebase -p" stopped with conflicts while replaying a merge, + "git rebase --continue" did not work (may need to be backported to older + releases). + +* "git revert" records relative to which parent a revert was made when + reverting a merge. Together with new documentation that explains issues + around reverting a merge and merging from the updated branch later, this + hopefully will reduce user confusion (this may need to be backported to + older releases later). + +* "git rm --cached" used to allow an empty blob that was added earlier to + be removed without --force, even when the file in the work tree has + since been modified. + +* "git push --tags --all $there" failed with generic usage message without + telling saying these two options are incompatible. + +* "git log --author/--committer" match used to potentially match the + timestamp part, exposing internal implementation detail. Also these did + not work with --fixed-strings match at all. + +* "gitweb" did not mark non-ASCII characters imported from external HTML fragments + correctly. + +-- +exec >/var/tmp/1 +O=v1.6.1-rc3-74-gf66bc5f +echo O=$(git describe master) +git shortlog --no-merges $O..master ^maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfa3641 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +GIT v1.6.2.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.2 +------------------ + +* .gitignore learned to handle backslash as a quoting mechanism for + comment introduction character "#". + +* timestamp output in --date=relative mode used to display timestamps that + are long time ago in the default mode; it now uses "N years M months + ago", and "N years ago". + +* git-add -i/-p now works with non-ASCII pathnames. + +* "git hash-object -w" did not read from the configuration file from the + correct .git directory. + +* git-send-email learned to correctly handle multiple Cc: addresses. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fafa998 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +GIT v1.6.2.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.2.1 +-------------------- + +* A longstanding confusing description of what --pickaxe option of + git-diff does has been clarified in the documentation. + +* "git-blame -S" did not quite work near the commits that were given + on the command line correctly. + +* "git diff --pickaxe-regexp" did not count overlapping matches + correctly. + +* "git diff" did not feed files in work-tree representation to external + diff and textconv. + +* "git-fetch" in a repository that was not cloned from anywhere said + it cannot find 'origin', which was hard to understand for new people. + +* "git-format-patch --numbered-files --stdout" did not have to die of + incompatible options; it now simply ignores --numbered-files as no files + are produced anyway. + +* "git-ls-files --deleted" did not work well with GIT_DIR&GIT_WORK_TREE. + +* "git-read-tree A B C..." without -m option has been broken for a long + time. + +* git-send-email ignored --in-reply-to when --no-thread was given. + +* 'git-submodule add' did not tolerate extra slashes and ./ in the path it + accepted from the command line; it now is more lenient. + +* git-svn misbehaved when the project contained a path that began with + two dashes. + +* import-zips script (in contrib) did not compute the common directory + prefix correctly. + +* miscompilation of negated enum constants by old gcc (2.9) affected the + codepaths to spawn subprocesses. + +Many small documentation updates are included as well. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d3c1ac --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +GIT v1.6.2.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.2.2 +-------------------- + +* Setting an octal mode value to core.sharedrepository configuration to + restrict access to the repository to group members did not work as + advertised. + +* A fairly large and trivial memory leak while rev-list shows list of + reachable objects has been identified and plugged. + +* "git-commit --interactive" did not abort when underlying "git-add -i" + signaled a failure. + +* git-repack (invoked from git-gc) did not work as nicely as it should in + a repository that borrows objects from neighbours via alternates + mechanism especially when some packs are marked with the ".keep" flag + to prevent them from being repacked. + +Many small documentation updates are included as well. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4bf1d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +GIT v1.6.2.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.2.3 +-------------------- + +* The configuration parser had a buffer overflow while parsing an overlong + value. + +* pruning reflog entries that are unreachable from the tip of the ref + during "git reflog prune" (hence "git gc") was very inefficient. + +* "git-add -p" lacked a way to say "q"uit to refuse staging any hunks for + the remaining paths. You had to say "d" and then ^C. + +* "git-checkout <tree-ish> <submodule>" did not update the index entry at + the named path; it now does. + +* "git-fast-export" choked when seeing a tag that does not point at commit. + +* "git init" segfaulted when given an overlong template location via + the --template= option. + +* "git-ls-tree" and "git-diff-tree" used a pathspec correctly when + deciding to descend into a subdirectory but they did not match the + individual paths correctly. This caused pathspecs "abc/d ab" to match + "abc/0" ("abc/d" made them decide to descend into the directory "abc/", + and then "ab" incorrectly matched "abc/0" when it shouldn't). + +* "git-merge-recursive" was broken when a submodule entry was involved in + a criss-cross merge situation. + +Many small documentation updates are included as well. + +--- +exec >/var/tmp/1 +echo O=$(git describe maint) +O=v1.6.2.3-38-g318b847 +git shortlog --no-merges $O..maint diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b23f9e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +GIT v1.6.2.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.2.4 +-------------------- + +* "git apply" mishandled if you fed a git generated patch that renames + file A to B and file B to A at the same time. + +* "git diff -c -p" (and "diff --cc") did not expect to see submodule + differences and instead refused to work. + +* "git grep -e '('" segfaulted, instead of diagnosing a mismatched + parentheses error. + +* "git fetch" generated packs with offset-delta encoding when both ends of + the connection are capable of producing one; this cannot be read by + ancient git and the user should be able to disable this by setting + repack.usedeltabaseoffset configuration to false. + + diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad060f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +GIT v1.6.2 Release Notes +======================== + +With the next major release, "git push" into a branch that is +currently checked out will be refused by default. You can choose +what should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration +variable receive.denyCurrentBranch in the receiving repository. + +To ease the transition plan, the receiving repository of such a +push running this release will issue a big warning when the +configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + +for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the +transition plan. + +For a similar reason, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch +$killed in a remote repository $there, if $killed branch is the current +branch pointed at by its HEAD, gets a large warning. You can choose what +should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration variable +receive.denyDeleteCurrent in the receiving repository. + + +Updates since v1.6.1 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + +* git-svn updates. + +* gitweb updates, including a new patch view and RSS/Atom feed + improvements. + +* (contrib/emacs) git.el now has commands for checking out a branch, + creating a branch, cherry-picking and reverting commits; vc-git.el + is not shipped with git anymore (it is part of official Emacs). + +(performance) + +* pack-objects autodetects the number of CPUs available and uses threaded + version. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + +* automatic typo correction works on aliases as well + +* @{-1} is a way to refer to the last branch you were on. This is + accepted not only where an object name is expected, but anywhere + a branch name is expected and acts as if you typed the branch name. + E.g. "git branch --track mybranch @{-1}", "git merge @{-1}", and + "git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{-1}" would work as expected. + +* When refs/remotes/origin/HEAD points at a remote tracking branch that + has been pruned away, many git operations issued warning when they + internally enumerated the refs. We now warn only when you say "origin" + to refer to that pruned branch. + +* The location of .mailmap file can be configured, and its file format was + enhanced to allow mapping an incorrect e-mail field as well. + +* "git add -p" learned 'g'oto action to jump directly to a hunk. + +* "git add -p" learned to find a hunk with given text with '/'. + +* "git add -p" optionally can be told to work with just the command letter + without Enter. + +* when "git am" stops upon a patch that does not apply, it shows the + title of the offending patch. + +* "git am --directory=<dir>" and "git am --reject" passes these options + to underlying "git apply". + +* "git am" learned --ignore-date option. + +* "git blame" aligns author names better when they are spelled in + non US-ASCII encoding. + +* "git clone" now makes its best effort when cloning from an empty + repository to set up configuration variables to refer to the remote + repository. + +* "git checkout -" is a shorthand for "git checkout @{-1}". + +* "git cherry" defaults to whatever the current branch is tracking (if + exists) when the <upstream> argument is not given. + +* "git cvsserver" can be told not to add extra "via git-CVS emulator" to + the commit log message it serves via gitcvs.commitmsgannotation + configuration. + +* "git cvsserver" learned to handle 'noop' command some CVS clients seem + to expect to work. + +* "git diff" learned a new option --inter-hunk-context to coalesce close + hunks together and show context between them. + +* The definition of what constitutes a word for "git diff --color-words" + can be customized via gitattributes, command line or a configuration. + +* "git diff" learned --patience to run "patience diff" algorithm. + +* "git filter-branch" learned --prune-empty option that discards commits + that do not change the contents. + +* "git fsck" now checks loose objects in alternate object stores, instead + of misreporting them as missing. + +* "git gc --prune" was resurrected to allow "git gc --no-prune" and + giving non-default expiration period e.g. "git gc --prune=now". + +* "git grep -w" and "git grep" for fixed strings have been optimized. + +* "git mergetool" learned -y(--no-prompt) option to disable prompting. + +* "git rebase -i" can transplant a history down to root to elsewhere + with --root option. + +* "git reset --merge" is a new mode that works similar to the way + "git checkout" switches branches, taking the local changes while + switching to another commit. + +* "git submodule update" learned --no-fetch option. + +* "git tag" learned --contains that works the same way as the same option + from "git branch". + + +Fixes since v1.6.1 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.1.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + +Here are fixes that this release has, but have not been backported to +v1.6.1.X series. + +* "git-add sub/file" when sub is a submodule incorrectly added the path to + the superproject. + +* "git bundle" did not exclude annotated tags even when a range given + from the command line wanted to. + +* "git filter-branch" unnecessarily refused to work when you had + checked out a different commit from what is recorded in the superproject + index in a submodule. + +* "git filter-branch" incorrectly tried to update a nonexistent work tree + at the end when it is run in a bare repository. + +* "git gc" did not work if your repository was created with an ancient git + and never had any pack files in it before. + +* "git mergetool" used to ignore autocrlf and other attributes + based content rewriting. + +* branch switching and merges had a silly bug that did not validate + the correct directory when making sure an existing subdirectory is + clean. + +* "git -p cmd" when cmd is not a built-in one left the display in funny state + when killed in the middle. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2400b72 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +GIT v1.6.3.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.3 +------------------ + +* "git checkout -b new-branch" with a staged change in the index + incorrectly primed the in-index cache-tree, resulting a wrong tree + object to be written out of the index. This is a grave regression + since the last 1.6.2.X maintenance release. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2f3f02 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +GIT v1.6.3.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.3.1 +-------------------- + + * A few codepaths picked up the first few bytes from an sha1[] by + casting the (char *) pointer to (int *); GCC 4.4 did not like this, + and aborted compilation. + + * Some unlink(2) failures went undiagnosed. + + * The "recursive" merge strategy misbehaved when faced rename/delete + conflicts while coming up with an intermediate merge base. + + * The low-level merge algorithm did not handle a degenerate case of + merging a file with itself using itself as the common ancestor + gracefully. It should produce the file itself, but instead + produced an empty result. + + * GIT_TRACE mechanism segfaulted when tracing a shell-quoted aliases. + + * OpenBSD also uses st_ctimspec in "struct stat", instead of "st_ctim". + + * With NO_CROSS_DIRECTORY_HARDLINKS, "make install" can be told not to + create hardlinks between $(gitexecdir)/git-$builtin_commands and + $(bindir)/git. + + * command completion code in bash did not reliably detect that we are + in a bare repository. + + * "git add ." in an empty directory complained that pathspec "." did not + match anything, which may be technically correct, but not useful. We + silently make it a no-op now. + + * "git add -p" (and "patch" action in "git add -i") was broken when + the first hunk that adds a line at the top was split into two and + both halves are marked to be used. + + * "git blame path" misbehaved at the commit where path became file + from a directory with some files in it. + + * "git for-each-ref" had a segfaulting bug when dealing with a tag object + created by an ancient git. + + * "git format-patch -k" still added patch numbers if format.numbered + configuration was set. + + * "git grep --color ''" did not terminate. The command also had + subtle bugs with its -w option. + + * http-push had a small use-after-free bug. + + * "git push" was converting OFS_DELTA pack representation into less + efficient REF_DELTA representation unconditionally upon transfer, + making the transferred data unnecessarily larger. + + * "git remote show origin" segfaulted when origin was still empty. + +Many other general usability updates around help text, diagnostic messages +and documentation are included as well. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c28398 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +GIT v1.6.3.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.3.2 +-------------------- + + * "git archive" running on Cygwin can get stuck in an infinite loop. + + * "git daemon" did not correctly parse the initial line that carries + virtual host request information. + + * "git diff --textconv" leaked memory badly when the textconv filter + errored out. + + * The built-in regular expressions to pick function names to put on + hunk header lines for java and objc were very inefficiently written. + + * in certain error situations git-fetch (and git-clone) on Windows didn't + detect connection abort and ended up waiting indefinitely. + + * import-tars script (in contrib) did not import symbolic links correctly. + + * http.c used CURLOPT_SSLKEY even on libcURL version 7.9.2, even though + it was only available starting 7.9.3. + + * low-level filelevel merge driver used return value from strdup() + without checking if we ran out of memory. + + * "git rebase -i" left stray closing parenthesis in its reflog message. + + * "git remote show" did not show all the URLs associated with the named + remote, even though "git remote -v" did. Made them consistent by + making the former show all URLs. + + * "whitespace" attribute that is set was meant to detect all errors known + to git, but it told git to ignore trailing carriage-returns. + +Includes other documentation fixes. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cad461b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +GIT v1.6.3.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.3.3 +-------------------- + + * "git add --no-ignore-errors" did not override configured + add.ignore-errors configuration. + + * "git apply --whitespace=fix" did not fix trailing whitespace on an + incomplete line. + + * "git branch" opened too many commit objects unnecessarily. + + * "git checkout -f $commit" with a path that is a file (or a symlink) in + the work tree to a commit that has a directory at the path issued an + unnecessary error message. + + * "git diff -c/--cc" was very inefficient in coalescing the removed lines + shared between parents. + + * "git diff -c/--cc" showed removed lines at the beginning of a file + incorrectly. + + * "git remote show nickname" did not honor configured + remote.nickname.uploadpack when inspecting the branches at the remote. + + * "git request-pull" when talking to the terminal for a preview + showed some of the output in the pager. + + * "git request-pull start nickname [end]" did not honor configured + remote.nickname.uploadpack when it ran git-ls-remote against the remote + repository to learn the current tip of branches. + +Includes other documentation updates and minor fixes. + diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..418c685 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ +GIT v1.6.3 Release Notes +======================== + +With the next major release, "git push" into a branch that is +currently checked out will be refused by default. You can choose +what should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration +variable receive.denyCurrentBranch in the receiving repository. + +To ease the transition plan, the receiving repository of such a +push running this release will issue a big warning when the +configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + +for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the +transition plan. + +For a similar reason, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch +$killed in a remote repository $there, if $killed branch is the current +branch pointed at by its HEAD, gets a large warning. You can choose what +should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration variable +receive.denyDeleteCurrent in the receiving repository. + +When the user does not tell "git push" what to push, it has always +pushed matching refs. For some people it is unexpected, and a new +configuration variable push.default has been introduced to allow +changing a different default behaviour. To advertise the new feature, +a big warning is issued if this is not configured and a git push without +arguments is attempted. + + +Updates since v1.6.2 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + +* various git-svn updates. + +* git-gui updates, including an update to Russian translation, and a + fix to an infinite loop when showing an empty diff. + +* gitk updates, including an update to Russian translation and improved Windows + support. + +(performance) + +* many uses of lstat(2) in the codepath for "git checkout" have been + optimized out. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + +* Boolean configuration variable yes/no can be written as on/off. + +* rsync:/path/to/repo can be used to run git over rsync for local + repositories. It may not be useful in practice; meant primarily for + testing. + +* http transport learned to prompt and use password when fetching from or + pushing to http://user@host.xz/ URL. + +* (msysgit) progress output that is sent over the sideband protocol can + be handled appropriately in Windows console. + +* "--pretty=<style>" option to the log family of commands can now be + spelled as "--format=<style>". In addition, --format=%formatstring + is a short-hand for --pretty=tformat:%formatstring. + +* "--oneline" is a synonym for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit". + +* "--graph" to the "git log" family can draw the commit ancestry graph + in colors. + +* If you realize that you botched the patch when you are editing hunks + with the 'edit' action in git-add -i/-p, you can abort the editor to + tell git not to apply it. + +* @{-1} is a new way to refer to the last branch you were on introduced in + 1.6.2, but the initial implementation did not teach this to a few + commands. Now the syntax works with "branch -m @{-1} newname". + +* git-archive learned --output=<file> option. + +* git-archive takes attributes from the tree being archived; strictly + speaking, this is an incompatible behaviour change, but is a good one. + Use --worktree-attributes option to allow it to read attributes from + the work tree as before (deprecated git-tar tree command always reads + attributes from the work tree). + +* git-bisect shows not just the number of remaining commits whose goodness + is unknown, but also shows the estimated number of remaining rounds. + +* You can give --date=<format> option to git-blame. + +* "git-branch -r" shows HEAD symref that points at a remote branch in + interest of each tracked remote repository. + +* "git-branch -v -v" is a new way to get list of names for branches and the + "upstream" branch for them. + +* git-config learned -e option to open an editor to edit the config file + directly. + +* git-clone runs post-checkout hook when run without --no-checkout. + +* git-difftool is now part of the officially supported command, primarily + maintained by David Aguilar. + +* git-for-each-ref learned a new "upstream" token. + +* git-format-patch can be told to use attachment with a new configuration, + format.attach. + +* git-format-patch can be told to produce deep or shallow message threads. + +* git-format-patch can be told to always add sign-off with a configuration + variable. + +* git-format-patch learned format.headers configuration to add extra + header fields to the output. This behaviour is similar to the existing + --add-header=<header> option of the command. + +* git-format-patch gives human readable names to the attached files, when + told to send patches as attachments. + +* git-grep learned to highlight the found substrings in color. + +* git-imap-send learned to work around Thunderbird's inability to easily + disable format=flowed with a new configuration, imap.preformattedHTML. + +* git-rebase can be told to rebase the series even if your branch is a + descendant of the commit you are rebasing onto with --force-rebase + option. + +* git-rebase can be told to report diffstat with the --stat option. + +* Output from git-remote command has been vastly improved. + +* "git remote update --prune $remote" updates from the named remote and + then prunes stale tracking branches. + +* git-send-email learned --confirm option to review the Cc: list before + sending the messages out. + +(developers) + +* Test scripts can be run under valgrind. + +* Test scripts can be run with installed git. + +* Makefile learned 'coverage' option to run the test suites with + coverage tracking enabled. + +* Building the manpages with docbook-xsl between 1.69.1 and 1.71.1 now + requires setting DOCBOOK_SUPPRESS_SP to work around a docbook-xsl bug. + This workaround used to be enabled by default, but causes problems + with newer versions of docbook-xsl. In addition, there are a few more + knobs you can tweak to work around issues with various versions of the + docbook-xsl package. See comments in Documentation/Makefile for details. + +* Support for building and testing a subset of git on a system without a + working perl has been improved. + + +Fixes since v1.6.2 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.2.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + +Here are fixes that this release has, but have not been backported to +v1.6.2.X series. + +* "git-apply" rejected a patch that swaps two files (i.e. renames A to B + and B to A at the same time). May need to be backported by cherry + picking d8c81df and then 7fac0ee). + +* The initial checkout did not read the attributes from the .gitattribute + file that is being checked out. + +* git-gc spent excessive amount of time to decide if an object appears + in a locally existing pack (if needed, backport by merging 69e020a). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e439e45 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4 +------------------ + + * An unquoted value in the configuration file, when it contains more than + one whitespaces in a row, got them replaced with a single space. + + * "git am" used to accept a single piece of e-mail per file (not a mbox) + as its input, but multiple input format support in v1.6.4 broke it. + Apparently many people have been depending on this feature. + + * The short help text for "git filter-branch" command was a single long + line, wrapped by terminals, and was hard to read. + + * The "recursive" strategy of "git merge" segfaulted when a merge has + more than one merge-bases, and merging of these merge-bases involves + a rename/rename or a rename/add conflict. + + * "git pull --rebase" did not use the right fork point when the + repository has already fetched from the upstream that rewinds the + branch it is based on in an earlier fetch. + + * Explain the concept of fast-forward more fully in "git push" + documentation, and hint to refer to it from an error message when the + command refuses an update to protect the user. + + * The default value for pack.deltacachesize, used by "git repack", is now + 256M, instead of unbounded. Otherwise a repack of a moderately sized + repository would needlessly eat into swap. + + * Document how "git repack" (hence "git gc") interacts with a repository + that borrows its objects from other repositories (e.g. ones created by + "git clone -s"). + + * "git show" on an annotated tag lacked a delimiting blank line between + the tag itself and the contents of the object it tags. + + * "git verify-pack -v" erroneously reported number of objects with too + deep delta depths as "chain length 0" objects. + + * Long names of authors and committers outside US-ASCII were sometimes + incorrectly shown in "gitweb". + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c11ec01 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4.1 +-------------------- + +* --date=relative output between 1 and 5 years ago rounded the number of + years when saying X years Y months ago, instead of rounding it down. + +* "git add -p" did not handle changes in executable bits correctly + (a regression around 1.6.3). + +* "git apply" did not honor GNU diff's convention to mark the creation/deletion + event with UNIX epoch timestamp on missing side. + +* "git checkout" incorrectly removed files in a directory pointed by a + symbolic link during a branch switch that replaces a directory with + a symbolic link. + +* "git clean -d -f" happily descended into a subdirectory that is managed by a + separate git repository. It now requires two -f options for safety. + +* "git fetch/push" over http transports had two rather grave bugs. + +* "git format-patch --cover-letter" did not prepare the cover letter file + for use with non-ASCII strings when there are the series contributors with + non-ASCII names. + +* "git pull origin branch" and "git fetch origin && git merge origin/branch" + left different merge messages in the resulting commit. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f29bab --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4.2 +-------------------- + +* "git clone" from an empty repository gave unnecessary error message, + even though it did everything else correctly. + +* "git cvsserver" invoked git commands via "git-foo" style, which has long + been deprecated. + +* "git fetch" and "git clone" had an extra sanity check to verify the + presense of the corresponding *.pack file before downloading *.idx + file by issuing a HEAD request. Github server however sometimes + gave 500 (Internal server error) response to HEAD even if a GET + request for *.pack file to the same URL would have succeeded, and broke + clone over HTTP from some of their repositories. As a workaround, this + verification has been removed (as it is not absolutely necessary). + +* "git grep" did not like relative pathname to refer outside the current + directory when run from a subdirectory. + +* an error message from "git push" was formatted in a very ugly way. + +* "git svn" did not quote the subversion user name correctly when + running its author-prog helper program. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ead45f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +GIT v1.6.4.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.4.4 +-------------------- + +* The workaround for Github server that sometimes gave 500 (Internal server + error) response to HEAD requests in 1.6.4.3 introduced a regression that + caused re-fetching projects over http to segfault in certain cases due + to uninitialized pointer being freed. + +* "git pull" on an unborn branch used to consider anything in the work + tree and the index discardable. + +* "git diff -b/w" did not work well on the incomplete line at the end of + the file, due to an incorrect hashing of lines in the low-level xdiff + routines. + +* "git checkout-index --prefix=$somewhere" used to work when $somewhere is + a symbolic link to a directory elsewhere, but v1.6.4.2 broke it. + +* "git unpack-objects --strict", invoked when receive.fsckobjects + configuration is set in the receiving repository of "git push", did not + properly check the objects, especially the submodule links, it received. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a90441 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +GIT v1.6.4 Release Notes +======================== + +With the next major release, "git push" into a branch that is +currently checked out will be refused by default. You can choose +what should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration +variable receive.denyCurrentBranch in the receiving repository. + +To ease the transition plan, the receiving repository of such a +push running this release will issue a big warning when the +configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + +for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the +transition plan. + +For a similar reason, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch +$killed in a remote repository $there, if $killed branch is the current +branch pointed at by its HEAD, gets a large warning. You can choose what +should happen upon such a push by setting the configuration variable +receive.denyDeleteCurrent in the receiving repository. + + +Updates since v1.6.3 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * gitweb Perl style clean-up. + + * git-svn updates, including a new --authors-prog option to map author + names by invoking an external program, 'git svn reset' to unwind + 'git svn fetch', support for more than one branches, documenting + of the useful --minimize-url feature, new "git svn gc" command, etc. + +(portability) + + * We feed iconv with "UTF-8" instead of "utf8"; the former is + understood more widely. Similarly updated test scripts to use + encoding names more widely understood (e.g. use "ISO8859-1" instead + of "ISO-8859-1"). + + * Various portability fixes/workarounds for different vintages of + SunOS, IRIX, and Windows. + + * Git-over-ssh transport on Windows supports PuTTY plink and TortoisePlink. + +(performance) + + * Many repeated use of lstat() are optimized out in "checkout" codepath. + + * git-status (and underlying git-diff-index --cached) are optimized + to take advantage of cache-tree information in the index. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * "git add --edit" lets users edit the whole patch text to fine-tune what + is added to the index. + + * "git am" accepts StGIT series file as its input. + + * "git bisect skip" skips to a more randomly chosen place in the hope + to avoid testing a commit that is too close to a commit that is + already known to be untestable. + + * "git cvsexportcommit" learned -k option to stop CVS keywords expansion + + * "git fast-export" learned to handle history simplification more + gracefully. + + * "git fast-export" learned an option --tag-of-filtered-object to handle + dangling tags resulting from history simplification more usefully. + + * "git grep" learned -p option to show the location of the match using the + same context hunk marker "git diff" uses. + + * https transport can optionally be told that the used client + certificate is password protected, in which case it asks the + password only once. + + * "git imap-send" is IPv6 aware. + + * "git log --graph" draws graphs more compactly by using horizontal lines + when able. + + * "git log --decorate" shows shorter refnames by stripping well-known + refs/* prefix. + + * "git push $name" honors remote.$name.pushurl if present before + using remote.$name.url. In other words, the URL used for fetching + and pushing can be different. + + * "git send-email" understands quoted aliases in .mailrc files (might + have to be backported to 1.6.3.X). + + * "git send-email" can fetch the sender address from the configuration + variable "sendmail.from" (and "sendmail.<identity>.from"). + + * "git show-branch" can color its output. + + * "add" and "update" subcommands to "git submodule" learned --reference + option to use local clone with references. + + * "git submodule update" learned --rebase option to update checked + out submodules by rebasing the local changes. + + * "gitweb" can optionally use gravatar to adorn author/committer names. + +(developers) + + * A major part of the "git bisect" wrapper has moved to C. + + * Formatting with the new version of AsciiDoc 8.4.1 is now supported. + +Fixes since v1.6.3 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.3.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. + +Here are fixes that this release has, but have not been backported to +v1.6.3.X series. + + * "git diff-tree -r -t" used to omit new or removed directories from + the output. df533f3 (diff-tree -r -t: include added/removed + directories in the output, 2009-06-13) may need to be cherry-picked + to backport this fix. + + * The way Git.pm sets up a Repository object was not friendly to callers + that chdir around. It now internally records the repository location + as an absolute path when autodetected. + + * Removing a section with "git config --remove-section", when its + section header has a variable definition on the same line, lost + that variable definition. + + * "git rebase -p --onto" used to always leave side branches of a merge + intact, even when both branches are subject to rewriting. + + * "git repack" used to faithfully follow grafts and considered true + parents recorded in the commit object unreachable from the commit. + After such a repacking, you cannot remove grafts without corrupting + the repository. + + * "git send-email" did not detect erroneous loops in alias expansion. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..309ba18 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +GIT v1.6.5.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5 +------------------ + + * An corrupt pack could make codepath to read objects into an + infinite loop. + + * Download throughput display was always shown in KiB/s but on fast links + it is more appropriate to show it in MiB/s. + + * "git grep -f filename" used uninitialized variable and segfaulted. + + * "git clone -b branch" gave a wrong commit object name to post-checkout + hook. + + * "git pull" over http did not work on msys. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa7ccce --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +GIT v1.6.5.2 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.1 +-------------------- + + * Installation of templates triggered a bug in busybox when using tar + implementation from it. + + * "git add -i" incorrectly ignored paths that are already in the index + if they matched .gitignore patterns. + + * "git describe --always" should have produced some output even there + were no tags in the repository, but it didn't. + + * "git ls-files" when showing tracked files incorrectly paid attention + to the exclude patterns. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2fad1b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Git v1.6.5.3 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.2 +-------------------- + + * info/grafts file didn't ignore trailing CR at the end of lines. + + * Packages generated on newer FC were unreadable by older versions of + RPM as the new default is to use stronger hash. + + * output from "git blame" was unreadable when the file ended in an + incomplete line. + + * "git add -i/-p" didn't handle deletion of empty files correctly. + + * "git clone" takes up to two parameters, but did not complain when + given more arguments than necessary and silently ignored them. + + * "git cvsimport" did not read files given as command line arguments + correctly when it is run from a subdirectory. + + * "git diff --color-words -U0" didn't work correctly. + + * The handling of blank lines at the end of file by "git diff/apply + --whitespace" was inconsistent with the other kinds of errors. + They are now colored, warned against, and fixed the same way as others. + + * There was no way to allow blank lines at the end of file without + allowing extra blanks at the end of lines. You can use blank-at-eof + and blank-at-eol whitespace error class to specify them separately. + The old trailing-space error class is now a short-hand to set both. + + * "-p" option to "git format-patch" was supposed to suppress diffstat + generation, but it was broken since 1.6.1. + + * "git imap-send" did not compile cleanly with newer OpenSSL. + + * "git help -a" outside of a git repository was broken. + + * "git ls-files -i" was supposed to be inverse of "git ls-files" without -i + with respect to exclude patterns, but it was broken since 1.6.5.2. + + * "git ls-remote" outside of a git repository over http was broken. + + * "git rebase -i" gave bogus error message when the command word was + misspelled. + + * "git receive-pack" that is run in response to "git push" did not run + garbage collection nor update-server-info, but in larger hosting sites, + these almost always need to be run. To help site administrators, the + command now runs "gc --auto" and "u-s-i" by setting receive.autogc + and receive.updateserverinfo configuration variables, respectively. + + * Release notes spelled the package name with incorrect capitalization. + + * "gitweb" did not escape non-ascii characters correctly in the URL. + + * "gitweb" showed "patch" link even for merge commits. + + * "gitweb" showed incorrect links for blob line numbers in pathinfo mode. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e42f8b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Git v1.6.5.4 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.3 +-------------------- + + * "git help" (without argument) used to check if you are in a directory + under git control. There was no breakage in behaviour per-se, but this + was unnecessary. + + * "git prune-packed" gave progress output even when its standard error is + not connected to a terminal; this caused cron jobs that run it to + produce crufts. + + * "git pack-objects --all-progress" is an option to ask progress output + from write-object phase _if_ progress output were to be produced, and + shouldn't have forced the progress output. + + * "git apply -p<n> --directory=<elsewhere>" did not work well for a + non-default value of n. + + * "git merge foo HEAD" was misparsed as an old-style invocation of the + command and produced a confusing error message. As it does not specify + any other branch to merge, it shouldn't be mistaken as such. We will + remove the old style "git merge <message> HEAD <commit>..." syntax in + future versions, but not in this release, + + * "git merge -m <message> <branch>..." added the standard merge message + on its own after user-supplied message, which should have overrided the + standard one. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ecfc57d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Git v1.6.5.5 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.4 +-------------------- + + * Manual pages can be formatted with older xmlto again. + + * GREP_OPTIONS exported from user's environment could have broken + our scripted commands. + + * In configuration files, a few variables that name paths can begin with + ~/ and ~username/ and they are expanded as expected. This is not a + bugfix but 1.6.6 will have this and without backporting users cannot + easily use the same ~/.gitconfig across versions. + + * "git diff -B -M" did the same computation to hash lines of contents + twice, and held onto memory after it has used the data in it + unnecessarily before it freed. + + * "git diff -B" and "git diff --dirstat" was not counting newly added + contents correctly. + + * "git format-patch revisions... -- path" issued an incorrect error + message that suggested to use "--" on the command line when path + does not exist in the current work tree (it is a separate matter if + it makes sense to limit format-patch with pathspecs like that + without using the --full-diff option). + + * "git grep -F -i StRiNg" did not work as expected. + + * Enumeration of available merge strategies iterated over the list of + commands in a wrong way, sometimes producing an incorrect result. + + * "git shortlog" did not honor the "encoding" header embedded in the + commit object like "git log" did. + + * Reading progress messages that come from the remote side while running + "git pull" is given precedence over reading the actual pack data to + prevent garbled progress message on the user's terminal. + + * "git rebase" got confused when the log message began with certain + strings that looked like Subject:, Date: or From: header. + + * "git reset" accidentally run in .git/ directory checked out the + work tree contents in there. + + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9eaf76 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +Git v1.6.5.6 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.5 +-------------------- + + * "git add -p" had a regression since v1.6.5.3 that broke deletion of + non-empty files. + + * "git archive -o o.zip -- Makefile" produced an archive in o.zip + but in POSIX tar format. + + * Error message given to "git pull --rebase" when the user didn't give + enough clue as to what branch to integrate with still talked about + "merging with" the branch. + + * Error messages given by "git merge" when the merge resulted in a + fast-forward still were in plumbing lingo, even though in v1.6.5 + we reworded messages in other cases. + + * The post-upload-hook run by upload-pack in response to "git fetch" has + been removed, due to security concerns (the hook first appeared in + 1.6.5). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b49ea5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Git v1.6.5.7 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.6 +-------------------- + +* If a user specifies a color for a <slot> (i.e. a class of things to show + in a particular color) that is known only by newer versions of git + (e.g. "color.diff.func" was recently added for upcoming 1.6.6 release), + an older version of git should just ignore them. Instead we diagnosed + it as an error. + +* With help.autocorrect set to non-zero value, the logic to guess typoes + in the subcommand name misfired and ran a random nonsense command. + +* If a command is run with an absolute path as a pathspec inside a bare + repository, e.g. "rev-list HEAD -- /home", the code tried to run + strlen() on NULL, which is the result of get_git_work_tree(), and + segfaulted. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b24beb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +Git v1.6.5.8 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.5.7 +-------------------- + +* "git count-objects" did not handle packfiles that are bigger than 4G on + platforms with 32-bit off_t. + +* "git rebase -i" did not abort cleanly if it failed to launch the editor. + +* "git blame" did not work well when commit lacked the author name. + +* "git fast-import" choked when handling a tag that points at an object + that is not a commit. + +* "git reset --hard" did not work correctly when GIT_WORK_TREE environment + variable is used to point at the root of the true work tree. + +* "git grep" fed a buffer that is not NUL-terminated to underlying + regexec(). + +* "git checkout -m other" while on a branch that does not have any commit + segfaulted, instead of failing. + +* "git branch -a other" should have diagnosed the command as an error. + +Other minor documentation updates are also included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee141c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +GIT v1.6.5 Release Notes +======================== + +In git 1.7.0, which was planned to be the release after 1.6.5, "git +push" into a branch that is currently checked out will be refused by +default. + +You can choose what should happen upon such a push by setting the +configuration variable receive.denyCurrentBranch in the receiving +repository. + +Also, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch $killed in a remote +repository $there, when $killed branch is the current branch pointed at by +its HEAD, will be refused by default. + +You can choose what should happen upon such a push by setting the +configuration variable receive.denyDeleteCurrent in the receiving +repository. + +To ease the transition plan, the receiving repository of such a +push running this release will issue a big warning when the +configuration variable is missing. Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + +for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the +transition plan. + +Updates since v1.6.4 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * various updates to gitk, git-svn and gitweb. + +(portability) + + * more improvements on mingw port. + + * mingw will also give FRSX as the default value for the LESS + environment variable when the user does not have one. + + * initial support to compile git on Windows with MSVC. + +(performance) + + * On major platforms, the system can be compiled to use with Linus's + block-sha1 implementation of the SHA-1 hash algorithm, which + outperforms the default fallback implementation we borrowed from + Mozilla. + + * Unnecessary inefficiency in deepening of a shallow repository has + been removed. + + * "git clone" does not grab objects that it does not need (i.e. + referenced only from refs outside refs/heads and refs/tags + hierarchy) anymore. + + * The "git" main binary used to link with libcurl, which then dragged + in a large number of external libraries. When using basic plumbing + commands in scripts, this unnecessarily slowed things down. We now + implement http/https/ftp transfer as a separate executable as we + used to. + + * "git clone" run locally hardlinks or copies the files in .git/ to + newly created repository. It used to give new mtime to copied files, + but this delayed garbage collection to trigger unnecessarily in the + cloned repository. We now preserve mtime for these files to avoid + this issue. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * Human writable date format to various options, e.g. --since=yesterday, + master@{2000.09.17}, are taught to infer some omitted input properly. + + * A few programs gave verbose "advice" messages to help uninitiated + people when issuing error messages. An infrastructure to allow + users to squelch them has been introduced, and a few such messages + can be silenced now. + + * refs/replace/ hierarchy is designed to be usable as a replacement + of the "grafts" mechanism, with the added advantage that it can be + transferred across repositories. + + * "git am" learned to optionally ignore whitespace differences. + + * "git am" handles input e-mail files that has CRLF line endings sensibly. + + * "git am" learned "--scissors" option to allow you to discard early part + of an incoming e-mail. + + * "git archive -o output.zip" works without being told what format to + use with an explicit "--format=zip".option. + + * "git checkout", "git reset" and "git stash" learned to pick and + choose to use selected changes you made, similar to "git add -p". + + * "git clone" learned a "-b" option to pick a HEAD to check out + different from the remote's default branch. + + * "git clone" learned --recursive option. + + * "git clone" from a local repository on a different filesystem used to + copy individual object files without preserving the old timestamp, giving + them extra lifetime in the new repository until they gc'ed. + + * "git commit --dry-run $args" is a new recommended way to ask "what would + happen if I try to commit with these arguments." + + * "git commit --dry-run" and "git status" shows conflicted paths in a + separate section to make them easier to spot during a merge. + + * "git cvsimport" now supports password-protected pserver access even + when the password is not taken from ~/.cvspass file. + + * "git fast-export" learned --no-data option that can be useful when + reordering commits and trees without touching the contents of + blobs. + + * "git fast-import" has a pair of new front-end in contrib/ area. + + * "git init" learned to mkdir/chdir into a directory when given an + extra argument (i.e. "git init this"). + + * "git instaweb" optionally can use mongoose as the web server. + + * "git log --decorate" can optionally be told with --decorate=full to + give the reference name in full. + + * "git merge" issued an unnecessarily scary message when it detected + that the merge may have to touch the path that the user has local + uncommitted changes to. The message has been reworded to make it + clear that the command aborted, without doing any harm. + + * "git push" can be told to be --quiet. + + * "git push" pays attention to url.$base.pushInsteadOf and uses a URL + that is derived from the URL used for fetching. + + * informational output from "git reset" that lists the locally modified + paths is made consistent with that of "git checkout $another_branch". + + * "git submodule" learned to give submodule name to scripts run with + "foreach" subcommand. + + * various subcommands to "git submodule" learned --recursive option. + + * "git submodule summary" learned --files option to compare the work + tree vs the commit bound at submodule path, instead of comparing + the index. + + * "git upload-pack", which is the server side support for "git clone" and + "git fetch", can call a new post-upload-pack hook for statistics purposes. + +(developers) + + * With GIT_TEST_OPTS="--root=/p/a/t/h", tests can be run outside the + source directory; using tmpfs may give faster turnaround. + + * With NO_PERL_MAKEMAKER set, DESTDIR= is now honoured, so you can + build for one location, and install into another location to tar it + up. + +Fixes since v1.6.4 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.4.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f1d0a4a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Git v1.6.6.1 Release Notes +========================== + +Fixes since v1.6.6 +------------------ + + * "git blame" did not work well when commit lacked the author name. + + * "git branch -a name" wasn't diagnosed as an error. + + * "git count-objects" did not handle packfiles that are bigger than 4G on + platforms with 32-bit off_t. + + * "git checkout -m other" while on a branch that does not have any commit + segfaulted, instead of failing. + + * "git fast-import" choked when fed a tag that do not point at a + commit. + + * "git grep" finding from work tree files could have fed garbage to + the underlying regexec(3). + + * "git grep -L" didn't show empty files (they should never match, and + they should always appear in -L output as unmatching). + + * "git rebase -i" did not abort cleanly if it failed to launch the editor. + + * "git reset --hard" did not work correctly when GIT_WORK_TREE environment + variable is used to point at the root of the true work tree. + + * http-backend was not listed in the command list in the documentation. + + * Building on FreeBSD (both 7 and 8) needs OLD_ICONV set in the Makefile + + * "git checkout -m some-branch" while on an unborn branch crashed. + +Other minor documentation updates are included. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04e205c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes-1.6.6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +Git v1.6.6 Release Notes +======================== + +Notes on behaviour change +------------------------- + + * In this release, "git fsck" defaults to "git fsck --full" and + checks packfiles, and because of this it will take much longer to + complete than before. If you prefer a quicker check only on loose + objects (the old default), you can say "git fsck --no-full". This + has been supported by 1.5.4 and newer versions of git, so it is + safe to write it in your script even if you use slightly older git + on some of your machines. + +Preparing yourselves for compatibility issues in 1.7.0 +------------------------------------------------------ + +In git 1.7.0, which is planned to be the release after 1.6.6, there will +be a handful of behaviour changes that will break backward compatibility. + +These changes were discussed long time ago and existing behaviours have +been identified as more problematic to the userbase than keeping them for +the sake of backward compatibility. + +When necessary, a transition strategy for existing users has been designed +not to force them running around setting configuration variables and +updating their scripts in order to either keep the traditional behaviour +or adjust to the new behaviour, on the day their sysadmin decides to install +the new version of git. When we switched from "git-foo" to "git foo" in +1.6.0, even though the change had been advertised and the transition +guide had been provided for a very long time, the users procrastinated +during the entire transtion period, and ended up panicking on the day +their sysadmins updated their git installation. We are trying to avoid +repeating that unpleasantness in the 1.7.0 release. + +For changes decided to be in 1.7.0, commands that will be affected +have been much louder to strongly discourage such procrastination, and +they continue to be in this release. If you have been using recent +versions of git, you would have seen warnings issued when you used +features whose behaviour will change, with a clear instruction on how +to keep the existing behaviour if you want to. You hopefully are +already well prepared. + +Of course, we have also been giving "this and that will change in +1.7.0; prepare yourselves" warnings in the release notes and +announcement messages for the past few releases. Let's see how well +users will fare this time. + + * "git push" into a branch that is currently checked out (i.e. pointed by + HEAD in a repository that is not bare) will be refused by default. + + Similarly, "git push $there :$killed" to delete the branch $killed + in a remote repository $there, when $killed branch is the current + branch pointed at by its HEAD, will be refused by default. + + Setting the configuration variables receive.denyCurrentBranch and + receive.denyDeleteCurrent to 'ignore' in the receiving repository + can be used to override these safety features. Versions of git + since 1.6.2 have issued a loud warning when you tried to do these + operations without setting the configuration, so repositories of + people who still need to be able to perform such a push should + already have been future proofed. + + Please refer to: + + http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/GitFaq#non-bare + http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/107758/focus=108007 + + for more details on the reason why this change is needed and the + transition process that already took place so far. + + * "git send-email" will not make deep threads by default when sending a + patch series with more than two messages. All messages will be sent + as a reply to the first message, i.e. cover letter. Git 1.6.6 (this + release) will issue a warning about the upcoming default change, when + it uses the traditional "deep threading" behaviour as the built-in + default. To squelch the warning but still use the "deep threading" + behaviour, give --chain-reply-to option or set sendemail.chainreplyto + to true. + + It has been possible to configure send-email to send "shallow thread" + by setting sendemail.chainreplyto configuration variable to false. + The only thing 1.7.0 release will do is to change the default when + you haven't configured that variable. + + * "git status" will not be "git commit --dry-run". This change does not + affect you if you run the command without pathspec. + + Nobody sane found the current behaviour of "git status Makefile" useful + nor meaningful, and it confused users. "git commit --dry-run" has been + provided as a way to get the current behaviour of this command since + 1.6.5. + + * "git diff" traditionally treated various "ignore whitespace" options + only as a way to filter the patch output. "git diff --exit-code -b" + exited with non-zero status even if all changes were about changing the + ammount of whitespace and nothing else. and "git diff -b" showed the + "diff --git" header line for such a change without patch text. + + In 1.7.0, the "ignore whitespaces" will affect the semantics of the + diff operation itself. A change that does not affect anything but + whitespaces will be reported with zero exit status when run with + --exit-code, and there will not be "diff --git" header for such a + change. + + +Updates since v1.6.5 +-------------------- + +(subsystems) + + * various gitk updates including use of themed widgets under Tk 8.5, + Japanese translation, a fix to a bug when running "gui blame" from + a subdirectory, etc. + + * various git-gui updates including new translations, wm states fixes, + Tk bug workaround after quitting, improved heuristics to trigger gc, + etc. + + * various git-svn updates. + + * "git fetch" over http learned a new mode that is different from the + traditional "dumb commit walker". + +(portability) + + * imap-send can be built on mingw port. + +(performance) + + * "git diff -B" has smaller memory footprint. + +(usability, bells and whistles) + + * The object replace mechanism can be bypassed with --no-replace-objects + global option given to the "git" program. + + * In configuration files, a few variables that name paths can begin with ~/ + and ~username/ and they are expanded as expected. + + * "git subcmd -h" now shows short usage help for many more subcommands. + + * "git bisect reset" can reset to an arbitrary commit. + + * "git checkout frotz" when there is no local branch "frotz" but there + is only one remote tracking branch "frotz" is taken as a request to + start the named branch at the corresponding remote tracking branch. + + * "git commit -c/-C/--amend" can be told with a new "--reset-author" option + to ignore authorship information in the commit it is taking the message + from. + + * "git describe" can be told to add "-dirty" suffix with "--dirty" option. + + * "git diff" learned --submodule option to show a list of one-line logs + instead of differences between the commit object names. + + * "git diff" learned to honor diff.color.func configuration to paint + function name hint printed on the hunk header "@@ -j,k +l,m @@" line + in the specified color. + + * "git fetch" learned --all and --multiple options, to run fetch from + many repositories, and --prune option to remove remote tracking + branches that went stale. These make "git remote update" and "git + remote prune" less necessary (there is no plan to remove "remote + update" nor "remote prune", though). + + * "git fsck" by default checks the packfiles (i.e. "--full" is the + default); you can turn it off with "git fsck --no-full". + + * "git grep" can use -F (fixed strings) and -i (ignore case) together. + + * import-tars contributed fast-import frontend learned more types of + compressed tarballs. + + * "git instaweb" knows how to talk with mod_cgid to apache2. + + * "git log --decorate" shows the location of HEAD as well. + + * "git log" and "git rev-list" learned to take revs and pathspecs from + the standard input with the new "--stdin" option. + + * "--pretty=format" option to "log" family of commands learned: + + . to wrap text with the "%w()" specifier. + . to show reflog information with "%g[sdD]" specifier. + + * "git notes" command to annotate existing commits. + + * "git merge" (and "git pull") learned --ff-only option to make it fail + if the merge does not result in a fast-forward. + + * "git mergetool" learned to use p4merge. + + * "git rebase -i" learned "reword" that acts like "edit" but immediately + starts an editor to tweak the log message without returning control to + the shell, which is done by "edit" to give an opportunity to tweak the + contents. + + * "git send-email" can be told with "--envelope-sender=auto" to use the + same address as "From:" address as the envelope sender address. + + * "git send-email" will issue a warning when it defaults to the + --chain-reply-to behaviour without being told by the user and + instructs to prepare for the change of the default in 1.7.0 release. + + * In "git submodule add <repository> <path>", <path> is now optional and + inferred from <repository> the same way "git clone <repository>" does. + + * "git svn" learned to read SVN 1.5+ and SVK merge tickets. + + * "git svn" learned to recreate empty directories tracked only by SVN. + + * "gitweb" can optionally render its "blame" output incrementally (this + requires JavaScript on the client side). + + * Author names shown in gitweb output are links to search commits by the + author. + +Fixes since v1.6.5 +------------------ + +All of the fixes in v1.6.5.X maintenance series are included in this +release, unless otherwise noted. diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index 0e155c9..c686f86 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -6,9 +6,13 @@ Checklist (and a short version for the impatient): - check for unnecessary whitespace with "git diff --check" before committing - do not check in commented out code or unneeded files - - provide a meaningful commit message - the first line of the commit message should be a short description and should skip the full stop + - the body should provide a meaningful commit message, which: + - uses the imperative, present tense: "change", + not "changed" or "changes". + - includes motivation for the change, and contrasts + its implementation with previous behaviour - if you want your work included in git.git, add a "Signed-off-by: Your Name <you@example.com>" line to the commit message (or just use the option "-s" when @@ -62,6 +66,14 @@ Describe the technical detail of the change(s). If your description starts to get too long, that's a sign that you probably need to split up your commit to finer grained pieces. +That being said, patches which plainly describe the things that +help reviewers check the patch, and future maintainers understand +the code, are the most beautiful patches. Descriptions that summarise +the point in the subject well, and describe the motivation for the +change, the approach taken by the change, and if relevant how this +differs substantially from the prior version, can be found on Usenet +archives back into the late 80's. Consider it like good Netiquette, +but for code. Oh, another thing. I am picky about whitespaces. Make sure your changes do not trigger errors with the sample pre-commit hook shipped @@ -71,7 +83,7 @@ run git diff --check on your changes before you commit. (1a) Try to be nice to older C compilers -We try to support wide range of C compilers to compile +We try to support a wide range of C compilers to compile git with. That means that you should not use C99 initializers, even if a lot of compilers grok it. @@ -222,6 +234,9 @@ D-C-O. Indeed you are encouraged to do so. Do not forget to place an in-body "From: " line at the beginning to properly attribute the change to its true author (see (2) above). +Also notice that a real name is used in the Signed-off-by: line. Please +don't hide your real name. + Some people also put extra tags at the end. "Acked-by:" says that the patch was reviewed by the person who @@ -265,6 +280,20 @@ people play with it without having to pick up and apply the patch to their trees themselves. ------------------------------------------------ +Know the status of your patch after submission + +* You can use Git itself to find out when your patch is merged in + master. 'git pull --rebase' will automatically skip already-applied + patches, and will let you know. This works only if you rebase on top + of the branch in which your patch has been merged (i.e. it will not + tell you if your patch is merged in pu if you rebase on top of + master). + +* Read the git mailing list, the maintainer regularly posts messages + entitled "What's cooking in git.git" and "What's in git.git" giving + the status of various proposed changes. + +------------------------------------------------ MUA specific hints Some of patches I receive or pick up from the list share common @@ -301,7 +330,7 @@ If it does not apply correctly, there can be various reasons. patch appropriately. * Your MUA corrupted your patch; "am" would complain that - the patch does not apply. Look at .dotest/ subdirectory and + the patch does not apply. Look at .git/rebase-apply/ subdirectory and see what 'patch' file contains and check for the common corruption patterns mentioned above. @@ -373,9 +402,36 @@ Thunderbird (A Large Angry SCM) +By default, Thunderbird will both wrap emails as well as flag them as +being 'format=flowed', both of which will make the resulting email unusable +by git. + Here are some hints on how to successfully submit patches inline using Thunderbird. +There are two different approaches. One approach is to configure +Thunderbird to not mangle patches. The second approach is to use +an external editor to keep Thunderbird from mangling the patches. + +Approach #1 (configuration): + +This recipe is current as of Thunderbird 2.0.0.19. Three steps: + 1. Configure your mail server composition as plain text + Edit...Account Settings...Composition & Addressing, + uncheck 'Compose Messages in HTML'. + 2. Configure your general composition window to not wrap + Edit..Preferences..Composition, wrap plain text messages at 0 + 3. Disable the use of format=flowed + Edit..Preferences..Advanced..Config Editor. Search for: + mailnews.send_plaintext_flowed + toggle it to make sure it is set to 'false'. + +After that is done, you should be able to compose email as you +otherwise would (cut + paste, git-format-patch | git-imap-send, etc), +and the patches should not be mangled. + +Approach #2 (external editor): + This recipe appears to work with the current [*1*] Thunderbird from Suse. The following Thunderbird extensions are needed: @@ -419,6 +475,11 @@ settings but I haven't tried, yet. mail.identity.default.compose_html => false mail.identity.id?.compose_html => false +(Lukas Sandström) + +There is a script in contrib/thunderbird-patch-inline which can help +you include patches with Thunderbird in an easy way. To use it, do the +steps above and then use the script as the external editor. Gnus ---- @@ -451,3 +512,40 @@ This should help you to submit patches inline using KMail. 5) Back in the compose window: add whatever other text you wish to the message, complete the addressing and subject fields, and press send. + + +Gmail +----- + +GMail does not appear to have any way to turn off line wrapping in the web +interface, so this will mangle any emails that you send. You can however +use any IMAP email client to connect to the google imap server, and forward +the emails through that. Just make sure to disable line wrapping in that +email client. Alternatively, use "git send-email" instead. + +Submitting properly formatted patches via Gmail is simple now that +IMAP support is available. First, edit your ~/.gitconfig to specify your +account settings: + +[imap] + folder = "[Gmail]/Drafts" + host = imaps://imap.gmail.com + user = user@gmail.com + pass = p4ssw0rd + port = 993 + sslverify = false + +You might need to instead use: folder = "[Google Mail]/Drafts" if you get an error +that the "Folder doesn't exist". + +Next, ensure that your Gmail settings are correct. In "Settings" the +"Use Unicode (UTF-8) encoding for outgoing messages" should be checked. + +Once your commits are ready to send to the mailing list, run the following +command to send the patch emails to your Gmail Drafts folder. + + $ git format-patch -M --stdout origin/master | git imap-send + +Go to your Gmail account, open the Drafts folder, find the patch email, fill +in the To: and CC: fields and send away! + diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoc.conf b/Documentation/asciidoc.conf index 10c1a15..87a90f2 100644 --- a/Documentation/asciidoc.conf +++ b/Documentation/asciidoc.conf @@ -7,12 +7,17 @@ # Show GIT link as: <command>(<section>); if section is defined, else just show # the command. +[macros] +(?su)[\\]?(?P<name>linkgit):(?P<target>\S*?)\[(?P<attrlist>.*?)\]= + [attributes] +asterisk=* plus=+ caret=^ startsb=[ endsb=] tilde=~ +backtick=` ifdef::backend-docbook[] [linkgit-inlinemacro] @@ -23,7 +28,7 @@ ifdef::backend-docbook[] endif::backend-docbook[] ifdef::backend-docbook[] -ifndef::docbook-xsl-172[] +ifndef::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] # "unbreak" docbook-xsl v1.68 for manpages. v1.69 works with or without this. # v1.72 breaks with this because it replaces dots not in roff requests. [listingblock] @@ -38,7 +43,28 @@ ifdef::doctype-manpage[] endif::doctype-manpage[] </literallayout> {title#}</example> -endif::docbook-xsl-172[] +endif::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] + +ifdef::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] +ifdef::doctype-manpage[] +# The following two small workarounds insert a simple paragraph after screen +[listingblock] +<example><title>{title}</title> +<literallayout> +| +</literallayout><simpara></simpara> +{title#}</example> + +[verseblock] +<formalpara{id? id="{id}"}><title>{title}</title><para> +{title%}<literallayout{id? id="{id}"}> +{title#}<literallayout> +| +</literallayout> +{title#}</para></formalpara> +{title%}<simpara></simpara> +endif::doctype-manpage[] +endif::git-asciidoc-no-roff[] endif::backend-docbook[] ifdef::doctype-manpage[] diff --git a/Documentation/blame-options.txt b/Documentation/blame-options.txt index c11bb7d..4833cac 100644 --- a/Documentation/blame-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/blame-options.txt @@ -39,15 +39,30 @@ of lines before or after the line given by <start>. Show raw timestamp (Default: off). -S <revs-file>:: - Use revs from revs-file instead of calling linkgit:git-rev-list[1]. + Use revisions from revs-file instead of calling linkgit:git-rev-list[1]. --p, --porcelain:: +--reverse:: + Walk history forward instead of backward. Instead of showing + the revision in which a line appeared, this shows the last + revision in which a line has existed. This requires a range of + revision like START..END where the path to blame exists in + START. + +-p:: +--porcelain:: Show in a format designed for machine consumption. --incremental:: Show the result incrementally in a format designed for machine consumption. +--encoding=<encoding>:: + Specifies the encoding used to output author names + and commit summaries. Setting it to `none` makes blame + output unconverted data. For more information see the + discussion about encoding in the linkgit:git-log[1] + manual page. + --contents <file>:: When <rev> is not specified, the command annotates the changes starting backwards from the working tree copy. @@ -55,11 +70,19 @@ of lines before or after the line given by <start>. tree copy has the contents of the named file (specify `-` to make the command read from the standard input). +--date <format>:: + The value is one of the following alternatives: + {relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short}. If --date is not + provided, the value of the blame.date config variable is + used. If the blame.date config variable is also not set, the + iso format is used. For more information, See the discussion + of the --date option at linkgit:git-log[1]. + -M|<num>|:: Detect moving lines in the file as well. When a commit moves a block of lines in a file (e.g. the original file has A and then B, and the commit changes it to B and - then A), traditional 'blame' algorithm typically blames + then A), the traditional 'blame' algorithm typically blames the lines that were moved up (i.e. B) to the parent and assigns blame to the lines that were moved down (i.e. A) to the child commit. With this option, both groups of lines @@ -75,13 +98,16 @@ commit. files that were modified in the same commit. This is useful when you reorganize your program and move code around across files. When this option is given twice, - the command looks for copies from all other files in the - parent for the commit that creates the file in addition. + the command additionally looks for copies from other + files in the commit that creates the file. When this + option is given three times, the command additionally + looks for copies from other files in any commit. + <num> is optional but it is the lower bound on the number of alphanumeric characters that git must detect as moving between files for it to associate those lines with the parent commit. --h, --help:: +-h:: +--help:: Show help message. diff --git a/Documentation/callouts.xsl b/Documentation/callouts.xsl deleted file mode 100644 index 6a361a2..0000000 --- a/Documentation/callouts.xsl +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -<!-- callout.xsl: converts asciidoc callouts to man page format --> -<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"> -<xsl:template match="co"> - <xsl:value-of select="concat('\fB(',substring-after(@id,'-'),')\fR')"/> -</xsl:template> -<xsl:template match="calloutlist"> - <xsl:text>.sp </xsl:text> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:text> </xsl:text> -</xsl:template> -<xsl:template match="callout"> - <xsl:value-of select="concat('\fB',substring-after(@arearefs,'-'),'. \fR')"/> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:text>.br </xsl:text> -</xsl:template> - -<!-- sorry, this is not about callouts, but attempts to work around - spurious .sp at the tail of the line docbook stylesheets seem to add --> -<xsl:template match="simpara"> - <xsl:variable name="content"> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - </xsl:variable> - <xsl:value-of select="normalize-space($content)"/> - <xsl:if test="not(ancestor::authorblurb) and - not(ancestor::personblurb)"> - <xsl:text> </xsl:text> - </xsl:if> -</xsl:template> - -</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/cat-texi.perl b/Documentation/cat-texi.perl index e3d8e9f..828ec62 100755 --- a/Documentation/cat-texi.perl +++ b/Documentation/cat-texi.perl @@ -11,15 +11,19 @@ while (<STDIN>) { if (s/^\@top (.*)/\@node $1,,,Top/) { push @menu, $1; } - s/\(\@pxref{\[URLS\]}\)//; + s/\(\@pxref{\[(URLS|REMOTES)\]}\)//; print TMP; } close TMP; printf '\input texinfo @setfilename gitman.info -@documentencoding us-ascii -@node Top,,%s +@documentencoding UTF-8 +@dircategory Development +@direntry +* Git Man Pages: (gitman). Manual pages for Git revision control system +@end direntry +@node Top,,, (dir) @top Git Manual Pages @documentlanguage en @menu diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt index 00f089f..f7728ec 100644 --- a/Documentation/config.txt +++ b/Documentation/config.txt @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ CONFIGURATION FILE ------------------ The git configuration file contains a number of variables that affect -the git command's behavior. `.git/config` file for each repository -is used to store the information for that repository, and -`$HOME/.gitconfig` is used to store per user information to give -fallback values for `.git/config` file. The file `/etc/gitconfig` -can be used to store system-wide defaults. - -They can be used by both the git plumbing -and the porcelains. The variables are divided into sections, where -in the fully qualified variable name the variable itself is the last +the git command's behavior. The `.git/config` file in each repository +is used to store the configuration for that repository, and +`$HOME/.gitconfig` is used to store a per-user configuration as +fallback values for the `.git/config` file. The file `/etc/gitconfig` +can be used to store a system-wide default configuration. + +The configuration variables are used by both the git plumbing +and the porcelains. The variables are divided into sections, wherein +the fully qualified variable name of the variable itself is the last dot-separated segment and the section name is everything before the last dot. The variable names are case-insensitive and only alphanumeric characters are allowed. Some variables may appear multiple times. @@ -25,35 +25,36 @@ blank lines are ignored. The file consists of sections and variables. A section begins with the name of the section in square brackets and continues until the next section begins. Section names are not case sensitive. Only alphanumeric -characters, '`-`' and '`.`' are allowed in section names. Each variable -must belong to some section, which means that there must be section -header before first setting of a variable. +characters, `-` and `.` are allowed in section names. Each variable +must belong to some section, which means that there must be a section +header before the first setting of a variable. Sections can be further divided into subsections. To begin a subsection put its name in double quotes, separated by space from the section name, -in the section header, like in example below: +in the section header, like in the example below: -------- [section "subsection"] -------- -Subsection names can contain any characters except newline (doublequote -'`"`' and backslash have to be escaped as '`\"`' and '`\\`', -respectively) and are case sensitive. Section header cannot span multiple +Subsection names are case sensitive and can contain any characters except +newline (doublequote `"` and backslash have to be escaped as `\"` and `\\`, +respectively). Section headers cannot span multiple lines. Variables may belong directly to a section or to a given subsection. You can have `[section]` if you have `[section "subsection"]`, but you don't need to. -There is also (case insensitive) alternative `[section.subsection]` syntax. -In this syntax subsection names follow the same restrictions as for section -name. +There is also a case insensitive alternative `[section.subsection]` syntax. +In this syntax, subsection names follow the same restrictions as for section +names. -All the other lines are recognized as setting variables, in the form +All the other lines (and the remainder of the line after the section +header) are recognized as setting variables, in the form 'name = value'. If there is no equal sign on the line, the entire line is taken as 'name' and the variable is recognized as boolean "true". The variable names are case-insensitive and only alphanumeric -characters and '`-`' are allowed. There can be more than one value +characters and `-` are allowed. There can be more than one value for a given variable; we say then that variable is multivalued. Leading and trailing whitespace in a variable value is discarded. @@ -61,26 +62,26 @@ Internal whitespace within a variable value is retained verbatim. The values following the equals sign in variable assign are all either a string, an integer, or a boolean. Boolean values may be given as yes/no, -0/1 or true/false. Case is not significant in boolean values, when +0/1, true/false or on/off. Case is not significant in boolean values, when converting value to the canonical form using '--bool' type specifier; -`git-config` will ensure that the output is "true" or "false". +'git-config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false". String values may be entirely or partially enclosed in double quotes. -You need to enclose variable value in double quotes if you want to -preserve leading or trailing whitespace, or if variable value contains -beginning of comment characters (if it contains '#' or ';'). -Double quote '`"`' and backslash '`\`' characters in variable value must -be escaped: use '`\"`' for '`"`' and '`\\`' for '`\`'. - -The following escape sequences (beside '`\"`' and '`\\`') are recognized: -'`\n`' for newline character (NL), '`\t`' for horizontal tabulation (HT, TAB) -and '`\b`' for backspace (BS). No other char escape sequence, nor octal +You need to enclose variable values in double quotes if you want to +preserve leading or trailing whitespace, or if the variable value contains +comment characters (i.e. it contains '#' or ';'). +Double quote `"` and backslash `\` characters in variable values must +be escaped: use `\"` for `"` and `\\` for `\`. + +The following escape sequences (beside `\"` and `\\`) are recognized: +`\n` for newline character (NL), `\t` for horizontal tabulation (HT, TAB) +and `\b` for backspace (BS). No other char escape sequence, nor octal char sequences are valid. -Variable value ending in a '`\`' is continued on the next line in the +Variable values ending in a `\` are continued on the next line in the customary UNIX fashion. -Some variables may require special value format. +Some variables may require a special value format. Example ~~~~~~~ @@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ Example # Our diff algorithm [diff] - external = "/usr/local/bin/gnu-diff -u" + external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper renames = true [branch "devel"] @@ -112,14 +113,67 @@ For command-specific variables, you will find a more detailed description in the appropriate manual page. You will find a description of non-core porcelain configuration variables in the respective porcelain documentation. +advice.*:: + When set to 'true', display the given optional help message. + When set to 'false', do not display. The configuration variables + are: ++ +-- + pushNonFastForward:: + Advice shown when linkgit:git-push[1] refuses + non-fast-forward refs. Default: true. + statusHints:: + Directions on how to stage/unstage/add shown in the + output of linkgit:git-status[1] and the template shown + when writing commit messages. Default: true. + commitBeforeMerge:: + Advice shown when linkgit:git-merge[1] refuses to + merge to avoid overwritting local changes. + Default: true. +-- + core.fileMode:: If false, the executable bit differences between the index and the working copy are ignored; useful on broken filesystems like FAT. + See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. ++ +The default is true, except linkgit:git-clone[1] or linkgit:git-init[1] +will probe and set core.fileMode false if appropriate when the +repository is created. + +core.ignoreCygwinFSTricks:: + This option is only used by Cygwin implementation of Git. If false, + the Cygwin stat() and lstat() functions are used. This may be useful + if your repository consists of a few separate directories joined in + one hierarchy using Cygwin mount. If true, Git uses native Win32 API + whenever it is possible and falls back to Cygwin functions only to + handle symbol links. The native mode is more than twice faster than + normal Cygwin l/stat() functions. True by default, unless core.filemode + is true, in which case ignoreCygwinFSTricks is ignored as Cygwin's + POSIX emulation is required to support core.filemode. + +core.ignorecase:: + If true, this option enables various workarounds to enable + git to work better on filesystems that are not case sensitive, + like FAT. For example, if a directory listing finds + "makefile" when git expects "Makefile", git will assume + it is really the same file, and continue to remember it as + "Makefile". ++ +The default is false, except linkgit:git-clone[1] or linkgit:git-init[1] +will probe and set core.ignorecase true if appropriate when the repository +is created. + +core.trustctime:: + If false, the ctime differences between the index and the + working copy are ignored; useful when the inode change time + is regularly modified by something outside Git (file system + crawlers and some backup systems). See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. True by default. core.quotepath:: - The commands that output paths (e.g. `ls-files`, - `diff`), when not given the `-z` option, will quote + The commands that output paths (e.g. 'ls-files', + 'diff'), when not given the `-z` option, will quote "unusual" characters in the pathname by enclosing the pathname in a double-quote pair and with backslashes the same way strings in C source code are quoted. If this @@ -135,9 +189,10 @@ core.autocrlf:: writing to the filesystem. The variable can be set to 'input', in which case the conversion happens only while reading from the filesystem but files are written out with - `LF` at the end of lines. Currently, which paths to consider - "text" (i.e. be subjected to the autocrlf mechanism) is - decided purely based on the contents. + `LF` at the end of lines. A file is considered + "text" (i.e. be subjected to the autocrlf mechanism) based on + the file's `crlf` attribute, or if `crlf` is unspecified, + based on the file's contents. See linkgit:gitattributes[5]. core.safecrlf:: If true, makes git check if converting `CRLF` as controlled by @@ -189,7 +244,11 @@ core.symlinks:: contain the link text. linkgit:git-update-index[1] and linkgit:git-add[1] will not change the recorded type to regular file. Useful on filesystems like FAT that do not support - symbolic links. True by default. + symbolic links. ++ +The default is true, except linkgit:git-clone[1] or linkgit:git-init[1] +will probe and set core.symlinks false if appropriate when the repository +is created. core.gitProxy:: A "proxy command" to execute (as 'command host port') instead @@ -203,12 +262,20 @@ core.gitProxy:: Can be overridden by the 'GIT_PROXY_COMMAND' environment variable (which always applies universally, without the special "for" handling). ++ +The special string `none` can be used as the proxy command to +specify that no proxy be used for a given domain pattern. +This is useful for excluding servers inside a firewall from +proxy use, while defaulting to a common proxy for external domains. core.ignoreStat:: - The working copy files are assumed to stay unchanged until you - mark them otherwise manually - Git will not detect the file changes - by lstat() calls. This is useful on systems where those are very - slow, such as Microsoft Windows. See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. + If true, commands which modify both the working tree and the index + will mark the updated paths with the "assume unchanged" bit in the + index. These marked files are then assumed to stay unchanged in the + working copy, until you mark them otherwise manually - Git will not + detect the file changes by lstat() calls. This is useful on systems + where those are very slow, such as Microsoft Windows. + See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. False by default. core.preferSymlinkRefs:: @@ -230,17 +297,24 @@ false), while all other repositories are assumed to be bare (bare = true). core.worktree:: - Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be - used in combination with repositories found automatically in - a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set). + Set the path to the root of the work tree. This can be overridden by the GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable and the '--work-tree' command line option. It can be - a absolute path or relative path to the directory specified by - --git-dir or GIT_DIR. - Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of + an absolute path or a relative path to the .git directory, + either specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR, or automatically + discovered. + If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified, - the current working directory is regarded as the top directory - of your working tree. + the current working directory is regarded as the root of the + work tree. ++ +Note that this variable is honored even when set in a configuration +file in a ".git" subdirectory of a directory, and its value differs +from the latter directory (e.g. "/path/to/.git/config" has +core.worktree set to "/different/path"), which is most likely a +misconfiguration. Running git commands in "/path/to" directory will +still use "/different/path" as the root of the work tree and can cause +great confusion to the users. core.logAllRefUpdates:: Enable the reflog. Updates to a ref <ref> is logged to the file @@ -269,8 +343,10 @@ core.sharedRepository:: group-shareable. When 'umask' (or 'false'), git will use permissions reported by umask(2). When '0xxx', where '0xxx' is an octal number, files in the repository will have this mode value. '0xxx' will override - user's umask value, and thus, users with a safe umask (0077) can use - this option. Examples: '0660' is equivalent to 'group'. '0640' is a + user's umask value (whereas the other options will only override + requested parts of the user's umask value). Examples: '0660' will make + the repo read/write-able for the owner and group, but inaccessible to + others (equivalent to 'group' unless umask is e.g. '0022'). '0640' is a repository that is group-readable but not group-writable. See linkgit:git-init[1]. False by default. @@ -336,39 +412,101 @@ Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are supported. core.excludesfile:: In addition to '.gitignore' (per-directory) and '.git/info/exclude', git looks into this file for patterns - of files which are not meant to be tracked. See - linkgit:gitignore[5]. + of files which are not meant to be tracked. "{tilde}/" is expanded + to the value of `$HOME` and "{tilde}user/" to the specified user's + home directory. See linkgit:gitignore[5]. core.editor:: Commands such as `commit` and `tag` that lets you edit messages by launching an editor uses the value of this variable when it is set, and the environment variable - `GIT_EDITOR` is not set. The order of preference is - `GIT_EDITOR` environment, `core.editor`, `VISUAL` and - `EDITOR` environment variables and then finally `vi`. + `GIT_EDITOR` is not set. See linkgit:git-var[1]. core.pager:: - The command that git will use to paginate output. Can be overridden - with the `GIT_PAGER` environment variable. + The command that git will use to paginate output. Can + be overridden with the `GIT_PAGER` environment + variable. Note that git sets the `LESS` environment + variable to `FRSX` if it is unset when it runs the + pager. One can change these settings by setting the + `LESS` variable to some other value. Alternately, + these settings can be overridden on a project or + global basis by setting the `core.pager` option. + Setting `core.pager` has no affect on the `LESS` + environment variable behaviour above, so if you want + to override git's default settings this way, you need + to be explicit. For example, to disable the S option + in a backward compatible manner, set `core.pager` + to `less -+$LESS -FRX`. This will be passed to the + shell by git, which will translate the final command to + `LESS=FRSX less -+FRSX -FRX`. core.whitespace:: A comma separated list of common whitespace problems to - notice. `git diff` will use `color.diff.whitespace` to - highlight them, and `git apply --whitespace=error` will - consider them as errors: + notice. 'git-diff' will use `color.diff.whitespace` to + highlight them, and 'git-apply --whitespace=error' will + consider them as errors. You can prefix `-` to disable + any of them (e.g. `-trailing-space`): + -* `trailing-space` treats trailing whitespaces at the end of the line +* `blank-at-eol` treats trailing whitespaces at the end of the line as an error (enabled by default). * `space-before-tab` treats a space character that appears immediately before a tab character in the initial indent part of the line as an error (enabled by default). * `indent-with-non-tab` treats a line that is indented with 8 or more space characters as an error (not enabled by default). +* `blank-at-eof` treats blank lines added at the end of file as an error + (enabled by default). +* `trailing-space` is a short-hand to cover both `blank-at-eol` and + `blank-at-eof`. * `cr-at-eol` treats a carriage-return at the end of line as part of the line terminator, i.e. with it, `trailing-space` does not trigger if the character before such a carriage-return is not a whitespace (not enabled by default). +core.fsyncobjectfiles:: + This boolean will enable 'fsync()' when writing object files. ++ +This is a total waste of time and effort on a filesystem that orders +data writes properly, but can be useful for filesystems that do not use +journalling (traditional UNIX filesystems) or that only journal metadata +and not file contents (OS X's HFS+, or Linux ext3 with "data=writeback"). + +core.preloadindex:: + Enable parallel index preload for operations like 'git diff' ++ +This can speed up operations like 'git diff' and 'git status' especially +on filesystems like NFS that have weak caching semantics and thus +relatively high IO latencies. With this set to 'true', git will do the +index comparison to the filesystem data in parallel, allowing +overlapping IO's. + +core.createObject:: + You can set this to 'link', in which case a hardlink followed by + a delete of the source are used to make sure that object creation + will not overwrite existing objects. ++ +On some file system/operating system combinations, this is unreliable. +Set this config setting to 'rename' there; However, This will remove the +check that makes sure that existing object files will not get overwritten. + +core.notesRef:: + When showing commit messages, also show notes which are stored in + the given ref. This ref is expected to contain files named + after the full SHA-1 of the commit they annotate. ++ +If such a file exists in the given ref, the referenced blob is read, and +appended to the commit message, separated by a "Notes:" line. If the +given ref itself does not exist, it is not an error, but means that no +notes should be printed. ++ +This setting defaults to "refs/notes/commits", and can be overridden by +the `GIT_NOTES_REF` environment variable. + +add.ignore-errors:: + Tells 'git-add' to continue adding files when some files cannot be + added due to indexing errors. Equivalent to the '--ignore-errors' + option of linkgit:git-add[1]. + alias.*:: Command aliases for the linkgit:git[1] command wrapper - e.g. after defining "alias.last = cat-file commit HEAD", the invocation @@ -382,14 +520,24 @@ If the alias expansion is prefixed with an exclamation point, it will be treated as a shell command. For example, defining "alias.new = !gitk --all --not ORIG_HEAD", the invocation "git new" is equivalent to running the shell command -"gitk --all --not ORIG_HEAD". +"gitk --all --not ORIG_HEAD". Note that shell commands will be +executed from the top-level directory of a repository, which may +not necessarily be the current directory. + +apply.ignorewhitespace:: + When set to 'change', tells 'git-apply' to ignore changes in + whitespace, in the same way as the '--ignore-space-change' + option. + When set to one of: no, none, never, false tells 'git-apply' to + respect all whitespace differences. + See linkgit:git-apply[1]. apply.whitespace:: - Tells `git-apply` how to handle whitespaces, in the same way + Tells 'git-apply' how to handle whitespaces, in the same way as the '--whitespace' option. See linkgit:git-apply[1]. branch.autosetupmerge:: - Tells `git-branch` and `git-checkout` to setup new branches + Tells 'git-branch' and 'git-checkout' to set up new branches so that linkgit:git-pull[1] will appropriately merge from the starting point branch. Note that even if this option is not set, this behavior can be chosen per-branch using the `--track` @@ -399,34 +547,54 @@ branch.autosetupmerge:: done when the starting point is either a local branch or remote branch. This option defaults to true. +branch.autosetuprebase:: + When a new branch is created with 'git-branch' or 'git-checkout' + that tracks another branch, this variable tells git to set + up pull to rebase instead of merge (see "branch.<name>.rebase"). + When `never`, rebase is never automatically set to true. + When `local`, rebase is set to true for tracked branches of + other local branches. + When `remote`, rebase is set to true for tracked branches of + remote branches. + When `always`, rebase will be set to true for all tracking + branches. + See "branch.autosetupmerge" for details on how to set up a + branch to track another branch. + This option defaults to never. + branch.<name>.remote:: - When in branch <name>, it tells `git fetch` which remote to fetch. - If this option is not given, `git fetch` defaults to remote "origin". + When in branch <name>, it tells 'git-fetch' and 'git-push' which + remote to fetch from/push to. It defaults to `origin` if no remote is + configured. `origin` is also used if you are not on any branch. branch.<name>.merge:: - When in branch <name>, it tells `git fetch` the default + Defines, together with branch.<name>.remote, the upstream branch + for the given branch. It tells 'git-fetch'/'git-pull' which + branch to merge and can also affect 'git-push' (see push.default). + When in branch <name>, it tells 'git-fetch' the default refspec to be marked for merging in FETCH_HEAD. The value is handled like the remote part of a refspec, and must match a ref which is fetched from the remote given by "branch.<name>.remote". - The merge information is used by `git pull` (which at first calls - `git fetch`) to lookup the default branch for merging. Without - this option, `git pull` defaults to merge the first refspec fetched. + The merge information is used by 'git-pull' (which at first calls + 'git-fetch') to lookup the default branch for merging. Without + this option, 'git-pull' defaults to merge the first refspec fetched. Specify multiple values to get an octopus merge. - If you wish to setup `git pull` so that it merges into <name> from + If you wish to setup 'git-pull' so that it merges into <name> from another branch in the local repository, you can point branch.<name>.merge to the desired branch, and use the special setting `.` (a period) for branch.<name>.remote. branch.<name>.mergeoptions:: Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and - supported options are equal to that of linkgit:git-merge[1], but + supported options are the same as those of linkgit:git-merge[1], but option values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported. branch.<name>.rebase:: When true, rebase the branch <name> on top of the fetched branch, - instead of merging the default branch from the default remote. + instead of merging the default branch from the default remote when + "git pull" is run. *NOTE*: this is a possibly dangerous operation; do *not* use it unless you understand the implications (see linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details). @@ -474,28 +642,53 @@ color.diff.<slot>:: Use customized color for diff colorization. `<slot>` specifies which part of the patch to use the specified color, and is one of `plain` (context text), `meta` (metainformation), `frag` - (hunk header), `old` (removed lines), `new` (added lines), - `commit` (commit headers), or `whitespace` (highlighting - whitespace errors). The values of these variables may be specified as - in color.branch.<slot>. + (hunk header), 'func' (function in hunk header), `old` (removed lines), + `new` (added lines), `commit` (commit headers), or `whitespace` + (highlighting whitespace errors). The values of these variables may be + specified as in color.branch.<slot>. + +color.grep:: + When set to `always`, always highlight matches. When `false` (or + `never`), never. When set to `true` or `auto`, use color only + when the output is written to the terminal. Defaults to `false`. + +color.grep.external:: + The string value of this variable is passed to an external 'grep' + command as a command line option if match highlighting is turned + on. If set to an empty string, no option is passed at all, + turning off coloring for external 'grep' calls; this is the default. + For GNU grep, set it to `--color=always` to highlight matches even + when a pager is used. + +color.grep.match:: + Use customized color for matches. The value of this variable + may be specified as in color.branch.<slot>. It is passed using + the environment variables 'GREP_COLOR' and 'GREP_COLORS' when + calling an external 'grep'. color.interactive:: When set to `always`, always use colors for interactive prompts - and displays (such as those used by "git add --interactive"). + and displays (such as those used by "git-add --interactive"). When false (or `never`), never. When set to `true` or `auto`, use colors only when the output is to the terminal. Defaults to false. color.interactive.<slot>:: - Use customized color for `git add --interactive` - output. `<slot>` may be `prompt`, `header`, or `help`, for - three distinct types of normal output from interactive - programs. The values of these variables may be specified as + Use customized color for 'git-add --interactive' + output. `<slot>` may be `prompt`, `header`, `help` or `error`, for + four distinct types of normal output from interactive + commands. The values of these variables may be specified as in color.branch.<slot>. color.pager:: A boolean to enable/disable colored output when the pager is in use (default is true). +color.showbranch:: + A boolean to enable/disable color in the output of + linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. May be set to `always`, + `false` (or `never`) or `auto` (or `true`), in which case colors are used + only when the output is to a terminal. Defaults to false. + color.status:: A boolean to enable/disable color in the output of linkgit:git-status[1]. May be set to `always`, @@ -507,11 +700,10 @@ color.status.<slot>:: one of `header` (the header text of the status message), `added` or `updated` (files which are added but not committed), `changed` (files which are changed but not added in the index), - or `untracked` (files which are not tracked by git). The values of - these variables may be specified as in color.branch.<slot>. - -commit.template:: - Specify a file to use as the template for new commit messages. + `untracked` (files which are not tracked by git), or + `nobranch` (the color the 'no branch' warning is shown in, defaulting + to red). The values of these variables may be specified as in + color.branch.<slot>. color.ui:: When set to `always`, always use colors in all git commands which @@ -520,32 +712,86 @@ color.ui:: terminal. When more specific variables of color.* are set, they always take precedence over this setting. Defaults to false. +commit.template:: + Specify a file to use as the template for new commit messages. + "{tilde}/" is expanded to the value of `$HOME` and "{tilde}user/" to the + specified user's home directory. + diff.autorefreshindex:: - When using `git diff` to compare with work tree + When using 'git-diff' to compare with work tree files, do not consider stat-only change as changed. Instead, silently run `git update-index --refresh` to update the cached stat information for paths whose contents in the work tree match the contents in the index. This option defaults to true. Note that this - affects only `git diff` Porcelain, and not lower level - `diff` commands, such as `git diff-files`. + affects only 'git-diff' Porcelain, and not lower level + 'diff' commands such as 'git-diff-files'. diff.external:: If this config variable is set, diff generation is not performed using the internal diff machinery, but using the - given command. Note: if you want to use an external diff - program only on a subset of your files, you might want to - use linkgit:gitattributes[5] instead. + given command. Can be overridden with the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' + environment variable. The command is called with parameters + as described under "git Diffs" in linkgit:git[1]. Note: if + you want to use an external diff program only on a subset of + your files, you might want to use linkgit:gitattributes[5] instead. + +diff.mnemonicprefix:: + If set, 'git-diff' uses a prefix pair that is different from the + standard "a/" and "b/" depending on what is being compared. When + this configuration is in effect, reverse diff output also swaps + the order of the prefixes: +'git-diff';; + compares the (i)ndex and the (w)ork tree; +'git-diff HEAD';; + compares a (c)ommit and the (w)ork tree; +'git diff --cached';; + compares a (c)ommit and the (i)ndex; +'git-diff HEAD:file1 file2';; + compares an (o)bject and a (w)ork tree entity; +'git diff --no-index a b';; + compares two non-git things (1) and (2). diff.renameLimit:: The number of files to consider when performing the copy/rename - detection; equivalent to the git diff option '-l'. + detection; equivalent to the 'git-diff' option '-l'. diff.renames:: Tells git to detect renames. If set to any boolean value, it will enable basic rename detection. If set to "copies" or "copy", it will detect copies, as well. +diff.suppressBlankEmpty:: + A boolean to inhibit the standard behavior of printing a space + before each empty output line. Defaults to false. + +diff.tool:: + Controls which diff tool is used. `diff.tool` overrides + `merge.tool` when used by linkgit:git-difftool[1] and has + the same valid values as `merge.tool` minus "tortoisemerge" + and plus "kompare". + +difftool.<tool>.path:: + Override the path for the given tool. This is useful in case + your tool is not in the PATH. + +difftool.<tool>.cmd:: + Specify the command to invoke the specified diff tool. + The specified command is evaluated in shell with the following + variables available: 'LOCAL' is set to the name of the temporary + file containing the contents of the diff pre-image and 'REMOTE' + is set to the name of the temporary file containing the contents + of the diff post-image. + +difftool.prompt:: + Prompt before each invocation of the diff tool. + +diff.wordRegex:: + A POSIX Extended Regular Expression used to determine what is a "word" + when performing word-by-word difference calculations. Character + sequences that match the regular expression are "words", all other + characters are *ignorable* whitespace. + fetch.unpackLimit:: If the number of objects fetched over the git native transfer is below this @@ -557,16 +803,32 @@ fetch.unpackLimit:: especially on slow filesystems. If not set, the value of `transfer.unpackLimit` is used instead. -format.numbered:: - A boolean which can enable sequence numbers in patch subjects. - Setting this option to "auto" will enable it only if there is - more than one patch. See --numbered option in +format.attach:: + Enable multipart/mixed attachments as the default for + 'format-patch'. The value can also be a double quoted string + which will enable attachments as the default and set the + value as the boundary. See the --attach option in linkgit:git-format-patch[1]. +format.numbered:: + A boolean which can enable or disable sequence numbers in patch + subjects. It defaults to "auto" which enables it only if there + is more than one patch. It can be enabled or disabled for all + messages by setting it to "true" or "false". See --numbered + option in linkgit:git-format-patch[1]. + format.headers:: Additional email headers to include in a patch to be submitted by mail. See linkgit:git-format-patch[1]. +format.cc:: + Additional "Cc:" headers to include in a patch to be submitted + by mail. See the --cc option in linkgit:git-format-patch[1]. + +format.subjectprefix:: + The default for format-patch is to output files with the '[PATCH]' + subject prefix. Use this variable to change that prefix. + format.suffix:: The default for format-patch is to output files with the suffix `.patch`. Use this variable to change that suffix (make sure to @@ -577,9 +839,26 @@ format.pretty:: See linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1], linkgit:git-whatchanged[1]. +format.thread:: + The default threading style for 'git-format-patch'. Can be + a boolean value, or `shallow` or `deep`. `shallow` threading + makes every mail a reply to the head of the series, + where the head is chosen from the cover letter, the + `\--in-reply-to`, and the first patch mail, in this order. + `deep` threading makes every mail a reply to the previous one. + A true boolean value is the same as `shallow`, and a false + value disables threading. + +format.signoff:: + A boolean value which lets you enable the `-s/--signoff` option of + format-patch by default. *Note:* Adding the Signed-off-by: line to a + patch should be a conscious act and means that you certify you have + the rights to submit this work under the same open source license. + Please see the 'SubmittingPatches' document for further discussion. + gc.aggressiveWindow:: The window size parameter used in the delta compression - algorithm used by 'git gc --aggressive'. This defaults + algorithm used by 'git-gc --aggressive'. This defaults to 10. gc.auto:: @@ -596,45 +875,41 @@ gc.autopacklimit:: default value is 50. Setting this to 0 disables it. gc.packrefs:: - `git gc` does not run `git pack-refs` in a bare repository by - default so that older dumb-transport clients can still fetch - from the repository. Setting this to `true` lets `git - gc` to run `git pack-refs`. Setting this to `false` tells - `git gc` never to run `git pack-refs`. The default setting is - `notbare`. Enable it only when you know you do not have to - support such clients. The default setting will change to `true` - at some stage, and setting this to `false` will continue to - prevent `git pack-refs` from being run from `git gc`. + Running `git pack-refs` in a repository renders it + unclonable by Git versions prior to 1.5.1.2 over dumb + transports such as HTTP. This variable determines whether + 'git gc' runs `git pack-refs`. This can be set to "nobare" + to enable it within all non-bare repos or it can be set to a + boolean value. The default is `true`. gc.pruneexpire:: - When `git gc` is run, it will call `prune --expire 2.weeks.ago`. - Override the grace period with this config variable. + When 'git-gc' is run, it will call 'prune --expire 2.weeks.ago'. + Override the grace period with this config variable. The value + "now" may be used to disable this grace period and always prune + unreachable objects immediately. gc.reflogexpire:: - `git reflog expire` removes reflog entries older than + 'git-reflog expire' removes reflog entries older than this time; defaults to 90 days. gc.reflogexpireunreachable:: - `git reflog expire` removes reflog entries older than + 'git-reflog expire' removes reflog entries older than this time and are not reachable from the current tip; defaults to 30 days. gc.rerereresolved:: Records of conflicted merge you resolved earlier are - kept for this many days when `git rerere gc` is run. + kept for this many days when 'git-rerere gc' is run. The default is 60 days. See linkgit:git-rerere[1]. gc.rerereunresolved:: Records of conflicted merge you have not resolved are - kept for this many days when `git rerere gc` is run. + kept for this many days when 'git-rerere gc' is run. The default is 15 days. See linkgit:git-rerere[1]. -rerere.enabled:: - Activate recording of resolved conflicts, so that identical - conflict hunks can be resolved automatically, should they - be encountered again. linkgit:git-rerere[1] command is by - default enabled if you create `rr-cache` directory under - `$GIT_DIR`, but can be disabled by setting this option to false. +gitcvs.commitmsgannotation:: + Append this string to each commit message. Set to empty string + to disable this feature. Defaults to "via git-CVS emulator". gitcvs.enabled:: Whether the CVS server interface is enabled for this repository. @@ -644,11 +919,24 @@ gitcvs.logfile:: Path to a log file where the CVS server interface well... logs various stuff. See linkgit:git-cvsserver[1]. +gitcvs.usecrlfattr:: + If true, the server will look up the `crlf` attribute for + files to determine the '-k' modes to use. If `crlf` is set, + the '-k' mode will be left blank, so cvs clients will + treat it as text. If `crlf` is explicitly unset, the file + will be set with '-kb' mode, which suppresses any newline munging + the client might otherwise do. If `crlf` is not specified, + then 'gitcvs.allbinary' is used. See linkgit:gitattributes[5]. + gitcvs.allbinary:: - If true, all files are sent to the client in mode '-kb'. This - causes the client to treat all files as binary files which suppresses - any newline munging it otherwise might do. A work-around for the - fact that there is no way yet to set single files to mode '-kb'. + This is used if 'gitcvs.usecrlfattr' does not resolve + the correct '-kb' mode to use. If true, all + unresolved files are sent to the client in + mode '-kb'. This causes the client to treat them + as binary files, which suppresses any newline munging it + otherwise might do. Alternatively, if it is set to "guess", + then the contents of the file are examined to decide if + it is binary, similar to 'core.autocrlf'. gitcvs.dbname:: Database used by git-cvsserver to cache revision information @@ -679,11 +967,117 @@ gitcvs.dbTableNamePrefix:: linkgit:git-cvsserver[1] for details). Any non-alphabetic characters will be replaced with underscores. -All gitcvs variables except for 'gitcvs.allbinary' can also be -specified as 'gitcvs.<access_method>.<varname>' (where 'access_method' +All gitcvs variables except for 'gitcvs.usecrlfattr' and +'gitcvs.allbinary' can also be specified as +'gitcvs.<access_method>.<varname>' (where 'access_method' is one of "ext" and "pserver") to make them apply only for the given access method. +gui.commitmsgwidth:: + Defines how wide the commit message window is in the + linkgit:git-gui[1]. "75" is the default. + +gui.diffcontext:: + Specifies how many context lines should be used in calls to diff + made by the linkgit:git-gui[1]. The default is "5". + +gui.encoding:: + Specifies the default encoding to use for displaying of + file contents in linkgit:git-gui[1] and linkgit:gitk[1]. + It can be overridden by setting the 'encoding' attribute + for relevant files (see linkgit:gitattributes[5]). + If this option is not set, the tools default to the + locale encoding. + +gui.matchtrackingbranch:: + Determines if new branches created with linkgit:git-gui[1] should + default to tracking remote branches with matching names or + not. Default: "false". + +gui.newbranchtemplate:: + Is used as suggested name when creating new branches using the + linkgit:git-gui[1]. + +gui.pruneduringfetch:: + "true" if linkgit:git-gui[1] should prune tracking branches when + performing a fetch. The default value is "false". + +gui.trustmtime:: + Determines if linkgit:git-gui[1] should trust the file modification + timestamp or not. By default the timestamps are not trusted. + +gui.spellingdictionary:: + Specifies the dictionary used for spell checking commit messages in + the linkgit:git-gui[1]. When set to "none" spell checking is turned + off. + +gui.fastcopyblame:: + If true, 'git gui blame' uses '-C' instead of '-C -C' for original + location detection. It makes blame significantly faster on huge + repositories at the expense of less thorough copy detection. + +gui.copyblamethreshold:: + Specifies the threshold to use in 'git gui blame' original location + detection, measured in alphanumeric characters. See the + linkgit:git-blame[1] manual for more information on copy detection. + +gui.blamehistoryctx:: + Specifies the radius of history context in days to show in + linkgit:gitk[1] for the selected commit, when the `Show History + Context` menu item is invoked from 'git gui blame'. If this + variable is set to zero, the whole history is shown. + +guitool.<name>.cmd:: + Specifies the shell command line to execute when the corresponding item + of the linkgit:git-gui[1] `Tools` menu is invoked. This option is + mandatory for every tool. The command is executed from the root of + the working directory, and in the environment it receives the name of + the tool as 'GIT_GUITOOL', the name of the currently selected file as + 'FILENAME', and the name of the current branch as 'CUR_BRANCH' (if + the head is detached, 'CUR_BRANCH' is empty). + +guitool.<name>.needsfile:: + Run the tool only if a diff is selected in the GUI. It guarantees + that 'FILENAME' is not empty. + +guitool.<name>.noconsole:: + Run the command silently, without creating a window to display its + output. + +guitool.<name>.norescan:: + Don't rescan the working directory for changes after the tool + finishes execution. + +guitool.<name>.confirm:: + Show a confirmation dialog before actually running the tool. + +guitool.<name>.argprompt:: + Request a string argument from the user, and pass it to the tool + through the 'ARGS' environment variable. Since requesting an + argument implies confirmation, the 'confirm' option has no effect + if this is enabled. If the option is set to 'true', 'yes', or '1', + the dialog uses a built-in generic prompt; otherwise the exact + value of the variable is used. + +guitool.<name>.revprompt:: + Request a single valid revision from the user, and set the + 'REVISION' environment variable. In other aspects this option + is similar to 'argprompt', and can be used together with it. + +guitool.<name>.revunmerged:: + Show only unmerged branches in the 'revprompt' subdialog. + This is useful for tools similar to merge or rebase, but not + for things like checkout or reset. + +guitool.<name>.title:: + Specifies the title to use for the prompt dialog. The default + is the tool name. + +guitool.<name>.prompt:: + Specifies the general prompt string to display at the top of + the dialog, before subsections for 'argprompt' and 'revprompt'. + The default value includes the actual command. + help.browser:: Specify the browser that will be used to display help in the 'web' format. See linkgit:git-help[1]. @@ -693,6 +1087,15 @@ help.format:: Values 'man', 'info', 'web' and 'html' are supported. 'man' is the default. 'web' and 'html' are the same. +help.autocorrect:: + Automatically correct and execute mistyped commands after + waiting for the given number of deciseconds (0.1 sec). If more + than one command can be deduced from the entered text, nothing + will be executed. If the value of this option is negative, + the corrected command will be executed immediately. If the + value is 0 - the command will be just shown but not executed. + This is the default. + http.proxy:: Override the HTTP proxy, normally configured using the 'http_proxy' environment variable (see linkgit:curl[1]). This can be overridden @@ -713,6 +1116,12 @@ http.sslKey:: over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the 'GIT_SSL_KEY' environment variable. +http.sslCertPasswordProtected:: + Enable git's password prompt for the SSL certificate. Otherwise + OpenSSL will prompt the user, possibly many times, if the + certificate or private key is encrypted. Can be overridden by the + 'GIT_SSL_CERT_PASSWORD_PROTECTED' environment variable. + http.sslCAInfo:: File containing the certificates to verify the peer with when fetching or pushing over HTTPS. Can be overridden by the @@ -727,6 +1136,14 @@ http.maxRequests:: How many HTTP requests to launch in parallel. Can be overridden by the 'GIT_HTTP_MAX_REQUESTS' environment variable. Default is 5. +http.postBuffer:: + Maximum size in bytes of the buffer used by smart HTTP + transports when POSTing data to the remote system. + For requests larger than this buffer size, HTTP/1.1 and + Transfer-Encoding: chunked is used to avoid creating a + massive pack file locally. Default is 1 MiB, which is + sufficient for most requests. + http.lowSpeedLimit, http.lowSpeedTime:: If the HTTP transfer speed is less than 'http.lowSpeedLimit' for longer than 'http.lowSpeedTime' seconds, the transfer is aborted. @@ -748,7 +1165,11 @@ i18n.commitEncoding:: i18n.logOutputEncoding:: Character encoding the commit messages are converted to when - running `git-log` and friends. + running 'git-log' and friends. + +imap:: + The configuration variables in the 'imap' section are described + in linkgit:git-imap-send[1]. instaweb.browser:: Specify the program that will be used to browse your working @@ -769,47 +1190,47 @@ instaweb.port:: The port number to bind the gitweb httpd to. See linkgit:git-instaweb[1]. +interactive.singlekey:: + In interactive commands, allow the user to provide one-letter + input with a single key (i.e., without hitting enter). + Currently this is used only by the `\--patch` mode of + linkgit:git-add[1]. Note that this setting is silently + ignored if portable keystroke input is not available. + +log.date:: + Set default date-time mode for the log command. Setting log.date + value is similar to using 'git-log'\'s --date option. The value is one of the + following alternatives: {relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short}. + See linkgit:git-log[1]. + log.showroot:: If true, the initial commit will be shown as a big creation event. This is equivalent to a diff against an empty tree. Tools like linkgit:git-log[1] or linkgit:git-whatchanged[1], which normally hide the root commit will now show it. True by default. +mailmap.file:: + The location of an augmenting mailmap file. The default + mailmap, located in the root of the repository, is loaded + first, then the mailmap file pointed to by this variable. + The location of the mailmap file may be in a repository + subdirectory, or somewhere outside of the repository itself. + See linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1]. + man.viewer:: Specify the programs that may be used to display help in the 'man' format. See linkgit:git-help[1]. -merge.summary:: - Whether to include summaries of merged commits in newly created - merge commit messages. False by default. - -merge.tool:: - Controls which merge resolution program is used by - linkgit:git-mergetool[1]. Valid built-in values are: "kdiff3", - "tkdiff", "meld", "xxdiff", "emerge", "vimdiff", "gvimdiff", and - "opendiff". Any other value is treated is custom merge tool - and there must be a corresponing mergetool.<tool>.cmd option. - -merge.verbosity:: - Controls the amount of output shown by the recursive merge - strategy. Level 0 outputs nothing except a final error - message if conflicts were detected. Level 1 outputs only - conflicts, 2 outputs conflicts and file changes. Level 5 and - above outputs debugging information. The default is level 2. - Can be overridden by 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY' environment variable. - -merge.<driver>.name:: - Defines a human readable name for a custom low-level - merge driver. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. - -merge.<driver>.driver:: - Defines the command that implements a custom low-level - merge driver. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. - -merge.<driver>.recursive:: - Names a low-level merge driver to be used when - performing an internal merge between common ancestors. - See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. +man.<tool>.cmd:: + Specify the command to invoke the specified man viewer. The + specified command is evaluated in shell with the man page + passed as argument. (See linkgit:git-help[1].) + +man.<tool>.path:: + Override the path for the given tool that may be used to + display help in the 'man' format. See linkgit:git-help[1]. + +include::merge-config.txt[] mergetool.<tool>.path:: Override the path for the given tool. This is useful in case @@ -840,6 +1261,16 @@ mergetool.keepBackup:: is set to `false` then this file is not preserved. Defaults to `true` (i.e. keep the backup files). +mergetool.keepTemporaries:: + When invoking a custom merge tool, git uses a set of temporary + files to pass to the tool. If the tool returns an error and this + variable is set to `true`, then these temporary files will be + preserved, otherwise they will be removed after the tool has + exited. Defaults to `false`. + +mergetool.prompt:: + Prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution program. + pack.window:: The size of the window used by linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] when no window size is given on the command line. Defaults to 10. @@ -865,12 +1296,20 @@ pack.compression:: pack.deltaCacheSize:: The maximum memory in bytes used for caching deltas in - linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. - A value of 0 means no limit. Defaults to 0. + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] before writing them out to a pack. + This cache is used to speed up the writing object phase by not + having to recompute the final delta result once the best match + for all objects is found. Repacking large repositories on machines + which are tight with memory might be badly impacted by this though, + especially if this cache pushes the system into swapping. + A value of 0 means no limit. The smallest size of 1 byte may be + used to virtually disable this cache. Defaults to 256 MiB. pack.deltaCacheLimit:: The maximum size of a delta, that is cached in - linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. Defaults to 1000. + linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. This cache is used to speed up the + writing object phase by not having to recompute the final delta + result once the best match for all objects is found. Defaults to 1000. pack.threads:: Specifies the number of threads to spawn when searching for best @@ -887,9 +1326,17 @@ pack.indexVersion:: legacy pack index used by Git versions prior to 1.5.2, and 2 for the new pack index with capabilities for packs larger than 4 GB as well as proper protection against the repacking of corrupted - packs. Version 2 is selected and this config option ignored - whenever the corresponding pack is larger than 2 GB. Otherwise - the default is 1. + packs. Version 2 is the default. Note that version 2 is enforced + and this config option ignored whenever the corresponding pack is + larger than 2 GB. ++ +If you have an old git that does not understand the version 2 `{asterisk}.idx` file, +cloning or fetching over a non native protocol (e.g. "http" and "rsync") +that will copy both `{asterisk}.pack` file and corresponding `{asterisk}.idx` file from the +other side may give you a repository that cannot be accessed with your +older version of git. If the `{asterisk}.pack` file is smaller than 2 GB, however, +you can use linkgit:git-index-pack[1] on the *.pack file to regenerate +the `{asterisk}.idx` file. pack.packSizeLimit:: The default maximum size of a pack. This setting only affects @@ -897,6 +1344,13 @@ pack.packSizeLimit:: can be overridden by the `\--max-pack-size` option of linkgit:git-repack[1]. +pager.<cmd>:: + Allows turning on or off pagination of the output of a + particular git subcommand when writing to a tty. If + `\--paginate` or `\--no-pager` is specified on the command line, + it takes precedence over this option. To disable pagination for + all commands, set `core.pager` or `GIT_PAGER` to `cat`. + pull.octopus:: The default merge strategy to use when pulling multiple branches at once. @@ -904,10 +1358,74 @@ pull.octopus:: pull.twohead:: The default merge strategy to use when pulling a single branch. +push.default:: + Defines the action git push should take if no refspec is given + on the command line, no refspec is configured in the remote, and + no refspec is implied by any of the options given on the command + line. Possible values are: ++ +* `nothing` do not push anything. +* `matching` push all matching branches. + All branches having the same name in both ends are considered to be + matching. This is the default. +* `tracking` push the current branch to its upstream branch. +* `current` push the current branch to a branch of the same name. + +rebase.stat:: + Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last + rebase. False by default. + +receive.autogc:: + By default, git-receive-pack will run "git-gc --auto" after + receiving data from git-push and updating refs. You can stop + it by setting this variable to false. + +receive.fsckObjects:: + If it is set to true, git-receive-pack will check all received + objects. It will abort in the case of a malformed object or a + broken link. The result of an abort are only dangling objects. + Defaults to false. + +receive.unpackLimit:: + If the number of objects received in a push is below this + limit then the objects will be unpacked into loose object + files. However if the number of received objects equals or + exceeds this limit then the received pack will be stored as + a pack, after adding any missing delta bases. Storing the + pack from a push can make the push operation complete faster, + especially on slow filesystems. If not set, the value of + `transfer.unpackLimit` is used instead. + +receive.denyDeletes:: + If set to true, git-receive-pack will deny a ref update that deletes + the ref. Use this to prevent such a ref deletion via a push. + +receive.denyCurrentBranch:: + If set to true or "refuse", receive-pack will deny a ref update + to the currently checked out branch of a non-bare repository. + Such a push is potentially dangerous because it brings the HEAD + out of sync with the index and working tree. If set to "warn", + print a warning of such a push to stderr, but allow the push to + proceed. If set to false or "ignore", allow such pushes with no + message. Defaults to "warn". + +receive.denyNonFastForwards:: + If set to true, git-receive-pack will deny a ref update which is + not a fast-forward. Use this to prevent such an update via a push, + even if that push is forced. This configuration variable is + set when initializing a shared repository. + +receive.updateserverinfo:: + If set to true, git-receive-pack will run git-update-server-info + after receiving data from git-push and updating refs. + remote.<name>.url:: The URL of a remote repository. See linkgit:git-fetch[1] or linkgit:git-push[1]. +remote.<name>.pushurl:: + The push URL of a remote repository. See linkgit:git-push[1]. + remote.<name>.proxy:: For remotes that require curl (http, https and ftp), the URL to the proxy to use for that remote. Set to the empty string to @@ -927,7 +1445,13 @@ remote.<name>.mirror:: remote.<name>.skipDefaultUpdate:: If true, this remote will be skipped by default when updating - using the update subcommand of linkgit:git-remote[1]. + using linkgit:git-fetch[1] or the `update` subcommand of + linkgit:git-remote[1]. + +remote.<name>.skipFetchAll:: + If true, this remote will be skipped by default when updating + using linkgit:git-fetch[1] or the `update` subcommand of + linkgit:git-remote[1]. remote.<name>.receivepack:: The default program to execute on the remote side when pushing. See @@ -946,12 +1470,68 @@ remotes.<group>:: <group>". See linkgit:git-remote[1]. repack.usedeltabaseoffset:: - Allow linkgit:git-repack[1] to create packs that uses - delta-base offset. Defaults to false. + By default, linkgit:git-repack[1] creates packs that use + delta-base offset. If you need to share your repository with + git older than version 1.4.4, either directly or via a dumb + protocol such as http, then you need to set this option to + "false" and repack. Access from old git versions over the + native protocol are unaffected by this option. + +rerere.autoupdate:: + When set to true, `git-rerere` updates the index with the + resulting contents after it cleanly resolves conflicts using + previously recorded resolution. Defaults to false. + +rerere.enabled:: + Activate recording of resolved conflicts, so that identical + conflict hunks can be resolved automatically, should they + be encountered again. linkgit:git-rerere[1] command is by + default enabled if you create `rr-cache` directory under + `$GIT_DIR`, but can be disabled by setting this option to false. -show.difftree:: - The default linkgit:git-diff-tree[1] arguments to be used - for linkgit:git-show[1]. +sendemail.identity:: + A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the + 'sendemail.<identity>' subsection to take precedence over + values in the 'sendemail' section. The default identity is + the value of 'sendemail.identity'. + +sendemail.smtpencryption:: + See linkgit:git-send-email[1] for description. Note that this + setting is not subject to the 'identity' mechanism. + +sendemail.smtpssl:: + Deprecated alias for 'sendemail.smtpencryption = ssl'. + +sendemail.<identity>.*:: + Identity-specific versions of the 'sendemail.*' parameters + found below, taking precedence over those when the this + identity is selected, through command-line or + 'sendemail.identity'. + +sendemail.aliasesfile:: +sendemail.aliasfiletype:: +sendemail.bcc:: +sendemail.cc:: +sendemail.cccmd:: +sendemail.chainreplyto:: +sendemail.confirm:: +sendemail.envelopesender:: +sendemail.from:: +sendemail.multiedit:: +sendemail.signedoffbycc:: +sendemail.smtppass:: +sendemail.suppresscc:: +sendemail.suppressfrom:: +sendemail.to:: +sendemail.smtpserver:: +sendemail.smtpserverport:: +sendemail.smtpuser:: +sendemail.thread:: +sendemail.validate:: + See linkgit:git-send-email[1] for description. + +sendemail.signedoffcc:: + Deprecated alias for 'sendemail.signedoffbycc'. showbranch.default:: The default set of branches for linkgit:git-show-branch[1]. @@ -963,6 +1543,25 @@ status.relativePaths:: relative to the repository root (this was the default for git prior to v1.5.4). +status.showUntrackedFiles:: + By default, linkgit:git-status[1] and linkgit:git-commit[1] show + files which are not currently tracked by Git. Directories which + contain only untracked files, are shown with the directory name + only. Showing untracked files means that Git needs to lstat() all + all the files in the whole repository, which might be slow on some + systems. So, this variable controls how the commands displays + the untracked files. Possible values are: ++ +-- + - 'no' - Show no untracked files + - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories + - 'all' - Shows also individual files in untracked directories. +-- ++ +If this variable is not specified, it defaults to 'normal'. +This variable can be overridden with the -u|--untracked-files option +of linkgit:git-status[1] and linkgit:git-commit[1]. + tar.umask:: This variable can be used to restrict the permission bits of tar archive entries. The default is 0002, which turns off the @@ -970,6 +1569,11 @@ tar.umask:: archiving user's umask will be used instead. See umask(2) and linkgit:git-archive[1]. +transfer.unpackLimit:: + When `fetch.unpackLimit` or `receive.unpackLimit` are + not set, the value of this variable is used instead. + The default value is 100. + url.<base>.insteadOf:: Any URL that starts with this value will be rewritten to start, instead, with <base>. In cases where some site serves a @@ -981,6 +1585,19 @@ url.<base>.insteadOf:: never-before-seen repository on the site. When more than one insteadOf strings match a given URL, the longest match is used. +url.<base>.pushInsteadOf:: + Any URL that starts with this value will not be pushed to; + instead, it will be rewritten to start with <base>, and the + resulting URL will be pushed to. In cases where some site serves + a large number of repositories, and serves them with multiple + access methods, some of which do not allow push, this feature + allows people to specify a pull-only URL and have git + automatically use an appropriate URL to push, even for a + never-before-seen repository on the site. When more than one + pushInsteadOf strings match a given URL, the longest match is + used. If a remote has an explicit pushurl, git will ignore this + setting for that remote. + user.email:: Your email address to be recorded in any newly created commits. Can be overridden by the 'GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL', 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL', and @@ -998,41 +1615,6 @@ user.signingkey:: unchanged to gpg's --local-user parameter, so you may specify a key using any method that gpg supports. -whatchanged.difftree:: - The default linkgit:git-diff-tree[1] arguments to be used - for linkgit:git-whatchanged[1]. - -imap:: - The configuration variables in the 'imap' section are described - in linkgit:git-imap-send[1]. - -receive.fsckObjects:: - If it is set to true, git-receive-pack will check all received - objects. It will abort in the case of a malformed object or a - broken link. The result of an abort are only dangling objects. - Defaults to false. - -receive.unpackLimit:: - If the number of objects received in a push is below this - limit then the objects will be unpacked into loose object - files. However if the number of received objects equals or - exceeds this limit then the received pack will be stored as - a pack, after adding any missing delta bases. Storing the - pack from a push can make the push operation complete faster, - especially on slow filesystems. If not set, the value of - `transfer.unpackLimit` is used instead. - -receive.denyNonFastForwards:: - If set to true, git-receive-pack will deny a ref update which is - not a fast forward. Use this to prevent such an update via a push, - even if that push is forced. This configuration variable is - set when initializing a shared repository. - -transfer.unpackLimit:: - When `fetch.unpackLimit` or `receive.unpackLimit` are - not set, the value of this variable is used instead. - The default value is 100. - web.browser:: Specify a web browser that may be used by some commands. Currently only linkgit:git-instaweb[1] and linkgit:git-help[1] diff --git a/Documentation/diff-format.txt b/Documentation/diff-format.txt index 400cbb3..b717124 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-format.txt @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ -The output format from "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", +Raw output format +----------------- + +The raw output format from "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git diff --raw" are very similar. These commands all compare two sets of things; what is @@ -16,6 +19,9 @@ git-diff-tree [-r] <tree-ish-1> <tree-ish-2> [<pattern>...]:: git-diff-files [<pattern>...]:: compares the index and the files on the filesystem. +The "git-diff-tree" command begins its ouput by printing the hash of +what is being compared. After that, all the commands print one output +line per changed file. An output line is formatted this way: @@ -46,6 +52,22 @@ That is, from the left to the right: . path for "dst"; only exists for C or R. . an LF or a NUL when '-z' option is used, to terminate the record. +Possible status letters are: + +- A: addition of a file +- C: copy of a file into a new one +- D: deletion of a file +- M: modification of the contents or mode of a file +- R: renaming of a file +- T: change in the type of the file +- U: file is unmerged (you must complete the merge before it can +be committed) +- X: "unknown" change type (most probably a bug, please report it) + +Status letters C and R are always followed by a score (denoting the +percentage of similarity between the source and target of the move or +copy), and are the only ones to be so. + <sha1> is shown as all 0's if a file is new on the filesystem and it is out of sync with the index. diff --git a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt index 029c5f2..0f25ba7 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510 + or like this (when '--cc' option is used): - diff --c file + diff --cc file 2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines (this example shows a merge with two parents): @@ -143,15 +143,15 @@ different from it. A `-` character in the column N means that the line appears in fileN but it does not appear in the result. A `+` character -in the column N means that the line appears in the last file, +in the column N means that the line appears in the result, and fileN does not have that line (in other words, the line was added, from the point of view of that parent). In the above example output, the function signature was changed from both files (hence two `-` removals from both file1 and file2, plus `++` to mean one line that was added does not appear -in either file1 nor file2). Also two other lines are the same -from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with ` +`). +in either file1 nor file2). Also eight other lines are the same +from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with `{plus}`). When shown by `git diff-tree -c`, it compares the parents of a merge commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt index 13234fa..8707d0e 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt @@ -14,70 +14,94 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] ifdef::git-format-patch[] -p:: - Generate patches without diffstat. +--no-stat:: + Generate plain patches without any diffstats. endif::git-format-patch[] ifndef::git-format-patch[] -p:: +-u:: Generate patch (see section on generating patches). {git-diff? This is the default.} endif::git-format-patch[] --u:: - Synonym for "-p". - -U<n>:: - Shorthand for "--unified=<n>". - --unified=<n>:: Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of - the usual three. Implies "-p". + the usual three. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] + Implies `-p`. +endif::git-format-patch[] +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --raw:: Generate the raw format. {git-diff-core? This is the default.} +endif::git-format-patch[] +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --patch-with-raw:: - Synonym for "-p --raw". + Synonym for `-p --raw`. +endif::git-format-patch[] + +--patience:: + Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm. --stat[=width[,name-width]]:: Generate a diffstat. You can override the default - output width for 80-column terminal by "--stat=width". + output width for 80-column terminal by `--stat=width`. The width of the filename part can be controlled by giving another width to it separated by a comma. --numstat:: - Similar to \--stat, but shows number of added and + Similar to `\--stat`, but shows number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two `-` instead of saying `0 0`. --shortstat:: - Output only the last line of the --stat format containing total + Output only the last line of the `--stat` format containing total number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted lines. --dirstat[=limit]:: - Output only the sub-directories that are impacted by a diff, - and to what degree they are impacted. You can override the - default cut-off in percent (3) by "--dirstat=limit". If you - want to enable "cumulative" directory statistics, you can use - the "--cumulative" flag, which adds up percentages recursively - even when they have been already reported for a sub-directory. + Output the distribution of relative amount of changes (number of lines added or + removed) for each sub-directory. Directories with changes below + a cut-off percent (3% by default) are not shown. The cut-off percent + can be set with `--dirstat=limit`. Changes in a child directory is not + counted for the parent directory, unless `--cumulative` is used. + +--dirstat-by-file[=limit]:: + Same as `--dirstat`, but counts changed files instead of lines. --summary:: Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as creations, renames and mode changes. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --patch-with-stat:: - Synonym for "-p --stat". - {git-format-patch? This is the default.} + Synonym for `-p --stat`. +endif::git-format-patch[] + +ifndef::git-format-patch[] -z:: - NUL-line termination on output. This affects the --raw - output field terminator. Also output from commands such - as "git-log" will be delimited with NUL between commits. +ifdef::git-log[] + Separate the commits with NULs instead of with new newlines. ++ +Also, when `--raw` or `--numstat` has been given, do not munge +pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators. +endif::git-log[] +ifndef::git-log[] + When `--raw` or `--numstat` has been given, do not munge + pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators. +endif::git-log[] ++ +Without this option, each pathname output will have TAB, LF, double quotes, +and backslash characters replaced with `\t`, `\n`, `\"`, and `\\`, +respectively, and the pathname will be enclosed in double quotes if +any of those replacements occurred. --name-only:: Show only names of changed files. @@ -86,6 +110,13 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] Show only names and status of changed files. See the description of the `--diff-filter` option on what the status letters mean. +--submodule[=<format>]:: + Chose the output format for submodule differences. <format> can be one of + 'short' and 'log'. 'short' just shows pairs of commit names, this format + is used when this option is not given. 'log' is the default value for this + option and lists the commits in that commit range like the 'summary' + option of linkgit:git-submodule[1] does. + --color:: Show colored diff. @@ -93,35 +124,52 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] Turn off colored diff, even when the configuration file gives the default to color output. ---color-words:: - Show colored word diff, i.e. color words which have changed. +--color-words[=<regex>]:: + Show colored word diff, i.e., color words which have changed. + By default, words are separated by whitespace. ++ +When a <regex> is specified, every non-overlapping match of the +<regex> is considered a word. Anything between these matches is +considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding +differences. You may want to append `|[^[:space:]]` to your regular +expression to make sure that it matches all non-whitespace characters. +A match that contains a newline is silently truncated(!) at the +newline. ++ +The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration option, see +linkgit:gitattributes[1] or linkgit:git-config[1]. Giving it explicitly +overrides any diff driver or configuration setting. Diff drivers +override configuration settings. +endif::git-format-patch[] --no-renames:: Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration file gives the default to do so. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --check:: Warn if changes introduce trailing whitespace or an indent that uses a space before a tab. Exits with non-zero status if problems are found. Not compatible with --exit-code. +endif::git-format-patch[] --full-index:: - Instead of the first handful characters, show full - object name of pre- and post-image blob on the "index" - line when generating a patch format output. + Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full + pre- and post-image blob object names on the "index" + line when generating patch format output. --binary:: - In addition to --full-index, output "binary diff" that - can be applied with "git apply". + In addition to `--full-index`, output a binary diff that + can be applied with `git-apply`. --abbrev[=<n>]:: Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object name in diff-raw format output and diff-tree header - lines, show only handful hexdigits prefix. This is - independent of --full-index option above, which controls + lines, show only a partial prefix. This is + independent of the `--full-index` option above, which controls the diff-patch output format. Non default number of - digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>. + digits can be specified with `--abbrev=<n>`. -B:: Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create. @@ -132,16 +180,19 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] -C:: Detect copies as well as renames. See also `--find-copies-harder`. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --diff-filter=[ACDMRTUXB*]:: Select only files that are Added (`A`), Copied (`C`), Deleted (`D`), Modified (`M`), Renamed (`R`), have their - type (mode) changed (`T`), are Unmerged (`U`), are + type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, ...) changed (`T`), + are Unmerged (`U`), are Unknown (`X`), or have had their pairing Broken (`B`). Any combination of the filter characters may be used. When `*` (All-or-none) is added to the combination, all paths are selected if there is any file that matches other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file that matches other criteria, nothing is selected. +endif::git-format-patch[] --find-copies-harder:: For performance reasons, by default, `-C` option finds copies only @@ -153,28 +204,34 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] `-C` option has the same effect. -l<num>:: - -M and -C options require O(n^2) processing time where n + The `-M` and `-C` options require O(n^2) processing time where n is the number of potential rename/copy targets. This option prevents rename/copy detection from running if the number of rename/copy targets exceeds the specified number. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] -S<string>:: - Look for differences that contain the change in <string>. + Look for differences that introduce or remove an instance of + <string>. Note that this is different than the string simply + appearing in diff output; see the 'pickaxe' entry in + linkgit:gitdiffcore[7] for more details. --pickaxe-all:: - When -S finds a change, show all the changes in that + When `-S` finds a change, show all the changes in that changeset, not just the files that contain the change in <string>. --pickaxe-regex:: Make the <string> not a plain string but an extended POSIX regex to match. +endif::git-format-patch[] -O<orderfile>:: Output the patch in the order specified in the <orderfile>, which has one shell glob pattern per line. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] -R:: Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or on-disk file to tree contents. @@ -186,39 +243,40 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] not in a subdirectory (e.g. in a bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make the output relative to by giving a <path> as an argument. +endif::git-format-patch[] +-a:: --text:: Treat all files as text. --a:: - Shorthand for "--text". - --ignore-space-at-eol:: Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL. +-b:: --ignore-space-change:: Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or more whitespace characters to be equivalent. --b:: - Shorthand for "--ignore-space-change". - +-w:: --ignore-all-space:: Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none. --w:: - Shorthand for "--ignore-all-space". +--inter-hunk-context=<lines>:: + Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number + of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other. +ifndef::git-format-patch[] --exit-code:: Make the program exit with codes similar to diff(1). That is, it exits with 1 if there were differences and 0 means no differences. --quiet:: - Disable all output of the program. Implies --exit-code. + Disable all output of the program. Implies `--exit-code`. +endif::git-format-patch[] --ext-diff:: Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an @@ -228,6 +286,9 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] --no-ext-diff:: Disallow external diff drivers. +--ignore-submodules:: + Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation. + --src-prefix=<prefix>:: Show the given source prefix instead of "a/". @@ -238,4 +299,4 @@ endif::git-format-patch[] Do not show any source or destination prefix. For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also -link:diffcore.html[diffcore documentation]. +linkgit:gitdiffcore[7]. diff --git a/Documentation/docbook-xsl.css b/Documentation/docbook-xsl.css index b878b38..e11c8f0 100644 --- a/Documentation/docbook-xsl.css +++ b/Documentation/docbook-xsl.css @@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ body blockquote { html body { margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%; line-height: 1.2; + font-family: sans-serif; } body div { @@ -128,6 +129,15 @@ body pre { tt.literal, code.literal { color: navy; + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +code.literal:before { content: "'"; } +code.literal:after { content: "'"; } + +em { + font-style: italic; + color: #064; } div.literallayout p { @@ -137,7 +147,6 @@ div.literallayout p { div.literallayout { font-family: monospace; -# margin: 0.5em 10% 0.5em 1em; margin: 0em; color: navy; border: 1px solid silver; @@ -187,7 +196,8 @@ dt { } dt span.term { - font-style: italic; + font-style: normal; + color: navy; } div.variablelist dd p { diff --git a/Documentation/everyday.txt b/Documentation/everyday.txt index e598cdd..9310b65 100644 --- a/Documentation/everyday.txt +++ b/Documentation/everyday.txt @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Use a tarball as a starting point for a new repository.:: ------------ $ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz $ cd frotz -$ git-init +$ git init $ git add . <1> $ git commit -m "import of frotz source tree." $ git tag v2.43 <2> diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt index b675911..ab6419f 100644 --- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt @@ -1,39 +1,57 @@ --q, \--quiet:: - Pass --quiet to git-fetch-pack and silence any other internally - used programs. - --v, \--verbose:: - Be verbose. +--all:: + Fetch all remotes. --a, \--append:: +-a:: +--append:: Append ref names and object names of fetched refs to the existing contents of `.git/FETCH_HEAD`. Without this option old data in `.git/FETCH_HEAD` will be overwritten. -\--upload-pack <upload-pack>:: - When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled - by 'git-fetch-pack', '--exec=<upload-pack>' is passed to - the command to specify non-default path for the command - run on the other end. +--depth=<depth>:: + Deepen the history of a 'shallow' repository created by + `git clone` with `--depth=<depth>` option (see linkgit:git-clone[1]) + by the specified number of commits. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +--dry-run:: + Show what would be done, without making any changes. +endif::git-pull[] --f, \--force:: - When `git-fetch` is used with `<rbranch>:<lbranch>` +-f:: +--force:: + When 'git-fetch' is used with `<rbranch>:<lbranch>` refspec, it refuses to update the local branch `<lbranch>` unless the remote branch `<rbranch>` it fetches is a descendant of `<lbranch>`. This option overrides that check. +-k:: +--keep:: + Keep downloaded pack. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +--multiple:: + Allow several <repository> and <group> arguments to be + specified. No <refspec>s may be specified. + +--prune:: + After fetching, remove any remote tracking branches which + no longer exist on the remote. +endif::git-pull[] + ifdef::git-pull[] -\--no-tags:: +--no-tags:: endif::git-pull[] ifndef::git-pull[] --n, \--no-tags:: +-n:: +--no-tags:: endif::git-pull[] By default, tags that point at objects that are downloaded from the remote repository are fetched and stored locally. This option disables this automatic tag following. --t, \--tags:: +-t:: +--tags:: Most of the tags are fetched automatically as branch heads are downloaded, but tags that do not point at objects reachable from the branch heads that are being @@ -41,18 +59,28 @@ endif::git-pull[] flag lets all tags and their associated objects be downloaded. --k, \--keep:: - Keep downloaded pack. - --u, \--update-head-ok:: - By default `git-fetch` refuses to update the head which +-u:: +--update-head-ok:: + By default 'git-fetch' refuses to update the head which corresponds to the current branch. This flag disables the - check. This is purely for the internal use for `git-pull` - to communicate with `git-fetch`, and unless you are + check. This is purely for the internal use for 'git-pull' + to communicate with 'git-fetch', and unless you are implementing your own Porcelain you are not supposed to use it. -\--depth=<depth>:: - Deepen the history of a 'shallow' repository created by - `git clone` with `--depth=<depth>` option (see linkgit:git-clone[1]) - by the specified number of commits. +--upload-pack <upload-pack>:: + When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled + by 'git-fetch-pack', '--exec=<upload-pack>' is passed to + the command to specify non-default path for the command + run on the other end. + +ifndef::git-pull[] +-q:: +--quiet:: + Pass --quiet to git-fetch-pack and silence any other internally + used git commands. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Be verbose. +endif::git-pull[] diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt index f14319a..d0b279b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-add.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt @@ -8,33 +8,38 @@ git-add - Add file contents to the index SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-add' [-n] [-v] [-f] [--interactive | -i] [--patch | -p] [-u] [--refresh] - [--] <filepattern>... +'git add' [-n] [-v] [--force | -f] [--interactive | -i] [--patch | -p] + [--edit | -e] [--all | [--update | -u]] [--intent-to-add | -N] + [--refresh] [--ignore-errors] [--] [<filepattern>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -This command adds the current content of new or modified files to the -index, thus staging that content for inclusion in the next commit. +This command updates the index using the current content found in +the working tree, to prepare the content staged for the next commit. +It typically adds the current content of existing paths as a whole, +but with some options it can also be used to add content with +only part of the changes made to the working tree files applied, or +remove paths that do not exist in the working tree anymore. The "index" holds a snapshot of the content of the working tree, and it is this snapshot that is taken as the contents of the next commit. Thus after making any changes to the working directory, and before running -the commit command, you must use the 'add' command to add any new or +the commit command, you must use the `add` command to add any new or modified files to the index. This command can be performed multiple times before a commit. It only adds the content of the specified file(s) at the time the add command is run; if you want subsequent changes included in the next commit, then -you must run 'git add' again to add the new content to the index. +you must run `git add` again to add the new content to the index. -The 'git status' command can be used to obtain a summary of which +The `git status` command can be used to obtain a summary of which files have changes that are staged for the next commit. -The 'git add' command will not add ignored files by default. If any -ignored files were explicitly specified on the command line, 'git add' +The `git add` command will not add ignored files by default. If any +ignored files were explicitly specified on the command line, `git add` will fail with a list of ignored files. Ignored files reached by directory recursion or filename globbing performed by Git (quote your -globs before the shell) will be silently ignored. The 'add' command can +globs before the shell) will be silently ignored. The `add` command can be used to add ignored files with the `-f` (force) option. Please see linkgit:git-commit[1] for alternative ways to add content to a @@ -50,37 +55,82 @@ OPTIONS and `dir/file2`) can be given to add all files in the directory, recursively. --n, \--dry-run:: +-n:: +--dry-run:: Don't actually add the file(s), just show if they exist. --v, \--verbose:: +-v:: +--verbose:: Be verbose. -f:: +--force:: Allow adding otherwise ignored files. --i, \--interactive:: +-i:: +--interactive:: Add modified contents in the working tree interactively to the index. Optional path arguments may be supplied to limit operation to a subset of the working tree. See ``Interactive mode'' for details. --p, \--patch:: - Similar to Interactive mode but the initial command loop is - bypassed and the 'patch' subcommand is invoked using each of - the specified filepatterns before exiting. +-p:: +--patch:: + Interactively choose hunks of patch between the index and the + work tree and add them to the index. This gives the user a chance + to review the difference before adding modified contents to the + index. ++ +This effectively runs `add --interactive`, but bypasses the +initial command menu and directly jumps to the `patch` subcommand. +See ``Interactive mode'' for details. + +-e, \--edit:: + Open the diff vs. the index in an editor and let the user + edit it. After the editor was closed, adjust the hunk headers + and apply the patch to the index. ++ +*NOTE*: Obviously, if you change anything else than the first character +on lines beginning with a space or a minus, the patch will no longer +apply. -u:: - Update only files that git already knows about. This is similar - to what "git commit -a" does in preparation for making a commit, - except that the update is limited to paths specified on the - command line. If no paths are specified, all tracked files in the - current directory and its subdirectories are updated. - -\--refresh:: +--update:: + Only match <filepattern> against already tracked files in + the index rather than the working tree. That means that it + will never stage new files, but that it will stage modified + new contents of tracked files and that it will remove files + from the index if the corresponding files in the working tree + have been removed. ++ +If no <filepattern> is given, default to "."; in other words, +update all tracked files in the current directory and its +subdirectories. + +-A:: +--all:: + Like `-u`, but match <filepattern> against files in the + working tree in addition to the index. That means that it + will find new files as well as staging modified content and + removing files that are no longer in the working tree. + +-N:: +--intent-to-add:: + Record only the fact that the path will be added later. An entry + for the path is placed in the index with no content. This is + useful for, among other things, showing the unstaged content of + such files with `git diff` and committing them with `git commit + -a`. + +--refresh:: Don't add the file(s), but only refresh their stat() information in the index. +--ignore-errors:: + If some files could not be added because of errors indexing + them, do not abort the operation, but continue adding the + others. The command shall still exit with non-zero status. + \--:: This option can be used to separate command-line options from the list of files, (useful when filenames might be mistaken @@ -90,10 +140,10 @@ OPTIONS Configuration ------------- -The optional configuration variable 'core.excludesfile' indicates a path to a +The optional configuration variable `core.excludesfile` indicates a path to a file containing patterns of file names to exclude from git-add, similar to $GIT_DIR/info/exclude. Patterns in the exclude file are used in addition to -those in info/exclude. See link:repository-layout.html[repository layout]. +those in info/exclude. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5]. EXAMPLES @@ -107,7 +157,7 @@ $ git add Documentation/\*.txt ------------ + Note that the asterisk `\*` is quoted from the shell in this -example; this lets the command to include the files from +example; this lets the command include the files from subdirectories of `Documentation/` directory. * Considers adding content from all git-*.sh scripts: @@ -116,7 +166,7 @@ subdirectories of `Documentation/` directory. $ git add git-*.sh ------------ + -Because this example lets shell expand the asterisk (i.e. you are +Because this example lets the shell expand the asterisk (i.e. you are listing the files explicitly), it does not consider `subdir/git-foo.sh`. @@ -138,7 +188,7 @@ and type return, like this: What now> 1 ------------ -You also could say "s" or "sta" or "status" above as long as the +You also could say `s` or `sta` or `status` above as long as the choice is unique. The main command loop has 6 subcommands (plus help and quit). @@ -146,9 +196,9 @@ The main command loop has 6 subcommands (plus help and quit). status:: This shows the change between HEAD and index (i.e. what will be - committed if you say "git commit"), and between index and + committed if you say `git commit`), and between index and working tree files (i.e. what you could stage further before - "git commit" using "git-add") for each path. A sample output + `git commit` using `git add`) for each path. A sample output looks like this: + ------------ @@ -169,12 +219,13 @@ one deletion). update:: - This shows the status information and gives prompt - "Update>>". When the prompt ends with double '>>', you can + This shows the status information and issues an "Update>>" + prompt. When the prompt ends with double '>>', you can make more than one selection, concatenated with whitespace or comma. Also you can say ranges. E.g. "2-5 7,9" to choose - 2,3,4,5,7,9 from the list. You can say '*' to choose - everything. + 2,3,4,5,7,9 from the list. If the second number in a range is + omitted, all remaining patches are taken. E.g. "7-" to choose + 7,8,9 from the list. You can say '*' to choose everything. + What you chose are then highlighted with '*', like this: @@ -208,20 +259,24 @@ add untracked:: patch:: - This lets you choose one path out of 'status' like selection. - After choosing the path, it presents diff between the index + This lets you choose one path out of a 'status' like selection. + After choosing the path, it presents the diff between the index and the working tree file and asks you if you want to stage the change of each hunk. You can say: y - stage this hunk n - do not stage this hunk + q - quit, do not stage this hunk nor any of the remaining ones a - stage this and all the remaining hunks in the file d - do not stage this hunk nor any of the remaining hunks in the file + g - select a hunk to go to + / - search for a hunk matching the given regex j - leave this hunk undecided, see next undecided hunk J - leave this hunk undecided, see next hunk k - leave this hunk undecided, see previous undecided hunk K - leave this hunk undecided, see previous hunk s - split the current hunk into smaller hunks + e - manually edit the current hunk ? - print help + After deciding the fate for all hunks, if there is any hunk @@ -232,14 +287,7 @@ diff:: This lets you review what will be committed (i.e. between HEAD and index). -Bugs ----- -The interactive mode does not work with files whose names contain -characters that need C-quoting. `core.quotepath` configuration can be -used to work this limitation around to some degree, but backslash, -double-quote and control characters will still have problems. - -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-status[1] linkgit:git-rm[1] @@ -258,4 +306,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt index 2387a8d..67ad5da 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-am.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt @@ -9,11 +9,13 @@ git-am - Apply a series of patches from a mailbox SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-am' [--signoff] [--keep] [--utf8 | --no-utf8] - [--3way] [--interactive] [--binary] - [--whitespace=<option>] [-C<n>] [-p<n>] - <mbox>|<Maildir>... -'git-am' [--skip | --resolved] +'git am' [--signoff] [--keep] [--utf8 | --no-utf8] + [--3way] [--interactive] [--committer-date-is-author-date] + [--ignore-date] [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace] + [--whitespace=<option>] [-C<n>] [-p<n>] [--directory=<dir>] + [--reject] [-q | --quiet] [--scissors | --no-scissors] + [<mbox> | <Maildir>...] +'git am' (--skip | --resolved | --abort) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -25,58 +27,88 @@ OPTIONS ------- <mbox>|<Maildir>...:: The list of mailbox files to read patches from. If you do not - supply this argument, reads from the standard input. If you supply - directories, they'll be treated as Maildirs. + supply this argument, the command reads from the standard input. + If you supply directories, they will be treated as Maildirs. --s, --signoff:: - Add `Signed-off-by:` line to the commit message, using +-s:: +--signoff:: + Add a `Signed-off-by:` line to the commit message, using the committer identity of yourself. --k, --keep:: - Pass `-k` flag to `git-mailinfo` (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). +-k:: +--keep:: + Pass `-k` flag to 'git-mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). --u, --utf8:: - Pass `-u` flag to `git-mailinfo` (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). +-c:: +--scissors:: + Remove everything in body before a scissors line (see + linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + +---no-scissors:: + Ignore scissors lines (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Be quiet. Only print error messages. + +-u:: +--utf8:: + Pass `-u` flag to 'git-mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). The proposed commit log message taken from the e-mail is re-coded into UTF-8 encoding (configuration variable `i18n.commitencoding` can be used to specify project's preferred encoding if it is not UTF-8). + This was optional in prior versions of git, but now it is the -default. You could use `--no-utf8` to override this. +default. You can use `--no-utf8` to override this. --no-utf8:: - Pass `-n` flag to `git-mailinfo` (see + Pass `-n` flag to 'git-mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). --3, --3way:: +-3:: +--3way:: When the patch does not apply cleanly, fall back on - 3-way merge, if the patch records the identity of blobs - it is supposed to apply to, and we have those blobs + 3-way merge if the patch records the identity of blobs + it is supposed to apply to and we have those blobs available locally. --b, --binary:: - Pass `--allow-binary-replacement` flag to `git-apply` - (see linkgit:git-apply[1]). - +--ignore-date:: +--ignore-space-change:: +--ignore-whitespace:: --whitespace=<option>:: - This flag is passed to the `git-apply` (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) - program that applies - the patch. - --C<n>, -p<n>:: - These flags are passed to the `git-apply` (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) +-C<n>:: +-p<n>:: +--directory=<dir>:: +--reject:: + These flags are passed to the 'git-apply' (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) program that applies the patch. --i, --interactive:: +-i:: +--interactive:: Run interactively. +--committer-date-is-author-date:: + By default the command records the date from the e-mail + message as the commit author date, and uses the time of + commit creation as the committer date. This allows the + user to lie about the committer date by using the same + value as the author date. + +--ignore-date:: + By default the command records the date from the e-mail + message as the commit author date, and uses the time of + commit creation as the committer date. This allows the + user to lie about the author date by using the same + value as the committer date. + --skip:: Skip the current patch. This is only meaningful when restarting an aborted patch. --r, --resolved:: +-r:: +--resolved:: After a patch failure (e.g. attempting to apply conflicting patch), the user has applied it by hand and the index file stores the result of the application. @@ -89,30 +121,31 @@ default. You could use `--no-utf8` to override this. to the screen before exiting. This overrides the standard message informing you to use `--resolved` or `--skip` to handle the failure. This is solely - for internal use between `git-rebase` and `git-am`. + for internal use between 'git-rebase' and 'git-am'. + +--abort:: + Restore the original branch and abort the patching operation. DISCUSSION ---------- The commit author name is taken from the "From: " line of the -message, and commit author time is taken from the "Date: " line +message, and commit author date is taken from the "Date: " line of the message. The "Subject: " line is used as the title of the commit, after stripping common prefix "[PATCH <anything>]". -It is supposed to describe what the commit is about concisely as -a one line text. +The "Subject: " line is supposed to concisely describe what the +commit is about in one line of text. -The body of the message (iow, after a blank line that terminates -RFC2822 headers) can begin with "Subject: " and "From: " lines -that are different from those of the mail header, to override -the values of these fields. +"From: " and "Subject: " lines starting the body override the respective +commit author name and title values taken from the headers. The commit message is formed by the title taken from the "Subject: ", a blank line and the body of the message up to -where the patch begins. Excess whitespaces at the end of the -lines are automatically stripped. +where the patch begins. Excess whitespace at the end of each +line is automatically stripped. The patch is expected to be inline, directly following the -message. Any line that is of form: +message. Any line that is of the form: * three-dashes and end-of-line, or * a line that begins with "diff -", or @@ -121,22 +154,28 @@ message. Any line that is of form: is taken as the beginning of a patch, and the commit log message is terminated before the first occurrence of such a line. -When initially invoking it, you give it names of the mailboxes -to crunch. Upon seeing the first patch that does not apply, it -aborts in the middle,. You can recover from this in one of two ways: +When initially invoking `git am`, you give it the names of the mailboxes +to process. Upon seeing the first patch that does not apply, it +aborts in the middle. You can recover from this in one of two ways: -. skip the current patch by re-running the command with '--skip' +. skip the current patch by re-running the command with the '--skip' option. . hand resolve the conflict in the working directory, and update - the index file to bring it in a state that the patch should - have produced. Then run the command with '--resolved' option. + the index file to bring it into a state that the patch should + have produced. Then run the command with the '--resolved' option. -The command refuses to process new mailboxes while `.dotest` +The command refuses to process new mailboxes while the `.git/rebase-apply` directory exists, so if you decide to start over from scratch, -run `rm -f -r .dotest` before running the command with mailbox +run `rm -f -r .git/rebase-apply` before running the command with mailbox names. +Before any patches are applied, ORIG_HEAD is set to the tip of the +current branch. This is useful if you have problems with multiple +commits, like running 'git am' on the wrong branch or an error in the +commits that is more easily fixed by changing the mailbox (e.g. +errors in the "From:" lines). + SEE ALSO -------- @@ -145,7 +184,7 @@ linkgit:git-apply[1]. Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -153,4 +192,4 @@ Documentation by Petr Baudis, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.o GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-annotate.txt b/Documentation/git-annotate.txt index 45a6a72..0590eec 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-annotate.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-annotate.txt @@ -3,16 +3,21 @@ git-annotate(1) NAME ---- -git-annotate - Annotate file lines with commit info +git-annotate - Annotate file lines with commit information SYNOPSIS -------- -git-annotate [options] file [revision] +'git annotate' [options] file [revision] DESCRIPTION ----------- Annotates each line in the given file with information from the commit -which introduced the line. Optionally annotate from a given revision. +which introduced the line. Optionally annotates from a given revision. + +The only difference between this command and linkgit:git-blame[1] is that +they use slightly different output formats, and this command exists only +for backward compatibility to support existing scripts, and provide a more +familiar command name for people coming from other SCM systems. OPTIONS ------- @@ -28,4 +33,4 @@ Written by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt index 2dec2ec..c2528a7 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt @@ -3,28 +3,33 @@ git-apply(1) NAME ---- -git-apply - Apply a patch on a git index file and a working tree +git-apply - Apply a patch to files and/or to the index SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-apply' [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check] [--index] - [--apply] [--no-add] [--build-fake-ancestor <file>] [-R | --reverse] +'git apply' [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check] [--index] + [--apply] [--no-add] [--build-fake-ancestor=<file>] [-R | --reverse] [--allow-binary-replacement | --binary] [--reject] [-z] - [-pNUM] [-CNUM] [--inaccurate-eof] [--cached] + [-pNUM] [-CNUM] [--inaccurate-eof] [--recount] [--cached] + [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace ] [--whitespace=<nowarn|warn|fix|error|error-all>] - [--exclude=PATH] [--verbose] [<patch>...] + [--exclude=PATH] [--include=PATH] [--directory=<root>] + [--verbose] [<patch>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads supplied diff output and applies it on a git index file -and a work tree. +Reads the supplied diff output (i.e. "a patch") and applies it to files. +With the `--index` option the patch is also applied to the index, and +with the `--cache` option the patch is only applied to the index. +Without these options, the command applies the patch only to files, +and does not require them to be in a git repository. OPTIONS ------- <patch>...:: - The files to read patch from. '-' can be used to read + The files to read the patch from. '-' can be used to read from the standard input. --stat:: @@ -32,8 +37,8 @@ OPTIONS input. Turns off "apply". --numstat:: - Similar to \--stat, but shows number of added and - deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without + Similar to `--stat`, but shows the number of added and + deleted lines in decimal notation and the pathname without abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two `-` instead of saying `0 0`. Turns off "apply". @@ -46,49 +51,52 @@ OPTIONS --check:: Instead of applying the patch, see if the patch is - applicable to the current work tree and/or the index + applicable to the current working tree and/or the index file and detects errors. Turns off "apply". --index:: - When --check is in effect, or when applying the patch + When `--check` is in effect, or when applying the patch (which is the default when none of the options that disables it is in effect), make sure the patch is applicable to what the current index file records. If - the file to be patched in the work tree is not + the file to be patched in the working tree is not up-to-date, it is flagged as an error. This flag also causes the index file to be updated. --cached:: - Apply a patch without touching the working tree. Instead, take the - cached data, apply the patch, and store the result in the index, - without using the working tree. This implies '--index'. + Apply a patch without touching the working tree. Instead take the + cached data, apply the patch, and store the result in the index + without using the working tree. This implies `--index`. ---build-fake-ancestor <file>:: - Newer git-diff output has embedded 'index information' +--build-fake-ancestor=<file>:: + Newer 'git-diff' output has embedded 'index information' for each blob to help identify the original version that the patch applies to. When this flag is given, and if - the original versions of the blobs is available locally, + the original versions of the blobs are available locally, builds a temporary index containing those blobs. + When a pure mode change is encountered (which has no index information), the information is read from the current index instead. --R, --reverse:: +-R:: +--reverse:: Apply the patch in reverse. --reject:: - For atomicity, linkgit:git-apply[1] by default fails the whole patch and + For atomicity, 'git-apply' by default fails the whole patch and does not touch the working tree when some of the hunks do not apply. This option makes it apply the parts of the patch that are applicable, and leave the rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files. -z:: - When showing the index information, do not munge paths, - but use NUL terminated machine readable format. Without - this flag, the pathnames output will have TAB, LF, and - backslash characters replaced with `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, - respectively. + When `--numstat` has been given, do not munge pathnames, + but use a NUL-terminated machine-readable format. ++ +Without this option, each pathname output will have TAB, LF, double quotes, +and backslash characters replaced with `\t`, `\n`, `\"`, and `\\`, +respectively, and the pathname will be enclosed in double quotes if +any of those replacements occurred. -p<n>:: Remove <n> leading slashes from traditional diff paths. The @@ -101,30 +109,31 @@ the information is read from the current index instead. ever ignored. --unidiff-zero:: - By default, linkgit:git-apply[1] expects that the patch being + By default, 'git-apply' expects that the patch being applied is a unified diff with at least one line of context. This provides good safety measures, but breaks down when - applying a diff generated with --unified=0. To bypass these - checks use '--unidiff-zero'. + applying a diff generated with `--unified=0`. To bypass these + checks use `--unidiff-zero`. + -Note, for the reasons stated above usage of context-free patches are +Note, for the reasons stated above usage of context-free patches is discouraged. --apply:: If you use any of the options marked "Turns off - 'apply'" above, linkgit:git-apply[1] reads and outputs the - information you asked without actually applying the + 'apply'" above, 'git-apply' reads and outputs the + requested information without actually applying the patch. Give this flag after those flags to also apply the patch. --no-add:: When applying a patch, ignore additions made by the patch. This can be used to extract the common part between - two files by first running `diff` on them and applying + two files by first running 'diff' on them and applying the result with this option, which would apply the - deletion part but not addition part. + deletion part but not the addition part. ---allow-binary-replacement, --binary:: +--allow-binary-replacement:: +--binary:: Historically we did not allow binary patch applied without an explicit permission from the user, and this flag was the way to do so. Currently we always allow binary @@ -135,6 +144,25 @@ discouraged. be useful when importing patchsets, where you want to exclude certain files or directories. +--include=<path-pattern>:: + Apply changes to files matching the given path pattern. This can + be useful when importing patchsets, where you want to include certain + files or directories. ++ +When `--exclude` and `--include` patterns are used, they are examined in the +order they appear on the command line, and the first match determines if a +patch to each path is used. A patch to a path that does not match any +include/exclude pattern is used by default if there is no include pattern +on the command line, and ignored if there is any include pattern. + +--ignore-space-change:: +--ignore-whitespace:: + When applying a patch, ignore changes in whitespace in context + lines if necessary. + Context lines will preserve their whitespace, and they will not + undergo whitespace fixing regardless of the value of the + `--whitespace` option. New lines will still be fixed, though. + --whitespace=<action>:: When applying a patch, detect a new or modified line that has whitespace errors. What are considered whitespace errors is @@ -145,10 +173,10 @@ discouraged. considered whitespace errors. + By default, the command outputs warning messages but applies the patch. -When linkgit:git-apply[1] is used for statistics and not applying a +When `git-apply` is used for statistics and not applying a patch, it defaults to `nowarn`. + -You can use different `<action>` to control this +You can use different `<action>` values to control this behavior: + * `nowarn` turns off the trailing whitespace warning. @@ -156,44 +184,62 @@ behavior: patch as-is (default). * `fix` outputs warnings for a few such errors, and applies the patch after fixing them (`strip` is a synonym --- the tool - used to consider only trailing whitespaces as errors, and the + used to consider only trailing whitespace characters as errors, and the fix involved 'stripping' them, but modern gits do more). * `error` outputs warnings for a few such errors, and refuses to apply the patch. * `error-all` is similar to `error` but shows all errors. --inaccurate-eof:: - Under certain circumstances, some versions of diff do not correctly + Under certain circumstances, some versions of 'diff' do not correctly detect a missing new-line at the end of the file. As a result, patches - created by such diff programs do not record incomplete lines + created by such 'diff' programs do not record incomplete lines correctly. This option adds support for applying such patches by working around this bug. --v, --verbose:: +-v:: +--verbose:: Report progress to stderr. By default, only a message about the current patch being applied will be printed. This option will cause additional information to be reported. +--recount:: + Do not trust the line counts in the hunk headers, but infer them + by inspecting the patch (e.g. after editing the patch without + adjusting the hunk headers appropriately). + +--directory=<root>:: + Prepend <root> to all filenames. If a "-p" argument was also passed, + it is applied before prepending the new root. ++ +For example, a patch that talks about updating `a/git-gui.sh` to `b/git-gui.sh` +can be applied to the file in the working tree `modules/git-gui/git-gui.sh` by +running `git apply --directory=modules/git-gui`. + Configuration ------------- +apply.ignorewhitespace:: + Set to 'change' if you want changes in whitespace to be ignored by default. + Set to one of: no, none, never, false if you want changes in + whitespace to be significant. apply.whitespace:: When no `--whitespace` flag is given from the command line, this configuration item is used as the default. Submodules ---------- -If the patch contains any changes to submodules then linkgit:git-apply[1] +If the patch contains any changes to submodules then 'git-apply' treats these changes as follows. -If --index is specified (explicitly or implicitly), then the submodule +If `--index` is specified (explicitly or implicitly), then the submodule commits must match the index exactly for the patch to apply. If any of the submodules are checked-out, then these check-outs are completely ignored, i.e., they are not required to be up-to-date or clean and they are not updated. -If --index is not specified, then the submodule commits in the patch -are ignored and only the absence of presence of the corresponding +If `--index` is not specified, then the submodule commits in the patch +are ignored and only the absence or presence of the corresponding subdirectory is checked and (if possible) updated. Author @@ -206,4 +252,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-archimport.txt b/Documentation/git-archimport.txt index bd20fd8..c7a6e3e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-archimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-archimport.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-archimport - Import an Arch repository into git SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-archimport' [-h] [-v] [-o] [-a] [-f] [-T] [-D depth] [-t tempdir] +'git archimport' [-h] [-v] [-o] [-a] [-f] [-T] [-D depth] [-t tempdir] <archive/branch>[:<git-branch>] ... DESCRIPTION @@ -29,17 +29,17 @@ branches that have different roots, it will refuse to run. In that case, edit your <archive/branch> parameters to define clearly the scope of the import. -`git-archimport` uses `tla` extensively in the background to access the +'git-archimport' uses `tla` extensively in the background to access the Arch repository. Make sure you have a recent version of `tla` available in the path. `tla` must -know about the repositories you pass to `git-archimport`. +know about the repositories you pass to 'git-archimport'. -For the initial import `git-archimport` expects to find itself in an empty +For the initial import, 'git-archimport' expects to find itself in an empty directory. To follow the development of a project that uses Arch, rerun -`git-archimport` with the same parameters as the initial import to perform +'git-archimport' with the same parameters as the initial import to perform incremental imports. -While git-archimport will try to create sensible branch names for the +While 'git-archimport' will try to create sensible branch names for the archives that it imports, it is also possible to specify git branch names manually. To do so, write a git branch name after each <archive/branch> parameter, separated by a colon. This way, you can shorten the Arch @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ OPTIONS -o:: Use this for compatibility with old-style branch names used by - earlier versions of git-archimport. Old-style branch names + earlier versions of 'git-archimport'. Old-style branch names were category--branch, whereas new-style branch names are archive,category--branch--version. In both cases, names given on the command-line will override the automatically-generated @@ -117,4 +117,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano, Martin Langhoff and the git-list <git@vger.kern GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-archive.txt index d3eaa16..e579791 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-archive.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-archive.txt @@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ git-archive - Create an archive of files from a named tree SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-archive' --format=<fmt> [--list] [--prefix=<prefix>/] [<extra>] +'git archive' [--format=<fmt>] [--list] [--prefix=<prefix>/] [<extra>] + [-o | --output=<file>] [--worktree-attributes] [--remote=<repo> [--exec=<git-upload-archive>]] <tree-ish> [path...] @@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ prepended to the filenames in the archive. 'git-archive' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given a commit ID or tag ID. In the first case the current time is -used as modification time of each file in the archive. In the latter +used as the modification time of each file in the archive. In the latter case the commit time as recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead. Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header if the tar format is used; it can be extracted @@ -33,36 +34,49 @@ OPTIONS ------- --format=<fmt>:: - Format of the resulting archive: 'tar' or 'zip'. The default - is 'tar'. - ---list, -l:: + Format of the resulting archive: 'tar' or 'zip'. If this option + is not given, and the output file is specified, the format is + inferred from the filename if possible (e.g. writing to "foo.zip" + makes the output to be in the zip format). Otherwise the output + format is `tar`. + +-l:: +--list:: Show all available formats. ---verbose, -v:: +-v:: +--verbose:: Report progress to stderr. --prefix=<prefix>/:: Prepend <prefix>/ to each filename in the archive. +-o <file>:: +--output=<file>:: + Write the archive to <file> instead of stdout. + +--worktree-attributes:: + Look for attributes in .gitattributes in working directory too. + <extra>:: - This can be any options that the archiver backend understand. + This can be any options that the archiver backend understands. See next section. --remote=<repo>:: - Instead of making a tar archive from local repository, + Instead of making a tar archive from the local repository, retrieve a tar archive from a remote repository. --exec=<git-upload-archive>:: Used with --remote to specify the path to the - git-upload-archive executable on the remote side. + 'git-upload-archive' on the remote side. <tree-ish>:: The tree or commit to produce an archive for. path:: - If one or more paths are specified, include only these in the - archive, otherwise include all files and subdirectories. + Without an optional path parameter, all files and subdirectories + of the current working directory are included in the archive. + If one or more paths are specified, only these are included. BACKEND EXTRA OPTIONS --------------------- @@ -86,12 +100,24 @@ tar.umask:: archiving user's umask will be used instead. See umask(2) for details. +ATTRIBUTES +---------- + +export-ignore:: + Files and directories with the attribute export-ignore won't be + added to archive files. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +export-subst:: + If the attribute export-subst is set for a file then git will + expand several placeholders when adding this file to an archive. + See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + EXAMPLES -------- git archive --format=tar --prefix=junk/ HEAD | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -):: Create a tar archive that contains the contents of the - latest commit on the current branch, and extracts it in + latest commit on the current branch, and extract it in the `/var/tmp/junk` directory. git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz:: @@ -108,6 +134,17 @@ git archive --format=zip --prefix=git-docs/ HEAD:Documentation/ > git-1.4.0-docs Put everything in the current head's Documentation/ directory into 'git-1.4.0-docs.zip', with the prefix 'git-docs/'. +git archive -o latest.zip HEAD:: + + Create a Zip archive that contains the contents of the latest + commit on the current branch. Note that the output format is + inferred by the extension of the output file. + + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gitattributes[5] + Author ------ Written by Franck Bui-Huu and Rene Scharfe. @@ -118,4 +155,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b7b2e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect-lk2009.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1358 @@ +Fighting regressions with git bisect +==================================== +:Author: Christian Couder +:Email: chriscool@tuxfamily.org +:Date: 2009/11/08 + +Abstract +-------- + +"git bisect" enables software users and developers to easily find the +commit that introduced a regression. We show why it is important to +have good tools to fight regressions. We describe how "git bisect" +works from the outside and the algorithms it uses inside. Then we +explain how to take advantage of "git bisect" to improve current +practices. And we discuss how "git bisect" could improve in the +future. + + +Introduction to "git bisect" +---------------------------- + +Git is a Distributed Version Control system (DVCS) created by Linus +Torvalds and maintained by Junio Hamano. + +In Git like in many other Version Control Systems (VCS), the different +states of the data that is managed by the system are called +commits. And, as VCS are mostly used to manage software source code, +sometimes "interesting" changes of behavior in the software are +introduced in some commits. + +In fact people are specially interested in commits that introduce a +"bad" behavior, called a bug or a regression. They are interested in +these commits because a commit (hopefully) contains a very small set +of source code changes. And it's much easier to understand and +properly fix a problem when you only need to check a very small set of +changes, than when you don't know where look in the first place. + +So to help people find commits that introduce a "bad" behavior, the +"git bisect" set of commands was invented. And it follows of course +that in "git bisect" parlance, commits where the "interesting +behavior" is present are called "bad" commits, while other commits are +called "good" commits. And a commit that introduce the behavior we are +interested in is called a "first bad commit". Note that there could be +more than one "first bad commit" in the commit space we are searching. + +So "git bisect" is designed to help find a "first bad commit". And to +be as efficient as possible, it tries to perform a binary search. + + +Fighting regressions overview +----------------------------- + +Regressions: a big problem +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Regressions are a big problem in the software industry. But it's +difficult to put some real numbers behind that claim. + +There are some numbers about bugs in general, like a NIST study in +2002 <<1>> that said: + +_____________ +Software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that +they cost the U.S. economy an estimated $59.5 billion annually, or +about 0.6 percent of the gross domestic product, according to a newly +released study commissioned by the Department of Commerce's National +Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). At the national level, +over half of the costs are borne by software users and the remainder +by software developers/vendors. The study also found that, although +all errors cannot be removed, more than a third of these costs, or an +estimated $22.2 billion, could be eliminated by an improved testing +infrastructure that enables earlier and more effective identification +and removal of software defects. These are the savings associated with +finding an increased percentage (but not 100 percent) of errors closer +to the development stages in which they are introduced. Currently, +over half of all errors are not found until "downstream" in the +development process or during post-sale software use. +_____________ + +And then: + +_____________ +Software developers already spend approximately 80 percent of +development costs on identifying and correcting defects, and yet few +products of any type other than software are shipped with such high +levels of errors. +_____________ + +Eventually the conclusion started with: + +_____________ +The path to higher software quality is significantly improved software +testing. +_____________ + +There are other estimates saying that 80% of the cost related to +software is about maintenance <<2>>. + +Though, according to Wikipedia <<3>>: + +_____________ +A common perception of maintenance is that it is merely fixing +bugs. However, studies and surveys over the years have indicated that +the majority, over 80%, of the maintenance effort is used for +non-corrective actions (Pigosky 1997). This perception is perpetuated +by users submitting problem reports that in reality are functionality +enhancements to the system. +_____________ + +But we can guess that improving on existing software is very costly +because you have to watch out for regressions. At least this would +make the above studies consistent among themselves. + +Of course some kind of software is developed, then used during some +time without being improved on much, and then finally thrown away. In +this case, of course, regressions may not be a big problem. But on the +other hand, there is a lot of big software that is continually +developed and maintained during years or even tens of years by a lot +of people. And as there are often many people who depend (sometimes +critically) on such software, regressions are a really big problem. + +One such software is the linux kernel. And if we look at the linux +kernel, we can see that a lot of time and effort is spent to fight +regressions. The release cycle start with a 2 weeks long merge +window. Then the first release candidate (rc) version is tagged. And +after that about 7 or 8 more rc versions will appear with around one +week between each of them, before the final release. + +The time between the first rc release and the final release is +supposed to be used to test rc versions and fight bugs and especially +regressions. And this time is more than 80% of the release cycle +time. But this is not the end of the fight yet, as of course it +continues after the release. + +And then this is what Ingo Molnar (a well known linux kernel +developer) says about his use of git bisect: + +_____________ +I most actively use it during the merge window (when a lot of trees +get merged upstream and when the influx of bugs is the highest) - and +yes, there have been cases that i used it multiple times a day. My +average is roughly once a day. +_____________ + +So regressions are fought all the time by developers, and indeed it is +well known that bugs should be fixed as soon as possible, so as soon +as they are found. That's why it is interesting to have good tools for +this purpose. + +Other tools to fight regressions +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +So what are the tools used to fight regressions? They are nearly the +same as those used to fight regular bugs. The only specific tools are +test suites and tools similar as "git bisect". + +Test suites are very nice. But when they are used alone, they are +supposed to be used so that all the tests are checked after each +commit. This means that they are not very efficient, because many +tests are run for no interesting result, and they suffer from +combinational explosion. + +In fact the problem is that big software often has many different +configuration options and that each test case should pass for each +configuration after each commit. So if you have for each release: N +configurations, M commits and T test cases, you should perform: + +------------- +N * M * T tests +------------- + +where N, M and T are all growing with the size your software. + +So very soon it will not be possible to completely test everything. + +And if some bugs slip through your test suite, then you can add a test +to your test suite. But if you want to use your new improved test +suite to find where the bug slipped in, then you will either have to +emulate a bisection process or you will perhaps bluntly test each +commit backward starting from the "bad" commit you have which may be +very wasteful. + +"git bisect" overview +--------------------- + +Starting a bisection +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The first "git bisect" subcommand to use is "git bisect start" to +start the search. Then bounds must be set to limit the commit +space. This is done usually by giving one "bad" and at least one +"good" commit. They can be passed in the initial call to "git bisect +start" like this: + +------------- +$ git bisect start [BAD [GOOD...]] +------------- + +or they can be set using: + +------------- +$ git bisect bad [COMMIT] +------------- + +and: + +------------- +$ git bisect good [COMMIT...] +------------- + +where BAD, GOOD and COMMIT are all names that can be resolved to a +commit. + +Then "git bisect" will checkout a commit of its choosing and ask the +user to test it, like this: + +------------- +$ git bisect start v2.6.27 v2.6.25 +Bisecting: 10928 revisions left to test after this (roughly 14 steps) +[2ec65f8b89ea003c27ff7723525a2ee335a2b393] x86: clean up using max_low_pfn on 32-bit +------------- + +Note that the example that we will use is really a toy example, we +will be looking for the first commit that has a version like +"2.6.26-something", that is the commit that has a "SUBLEVEL = 26" line +in the top level Makefile. This is a toy example because there are +better ways to find this commit with git than using "git bisect" (for +example "git blame" or "git log -S<string>"). + +Driving a bisection manually +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +At this point there are basically 2 ways to drive the search. It can +be driven manually by the user or it can be driven automatically by a +script or a command. + +If the user is driving it, then at each step of the search, the user +will have to test the current commit and say if it is "good" or "bad" +using the "git bisect good" or "git bisect bad" commands respectively +that have been described above. For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect bad +Bisecting: 5480 revisions left to test after this (roughly 13 steps) +[66c0b394f08fd89236515c1c84485ea712a157be] KVM: kill file->f_count abuse in kvm +------------- + +And after a few more steps like that, "git bisect" will eventually +find a first bad commit: + +------------- +$ git bisect bad +2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d is the first bad commit +commit 2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d +Author: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> +Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 + + Linux 2.6.26-rc1 + +:100644 100644 5cf8258195331a4dbdddff08b8d68642638eea57 4492984efc09ab72ff6219a7bc21fb6a957c4cd5 M Makefile +------------- + +At this point we can see what the commit does, check it out (if it's +not already checked out) or tinker with it, for example: + +------------- +$ git show HEAD +commit 2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d +Author: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> +Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 + + Linux 2.6.26-rc1 + +diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile +index 5cf8258..4492984 100644 +--- a/Makefile ++++ b/Makefile +@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ + VERSION = 2 + PATCHLEVEL = 6 +-SUBLEVEL = 25 +-EXTRAVERSION = ++SUBLEVEL = 26 ++EXTRAVERSION = -rc1 + NAME = Funky Weasel is Jiggy wit it + + # *DOCUMENTATION* +------------- + +And when we are finished we can use "git bisect reset" to go back to +the branch we were in before we started bisecting: + +------------- +$ git bisect reset +Checking out files: 100% (21549/21549), done. +Previous HEAD position was 2ddcca3... Linux 2.6.26-rc1 +Switched to branch 'master' +------------- + +Driving a bisection automatically +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The other way to drive the bisection process is to tell "git bisect" +to launch a script or command at each bisection step to know if the +current commit is "good" or "bad". To do that, we use the "git bisect +run" command. For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect start v2.6.27 v2.6.25 +Bisecting: 10928 revisions left to test after this (roughly 14 steps) +[2ec65f8b89ea003c27ff7723525a2ee335a2b393] x86: clean up using max_low_pfn on 32-bit +$ +$ git bisect run grep '^SUBLEVEL = 25' Makefile +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +Bisecting: 5480 revisions left to test after this (roughly 13 steps) +[66c0b394f08fd89236515c1c84485ea712a157be] KVM: kill file->f_count abuse in kvm +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +SUBLEVEL = 25 +Bisecting: 2740 revisions left to test after this (roughly 12 steps) +[671294719628f1671faefd4882764886f8ad08cb] V4L/DVB(7879): Adding cx18 Support for mxl5005s +... +... +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +Bisecting: 0 revisions left to test after this (roughly 0 steps) +[2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d] Linux 2.6.26-rc1 +running grep ^SUBLEVEL = 25 Makefile +2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d is the first bad commit +commit 2ddcca36c8bcfa251724fe342c8327451988be0d +Author: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> +Date: Sat May 3 11:59:44 2008 -0700 + + Linux 2.6.26-rc1 + +:100644 100644 5cf8258195331a4dbdddff08b8d68642638eea57 4492984efc09ab72ff6219a7bc21fb6a957c4cd5 M Makefile +bisect run success +------------- + +In this example, we passed "grep '^SUBLEVEL = 25' Makefile" as +parameter to "git bisect run". This means that at each step, the grep +command we passed will be launched. And if it exits with code 0 (that +means success) then git bisect will mark the current state as +"good". If it exits with code 1 (or any code between 1 and 127 +included, except the special code 125), then the current state will be +marked as "bad". + +Exit code between 128 and 255 are special to "git bisect run". They +make it stop immediately the bisection process. This is useful for +example if the command passed takes too long to complete, because you +can kill it with a signal and it will stop the bisection process. + +It can also be useful in scripts passed to "git bisect run" to "exit +255" if some very abnormal situation is detected. + +Avoiding untestable commits +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Sometimes it happens that the current state cannot be tested, for +example if it does not compile because there was a bug preventing it +at that time. This is what the special exit code 125 is for. It tells +"git bisect run" that the current commit should be marked as +untestable and that another one should be chosen and checked out. + +If the bisection process is driven manually, you can use "git bisect +skip" to do the same thing. (In fact the special exit code 125 makes +"git bisect run" use "git bisect skip" in the background.) + +Or if you want more control, you can inspect the current state using +for example "git bisect visualize". It will launch gitk (or "git log" +if the DISPLAY environment variable is not set) to help you find a +better bisection point. + +Either way, if you have a string of untestable commits, it might +happen that the regression you are looking for has been introduced by +one of these untestable commits. In this case it's not possible to +tell for sure which commit introduced the regression. + +So if you used "git bisect skip" (or the run script exited with +special code 125) you could get a result like this: + +------------- +There are only 'skip'ped commits left to test. +The first bad commit could be any of: +15722f2fa328eaba97022898a305ffc8172db6b1 +78e86cf3e850bd755bb71831f42e200626fbd1e0 +e15b73ad3db9b48d7d1ade32f8cd23a751fe0ace +070eab2303024706f2924822bfec8b9847e4ac1b +We cannot bisect more! +------------- + +Saving a log and replaying it +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If you want to show other people your bisection process, you can get a +log using for example: + +------------- +$ git bisect log > bisect_log.txt +------------- + +And it is possible to replay it using: + +------------- +$ git bisect replay bisect_log.txt +------------- + + +"git bisect" details +-------------------- + +Bisection algorithm +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +As the Git commits form a directed acyclic graph (DAG), finding the +best bisection commit to test at each step is not so simple. Anyway +Linus found and implemented a "truly stupid" algorithm, later improved +by Junio Hamano, that works quite well. + +So the algorithm used by "git bisect" to find the best bisection +commit when there are no skipped commits is the following: + +1) keep only the commits that: + +a) are ancestor of the "bad" commit (including the "bad" commit itself), +b) are not ancestor of a "good" commit (excluding the "good" commits). + +This means that we get rid of the uninteresting commits in the DAG. + +For example if we start with a graph like this: + +------------- +G-Y-G-W-W-W-X-X-X-X + \ / + W-W-B + / +Y---G-W---W + \ / \ +Y-Y X-X-X-X + +-> time goes this way -> +------------- + +where B is the "bad" commit, "G" are "good" commits and W, X, and Y +are other commits, we will get the following graph after this first +step: + +------------- +W-W-W + \ + W-W-B + / +W---W +------------- + +So only the W and B commits will be kept. Because commits X and Y will +have been removed by rules a) and b) respectively, and because commits +G are removed by rule b) too. + +Note for git users, that it is equivalent as keeping only the commit +given by: + +------------- +git rev-list BAD --not GOOD1 GOOD2... +------------- + +Also note that we don't require the commits that are kept to be +descendants of a "good" commit. So in the following example, commits W +and Z will be kept: + +------------- +G-W-W-W-B + / +Z-Z +------------- + +2) starting from the "good" ends of the graph, associate to each +commit the number of ancestors it has plus one + +For example with the following graph where H is the "bad" commit and A +and D are some parents of some "good" commits: + +------------- +A-B-C + \ + F-G-H + / +D---E +------------- + +this will give: + +------------- +1 2 3 +A-B-C + \6 7 8 + F-G-H +1 2/ +D---E +------------- + +3) associate to each commit: min(X, N - X) + +where X is the value associated to the commit in step 2) and N is the +total number of commits in the graph. + +In the above example we have N = 8, so this will give: + +------------- +1 2 3 +A-B-C + \2 1 0 + F-G-H +1 2/ +D---E +------------- + +4) the best bisection point is the commit with the highest associated +number + +So in the above example the best bisection point is commit C. + +5) note that some shortcuts are implemented to speed up the algorithm + +As we know N from the beginning, we know that min(X, N - X) can't be +greater than N/2. So during steps 2) and 3), if we would associate N/2 +to a commit, then we know this is the best bisection point. So in this +case we can just stop processing any other commit and return the +current commit. + +Bisection algorithm debugging +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +For any commit graph, you can see the number associated with each +commit using "git rev-list --bisect-all". + +For example, for the above graph, a command like: + +------------- +$ git rev-list --bisect-all BAD --not GOOD1 GOOD2 +------------- + +would output something like: + +------------- +e15b73ad3db9b48d7d1ade32f8cd23a751fe0ace (dist=3) +15722f2fa328eaba97022898a305ffc8172db6b1 (dist=2) +78e86cf3e850bd755bb71831f42e200626fbd1e0 (dist=2) +a1939d9a142de972094af4dde9a544e577ddef0e (dist=2) +070eab2303024706f2924822bfec8b9847e4ac1b (dist=1) +a3864d4f32a3bf5ed177ddef598490a08760b70d (dist=1) +a41baa717dd74f1180abf55e9341bc7a0bb9d556 (dist=1) +9e622a6dad403b71c40979743bb9d5be17b16bd6 (dist=0) +------------- + +Bisection algorithm discussed +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +First let's define "best bisection point". We will say that a commit X +is a best bisection point or a best bisection commit if knowing its +state ("good" or "bad") gives as much information as possible whether +the state of the commit happens to be "good" or "bad". + +This means that the best bisection commits are the commits where the +following function is maximum: + +------------- +f(X) = min(information_if_good(X), information_if_bad(X)) +------------- + +where information_if_good(X) is the information we get if X is good +and information_if_bad(X) is the information we get if X is bad. + +Now we will suppose that there is only one "first bad commit". This +means that all its descendants are "bad" and all the other commits are +"good". And we will suppose that all commits have an equal probability +of being good or bad, or of being the first bad commit, so knowing the +state of c commits gives always the same amount of information +wherever these c commits are on the graph and whatever c is. (So we +suppose that these commits being for example on a branch or near a +good or a bad commit does not give more or less information). + +Let's also suppose that we have a cleaned up graph like one after step +1) in the bisection algorithm above. This means that we can measure +the information we get in terms of number of commit we can remove from +the graph.. + +And let's take a commit X in the graph. + +If X is found to be "good", then we know that its ancestors are all +"good", so we want to say that: + +------------- +information_if_good(X) = number_of_ancestors(X) (TRUE) +------------- + +And this is true because at step 1) b) we remove the ancestors of the +"good" commits. + +If X is found to be "bad", then we know that its descendants are all +"bad", so we want to say that: + +------------- +information_if_bad(X) = number_of_descendants(X) (WRONG) +------------- + +But this is wrong because at step 1) a) we keep only the ancestors of +the bad commit. So we get more information when a commit is marked as +"bad", because we also know that the ancestors of the previous "bad" +commit that are not ancestors of the new "bad" commit are not the +first bad commit. We don't know if they are good or bad, but we know +that they are not the first bad commit because they are not ancestor +of the new "bad" commit. + +So when a commit is marked as "bad" we know we can remove all the +commits in the graph except those that are ancestors of the new "bad" +commit. This means that: + +------------- +information_if_bad(X) = N - number_of_ancestors(X) (TRUE) +------------- + +where N is the number of commits in the (cleaned up) graph. + +So in the end this means that to find the best bisection commits we +should maximize the function: + +------------- +f(X) = min(number_of_ancestors(X), N - number_of_ancestors(X)) +------------- + +And this is nice because at step 2) we compute number_of_ancestors(X) +and so at step 3) we compute f(X). + +Let's take the following graph as an example: + +------------- + G-H-I-J + / \ +A-B-C-D-E-F O + \ / + K-L-M-N +------------- + +If we compute the following non optimal function on it: + +------------- +g(X) = min(number_of_ancestors(X), number_of_descendants(X)) +------------- + +we get: + +------------- + 4 3 2 1 + G-H-I-J +1 2 3 4 5 6/ \0 +A-B-C-D-E-F O + \ / + K-L-M-N + 4 3 2 1 +------------- + +but with the algorithm used by git bisect we get: + +------------- + 7 7 6 5 + G-H-I-J +1 2 3 4 5 6/ \0 +A-B-C-D-E-F O + \ / + K-L-M-N + 7 7 6 5 +------------- + +So we chose G, H, K or L as the best bisection point, which is better +than F. Because if for example L is bad, then we will know not only +that L, M and N are bad but also that G, H, I and J are not the first +bad commit (since we suppose that there is only one first bad commit +and it must be an ancestor of L). + +So the current algorithm seems to be the best possible given what we +initially supposed. + +Skip algorithm +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When some commits have been skipped (using "git bisect skip"), then +the bisection algorithm is the same for step 1) to 3). But then we use +roughly the following steps: + +6) sort the commit by decreasing associated value + +7) if the first commit has not been skipped, we can return it and stop +here + +8) otherwise filter out all the skipped commits in the sorted list + +9) use a pseudo random number generator (PRNG) to generate a random +number between 0 and 1 + +10) multiply this random number with its square root to bias it toward +0 + +11) multiply the result by the number of commits in the filtered list +to get an index into this list + +12) return the commit at the computed index + +Skip algorithm discussed +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +After step 7) (in the skip algorithm), we could check if the second +commit has been skipped and return it if it is not the case. And in +fact that was the algorithm we used from when "git bisect skip" was +developed in git version 1.5.4 (released on February 1st 2008) until +git version 1.6.4 (released July 29th 2009). + +But Ingo Molnar and H. Peter Anvin (another well known linux kernel +developer) both complained that sometimes the best bisection points +all happened to be in an area where all the commits are +untestable. And in this case the user was asked to test many +untestable commits, which could be very inefficient. + +Indeed untestable commits are often untestable because a breakage was +introduced at one time, and that breakage was fixed only after many +other commits were introduced. + +This breakage is of course most of the time unrelated to the breakage +we are trying to locate in the commit graph. But it prevents us to +know if the interesting "bad behavior" is present or not. + +So it is a fact that commits near an untestable commit have a high +probability of being untestable themselves. And the best bisection +commits are often found together too (due to the bisection algorithm). + +This is why it is a bad idea to just chose the next best unskipped +bisection commit when the first one has been skipped. + +We found that most commits on the graph may give quite a lot of +information when they are tested. And the commits that will not on +average give a lot of information are the one near the good and bad +commits. + +So using a PRNG with a bias to favor commits away from the good and +bad commits looked like a good choice. + +One obvious improvement to this algorithm would be to look for a +commit that has an associated value near the one of the best bisection +commit, and that is on another branch, before using the PRNG. Because +if such a commit exists, then it is not very likely to be untestable +too, so it will probably give more information than a nearly randomly +chosen one. + +Checking merge bases +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +There is another tweak in the bisection algorithm that has not been +described in the "bisection algorithm" above. + +We supposed in the previous examples that the "good" commits were +ancestors of the "bad" commit. But this is not a requirement of "git +bisect". + +Of course the "bad" commit cannot be an ancestor of a "good" commit, +because the ancestors of the good commits are supposed to be +"good". And all the "good" commits must be related to the bad commit. +They cannot be on a branch that has no link with the branch of the +"bad" commit. But it is possible for a good commit to be related to a +bad commit and yet not be neither one of its ancestor nor one of its +descendants. + +For example, there can be a "main" branch, and a "dev" branch that was +forked of the main branch at a commit named "D" like this: + +------------- +A-B-C-D-E-F-G <--main + \ + H-I-J <--dev +------------- + +The commit "D" is called a "merge base" for branch "main" and "dev" +because it's the best common ancestor for these branches for a merge. + +Now let's suppose that commit J is bad and commit G is good and that +we apply the bisection algorithm like it has been previously +described. + +As described in step 1) b) of the bisection algorithm, we remove all +the ancestors of the good commits because they are supposed to be good +too. + +So we would be left with only: + +------------- +H-I-J +------------- + +But what happens if the first bad commit is "B" and if it has been +fixed in the "main" branch by commit "F"? + +The result of such a bisection would be that we would find that H is +the first bad commit, when in fact it's B. So that would be wrong! + +And yes it's can happen in practice that people working on one branch +are not aware that people working on another branch fixed a bug! It +could also happen that F fixed more than one bug or that it is a +revert of some big development effort that was not ready to be +released. + +In fact development teams often maintain both a development branch and +a maintenance branch, and it would be quite easy for them if "git +bisect" just worked when they want to bisect a regression on the +development branch that is not on the maintenance branch. They should +be able to start bisecting using: + +------------- +$ git bisect start dev main +------------- + +To enable that additional nice feature, when a bisection is started +and when some good commits are not ancestors of the bad commit, we +first compute the merge bases between the bad and the good commits and +we chose these merge bases as the first commits that will be checked +out and tested. + +If it happens that one merge base is bad, then the bisection process +is stopped with a message like: + +------------- +The merge base BBBBBB is bad. +This means the bug has been fixed between BBBBBB and [GGGGGG,...]. +------------- + +where BBBBBB is the sha1 hash of the bad merge base and [GGGGGG,...] +is a comma separated list of the sha1 of the good commits. + +If some of the merge bases are skipped, then the bisection process +continues, but the following message is printed for each skipped merge +base: + +------------- +Warning: the merge base between BBBBBB and [GGGGGG,...] must be skipped. +So we cannot be sure the first bad commit is between MMMMMM and BBBBBB. +We continue anyway. +------------- + +where BBBBBB is the sha1 hash of the bad commit, MMMMMM is the sha1 +hash of the merge base that is skipped and [GGGGGG,...] is a comma +separated list of the sha1 of the good commits. + +So if there is no bad merge base, the bisection process continues as +usual after this step. + +Best bisecting practices +------------------------ + +Using test suites and git bisect together +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If you both have a test suite and use git bisect, then it becomes less +important to check that all tests pass after each commit. Though of +course it is probably a good idea to have some checks to avoid +breaking too many things because it could make bisecting other bugs +more difficult. + +You can focus your efforts to check at a few points (for example rc +and beta releases) that all the T test cases pass for all the N +configurations. And when some tests don't pass you can use "git +bisect" (or better "git bisect run"). So you should perform roughly: + +------------- +c * N * T + b * M * log2(M) tests +------------- + +where c is the number of rounds of test (so a small constant) and b is +the ratio of bug per commit (hopefully a small constant too). + +So of course it's much better as it's O(N \* T) vs O(N \* T \* M) if +you would test everything after each commit. + +This means that test suites are good to prevent some bugs from being +committed and they are also quite good to tell you that you have some +bugs. But they are not so good to tell you where some bugs have been +introduced. To tell you that efficiently, git bisect is needed. + +The other nice thing with test suites, is that when you have one, you +already know how to test for bad behavior. So you can use this +knowledge to create a new test case for "git bisect" when it appears +that there is a regression. So it will be easier to bisect the bug and +fix it. And then you can add the test case you just created to your +test suite. + +So if you know how to create test cases and how to bisect, you will be +subject to a virtuous circle: + +more tests => easier to create tests => easier to bisect => more tests + +So test suites and "git bisect" are complementary tools that are very +powerful and efficient when used together. + +Bisecting build failures +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +You can very easily automatically bisect broken builds using something +like: + +------------- +$ git bisect start BAD GOOD +$ git bisect run make +------------- + +Passing sh -c "some commands" to "git bisect run" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect run sh -c "make || exit 125; ./my_app | grep 'good output'" +------------- + +On the other hand if you do this often, then it can be worth having +scripts to avoid too much typing. + +Finding performance regressions +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Here is an example script that comes slightly modified from a real +world script used by Junio Hamano <<4>>. + +This script can be passed to "git bisect run" to find the commit that +introduced a performance regression: + +------------- +#!/bin/sh + +# Build errors are not what I am interested in. +make my_app || exit 255 + +# We are checking if it stops in a reasonable amount of time, so +# let it run in the background... + +./my_app >log 2>&1 & + +# ... and grab its process ID. +pid=$! + +# ... and then wait for sufficiently long. +sleep $NORMAL_TIME + +# ... and then see if the process is still there. +if kill -0 $pid +then + # It is still running -- that is bad. + kill $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid; + exit 1 +else + # It has already finished (the $pid process was no more), + # and we are happy. + exit 0 +fi +------------- + +Following general best practices +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +It is obviously a good idea not to have commits with changes that +knowingly break things, even if some other commits later fix the +breakage. + +It is also a good idea when using any VCS to have only one small +logical change in each commit. + +The smaller the changes in your commit, the most effective "git +bisect" will be. And you will probably need "git bisect" less in the +first place, as small changes are easier to review even if they are +only reviewed by the commiter. + +Another good idea is to have good commit messages. They can be very +helpful to understand why some changes were made. + +These general best practices are very helpful if you bisect often. + +Avoiding bug prone merges +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +First merges by themselves can introduce some regressions even when +the merge needs no source code conflict resolution. This is because a +semantic change can happen in one branch while the other branch is not +aware of it. + +For example one branch can change the semantic of a function while the +other branch add more calls to the same function. + +This is made much worse if many files have to be fixed to resolve +conflicts. That's why such merges are called "evil merges". They can +make regressions very difficult to track down. It can even be +misleading to know the first bad commit if it happens to be such a +merge, because people might think that the bug comes from bad conflict +resolution when it comes from a semantic change in one branch. + +Anyway "git rebase" can be used to linearize history. This can be used +either to avoid merging in the first place. Or it can be used to +bisect on a linear history instead of the non linear one, as this +should give more information in case of a semantic change in one +branch. + +Merges can be also made simpler by using smaller branches or by using +many topic branches instead of only long version related branches. + +And testing can be done more often in special integration branches +like linux-next for the linux kernel. + +Adapting your work-flow +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +A special work-flow to process regressions can give great results. + +Here is an example of a work-flow used by Andreas Ericsson: + +* write, in the test suite, a test script that exposes the regression +* use "git bisect run" to find the commit that introduced it +* fix the bug that is often made obvious by the previous step +* commit both the fix and the test script (and if needed more tests) + +And here is what Andreas said about this work-flow <<5>>: + +_____________ +To give some hard figures, we used to have an average report-to-fix +cycle of 142.6 hours (according to our somewhat weird bug-tracker +which just measures wall-clock time). Since we moved to git, we've +lowered that to 16.2 hours. Primarily because we can stay on top of +the bug fixing now, and because everyone's jockeying to get to fix +bugs (we're quite proud of how lazy we are to let git find the bugs +for us). Each new release results in ~40% fewer bugs (almost certainly +due to how we now feel about writing tests). +_____________ + +Clearly this work-flow uses the virtuous circle between test suites +and "git bisect". In fact it makes it the standard procedure to deal +with regression. + +In other messages Andreas says that they also use the "best practices" +described above: small logical commits, topic branches, no evil +merge,... These practices all improve the bisectability of the commit +graph, by making it easier and more useful to bisect. + +So a good work-flow should be designed around the above points. That +is making bisecting easier, more useful and standard. + +Involving QA people and if possible end users +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +One nice about "git bisect" is that it is not only a developer +tool. It can effectively be used by QA people or even end users (if +they have access to the source code or if they can get access to all +the builds). + +There was a discussion at one point on the linux kernel mailing list +of whether it was ok to always ask end user to bisect, and very good +points were made to support the point of view that it is ok. + +For example David Miller wrote <<6>>: + +_____________ +What people don't get is that this is a situation where the "end node +principle" applies. When you have limited resources (here: developers) +you don't push the bulk of the burden upon them. Instead you push +things out to the resource you have a lot of, the end nodes (here: +users), so that the situation actually scales. +_____________ + +This means that it is often "cheaper" if QA people or end users can do +it. + +What is interesting too is that end users that are reporting bugs (or +QA people that reproduced a bug) have access to the environment where +the bug happens. So they can often more easily reproduce a +regression. And if they can bisect, then more information will be +extracted from the environment where the bug happens, which means that +it will be easier to understand and then fix the bug. + +For open source projects it can be a good way to get more useful +contributions from end users, and to introduce them to QA and +development activities. + +Using complex scripts +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +In some cases like for kernel development it can be worth developing +complex scripts to be able to fully automate bisecting. + +Here is what Ingo Molnar says about that <<7>>: + +_____________ +i have a fully automated bootup-hang bisection script. It is based on +"git-bisect run". I run the script, it builds and boots kernels fully +automatically, and when the bootup fails (the script notices that via +the serial log, which it continuously watches - or via a timeout, if +the system does not come up within 10 minutes it's a "bad" kernel), +the script raises my attention via a beep and i power cycle the test +box. (yeah, i should make use of a managed power outlet to 100% +automate it) +_____________ + +Combining test suites, git bisect and other systems together +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +We have seen that test suites an git bisect are very powerful when +used together. It can be even more powerful if you can combine them +with other systems. + +For example some test suites could be run automatically at night with +some unusual (or even random) configurations. And if a regression is +found by a test suite, then "git bisect" can be automatically +launched, and its result can be emailed to the author of the first bad +commit found by "git bisect", and perhaps other people too. And a new +entry in the bug tracking system could be automatically created too. + + +The future of bisecting +----------------------- + +"git replace" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +We saw earlier that "git bisect skip" is now using a PRNG to try to +avoid areas in the commit graph where commits are untestable. The +problem is that sometimes the first bad commit will be in an +untestable area. + +To simplify the discussion we will suppose that the untestable area is +a simple string of commits and that it was created by a breakage +introduced by one commit (let's call it BBC for bisect breaking +commit) and later fixed by another one (let's call it BFC for bisect +fixing commit). + +For example: + +------------- +...-Y-BBC-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-BFC-Z-... +------------- + +where we know that Y is good and BFC is bad, and where BBC and X1 to +X6 are untestable. + +In this case if you are bisecting manually, what you can do is create +a special branch that starts just before the BBC. The first commit in +this branch should be the BBC with the BFC squashed into it. And the +other commits in the branch should be the commits between BBC and BFC +rebased on the first commit of the branch and then the commit after +BFC also rebased on. + +For example: + +------------- + (BBC+BFC)-X1'-X2'-X3'-X4'-X5'-X6'-Z' + / +...-Y-BBC-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-BFC-Z-... +------------- + +where commits quoted with ' have been rebased. + +You can easily create such a branch with Git using interactive rebase. + +For example using: + +------------- +$ git rebase -i Y Z +------------- + +and then moving BFC after BBC and squashing it. + +After that you can start bisecting as usual in the new branch and you +should eventually find the first bad commit. + +For example: + +------------- +$ git bisect start Z' Y +------------- + +If you are using "git bisect run", you can use the same manual fix up +as above, and then start another "git bisect run" in the special +branch. Or as the "git bisect" man page says, the script passed to +"git bisect run" can apply a patch before it compiles and test the +software <<8>>. The patch should turn a current untestable commits +into a testable one. So the testing will result in "good" or "bad" and +"git bisect" will be able to find the first bad commit. And the script +should not forget to remove the patch once the testing is done before +exiting from the script. + +(Note that instead of a patch you can use "git cherry-pick BFC" to +apply the fix, and in this case you should use "git reset --hard +HEAD^" to revert the cherry-pick after testing and before returning +from the script.) + +But the above ways to work around untestable areas are a little bit +clunky. Using special branches is nice because these branches can be +shared by developers like usual branches, but the risk is that people +will get many such branches. And it disrupts the normal "git bisect" +work-flow. So, if you want to use "git bisect run" completely +automatically, you have to add special code in your script to restart +bisection in the special branches. + +Anyway one can notice in the above special branch example that the Z' +and Z commits should point to the same source code state (the same +"tree" in git parlance). That's because Z' result from applying the +same changes as Z just in a slightly different order. + +So if we could just "replace" Z by Z' when we bisect, then we would +not need to add anything to a script. It would just work for anyone in +the project sharing the special branches and the replacements. + +With the example above that would give: + +------------- + (BBC+BFC)-X1'-X2'-X3'-X4'-X5'-X6'-Z'-... + / +...-Y-BBC-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-BFC-Z +------------- + +That's why the "git replace" command was created. Technically it +stores replacements "refs" in the "refs/replace/" hierarchy. These +"refs" are like branches (that are stored in "refs/heads/") or tags +(that are stored in "refs/tags"), and that means that they can +automatically be shared like branches or tags among developers. + +"git replace" is a very powerful mechanism. It can be used to fix +commits in already released history, for example to change the commit +message or the author. And it can also be used instead of git "grafts" +to link a repository with another old repository. + +In fact it's this last feature that "sold" it to the git community, so +it is now in the "master" branch of git's git repository and it should +be released in git 1.6.5 in October or November 2009. + +One problem with "git replace" is that currently it stores all the +replacements refs in "refs/replace/", but it would be perhaps better +if the replacement refs that are useful only for bisecting would be in +"refs/replace/bisect/". This way the replacement refs could be used +only for bisecting, while other refs directly in "refs/replace/" would +be used nearly all the time. + +Bisecting sporadic bugs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Another possible improvement to "git bisect" would be to optionally +add some redundancy to the tests performed so that it would be more +reliable when tracking sporadic bugs. + +This has been requested by some kernel developers because some bugs +called sporadic bugs do not appear in all the kernel builds because +they are very dependent on the compiler output. + +The idea is that every 3 test for example, "git bisect" could ask the +user to test a commit that has already been found to be "good" or +"bad" (because one of its descendants or one of its ancestors has been +found to be "good" or "bad" respectively). If it happens that a commit +has been previously incorrectly classified then the bisection can be +aborted early, hopefully before too many mistakes have been made. Then +the user will have to look at what happened and then restart the +bisection using a fixed bisect log. + +There is already a project called BBChop created by Ealdwulf Wuffinga +on Github that does something like that using Bayesian Search Theory +<<9>>: + +_____________ +BBChop is like 'git bisect' (or equivalent), but works when your bug +is intermittent. That is, it works in the presence of false negatives +(when a version happens to work this time even though it contains the +bug). It assumes that there are no false positives (in principle, the +same approach would work, but adding it may be non-trivial). +_____________ + +But BBChop is independent of any VCS and it would be easier for Git +users to have something integrated in Git. + +Conclusion +---------- + +We have seen that regressions are an important problem, and that "git +bisect" has nice features that complement very well practices and +other tools, especially test suites, that are generally used to fight +regressions. But it might be needed to change some work-flows and +(bad) habits to get the most out of it. + +Some improvements to the algorithms inside "git bisect" are possible +and some new features could help in some cases, but overall "git +bisect" works already very well, is used a lot, and is already very +useful. To back up that last claim, let's give the final word to Ingo +Molnar when he was asked by the author how much time does he think +"git bisect" saves him when he uses it: + +_____________ +a _lot_. + +About ten years ago did i do my first 'bisection' of a Linux patch +queue. That was prior the Git (and even prior the BitKeeper) days. I +literally days spent sorting out patches, creating what in essence +were standalone commits that i guessed to be related to that bug. + +It was a tool of absolute last resort. I'd rather spend days looking +at printk output than do a manual 'patch bisection'. + +With Git bisect it's a breeze: in the best case i can get a ~15 step +kernel bisection done in 20-30 minutes, in an automated way. Even with +manual help or when bisecting multiple, overlapping bugs, it's rarely +more than an hour. + +In fact it's invaluable because there are bugs i would never even +_try_ to debug if it wasn't for git bisect. In the past there were bug +patterns that were immediately hopeless for me to debug - at best i +could send the crash/bug signature to lkml and hope that someone else +can think of something. + +And even if a bisection fails today it tells us something valuable +about the bug: that it's non-deterministic - timing or kernel image +layout dependent. + +So git bisect is unconditional goodness - and feel free to quote that +;-) +_____________ + +Acknowledgements +---------------- + +Many thanks to Junio Hamano for his help in reviewing this paper, for +reviewing the patches I sent to the git mailing list, for discussing +some ideas and helping me improve them, for improving "git bisect" a +lot and for his awesome work in maintaining and developing Git. + +Many thanks to Ingo Molnar for giving me very useful information that +appears in this paper, for commenting on this paper, for his +suggestions to improve "git bisect" and for evangelizing "git bisect" +on the linux kernel mailing lists. + +Many thanks to Linus Torvalds for inventing, developing and +evangelizing "git bisect", Git and Linux. + +Many thanks to the many other great people who helped one way or +another when I worked on git, especially to Andreas Ericsson, Johannes +Schindelin, H. Peter Anvin, Daniel Barkalow, Bill Lear, John Hawley, +Shawn O. Pierce, Jeff King, Sam Vilain, Jon Seymour. + +Many thanks to the Linux-Kongress program committee for choosing the +author to given a talk and for publishing this paper. + +References +---------- + +- [[[1]]] http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n02-10.htm['Software Errors Cost U.S. Economy $59.5 Billion Annually'. Nist News Release.] +- [[[2]]] http://java.sun.com/docs/codeconv/html/CodeConventions.doc.html#16712['Code Conventions for the Java Programming Language'. Sun Microsystems.] +- [[[3]]] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance['Software maintenance'. Wikipedia.] +- [[[4]]] http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/45195/[Junio C Hamano. 'Automated bisect success story'. Gmane.] +- [[[5]]] http://lwn.net/Articles/317154/[Christian Couder. 'Fully automated bisecting with "git bisect run"'. LWN.net.] +- [[[6]]] http://lwn.net/Articles/277872/[Jonathan Corbet. 'Bisection divides users and developers'. LWN.net.] +- [[[7]]] http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.scsi/36652/[Ingo Molnar. 'Re: BUG 2.6.23-rc3 can't see sd partitions on Alpha'. Gmane.] +- [[[8]]] http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-bisect.html[Junio C Hamano and the git-list. 'git-bisect(1) Manual Page'. Linux Kernel Archives.] +- [[[9]]] http://github.com/Ealdwulf/bbchop[Ealdwulf. 'bbchop'. GitHub.] diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt index 698ffde..c39d957 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ git-bisect(1) NAME ---- -git-bisect - Find the change that introduced a bug by binary search +git-bisect - Find by binary search the change that introduced a bug SYNOPSIS @@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ on the subcommand: git bisect start [<bad> [<good>...]] [--] [<paths>...] git bisect bad [<rev>] git bisect good [<rev>...] - git bisect skip [<rev>...] - git bisect reset [<branch>] + git bisect skip [(<rev>|<range>)...] + git bisect reset [<commit>] git bisect visualize git bisect replay <logfile> git bisect log git bisect run <cmd>... -This command uses 'git-rev-list --bisect' option to help drive the +This command uses 'git rev-list --bisect' to help drive the binary search process to find which change introduced a bug, given an old "good" commit object name and a later "bad" commit object name. @@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ help" or "git bisect -h" to get a long usage description. Basic bisect commands: start, bad, good ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The way you use it is: +Using the Linux kernel tree as an example, basic use of the bisect +command is as follows: ------------------------------------------------ $ git bisect start @@ -48,62 +49,74 @@ $ git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2 # v2.6.13-rc2 was the last version # tested that was good ------------------------------------------------ -When you give at least one bad and one good versions, it will bisect -the revision tree and say something like: +When you have specified at least one bad and one good version, the +command bisects the revision tree and outputs something similar to +the following: ------------------------------------------------ Bisecting: 675 revisions left to test after this ------------------------------------------------ -and check out the state in the middle. Now, compile that kernel, and -boot it. Now, let's say that this booted kernel works fine, then just -do +The state in the middle of the set of revisions is then checked out. +You would now compile that kernel and boot it. If the booted kernel +works correctly, you would then issue the following command: ------------------------------------------------ $ git bisect good # this one is good ------------------------------------------------ -which will now say +The output of this command would be something similar to the following: ------------------------------------------------ Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this ------------------------------------------------ -and you continue along, compiling that one, testing it, and depending -on whether it is good or bad, you say "git bisect good" or "git bisect -bad", and ask for the next bisection. +You keep repeating this process, compiling the tree, testing it, and +depending on whether it is good or bad issuing the command "git bisect good" +or "git bisect bad" to ask for the next bisection. -Until you have no more left, and you'll have been left with the first -bad kernel rev in "refs/bisect/bad". +Eventually there will be no more revisions left to bisect, and you +will have been left with the first bad kernel revision in "refs/bisect/bad". Bisect reset ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Oh, and then after you want to reset to the original head, do a +After a bisect session, to clean up the bisection state and return to +the original HEAD, issue the following command: ------------------------------------------------ $ git bisect reset ------------------------------------------------ -to get back to the master branch, instead of being in one of the -bisection branches ("git bisect start" will do that for you too, -actually: it will reset the bisection state, and before it does that -it checks that you're not using some old bisection branch). +By default, this will return your tree to the commit that was checked +out before `git bisect start`. (A new `git bisect start` will also do +that, as it cleans up the old bisection state.) + +With an optional argument, you can return to a different commit +instead: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git bisect reset <commit> +------------------------------------------------ + +For example, `git bisect reset HEAD` will leave you on the current +bisection commit and avoid switching commits at all, while `git bisect +reset bisect/bad` will check out the first bad revision. Bisect visualize ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -During the bisection process, you can say +To see the currently remaining suspects in 'gitk', issue the following +command during the bisection process: ------------ $ git bisect visualize ------------ -to see the currently remaining suspects in `gitk`. `visualize` is a bit -too long to type and `view` is provided as a synonym. +`view` may also be used as a synonym for `visualize`. -If `DISPLAY` environment variable is not set, `git log` is used -instead. You can even give command line options such as `-p` and +If the 'DISPLAY' environment variable is not set, 'git log' is used +instead. You can also give command line options such as `-p` and `--stat`. ------------ @@ -113,73 +126,93 @@ $ git bisect view --stat Bisect log and bisect replay ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The good/bad input is logged, and +After having marked revisions as good or bad, issue the following +command to show what has been done so far: ------------ $ git bisect log ------------ -shows what you have done so far. You can truncate its output somewhere -and save it in a file, and run +If you discover that you made a mistake in specifying the status of a +revision, you can save the output of this command to a file, edit it to +remove the incorrect entries, and then issue the following commands to +return to a corrected state: ------------ +$ git bisect reset $ git bisect replay that-file ------------ -if you find later you made a mistake telling good/bad about a -revision. - -Avoiding to test a commit +Avoiding testing a commit ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -If in a middle of bisect session, you know what the bisect suggested -to try next is not a good one to test (e.g. the change the commit +If, in the middle of a bisect session, you know that the next suggested +revision is not a good one to test (e.g. the change the commit introduces is known not to work in your environment and you know it does not have anything to do with the bug you are chasing), you may -want to find a near-by commit and try that instead. +want to find a nearby commit and try that instead. -It goes something like this: +For example: ------------ -$ git bisect good/bad # previous round was good/bad. +$ git bisect good/bad # previous round was good or bad. Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this $ git bisect visualize # oops, that is uninteresting. -$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 # try 3 revs before what +$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 # try 3 revisions before what # was suggested ------------ -Then compile and test the one you chose to try. After that, tell -bisect what the result was as usual. +Then compile and test the chosen revision, and afterwards mark +the revision as good or bad in the usual manner. Bisect skip ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Instead of choosing by yourself a nearby commit, you may just want git -to do it for you using: +Instead of choosing by yourself a nearby commit, you can ask git +to do it for you by issuing the command: ------------ $ git bisect skip # Current version cannot be tested ------------ -But computing the commit to test may be slower afterwards and git may -eventually not be able to tell the first bad among a bad and one or -more "skip"ped commits. +But git may eventually be unable to tell the first bad commit among +a bad commit and one or more skipped commits. + +You can even skip a range of commits, instead of just one commit, +using the "'<commit1>'..'<commit2>'" notation. For example: + +------------ +$ git bisect skip v2.5..v2.6 +------------ + +This tells the bisect process that no commit after `v2.5`, up to and +including `v2.6`, should be tested. + +Note that if you also want to skip the first commit of the range you +would issue the command: + +------------ +$ git bisect skip v2.5 v2.5..v2.6 +------------ + +This tells the bisect process that the commits between `v2.5` included +and `v2.6` included should be skipped. + Cutting down bisection by giving more parameters to bisect start ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -You can further cut down the number of trials if you know what part of -the tree is involved in the problem you are tracking down, by giving -paths parameters when you say `bisect start`, like this: +You can further cut down the number of trials, if you know what part of +the tree is involved in the problem you are tracking down, by specifying +path parameters when issuing the `bisect start` command: ------------ $ git bisect start -- arch/i386 include/asm-i386 ------------ -If you know beforehand more than one good commits, you can narrow the -bisect space down without doing the whole tree checkout every time you -give good commits. You give the bad revision immediately after `start` -and then you give all the good revisions you have: +If you know beforehand more than one good commit, you can narrow the +bisect space down by specifying all of the good commits immediately after +the bad commit when issuing the `bisect start` command: ------------ $ git bisect start v2.6.20-rc6 v2.6.20-rc4 v2.6.20-rc1 -- @@ -191,38 +224,103 @@ Bisect run ~~~~~~~~~~ If you have a script that can tell if the current source code is good -or bad, you can automatically bisect using: +or bad, you can bisect by issuing the command: ------------ -$ git bisect run my_script +$ git bisect run my_script arguments ------------ -Note that the "run" script (`my_script` in the above example) should -exit with code 0 in case the current source code is good. Exit with a +Note that the script (`my_script` in the above example) should +exit with code 0 if the current source code is good, and exit with a code between 1 and 127 (inclusive), except 125, if the current source code is bad. -Any other exit code will abort the automatic bisect process. (A -program that does "exit(-1)" leaves $? = 255, see exit(3) manual page, -the value is chopped with "& 0377".) +Any other exit code will abort the bisect process. It should be noted +that a program that terminates via "exit(-1)" leaves $? = 255, (see the +exit(3) manual page), as the value is chopped with "& 0377". The special exit code 125 should be used when the current source code -cannot be tested. If the "run" script exits with this code, the current -revision will be skipped, see `git bisect skip` above. - -You may often find that during bisect you want to have near-constant -tweaks (e.g., s/#define DEBUG 0/#define DEBUG 1/ in a header file, or -"revision that does not have this commit needs this patch applied to -work around other problem this bisection is not interested in") -applied to the revision being tested. - -To cope with such a situation, after the inner git-bisect finds the -next revision to test, with the "run" script, you can apply that tweak -before compiling, run the real test, and after the test decides if the -revision (possibly with the needed tweaks) passed the test, rewind the -tree to the pristine state. Finally the "run" script can exit with -the status of the real test to let "git bisect run" command loop to -know the outcome. +cannot be tested. If the script exits with this code, the current +revision will be skipped (see `git bisect skip` above). + +You may often find that during a bisect session you want to have +temporary modifications (e.g. s/#define DEBUG 0/#define DEBUG 1/ in a +header file, or "revision that does not have this commit needs this +patch applied to work around another problem this bisection is not +interested in") applied to the revision being tested. + +To cope with such a situation, after the inner 'git bisect' finds the +next revision to test, the script can apply the patch +before compiling, run the real test, and afterwards decide if the +revision (possibly with the needed patch) passed the test and then +rewind the tree to the pristine state. Finally the script should exit +with the status of the real test to let the "git bisect run" command loop +determine the eventual outcome of the bisect session. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Automatically bisect a broken build between v1.2 and HEAD: ++ +------------ +$ git bisect start HEAD v1.2 -- # HEAD is bad, v1.2 is good +$ git bisect run make # "make" builds the app +------------ + +* Automatically bisect a test failure between origin and HEAD: ++ +------------ +$ git bisect start HEAD origin -- # HEAD is bad, origin is good +$ git bisect run make test # "make test" builds and tests +------------ + +* Automatically bisect a broken test suite: ++ +------------ +$ cat ~/test.sh +#!/bin/sh +make || exit 125 # this skips broken builds +make test # "make test" runs the test suite +$ git bisect start v1.3 v1.1 -- # v1.3 is bad, v1.1 is good +$ git bisect run ~/test.sh +------------ ++ +Here we use a "test.sh" custom script. In this script, if "make" +fails, we skip the current commit. ++ +It is safer to use a custom script outside the repository to prevent +interactions between the bisect, make and test processes and the +script. ++ +"make test" should "exit 0", if the test suite passes, and +"exit 1" otherwise. + +* Automatically bisect a broken test case: ++ +------------ +$ cat ~/test.sh +#!/bin/sh +make || exit 125 # this skips broken builds +~/check_test_case.sh # does the test case passes ? +$ git bisect start HEAD HEAD~10 -- # culprit is among the last 10 +$ git bisect run ~/test.sh +------------ ++ +Here "check_test_case.sh" should "exit 0" if the test case passes, +and "exit 1" otherwise. ++ +It is safer if both "test.sh" and "check_test_case.sh" scripts are +outside the repository to prevent interactions between the bisect, +make and test processes and the scripts. + +* Automatically bisect a broken test suite: ++ +------------ +$ git bisect start HEAD HEAD~10 -- # culprit is among the last 10 +$ git bisect run sh -c "make || exit 125; ~/check_test_case.sh" +------------ ++ +Does the same as the previous example, but on a single line. Author ------ @@ -232,6 +330,11 @@ Documentation ------------- Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +link:git-bisect-lk2009.html[Fighting regressions with git bisect], +linkgit:git-blame[1]. + GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-blame.txt b/Documentation/git-blame.txt index 14163b6..b786471 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-blame.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-blame.txt @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] [-L n,m] - [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>] - [<rev> | --contents <file>] [--] <file> +'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] [-L n,m] + [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>] + [<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>] [--] <file> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ DESCRIPTION Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision. -Also it can limit the range of lines annotated. +The command can also limit the range of lines annotated. -This report doesn't tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or -replaced; you need to use a tool such as linkgit:git-diff[1] or the "pickaxe" +The report does not tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or +replaced; you need to use a tool such as 'git-diff' or the "pickaxe" interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph. Apart from supporting file annotation, git also supports searching the @@ -48,24 +48,26 @@ include::blame-options.txt[] lines between files (see `-C`) and lines moved within a file (see `-M`). The first number listed is the score. This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected - to be moved between or within files. This must be above - a certain threshold for git-blame to consider those lines + as having been moved between or within files. This must be above + a certain threshold for 'git-blame' to consider those lines of code to have been moved. --f, --show-name:: - Show filename in the original commit. By default - filename is shown if there is any line that came from a - file with different name, due to rename detection. +-f:: +--show-name:: + Show the filename in the original commit. By default + the filename is shown if there is any line that came from a + file with a different name, due to rename detection. --n, --show-number:: - Show line number in the original commit (Default: off). +-n:: +--show-number:: + Show the line number in the original commit (Default: off). -s:: - Suppress author name and timestamp from the output. + Suppress the author name and timestamp from the output. -w:: - Ignore whitespace when comparing parent's version and - child's to find where the lines came from. + Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent's version and + the child's to find where the lines came from. THE PORCELAIN FORMAT @@ -77,17 +79,17 @@ header at the minimum has the first line which has: - 40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to; - the line number of the line in the original file; - the line number of the line in the final file; -- on a line that starts a group of line from a different +- on a line that starts a group of lines from a different commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this group. On subsequent lines this field is absent. This header line is followed by the following information at least once for each commit: -- author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time +- the author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time ("author-time"), and timezone ("author-tz"); similarly for committer. -- filename in the commit the line is attributed to. +- the filename in the commit that the line is attributed to. - the first line of the commit log message ("summary"). The contents of the actual line is output after the above @@ -98,25 +100,25 @@ header elements later. SPECIFYING RANGES ----------------- -Unlike `git-blame` and `git-annotate` in older git, the extent -of annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision +Unlike 'git-blame' and 'git-annotate' in older versions of git, the extent +of the annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision ranges. When you are interested in finding the origin for -ll. 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use `-L` option like these +lines 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use the `-L` option like so (they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at line 40): git blame -L 40,60 foo git blame -L 40,+21 foo -Also you can use regular expression to specify the line range. +Also you can use a regular expression to specify the line range: git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo -would limit the annotation to the body of `hello` subroutine. +which limits the annotation to the body of the `hello` subroutine. -When you are not interested in changes older than the version +When you are not interested in changes older than version v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision -range specifiers similar to `git-rev-list`: +range specifiers similar to 'git-rev-list': git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo @@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3 weeks old in the above example) are blamed for that range boundary commit. -A particularly useful way is to see if an added file have lines +A particularly useful way is to see if an added file has lines created by copy-and-paste from existing files. Sometimes this indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not refactor the code properly. You can first find the commit that @@ -160,26 +162,32 @@ annotated. + Line numbers count from 1. -. The first time that commit shows up in the stream, it has various +. The first time that a commit shows up in the stream, it has various other information about it printed out with a one-word tag at the - beginning of each line about that "extended commit info" (author, - email, committer, dates, summary etc). + beginning of each line describing the extra commit information (author, + email, committer, dates, summary, etc.). -. Unlike Porcelain format, the filename information is always +. Unlike the Porcelain format, the filename information is always given and terminates the entry: "filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here> + -and thus it's really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented +and thus it is really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented parser (which should be quite natural for most scripting languages). + [NOTE] For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any -lines in between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines) -where you don't recognize the tag-words (or care about that particular +lines between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines) +where you do not recognize the tag words (or care about that particular one) at the beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if there is ever added information (like the commit encoding or extended -commit commentary), a blame viewer won't ever care. +commit commentary), a blame viewer will not care. + + +MAPPING AUTHORS +--------------- + +include::mailmap.txt[] SEE ALSO @@ -188,8 +196,8 @@ linkgit:git-annotate[1] AUTHOR ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt index c824d88..0e83680 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt @@ -8,36 +8,37 @@ git-branch - List, create, or delete branches SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-branch' [--color | --no-color] [-r | -a] [--merged | --no-merged] - [-v [--abbrev=<length> | --no-abbrev]] - [--contains <commit>] -'git-branch' [--track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] -'git-branch' (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch> -'git-branch' (-d | -D) [-r] <branchname>... +'git branch' [--color | --no-color] [-r | -a] + [-v [--abbrev=<length> | --no-abbrev]] + [(--merged | --no-merged | --contains) [<commit>]] +'git branch' [--track | --no-track] [-l] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>] +'git branch' (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch> +'git branch' (-d | -D) [-r] <branchname>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -With no arguments given a list of existing branches -will be shown, the current branch will be highlighted with an asterisk. -Option `-r` causes the remote-tracking branches to be listed, -and option `-a` shows both. -With `--contains <commit>`, shows only the branches that -contains the named commit (in other words, the branches whose -tip commits are descendant of the named commit). -With `--merged`, only branches merged into HEAD will be listed, and -with `--no-merged` only branches not merged into HEAD will be listed. - -In its second form, a new branch named <branchname> will be created. -It will start out with a head equal to the one given as <start-point>. -If no <start-point> is given, the branch will be created with a head -equal to that of the currently checked out branch. + +With no arguments, existing branches are listed and the current branch will +be highlighted with an asterisk. Option `-r` causes the remote-tracking +branches to be listed, and option `-a` shows both. + +With `--contains`, shows only the branches that contain the named commit +(in other words, the branches whose tip commits are descendants of the +named commit). With `--merged`, only branches merged into the named +commit (i.e. the branches whose tip commits are reachable from the named +commit) will be listed. With `--no-merged` only branches not merged into +the named commit will be listed. If the <commit> argument is missing it +defaults to 'HEAD' (i.e. the tip of the current branch). + +The command's second form creates a new branch head named <branchname> +which points to the current 'HEAD', or <start-point> if given. Note that this will create the new branch, but it will not switch the working tree to it; use "git checkout <newbranch>" to switch to the new branch. When a local branch is started off a remote branch, git sets up the -branch so that linkgit:git-pull[1] will appropriately merge from +branch so that 'git-pull' will appropriately merge from the remote branch. This behavior may be changed via the global `branch.autosetupmerge` configuration flag. That setting can be overridden by using the `--track` and `--no-track` options. @@ -54,9 +55,9 @@ has a reflog then the reflog will also be deleted. Use -r together with -d to delete remote-tracking branches. Note, that it only makes sense to delete remote-tracking branches if they no longer exist -in remote repository or if linkgit:git-fetch[1] was configured not to fetch -them again. See also 'prune' subcommand of linkgit:git-remote[1] for way to -clean up all obsolete remote-tracking branches. +in the remote repository or if 'git-fetch' was configured not to fetch +them again. See also the 'prune' subcommand of linkgit:git-remote[1] for a +way to clean up all obsolete remote-tracking branches. OPTIONS @@ -73,14 +74,15 @@ OPTIONS based sha1 expressions such as "<branchname>@\{yesterday}". -f:: - Force the creation of a new branch even if it means deleting - a branch that already exists with the same name. +--force:: + Reset <branchname> to <startpoint> if <branchname> exists + already. Without `-f` 'git-branch' refuses to change an existing branch. -m:: Move/rename a branch and the corresponding reflog. -M:: - Move/rename a branch even if the new branchname already exists. + Move/rename a branch even if the new branch name already exists. --color:: Color branches to highlight current, local, and remote branches. @@ -95,39 +97,48 @@ OPTIONS -a:: List both remote-tracking branches and local branches. --v, --verbose:: - Show sha1 and commit subject line for each head. +-v:: +--verbose:: + Show sha1 and commit subject line for each head, along with + relationship to upstream branch (if any). If given twice, print + the name of the upstream branch, as well. --abbrev=<length>:: - Alter minimum display length for sha1 in output listing, - default value is 7. + Alter the sha1's minimum display length in the output listing. + The default value is 7. --no-abbrev:: - Display the full sha1s in output listing rather than abbreviating them. + Display the full sha1s in the output listing rather than abbreviating them. +-t:: --track:: - When creating a new branch, set up configuration so that git-pull - will automatically retrieve data from the start point, which must be - a branch. Use this if you always pull from the same upstream branch - into the new branch, and if you don't want to use "git pull - <repository> <refspec>" explicitly. This behavior is the default - when the start point is a remote branch. Set the - branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable to `false` if you want - git-checkout and git-branch to always behave as if '--no-track' were - given. Set it to `always` if you want this behavior when the - start-point is either a local or remote branch. + When creating a new branch, set up configuration to mark the + start-point branch as "upstream" from the new branch. This + configuration will tell git to show the relationship between the + two branches in `git status` and `git branch -v`. Furthermore, + it directs `git pull` without arguments to pull from the + upstream when the new branch is checked out. ++ +This behavior is the default when the start point is a remote branch. +Set the branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable to `false` if you +want `git checkout` and `git branch` to always behave as if '--no-track' +were given. Set it to `always` if you want this behavior when the +start-point is either a local or remote branch. --no-track:: - Ignore the branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable. + Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the + branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable is true. --contains <commit>:: Only list branches which contain the specified commit. ---merged:: - Only list branches which are fully contained by HEAD. +--merged [<commit>]:: + Only list branches whose tips are reachable from the + specified commit (HEAD if not specified). ---no-merged:: - Do not list branches which are fully contained by HEAD. +--no-merged [<commit>]:: + Only list branches whose tips are not reachable from the + specified commit (HEAD if not specified). <branchname>:: The name of the branch to create or delete. @@ -136,22 +147,22 @@ OPTIONS may restrict the characters allowed in a branch name. <start-point>:: - The new branch will be created with a HEAD equal to this. It may - be given as a branch name, a commit-id, or a tag. If this option - is omitted, the current branch is assumed. + The new branch head will point to this commit. It may be + given as a branch name, a commit-id, or a tag. If this + option is omitted, the current HEAD will be used instead. <oldbranch>:: The name of an existing branch to rename. <newbranch>:: The new name for an existing branch. The same restrictions as for - <branchname> applies. + <branchname> apply. Examples -------- -Start development off of a known tag:: +Start development from a known tag:: + ------------ $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux-2.6 my2.6 @@ -163,7 +174,7 @@ $ git checkout my2.6.14 <1> This step and the next one could be combined into a single step with "checkout -b my2.6.14 v2.6.14". -Delete unneeded branch:: +Delete an unneeded branch:: + ------------ $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/.../git.git my.git @@ -172,21 +183,21 @@ $ git branch -d -r origin/todo origin/html origin/man <1> $ git branch -D test <2> ------------ + -<1> Delete remote-tracking branches "todo", "html", "man". Next 'fetch' or -'pull' will create them again unless you configure them not to. See -linkgit:git-fetch[1]. -<2> Delete "test" branch even if the "master" branch (or whichever branch is -currently checked out) does not have all commits from test branch. +<1> Delete the remote-tracking branches "todo", "html" and "man". The next +'fetch' or 'pull' will create them again unless you configure them not to. +See linkgit:git-fetch[1]. +<2> Delete the "test" branch even if the "master" branch (or whichever branch +is currently checked out) does not have all commits from the test branch. Notes ----- -If you are creating a branch that you want to immediately checkout, it's +If you are creating a branch that you want to checkout immediately, it is easier to use the git checkout command with its `-b` option to create a branch and check it out with a single command. -The options `--contains`, `--merged` and `--no-merged` serves three related +The options `--contains`, `--merged` and `--no-merged` serve three related but different purposes: - `--contains <commit>` is used to find all branches which will need @@ -199,9 +210,17 @@ but different purposes: - `--no-merged` is used to find branches which are candidates for merging into HEAD, since those branches are not fully contained by HEAD. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1], +linkgit:git-fetch[1], +linkgit:git-remote[1], +link:user-manual.html#what-is-a-branch[``Understanding history: What is +a branch?''] in the Git User's Manual. + Author ------ -Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -209,4 +228,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt index 505ac05..c3a066e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt @@ -9,23 +9,23 @@ git-bundle - Move objects and refs by archive SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-bundle' create <file> [git-rev-list args] -'git-bundle' verify <file> -'git-bundle' list-heads <file> [refname...] -'git-bundle' unbundle <file> [refname...] +'git bundle' create <file> <git-rev-list args> +'git bundle' verify <file> +'git bundle' list-heads <file> [refname...] +'git bundle' unbundle <file> [refname...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Some workflows require that one or more branches of development on one machine be replicated on another machine, but the two machines cannot -be directly connected so the interactive git protocols (git, ssh, -rsync, http) cannot be used. This command provides support for -git-fetch and git-pull to operate by packaging objects and references +be directly connected, and therefore the interactive git protocols (git, +ssh, rsync, http) cannot be used. This command provides support for +'git-fetch' and 'git-pull' to operate by packaging objects and references in an archive at the originating machine, then importing those into -another repository using linkgit:git-fetch[1] and linkgit:git-pull[1] -after moving the archive by some means (i.e., by sneakernet). As no -direct connection between repositories exists, the user must specify a +another repository using 'git-fetch' and 'git-pull' +after moving the archive by some means (e.g., by sneakernet). As no +direct connection between the repositories exists, the user must specify a basis for the bundle that is held by the destination repository: the bundle assumes that all objects in the basis are already in the destination repository. @@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ OPTIONS create <file>:: Used to create a bundle named 'file'. This requires the - git-rev-list arguments to define the bundle contents. + 'git-rev-list' arguments to define the bundle contents. verify <file>:: Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply cleanly to the current repository. This includes checks on the bundle format itself as well as checking that the prerequisite commits exist and are fully linked in the current repository. - git-bundle prints a list of missing commits, if any, and exits - with non-zero status. + 'git-bundle' prints a list of missing commits, if any, and exits + with a non-zero status. list-heads <file>:: Lists the references defined in the bundle. If followed by a @@ -51,17 +51,16 @@ list-heads <file>:: printed out. unbundle <file>:: - Passes the objects in the bundle to linkgit:git-index-pack[1] + Passes the objects in the bundle to 'git-index-pack' for storage in the repository, then prints the names of all - defined references. If a reflist is given, only references - matching those in the given list are printed. This command is - really plumbing, intended to be called only by - linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + defined references. If a list of references is given, only + references matching those in the list are printed. This command is + really plumbing, intended to be called only by 'git-fetch'. [git-rev-list-args...]:: - A list of arguments, acceptable to git-rev-parse and - git-rev-list, that specify the specific objects and references - to transport. For example, "master~10..master" causes the + A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git-rev-parse' and + 'git-rev-list', that specifies the specific objects and references + to transport. For example, `master\~10..master` causes the current master reference to be packaged along with all objects added since its 10th ancestor commit. There is no explicit limit to the number of references and objects that may be @@ -70,100 +69,136 @@ unbundle <file>:: [refname...]:: A list of references used to limit the references reported as - available. This is principally of use to git-fetch, which + available. This is principally of use to 'git-fetch', which expects to receive only those references asked for and not - necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, git-bundle is - acting like linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1]). + necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, 'git-bundle' acts + like 'git-fetch-pack'). SPECIFYING REFERENCES --------------------- -git-bundle will only package references that are shown by -git-show-ref: this includes heads, tags, and remote heads. References -such as master~1 cannot be packaged, but are perfectly suitable for +'git-bundle' will only package references that are shown by +'git-show-ref': this includes heads, tags, and remote heads. References +such as `master\~1` cannot be packaged, but are perfectly suitable for defining the basis. More than one reference may be packaged, and more than one basis can be specified. The objects packaged are those not contained in the union of the given bases. Each basis can be -specified explicitly (e.g., ^master~10), or implicitly (e.g., -master~10..master, master --since=10.days.ago). +specified explicitly (e.g. `^master\~10`), or implicitly (e.g. +`master\~10..master`, `--since=10.days.ago master`). It is very important that the basis used be held by the destination. -It is okay to err on the side of conservatism, causing the bundle file -to contain objects already in the destination as these are ignored +It is okay to err on the side of caution, causing the bundle file +to contain objects already in the destination, as these are ignored when unpacking at the destination. EXAMPLE ------- -Assume two repositories exist as R1 on machine A, and R2 on machine B. +Assume you want to transfer the history from a repository R1 on machine A +to another repository R2 on machine B. For whatever reason, direct connection between A and B is not allowed, -but we can move data from A to B via some mechanism (CD, email, etc). -We want to update R2 with developments made on branch master in R1. +but we can move data from A to B via some mechanism (CD, email, etc.). +We want to update R2 with development made on the branch master in R1. -To create the bundle you have to specify the basis. You have some options: +To bootstrap the process, you can first create a bundle that does not have +any basis. You can use a tag to remember up to what commit you last +processed, in order to make it easy to later update the other repository +with an incremental bundle: -- Without basis. -+ -This is useful when sending the whole history. +---------------- +machineA$ cd R1 +machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle master +machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master +---------------- ------------- -$ git bundle create mybundle master ------------- +Then you transfer file.bundle to the target machine B. If you are creating +the repository on machine B, then you can clone from the bundle as if it +were a remote repository instead of creating an empty repository and then +pulling or fetching objects from the bundle: -- Using temporally tags. -+ -We set a tag in R1 (lastR2bundle) after the previous such transport, -and move it afterwards to help build the bundle. +---------------- +machineB$ git clone /home/me/tmp/file.bundle R2 +---------------- ------------- -$ git-bundle create mybundle master ^lastR2bundle -$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master ------------- +This will define a remote called "origin" in the resulting repository that +lets you fetch and pull from the bundle. The $GIT_DIR/config file in R2 will +have an entry like this: -- Using a tag present in both repositories +------------------------ +[remote "origin"] + url = /home/me/tmp/file.bundle + fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* +------------------------ ------------- -$ git bundle create mybundle master ^v1.0.0 ------------- +To update the resulting mine.git repository, you can fetch or pull after +replacing the bundle stored at /home/me/tmp/file.bundle with incremental +updates. -- A basis based on time. +After working some more in the original repository, you can create an +incremental bundle to update the other repository: ------------- -$ git bundle create mybundle master --since=10.days.ago ------------- +---------------- +machineA$ cd R1 +machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle lastR2bundle..master +machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master +---------------- -- With a limit on the number of commits +You then transfer the bundle to the other machine to replace +/home/me/tmp/file.bundle, and pull from it. ------------- -$ git bundle create mybundle master -n 10 ------------- +---------------- +machineB$ cd R2 +machineB$ git pull +---------------- -Then you move mybundle from A to B, and in R2 on B: +If you know up to what commit the intended recipient repository should +have the necessary objects, you can use that knowledge to specify the +basis, giving a cut-off point to limit the revisions and objects that go +in the resulting bundle. The previous example used lastR2bundle tag +for this purpose, but you can use any other options that you would give to +the linkgit:git-log[1] command. Here are more examples: ------------- -$ git-bundle verify mybundle -$ git-fetch mybundle master:localRef ------------- +You can use a tag that is present in both: -With something like this in the config in R2: +---------------- +$ git bundle create mybundle v1.0.0..master +---------------- ------------------------- -[remote "bundle"] - url = /home/me/tmp/file.bdl - fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* ------------------------- +You can use a basis based on time: + +---------------- +$ git bundle create mybundle --since=10.days master +---------------- + +You can use the number of commits: + +---------------- +$ git bundle create mybundle -10 master +---------------- + +You can run `git-bundle verify` to see if you can extract from a bundle +that was created with a basis: + +---------------- +$ git bundle verify mybundle +---------------- + +This will list what commits you must have in order to extract from the +bundle and will error out if you do not have them. + +A bundle from a recipient repository's point of view is just like a +regular repository which it fetches or pulls from. You can, for example, map +references when fetching: -You can first sneakernet the bundle file to ~/tmp/file.bdl and -then these commands on machine B: +---------------- +$ git fetch mybundle master:localRef +---------------- ------------- -$ git ls-remote bundle -$ git fetch bundle -$ git pull bundle ------------- +You can also see what references it offers. -would treat it as if it is talking with a remote side over the -network. +---------------- +$ git ls-remote mybundle +---------------- Author ------ @@ -171,4 +206,4 @@ Written by Mark Levedahl <mdl123@verizon.net> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt index df42cb1..58c8d65 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt @@ -3,25 +3,30 @@ git-cat-file(1) NAME ---- -git-cat-file - Provide content or type/size information for repository objects +git-cat-file - Provide content or type and size information for repository objects SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-cat-file' [-t | -s | -e | -p | <type>] <object> +[verse] +'git cat-file' (-t | -s | -e | -p | <type>) <object> +'git cat-file' (--batch | --batch-check) < <list-of-objects> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Provides content or type of objects in the repository. The type -is required unless '-t' or '-p' is used to find the object type, -or '-s' is used to find the object size. +In its first form, the command provides the content or the type of an object in +the repository. The type is required unless '-t' or '-p' is used to find the +object type, or '-s' is used to find the object size. + +In the second form, a list of objects (separated by linefeeds) is provided on +stdin, and the SHA1, type, and size of each object is printed on stdout. OPTIONS ------- <object>:: The name of the object to show. For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see - "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. + the "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. -t:: Instead of the content, show the object type identified by @@ -46,6 +51,14 @@ OPTIONS or to ask for a "blob" with <object> being a tag object that points at it. +--batch:: + Print the SHA1, type, size, and contents of each object provided on + stdin. May not be combined with any other options or arguments. + +--batch-check:: + Print the SHA1, type, and size of each object provided on stdin. May not + be combined with any other options or arguments. + OUTPUT ------ If '-t' is specified, one of the <type>. @@ -56,9 +69,30 @@ If '-e' is specified, no output. If '-p' is specified, the contents of <object> are pretty-printed. -Otherwise the raw (though uncompressed) contents of the <object> will -be returned. +If <type> is specified, the raw (though uncompressed) contents of the <object> +will be returned. + +If '--batch' is specified, output of the following form is printed for each +object specified on stdin: + +------------ +<sha1> SP <type> SP <size> LF +<contents> LF +------------ + +If '--batch-check' is specified, output of the following form is printed for +each object specified on stdin: + +------------ +<sha1> SP <type> SP <size> LF +------------ + +For both '--batch' and '--batch-check', output of the following form is printed +for each object specified on stdin that does not exist in the repository: +------------ +<object> SP missing LF +------------ Author ------ @@ -70,4 +104,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt index 290f10f..50824e3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt @@ -3,25 +3,84 @@ git-check-attr(1) NAME ---- -git-check-attr - Display gitattributes information. +git-check-attr - Display gitattributes information SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-check-attr' attr... [--] pathname... +[verse] +'git check-attr' attr... [--] pathname... +'git check-attr' --stdin [-z] attr... < <list-of-paths> DESCRIPTION ----------- -For every pathname, this command will list if each attr is 'unspecified', +For every pathname, this command will list if each attribute is 'unspecified', 'set', or 'unset' as a gitattribute on that pathname. OPTIONS ------- +--stdin:: + Read file names from stdin instead of from the command-line. + +-z:: + Only meaningful with `--stdin`; paths are separated with a + NUL character instead of a linefeed character. + \--:: - Interpret all preceding arguments as attributes, and all following + Interpret all preceding arguments as attributes and all following arguments as path names. If not supplied, only the first argument will be treated as an attribute. +OUTPUT +------ + +The output is of the form: +<path> COLON SP <attribute> COLON SP <info> LF + +<path> is the path of a file being queried, <attribute> is an attribute +being queried and <info> can be either: + +'unspecified';; when the attribute is not defined for the path. +'unset';; when the attribute is defined as false. +'set';; when the attribute is defined as true. +<value>;; when a value has been assigned to the attribute. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +In the examples, the following '.gitattributes' file is used: +--------------- +*.java diff=java -crlf myAttr +NoMyAttr.java !myAttr +README caveat=unspecified +--------------- + +* Listing a single attribute: +--------------- +$ git check-attr diff org/example/MyClass.java +org/example/MyClass.java: diff: java +--------------- + +* Listing multiple attributes for a file: +--------------- +$ git check-attr crlf diff myAttr -- org/example/MyClass.java +org/example/MyClass.java: crlf: unset +org/example/MyClass.java: diff: java +org/example/MyClass.java: myAttr: set +--------------- + +* Listing an attribute for multiple files: +--------------- +$ git check-attr myAttr -- org/example/MyClass.java org/example/NoMyAttr.java +org/example/MyClass.java: myAttr: set +org/example/NoMyAttr.java: myAttr: unspecified +--------------- + +* Not all values are equally unambiguous: +--------------- +$ git check-attr caveat README +README: caveat: unspecified +--------------- SEE ALSO -------- @@ -30,7 +89,7 @@ linkgit:gitattributes[5]. Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -38,4 +97,4 @@ Documentation by James Bowes. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt index a676880..0aeef24 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt @@ -3,53 +3,93 @@ git-check-ref-format(1) NAME ---- -git-check-ref-format - Make sure ref name is well formed +git-check-ref-format - Ensures that a reference name is well formed SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-check-ref-format' <refname> +[verse] +'git check-ref-format' <refname> +'git check-ref-format' --print <refname> +'git check-ref-format' --branch <branchname-shorthand> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Checks if a given 'refname' is acceptable, and exits non-zero if -it is not. +Checks if a given 'refname' is acceptable, and exits with a non-zero +status if it is not. A reference is used in git to specify branches and tags. A -branch head is stored under `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads` directory, and -a tag is stored under `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` directory. git -imposes the following rules on how refs are named: +branch head is stored under the `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads` directory, and +a tag is stored under the `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` directory. git +imposes the following rules on how references are named: -. It can include slash `/` for hierarchical (directory) +. They can include slash `/` for hierarchical (directory) grouping, but no slash-separated component can begin with a - dot `.`; + dot `.`. -. It cannot have two consecutive dots `..` anywhere; +. They must contain at least one `/`. This enforces the presence of a + category like `heads/`, `tags/` etc. but the actual names are not + restricted. -. It cannot have ASCII control character (i.e. bytes whose +. They cannot have two consecutive dots `..` anywhere. + +. They cannot have ASCII control characters (i.e. bytes whose values are lower than \040, or \177 `DEL`), space, tilde `~`, caret `{caret}`, colon `:`, question-mark `?`, asterisk `*`, - or open bracket `[` anywhere; + or open bracket `[` anywhere. + +. They cannot end with a slash `/` nor a dot `.`. + +. They cannot end with the sequence `.lock`. -. It cannot end with a slash `/`. +. They cannot contain a sequence `@{`. -These rules makes it easy for shell script based tools to parse -refnames, pathname expansion by the shell when a refname is used +- They cannot contain a `\\`. + +These rules make it easy for shell script based tools to parse +reference names, pathname expansion by the shell when a reference name is used unquoted (by mistake), and also avoids ambiguities in certain -refname expressions (see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]). Namely: +reference name expressions (see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]): -. double-dot `..` are often used as in `ref1..ref2`, and in some - context this notation means `{caret}ref1 ref2` (i.e. not in - ref1 and in ref2). +. A double-dot `..` is often used as in `ref1..ref2`, and in some + contexts this notation means `{caret}ref1 ref2` (i.e. not in + `ref1` and in `ref2`). -. tilde `~` and caret `{caret}` are used to introduce postfix +. A tilde `~` and caret `{caret}` are used to introduce the postfix 'nth parent' and 'peel onion' operation. -. colon `:` is used as in `srcref:dstref` to mean "use srcref\'s +. A colon `:` is used as in `srcref:dstref` to mean "use srcref\'s value and store it in dstref" in fetch and push operations. It may also be used to select a specific object such as with - linkgit:git-cat-file[1] "git-cat-file blob v1.3.3:refs.c". + 'git-cat-file': "git cat-file blob v1.3.3:refs.c". + +. at-open-brace `@{` is used as a notation to access a reflog entry. + +With the `--print` option, if 'refname' is acceptable, it prints the +canonicalized name of a hypothetical reference with that name. That is, +it prints 'refname' with any extra `/` characters removed. + +With the `--branch` option, it expands the ``previous branch syntax'' +`@{-n}`. For example, `@{-1}` is a way to refer the last branch you +were on. This option should be used by porcelains to accept this +syntax anywhere a branch name is expected, so they can act as if you +typed the branch name. + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Print the name of the previous branch: ++ +------------ +$ git check-ref-format --branch @{-1} +------------ +* Determine the reference name to use for a new branch: ++ +------------ +$ ref=$(git check-ref-format --print "refs/heads/$newbranch") || +die "we do not like '$newbranch' as a branch name." +------------ GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt index cbbb0b5..62d8483 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-checkout-index - Copy files from the index to the working tree SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-checkout-index' [-u] [-q] [-a] [-f] [-n] [--prefix=<string>] +'git checkout-index' [-u] [-q] [-a] [-f] [-n] [--prefix=<string>] [--stage=<number>|all] [--temp] [-z] [--stdin] @@ -22,21 +22,26 @@ Will copy all files listed from the index to the working directory OPTIONS ------- --u|--index:: +-u:: +--index:: update stat information for the checked out entries in the index file. --q|--quiet:: +-q:: +--quiet:: be quiet if files exist or are not in the index --f|--force:: +-f:: +--force:: forces overwrite of existing files --a|--all:: +-a:: +--all:: checks out all files in the index. Cannot be used together with explicit filenames. --n|--no-create:: +-n:: +--no-create:: Don't checkout new files, only refresh files already checked out. @@ -68,25 +73,25 @@ OPTIONS The order of the flags used to matter, but not anymore. -Just doing `git-checkout-index` does nothing. You probably meant -`git-checkout-index -a`. And if you want to force it, you want -`git-checkout-index -f -a`. +Just doing `git checkout-index` does nothing. You probably meant +`git checkout-index -a`. And if you want to force it, you want +`git checkout-index -f -a`. Intuitiveness is not the goal here. Repeatability is. The reason for the "no arguments means no work" behavior is that from scripts you are supposed to be able to do: ---------------- -$ find . -name '*.h' -print0 | xargs -0 git-checkout-index -f -- +$ find . -name '*.h' -print0 | xargs -0 git checkout-index -f -- ---------------- which will force all existing `*.h` files to be replaced with their cached copies. If an empty command line implied "all", then this would force-refresh everything in the index, which was not the point. But -since git-checkout-index accepts --stdin it would be faster to use: +since 'git-checkout-index' accepts --stdin it would be faster to use: ---------------- -$ find . -name '*.h' -print0 | git-checkout-index -f -z --stdin +$ find . -name '*.h' -print0 | git checkout-index -f -z --stdin ---------------- The `--` is just a good idea when you know the rest will be filenames; @@ -97,7 +102,7 @@ Using `--` is probably a good policy in scripts. Using --temp or --stage=all --------------------------- When `--temp` is used (or implied by `--stage=all`) -`git-checkout-index` will create a temporary file for each index +'git-checkout-index' will create a temporary file for each index entry being checked out. The index will not be updated with stat information. These options can be useful if the caller needs all stages of all unmerged entries so that the unmerged files can be @@ -139,19 +144,19 @@ EXAMPLES To update and refresh only the files already checked out:: + ---------------- -$ git-checkout-index -n -f -a && git-update-index --ignore-missing --refresh +$ git checkout-index -n -f -a && git update-index --ignore-missing --refresh ---------------- -Using `git-checkout-index` to "export an entire tree":: +Using 'git-checkout-index' to "export an entire tree":: The prefix ability basically makes it trivial to use - `git-checkout-index` as an "export as tree" function. + 'git-checkout-index' as an "export as tree" function. Just read the desired tree into the index, and do: + ---------------- -$ git-checkout-index --prefix=git-export-dir/ -a +$ git checkout-index --prefix=git-export-dir/ -a ---------------- + -`git-checkout-index` will "export" the index into the specified +`git checkout-index` will "export" the index into the specified directory. + The final "/" is important. The exported name is literally just @@ -161,7 +166,7 @@ following example. Export files with a prefix:: + ---------------- -$ git-checkout-index --prefix=.merged- Makefile +$ git checkout-index --prefix=.merged- Makefile ---------------- + This will check out the currently cached copy of `Makefile` @@ -181,4 +186,4 @@ Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt index a644173..37c1810 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt @@ -8,67 +8,92 @@ git-checkout - Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-checkout' [-q] [-f] [[--track | --no-track] -b <new_branch> [-l]] [-m] [<branch>] -'git-checkout' [<tree-ish>] <paths>... +'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [<branch>] +'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [-b <new_branch>] [<start_point>] +'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... +'git checkout' --patch [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- When <paths> are not given, this command switches branches by -updating the index and working tree to reflect the specified -branch, <branch>, and updating HEAD to be <branch> or, if -specified, <new_branch>. Using -b will cause <new_branch> to -be created; in this case you can use the --track or --no-track -options, which will be passed to `git branch`. +updating the index, working tree, and HEAD to reflect the specified +branch. -When <paths> are given, this command does *not* switch +If `-b` is given, a new branch is created and checked out, as if +linkgit:git-branch[1] were called; in this case you can +use the --track or --no-track options, which will be passed to `git +branch`. As a convenience, --track without `-b` implies branch +creation; see the description of --track below. + +When <paths> or --patch are given, this command does *not* switch branches. It updates the named paths in the working tree from -the index file (i.e. it runs `git-checkout-index -f -u`), or -from a named commit. In -this case, the `-f` and `-b` options are meaningless and giving -either of them results in an error. <tree-ish> argument can be +the index file, or from a named <tree-ish> (most often a commit). In +this case, the `-b` and `--track` options are meaningless and giving +either of them results in an error. The <tree-ish> argument can be used to specify a specific tree-ish (i.e. commit, tag or tree) to update the index for the given paths before updating the working tree. +The index may contain unmerged entries after a failed merge. By +default, if you try to check out such an entry from the index, the +checkout operation will fail and nothing will be checked out. +Using -f will ignore these unmerged entries. The contents from a +specific side of the merge can be checked out of the index by +using --ours or --theirs. With -m, changes made to the working tree +file can be discarded to recreate the original conflicted merge result. OPTIONS ------- -q:: +--quiet:: Quiet, suppress feedback messages. -f:: - Proceed even if the index or the working tree differs - from HEAD. This is used to throw away local changes. +--force:: + When switching branches, proceed even if the index or the + working tree differs from HEAD. This is used to throw away + local changes. ++ +When checking out paths from the index, do not fail upon unmerged +entries; instead, unmerged entries are ignored. + +--ours:: +--theirs:: + When checking out paths from the index, check out stage #2 + ('ours') or #3 ('theirs') for unmerged paths. -b:: Create a new branch named <new_branch> and start it at - <branch>. The new branch name must pass all checks defined - by linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]. Some of these checks - may restrict the characters allowed in a branch name. - --t, --track:: - When creating a new branch, set up configuration so that git-pull - will automatically retrieve data from the start point, which must be - a branch. Use this if you always pull from the same upstream branch - into the new branch, and if you don't want to use "git pull - <repository> <refspec>" explicitly. This behavior is the default - when the start point is a remote branch. Set the - branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable to `false` if you want - git-checkout and git-branch to always behave as if '--no-track' were - given. Set it to `always` if you want this behavior when the - start-point is either a local or remote branch. + <start_point>; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. + +-t:: +--track:: + When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration. See + "--track" in linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. ++ +If no '-b' option is given, the name of the new branch will be +derived from the remote branch. If "remotes/" or "refs/remotes/" +is prefixed it is stripped away, and then the part up to the +next slash (which would be the nickname of the remote) is removed. +This would tell us to use "hack" as the local branch when branching +off of "origin/hack" (or "remotes/origin/hack", or even +"refs/remotes/origin/hack"). If the given name has no slash, or the above +guessing results in an empty name, the guessing is aborted. You can +explicitly give a name with '-b' in such a case. --no-track:: - Ignore the branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable. + Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the + branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable is true. -l:: - Create the new branch's reflog. This activates recording of - all changes made to the branch ref, enabling use of date - based sha1 expressions such as "<branchname>@\{yesterday}". + Create the new branch's reflog; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for + details. -m:: - If you have local modifications to one or more files that +--merge:: + When switching branches, + if you have local modifications to one or more files that are different between the current branch and the branch to which you are switching, the command refuses to switch branches in order to preserve your modifications in context. @@ -80,16 +105,49 @@ When a merge conflict happens, the index entries for conflicting paths are left unmerged, and you need to resolve the conflicts and mark the resolved paths with `git add` (or `git rm` if the merge should result in deletion of the path). ++ +When checking out paths from the index, this option lets you recreate +the conflicted merge in the specified paths. + +--conflict=<style>:: + The same as --merge option above, but changes the way the + conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the + merge.conflictstyle configuration variable. Possible values are + "merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by + "merge" style, shows the original contents). + +-p:: +--patch:: + Interactively select hunks in the difference between the + <tree-ish> (or the index, if unspecified) and the working + tree. The chosen hunks are then applied in reverse to the + working tree (and if a <tree-ish> was specified, the index). ++ +This means that you can use `git checkout -p` to selectively discard +edits from your current working tree. + +<branch>:: + Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that, + when prepended with "refs/heads/", is a valid ref), then that + branch is checked out. Otherwise, if it refers to a valid + commit, your HEAD becomes "detached" and you are no longer on + any branch (see below for details). ++ +As a special case, the `"@\{-N\}"` syntax for the N-th last branch +checks out the branch (instead of detaching). You may also specify +`-` which is synonymous with `"@\{-1\}"`. <new_branch>:: Name for the new branch. -<branch>:: - Branch to checkout; may be any object ID that resolves to a - commit. Defaults to HEAD. -+ -When this parameter names a non-branch (but still a valid commit object), -your HEAD becomes 'detached'. +<start_point>:: + The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see + linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to HEAD. + +<tree-ish>:: + Tree to checkout from (when paths are given). If not specified, + the index will be used. + Detached HEAD @@ -105,13 +163,13 @@ $ git checkout v2.6.18 ------------ Earlier versions of git did not allow this and asked you to -create a temporary branch using `-b` option, but starting from +create a temporary branch using the `-b` option, but starting from version 1.5.0, the above command 'detaches' your HEAD from the -current branch and directly point at the commit named by the tag -(`v2.6.18` in the above example). +current branch and directly points at the commit named by the tag +(`v2.6.18` in the example above). -You can use usual git commands while in this state. You can use -`git-reset --hard $othercommit` to further move around, for +You can use all git commands while in this state. You can use +`git reset --hard $othercommit` to further move around, for example. You can make changes and create a new commit on top of a detached HEAD. You can even create a merge by using `git merge $othercommit`. @@ -144,8 +202,8 @@ $ git checkout hello.c <3> ------------ + <1> switch branch -<2> take out a file out of other commit -<3> restore hello.c from HEAD of current branch +<2> take a file out of another commit +<3> restore hello.c from the index + If you have an unfortunate branch that is named `hello.c`, this step would be confused as an instruction to switch to that branch. @@ -155,7 +213,7 @@ You should instead write: $ git checkout -- hello.c ------------ -. After working in a wrong branch, switching to the correct +. After working in the wrong branch, switching to the correct branch would be done using: + ------------ @@ -163,7 +221,7 @@ $ git checkout mytopic ------------ + However, your "wrong" branch and correct "mytopic" branch may -differ in files that you have locally modified, in which case, +differ in files that you have modified locally, in which case the above checkout would fail like this: + ------------ @@ -189,7 +247,6 @@ the `-m` option, you would see something like this: ------------ $ git checkout -m mytopic Auto-merging frotz -merge: warning: conflicts during merge ERROR: Merge conflict in frotz fatal: merge program failed ------------ @@ -215,4 +272,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt index f0beb41..b764130 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-cherry-pick - Apply the change introduced by an existing commit SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-x] <commit> +'git cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-x] <commit> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -19,11 +19,12 @@ OPTIONS ------- <commit>:: Commit to cherry-pick. - For a more complete list of ways to spell commits, see + For a more complete list of ways to spell commits, see the "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. --e|--edit:: - With this option, `git-cherry-pick` will let you edit the commit +-e:: +--edit:: + With this option, 'git-cherry-pick' will let you edit the commit message prior to committing. -x:: @@ -44,30 +45,35 @@ OPTIONS described above, and `-r` was to disable it. Now the default is not to do `-x` so this option is a no-op. --m parent-number|--mainline parent-number:: +-m parent-number:: +--mainline parent-number:: Usually you cannot cherry-pick a merge because you do not know which side of the merge should be considered the mainline. This option specifies the parent number (starting from 1) of the mainline and allows cherry-pick to replay the change relative to the specified parent. --n|--no-commit:: - Usually the command automatically creates a commit with - a commit log message stating which commit was - cherry-picked. This flag applies the change necessary - to cherry-pick the named commit to your working tree, +-n:: +--no-commit:: + Usually the command automatically creates a commit. + This flag applies the change necessary to cherry-pick + the named commit to your working tree and the index, but does not make the commit. In addition, when this - option is used, your working tree does not have to match - the HEAD commit. The cherry-pick is done against the - beginning state of your working tree. + option is used, your index does not have to match the + HEAD commit. The cherry-pick is done against the + beginning state of your index. + This is useful when cherry-picking more than one commits' -effect to your working tree in a row. +effect to your index in a row. + +-s:: +--signoff:: + Add Signed-off-by line at the end of the commit message. Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -75,4 +81,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry.txt index b0468aa..7deefda 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cherry.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cherry.txt @@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ git-cherry - Find commits not merged upstream SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-cherry' [-v] <upstream> [<head>] [<limit>] +'git cherry' [-v] [<upstream> [<head> [<limit>]]] DESCRIPTION ----------- The changeset (or "diff") of each commit between the fork-point and <head> is compared against each commit between the fork-point and <upstream>. +The commits are compared with their 'patch id', obtained from +the 'git-patch-id' program. Every commit that doesn't exist in the <upstream> branch has its id (sha1) reported, prefixed by a symbol. The ones that have @@ -35,8 +37,8 @@ to and including <limit> are not reported: \__*__*__<limit>__-__+__> <head> -Because git-cherry compares the changeset rather than the commit id -(sha1), you can use git-cherry to find out if a commit you made locally +Because 'git-cherry' compares the changeset rather than the commit id +(sha1), you can use 'git-cherry' to find out if a commit you made locally has been applied <upstream> under a different commit id. For example, this will happen if you're feeding patches <upstream> via email rather than pushing or pulling commits directly. @@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ OPTIONS <upstream>:: Upstream branch to compare against. + Defaults to the first tracked remote branch, if available. <head>:: Working branch; defaults to HEAD. @@ -56,9 +59,13 @@ OPTIONS <limit>:: Do not report commits up to (and including) limit. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-patch-id[1] + Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -66,4 +73,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-citool.txt b/Documentation/git-citool.txt index aca1d75..670cb02 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-citool.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-citool.txt @@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ DESCRIPTION A Tcl/Tk based graphical interface to review modified files, stage them into the index, enter a commit message and record the new commit onto the current branch. This interface is an alternative -to the less interactive linkgit:git-commit[1] program. +to the less interactive 'git-commit' program. -git-citool is actually a standard alias for 'git gui citool'. +'git-citool' is actually a standard alias for `git gui citool`. See linkgit:git-gui[1] for more details. Author @@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-clean.txt b/Documentation/git-clean.txt index 5e9da03..9d291bd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clean.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clean.txt @@ -8,38 +8,47 @@ git-clean - Remove untracked files from the working tree SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-clean' [-d] [-f] [-n] [-q] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>... +'git clean' [-d] [-f] [-n] [-q] [-x | -X] [--] <path>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Removes files unknown to git. This allows to clean the working tree -from files that are not under version control. If the '-x' option is -specified, ignored files are also removed, allowing to remove all -build products. -When optional `<paths>...` arguments are given, the paths -affected are further limited to those that match them. +Cleans the working tree by recursively removing files that are not +under version control, starting from the current directory. + +Normally, only files unknown to git are removed, but if the '-x' +option is specified, ignored files are also removed. This can, for +example, be useful to remove all build products. + +If any optional `<path>...` arguments are given, only those paths +are affected. OPTIONS ------- -d:: Remove untracked directories in addition to untracked files. + If an untracked directory is managed by a different git + repository, it is not removed by default. Use -f option twice + if you really want to remove such a directory. -f:: +--force:: If the git configuration specifies clean.requireForce as true, - git-clean will refuse to run unless given -f or -n. + 'git-clean' will refuse to run unless given -f or -n. -n:: +--dry-run:: Don't actually remove anything, just show what would be done. -q:: +--quiet:: Be quiet, only report errors, but not the files that are successfully removed. -x:: Don't use the ignore rules. This allows removing all untracked files, including build products. This can be used (possibly in - conjunction with linkgit:git-reset[1]) to create a pristine + conjunction with 'git-reset') to create a pristine working directory to test a clean build. -X:: @@ -54,4 +63,4 @@ Written by Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt index 9b56442..7ccd742 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt @@ -9,18 +9,19 @@ git-clone - Clone a repository into a new directory SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-clone' [--template=<template_directory>] - [-l] [-s] [--no-hardlinks] [-q] [-n] [--bare] - [-o <name>] [-u <upload-pack>] [--reference <repository>] - [--depth <depth>] [--] <repository> [<directory>] +'git clone' [--template=<template_directory>] + [-l] [-s] [--no-hardlinks] [-q] [-n] [--bare] [--mirror] + [-o <name>] [-b <name>] [-u <upload-pack>] [--reference <repository>] + [--depth <depth>] [--recursive] [--] <repository> [<directory>] DESCRIPTION ----------- Clones a repository into a newly created directory, creates remote-tracking branches for each branch in the cloned repository -(visible using `git branch -r`), and creates and checks out an initial -branch equal to the cloned repository's currently active branch. +(visible using `git branch -r`), and creates and checks out an +initial branch that is forked from the cloned repository's +currently active branch. After the clone, a plain `git fetch` without arguments will update all the remote-tracking branches, and a `git pull` without @@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ OPTIONS --local:: -l:: When the repository to clone from is on a local machine, - this flag bypasses normal "git aware" transport + this flag bypasses the normal "git aware" transport mechanism and clones the repository by making a copy of HEAD and everything under objects and refs directories. The files under `.git/objects/` directory are hardlinked @@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ OPTIONS -s:: When the repository to clone is on the local machine, instead of using hard links, automatically setup - .git/objects/info/alternates to share the objects + `.git/objects/info/alternates` to share the objects with the source repository. The resulting repository starts out without any object of its own. + @@ -68,27 +69,40 @@ it unless you understand what it does. If you clone your repository using this option and then delete branches (or use any other git command that makes any existing commit unreferenced) in the source repository, some objects may become unreferenced (or dangling). -These objects may be removed by normal git operations (such as git-commit[1]) -which automatically call git-gc[1]. If these objects are removed and -were referenced by the cloned repository, then the cloned repository -will become corrupt. - - +These objects may be removed by normal git operations (such as `git commit`) +which automatically call `git gc --auto`. (See linkgit:git-gc[1].) +If these objects are removed and were referenced by the cloned repository, +then the cloned repository will become corrupt. ++ +Note that running `git repack` without the `-l` option in a repository +cloned with `-s` will copy objects from the source repository into a pack +in the cloned repository, removing the disk space savings of `clone -s`. +It is safe, however, to run `git gc`, which uses the `-l` option by +default. ++ +If you want to break the dependency of a repository cloned with `-s` on +its source repository, you can simply run `git repack -a` to copy all +objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. --reference <repository>:: - If the reference repository is on the local machine - automatically setup .git/objects/info/alternates to + If the reference repository is on the local machine, + automatically setup `.git/objects/info/alternates` to obtain objects from the reference repository. Using an already existing repository as an alternate will require fewer objects to be copied from the repository being cloned, reducing network and local storage costs. + -*NOTE*: see NOTE to --shared option. +*NOTE*: see the NOTE for the `--shared` option. --quiet:: -q:: - Operate quietly. This flag is passed to "rsync" and - "git-fetch-pack" commands when given. + Operate quietly. This flag is also passed to the `rsync' + command when given. + +--verbose:: +-v:: + Display the progress bar, even in case the standard output is not + a terminal. --no-checkout:: -n:: @@ -106,16 +120,25 @@ will become corrupt. used, neither remote-tracking branches nor the related configuration variables are created. +--mirror:: + Set up a mirror of the remote repository. This implies `--bare`. + --origin <name>:: -o <name>:: - Instead of using the remote name 'origin' to keep track - of the upstream repository, use <name> instead. + Instead of using the remote name `origin` to keep track + of the upstream repository, use `<name>`. + +--branch <name>:: +-b <name>:: + Instead of pointing the newly created HEAD to the branch pointed + to by the cloned repository's HEAD, point to `<name>` branch + instead. In a non-bare repository, this is the branch that will + be checked out. --upload-pack <upload-pack>:: -u <upload-pack>:: - When given, and the repository to clone from is handled - by 'git-fetch-pack', '--exec=<upload-pack>' is passed to - the command to specify non-default path for the command + When given, and the repository to clone from is accessed + via ssh, this specifies a non-default path for the command run on the other end. --template=<template_directory>:: @@ -132,6 +155,14 @@ will become corrupt. with a long history, and would want to send in fixes as patches. +--recursive:: + After the clone is created, initialize all submodules within, + using their default settings. This is equivalent to running + `git submodule update --init --recursive` immediately after + the clone is finished. This option is ignored if the cloned + repository does not have a worktree/checkout (i.e. if any of + `--no-checkout`/`-n`, `--bare`, or `--mirror` is given) + <repository>:: The (possibly remote) repository to clone from. See the <<URLS,URLS>> section below for more information on specifying @@ -140,9 +171,9 @@ will become corrupt. <directory>:: The name of a new directory to clone into. The "humanish" part of the source repository is used if no directory is - explicitly given ("repo" for "/path/to/repo.git" and "foo" - for "host.xz:foo/.git"). Cloning into an existing directory - is not allowed. + explicitly given (`repo` for `/path/to/repo.git` and `foo` + for `host.xz:foo/.git`). Cloning into an existing directory + is only allowed if the directory is empty. :git-clone: 1 include::urls.txt[] @@ -205,4 +236,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt index 170803a..b8834ba 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-commit-tree - Create a new commit object SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-commit-tree' <tree> [-p <parent commit>]\* < changelog +'git commit-tree' <tree> [-p <parent commit>]\* < changelog DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See linkgit:git-commit[1] instead. Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and -emits the new commit object id on stdout. If no parent is given then -it is considered to be an initial tree. +emits the new commit object id on stdout. -A commit object usually has 1 parent (a commit after a change) or up -to 16 parents. More than one parent represents a merge of branches -that led to them. +A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one +parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes +the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root) +commits have no parents. While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not present, system user name and fully qualified hostname. A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog -entry is not provided via "<" redirection, "git-commit-tree" will just wait +entry is not provided via "<" redirection, 'git-commit-tree' will just wait for one to be entered and terminated with ^D. @@ -79,16 +79,16 @@ Diagnostics You don't exist. Go away!:: The passwd(5) gecos field couldn't be read Your parents must have hated you!:: - The password(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer. + The passwd(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer. Your sysadmin must hate you!:: - The password(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer. + The passwd(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer. Discussion ---------- include::i18n.txt[] -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-write-tree[1] @@ -103,4 +103,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index 4bb51cc..d227cec 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -8,28 +8,29 @@ git-commit - Record changes to the repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-commit' [-a | --interactive] [-s] [-v] [-u] - [(-c | -C) <commit> | -F <file> | -m <msg> | --amend] - [--allow-empty] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author <author>] +'git commit' [-a | --interactive] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend] [--dry-run] + [(-c | -C) <commit>] [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] + [--allow-empty] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--] [[-i | -o ]<file>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Use 'git commit' to store the current contents of the index in a new -commit along with a log message describing the changes you have made. +Stores the current contents of the index in a new commit along +with a log message from the user describing the changes. The content to be added can be specified in several ways: -1. by using linkgit:git-add[1] to incrementally "add" changes to the +1. by using 'git-add' to incrementally "add" changes to the index before using the 'commit' command (Note: even modified files must be "added"); -2. by using linkgit:git-rm[1] to remove files from the working tree +2. by using 'git-rm' to remove files from the working tree and the index, again before using the 'commit' command; 3. by listing files as arguments to the 'commit' command, in which case the commit will ignore changes staged in the index, and instead - record the current content of the listed files; + record the current content of the listed files (which must already + be known to git); 4. by using the -a switch with the 'commit' command to automatically "add" changes from all known files (i.e. all files that are already @@ -39,55 +40,72 @@ The content to be added can be specified in several ways: 5. by using the --interactive switch with the 'commit' command to decide one by one which files should be part of the commit, before finalizing the - operation. Currently, this is done by invoking `git-add --interactive`. + operation. Currently, this is done by invoking 'git-add --interactive'. -The linkgit:git-status[1] command can be used to obtain a +The `--dry-run` option can be used to obtain a summary of what is included by any of the above for the next -commit by giving the same set of parameters you would give to -this command. +commit by giving the same set of parameters (options and paths). -If you make a commit and then found a mistake immediately after -that, you can recover from it with linkgit:git-reset[1]. +If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after +that, you can recover from it with 'git-reset'. OPTIONS ------- --a|--all:: +-a:: +--all:: Tell the command to automatically stage files that have been modified and deleted, but new files you have not told git about are not affected. --c or -C <commit>:: - Take existing commit object, and reuse the log message +-C <commit>:: +--reuse-message=<commit>:: + Take an existing commit object, and reuse the log message and the authorship information (including the timestamp) - when creating the commit. With '-C', the editor is not - invoked; with '-c' the user can further edit the commit - message. + when creating the commit. + +-c <commit>:: +--reedit-message=<commit>:: + Like '-C', but with '-c' the editor is invoked, so that + the user can further edit the commit message. + +--reset-author:: + When used with -C/-c/--amend options, declare that the + authorship of the resulting commit now belongs of the committer. + This also renews the author timestamp. -F <file>:: +--file=<file>:: Take the commit message from the given file. Use '-' to read the message from the standard input. ---author <author>:: - Override the author name used in the commit. Use - `A U Thor <author@example.com>` format. +--author=<author>:: + Override the author name used in the commit. You can use the + standard `A U Thor <author@example.com>` format. Otherwise, + an existing commit that matches the given string and its author + name is used. --m <msg>|--message=<msg>:: +-m <msg>:: +--message=<msg>:: Use the given <msg> as the commit message. --t <file>|--template=<file>:: +-t <file>:: +--template=<file>:: Use the contents of the given file as the initial version of the commit message. The editor is invoked and you can make subsequent changes. If a message is specified using the `-m` or `-F` options, this option has no effect. This overrides the `commit.template` configuration variable. --s|--signoff:: - Add Signed-off-by line at the end of the commit message. +-s:: +--signoff:: + Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit + log message. +-n:: --no-verify:: This option bypasses the pre-commit and commit-msg hooks. - See also link:hooks.html[hooks]. + See also linkgit:githooks[5]. --allow-empty:: Usually recording a commit that has the exact same tree as its @@ -105,14 +123,14 @@ OPTIONS 'whitespace' removes just leading/trailing whitespace lines and 'strip' removes both whitespace and commentary. --e|--edit:: +-e:: +--edit:: The message taken from file with `-F`, command line with `-m`, and from file with `-C` are usually used as the commit log message unmodified. This option lets you further edit the message taken from these sources. --amend:: - Used to amend the tip of the current branch. Prepare the tree object you would want to replace the latest commit as usual (this includes the usual -i/-o and explicit paths), and the @@ -132,40 +150,63 @@ It is a rough equivalent for: ------ but can be used to amend a merge commit. -- ++ +You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you +amend a commit that has already been published. (See the "RECOVERING +FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1].) --i|--include:: +-i:: +--include:: Before making a commit out of staged contents so far, stage the contents of paths given on the command line as well. This is usually not what you want unless you are concluding a conflicted merge. --o|--only:: +-o:: +--only:: Make a commit only from the paths specified on the command line, disregarding any contents that have been staged so far. This is the default mode of operation of - 'git commit' if any paths are given on the command line, + 'git-commit' if any paths are given on the command line, in which case this option can be omitted. If this option is specified together with '--amend', then - no paths need be specified, which can be used to amend + no paths need to be specified, which can be used to amend the last commit without committing changes that have already been staged. --u|--untracked-files:: - Show all untracked files, also those in uninteresting - directories, in the "Untracked files:" section of commit - message template. Without this option only its name and - a trailing slash are displayed for each untracked - directory. +-u[<mode>]:: +--untracked-files[=<mode>]:: + Show untracked files (Default: 'all'). ++ +The mode parameter is optional, and is used to specify +the handling of untracked files. The possible options are: ++ +-- + - 'no' - Show no untracked files + - 'normal' - Shows untracked files and directories + - 'all' - Also shows individual files in untracked directories. +-- ++ +See linkgit:git-config[1] for configuration variable +used to change the default for when the option is not +specified. --v|--verbose:: +-v:: +--verbose:: Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be committed at the bottom of the commit message template. Note that this diff output doesn't have its lines prefixed with '#'. --q|--quiet:: +-q:: +--quiet:: Suppress commit summary message. +--dry-run:: + Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are + to be committed, paths with local changes that will be left + uncommitted and paths that are untracked. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. @@ -181,10 +222,10 @@ EXAMPLES -------- When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area -called the "index" with linkgit:git-add[1]. A file can be +called the "index" with 'git-add'. A file can be reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree, -to that of the last commit with `git-reset HEAD -- <file>`, -which effectively reverts `git-add` and prevents the changes to +to that of the last commit with `git reset HEAD -- <file>`, +which effectively reverts 'git-add' and prevents the changes to this file from participating in the next commit. After building the state to be committed incrementally with these commands, `git commit` (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what @@ -240,13 +281,13 @@ $ git commit this second commit would record the changes to `hello.c` and `hello.h` as expected. -After a merge (initiated by either linkgit:git-merge[1] or -linkgit:git-pull[1]) stops because of conflicts, cleanly merged +After a merge (initiated by 'git-merge' or 'git-pull') stops +because of conflicts, cleanly merged paths are already staged to be committed for you, and paths that conflicted are left in unmerged state. You would have to first -check which paths are conflicting with linkgit:git-status[1] +check which paths are conflicting with 'git-status' and after fixing them manually in your working tree, you would -stage the result as usual with linkgit:git-add[1]: +stage the result as usual with 'git-add': ------------ $ git status | grep unmerged @@ -287,12 +328,12 @@ ENVIRONMENT AND CONFIGURATION VARIABLES The editor used to edit the commit log message will be chosen from the GIT_EDITOR environment variable, the core.editor configuration variable, the VISUAL environment variable, or the EDITOR environment variable (in that -order). +order). See linkgit:git-var[1] for details. HOOKS ----- This command can run `commit-msg`, `prepare-commit-msg`, `pre-commit`, -and `post-commit` hooks. See link:hooks.html[hooks] for more +and `post-commit` hooks. See linkgit:githooks[5] for more information. @@ -307,9 +348,9 @@ linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index 5de5d05..f68b198 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -9,19 +9,20 @@ git-config - Get and set repository or global options SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] name [value [value_regex]] -'git-config' [<file-option>] [type] --add name value -'git-config' [<file-option>] [type] --replace-all name [value [value_regex]] -'git-config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get name [value_regex] -'git-config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-all name [value_regex] -'git-config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-regexp name_regex [value_regex] -'git-config' [<file-option>] --unset name [value_regex] -'git-config' [<file-option>] --unset-all name [value_regex] -'git-config' [<file-option>] --rename-section old_name new_name -'git-config' [<file-option>] --remove-section name -'git-config' [<file-option>] [-z|--null] -l | --list -'git-config' [<file-option>] --get-color name [default] -'git-config' [<file-option>] --get-colorbool name [stdout-is-tty] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] name [value [value_regex]] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] --add name value +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] --replace-all name value [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get name [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-all name [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] [type] [-z|--null] --get-regexp name_regex [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] --unset name [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] --unset-all name [value_regex] +'git config' [<file-option>] --rename-section old_name new_name +'git config' [<file-option>] --remove-section name +'git config' [<file-option>] [-z|--null] -l | --list +'git config' [<file-option>] --get-color name [default] +'git config' [<file-option>] --get-colorbool name [stdout-is-tty] +'git config' [<file-option>] -e | --edit DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -68,7 +69,8 @@ OPTIONS --add:: Adds a new line to the option without altering any existing - values. This is the same as providing '^$' as the value_regex. + values. This is the same as providing '^$' as the value_regex + in `--replace-all`. --get:: Get the value for a given key (optionally filtered by a regex @@ -101,7 +103,8 @@ rather than from all available files. + See also <<FILES>>. --f config-file, --file config-file:: +-f config-file:: +--file config-file:: Use the given config file instead of the one specified by GIT_CONFIG. --remove-section:: @@ -116,19 +119,25 @@ See also <<FILES>>. --unset-all:: Remove all lines matching the key from config file. --l, --list:: +-l:: +--list:: List all variables set in config file. --bool:: - git-config will ensure that the output is "true" or "false" + 'git-config' will ensure that the output is "true" or "false" --int:: - git-config will ensure that the output is a simple + 'git-config' will ensure that the output is a simple decimal number. An optional value suffix of 'k', 'm', or 'g' in the config file will cause the value to be multiplied by 1024, 1048576, or 1073741824 prior to output. --z, --null:: +--bool-or-int:: + 'git-config' will ensure that the output matches the format of + either --bool or --int, as described above. + +-z:: +--null:: For all options that output values and/or keys, always end values with the null character (instead of a newline). Use newline instead as a delimiter between @@ -147,19 +156,24 @@ See also <<FILES>>. When the color setting for `name` is undefined, the command uses `color.ui` as fallback. ---get-color name default:: +--get-color name [default]:: Find the color configured for `name` (e.g. `color.diff.new`) and output it as the ANSI color escape sequence to the standard output. The optional `default` parameter is used instead, if there is no color configured for `name`. +-e:: +--edit:: + Opens an editor to modify the specified config file; either + '--system', '--global', or repository (default). + [[FILES]] FILES ----- If not set explicitly with '--file', there are three files where -git-config will search for configuration options: +'git-config' will search for configuration options: $GIT_DIR/config:: Repository specific configuration file. (The filename is @@ -176,23 +190,18 @@ $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig:: If no further options are given, all reading options will read all of these files that are available. If the global or the system-wide configuration file are not available they will be ignored. If the repository configuration -file is not available or readable, git-config will exit with a non-zero +file is not available or readable, 'git-config' will exit with a non-zero error code. However, in neither case will an error message be issued. All writing options will per default write to the repository specific configuration file. Note that this also affects options like '--replace-all' -and '--unset'. *git-config will only ever change one file at a time*. +and '--unset'. *'git-config' will only ever change one file at a time*. You can override these rules either by command line options or by environment variables. The '--global' and the '--system' options will limit the file used to the global or system-wide file respectively. The GIT_CONFIG environment variable has a similar effect, but you can specify any filename you want. -The GIT_CONFIG_LOCAL environment variable on the other hand only changes -the name used instead of the repository configuration file. The global and -the system-wide configuration files will still be read. (For writing options -this will obviously result in the same behavior as using GIT_CONFIG.) - ENVIRONMENT ----------- @@ -202,10 +211,6 @@ GIT_CONFIG:: Using the "--global" option forces this to ~/.gitconfig. Using the "--system" option forces this to $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig. -GIT_CONFIG_LOCAL:: - Take the configuration from the given file instead if .git/config. - Still read the global and the system-wide configuration files, though. - See also <<FILES>>. @@ -228,7 +233,7 @@ Given a .git/config like this: ; Our diff algorithm [diff] - external = "/usr/local/bin/gnu-diff -u" + external = /usr/local/bin/diff-wrapper renames = true ; Proxy settings @@ -285,7 +290,7 @@ If you want to know all the values for a multivar, do: % git config --get-all core.gitproxy ------------ -If you like to live dangerous, you can replace *all* core.gitproxy by a +If you like to live dangerously, you can replace *all* core.gitproxy by a new one with ------------ @@ -334,4 +339,4 @@ Documentation by Johannes Schindelin, Petr Baudis and the git-list <git@vger.ker GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt index 7fb08e9..6bc1c21 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-count-objects - Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-count-objects' [-v] +'git count-objects' [-v] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -18,15 +18,17 @@ them, to help you decide when it is a good time to repack. OPTIONS ------- -v:: +--verbose:: In addition to the number of loose objects and disk space consumed, it reports the number of in-pack - objects, number of packs, and number of objects that can be - removed by running `git-prune-packed`. + objects, number of packs, disk space consumed by those packs, + and number of objects that can be removed by running + `git prune-packed`. Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -34,4 +36,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt index 9a47b4c..abaaf27 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt @@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ git-cvsexportcommit - Export a single commit to a CVS checkout SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-cvsexportcommit' [-h] [-u] [-v] [-c] [-P] [-p] [-a] [-d cvsroot] [-w cvsworkdir] [-f] [-m msgprefix] [PARENTCOMMIT] COMMITID +'git cvsexportcommit' [-h] [-u] [-v] [-c] [-P] [-p] [-a] [-d cvsroot] + [-w cvsworkdir] [-W] [-f] [-m msgprefix] [PARENTCOMMIT] COMMITID DESCRIPTION @@ -26,8 +27,8 @@ by default. Supports file additions, removals, and commits that affect binary files. -If the commit is a merge commit, you must tell git-cvsexportcommit what parent -should the changeset be done against. +If the commit is a merge commit, you must tell 'git-cvsexportcommit' what +parent the changeset should be done against. OPTIONS ------- @@ -62,14 +63,29 @@ OPTIONS -u:: Update affected files from CVS repository before attempting export. +-k:: + Reverse CVS keyword expansion (e.g. $Revision: 1.2.3.4$ + becomes $Revision$) in working CVS checkout before applying patch. + -w:: Specify the location of the CVS checkout to use for the export. This option does not require GIT_DIR to be set before execution if the - current directory is within a git repository. + current directory is within a git repository. The default is the + value of 'cvsexportcommit.cvsdir'. + +-W:: + Tell cvsexportcommit that the current working directory is not only + a Git checkout, but also the CVS checkout. Therefore, Git will + reset the working directory to the parent commit before proceeding. -v:: Verbose. +CONFIGURATION +------------- +cvsexportcommit.cvsdir:: + The default location of the CVS checkout to use for the export. + EXAMPLES -------- @@ -78,14 +94,14 @@ Merge one patch into CVS:: ------------ $ export GIT_DIR=~/project/.git $ cd ~/project_cvs_checkout -$ git-cvsexportcommit -v <commit-sha1> +$ git cvsexportcommit -v <commit-sha1> $ cvs commit -F .msg <files> ------------ Merge one patch into CVS (-c and -w options). The working directory is within the Git Repo:: + ------------ - $ git-cvsexportcommit -v -c -w ~/project_cvs_checkout <commit-sha1> + $ git cvsexportcommit -v -c -w ~/project_cvs_checkout <commit-sha1> ------------ Merge pending patches into CVS automatically -- only if you really know what you are doing:: @@ -93,7 +109,7 @@ Merge pending patches into CVS automatically -- only if you really know what you ------------ $ export GIT_DIR=~/project/.git $ cd ~/project_cvs_checkout -$ git-cherry cvshead myhead | sed -n 's/^+ //p' | xargs -l1 git-cvsexportcommit -c -p -v +$ git cherry cvshead myhead | sed -n 's/^+ //p' | xargs -l1 git cvsexportcommit -c -p -v ------------ Author @@ -106,4 +122,4 @@ Documentation by Martin Langhoff <martin@catalyst.net.nz> and others. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt index 58eefd4..614e769 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-cvsimport - Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-cvsimport' [-o <branch-for-HEAD>] [-h] [-v] [-d <CVSROOT>] +'git cvsimport' [-o <branch-for-HEAD>] [-h] [-v] [-d <CVSROOT>] [-A <author-conv-file>] [-p <options-for-cvsps>] [-P <file>] [-C <git_repository>] [-z <fuzz>] [-i] [-k] [-u] [-s <subst>] [-a] [-m] [-M <regex>] [-S <regex>] [-L <commitlimit>] @@ -24,13 +24,22 @@ repository, or incrementally import into an existing one. Splitting the CVS log into patch sets is done by 'cvsps'. At least version 2.1 is required. +*WARNING:* for certain situations the import leads to incorrect results. +Please see the section <<issues,ISSUES>> for further reference. + You should *never* do any work of your own on the branches that are -created by git-cvsimport. By default initial import will create and populate a +created by 'git-cvsimport'. By default initial import will create and populate a "master" branch from the CVS repository's main branch which you're free -to work with; after that, you need to 'git merge' incremental imports, or +to work with; after that, you need to 'git-merge' incremental imports, or any CVS branches, yourself. It is advisable to specify a named remote via -r to separate and protect the incoming branches. +If you intend to set up a shared public repository that all developers can +read/write, or if you want to use linkgit:git-cvsserver[1], then you +probably want to make a bare clone of the imported repository, +and use the clone as the shared repository. +See linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. + OPTIONS ------- @@ -40,13 +49,13 @@ OPTIONS -d <CVSROOT>:: The root of the CVS archive. May be local (a simple path) or remote; currently, only the :local:, :ext: and :pserver: access methods - are supported. If not given, git-cvsimport will try to read it + are supported. If not given, 'git-cvsimport' will try to read it from `CVS/Root`. If no such file exists, it checks for the `CVSROOT` environment variable. <CVS_module>:: The CVS module you want to import. Relative to <CVSROOT>. - If not given, git-cvsimport tries to read it from + If not given, 'git-cvsimport' tries to read it from `CVS/Repository`. -C <target-dir>:: @@ -56,14 +65,14 @@ OPTIONS -r <remote>:: The git remote to import this CVS repository into. Moves all CVS branches into remotes/<remote>/<branch> - akin to the git-clone --use-separate-remote option. + akin to the way 'git-clone' uses 'origin' by default. -o <branch-for-HEAD>:: When no remote is specified (via -r) the 'HEAD' branch from CVS is imported to the 'origin' branch within the git repository, as 'HEAD' already has a special meaning for git. When a remote is specified the 'HEAD' branch is named - remotes/<remote>/master mirroring git-clone behaviour. + remotes/<remote>/master mirroring 'git-clone' behaviour. Use this option if you want to import into a different branch. + @@ -136,17 +145,17 @@ This option can be used several times to provide several detection regexes. --------- + -git-cvsimport will make it appear as those authors had +'git-cvsimport' will make it appear as those authors had their GIT_AUTHOR_NAME and GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL set properly all along. + For convenience, this data is saved to `$GIT_DIR/cvs-authors` each time the '-A' option is provided and read from that same -file each time git-cvsimport is run. +file each time 'git-cvsimport' is run. + It is not recommended to use this feature if you intend to export changes back to CVS again later with -linkgit:git-cvsexportcommit[1]. +'git-cvsexportcommit'. -h:: Print a short usage message and exit. @@ -158,6 +167,39 @@ If '-v' is specified, the script reports what it is doing. Otherwise, success is indicated the Unix way, i.e. by simply exiting with a zero exit status. +[[issues]] +ISSUES +------ +Problems related to timestamps: + + * If timestamps of commits in the cvs repository are not stable enough + to be used for ordering commits changes may show up in the wrong + order. + * If any files were ever "cvs import"ed more than once (e.g., import of + more than one vendor release) the HEAD contains the wrong content. + * If the timestamp order of different files cross the revision order + within the commit matching time window the order of commits may be + wrong. + +Problems related to branches: + + * Branches on which no commits have been made are not imported. + * All files from the branching point are added to a branch even if + never added in cvs. + * This applies to files added to the source branch *after* a daughter + branch was created: if previously no commit was made on the daughter + branch they will erroneously be added to the daughter branch in git. + +Problems related to tags: + +* Multiple tags on the same revision are not imported. + +If you suspect that any of these issues may apply to the repository you +want to import consider using these alternative tools which proved to be +more stable in practice: + +* cvs2git (part of cvs2svn), `http://cvs2svn.tigris.org` +* parsecvs, `http://cgit.freedesktop.org/~keithp/parsecvs` Author ------ @@ -170,4 +212,4 @@ Documentation by Matthias Urlichs <smurf@smurf.noris.de>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt index b110671..99a7c14 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ SYNOPSIS SSH: [verse] -export CVS_SERVER=git-cvsserver +export CVS_SERVER="git cvsserver" 'cvs' -d :ext:user@server/path/repo.git co <HEAD_name> pserver (/etc/inetd.conf): @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ cvspserver stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git-cvsserver git-cvsserver pserver Usage: [verse] -'git-cvsserver' [options] [pserver|server] [<directory> ...] +'git cvsserver' [options] [pserver|server] [<directory> ...] OPTIONS ------- @@ -41,10 +41,13 @@ Don't allow recursing into subdirectories Don't check for `gitcvs.enabled` in config. You also have to specify a list of allowed directories (see below) if you want to use this option. ---version, -V:: +-V:: +--version:: Print version information and exit ---help, -h, -H:: +-h:: +-H:: +--help:: Print usage information and exit <directory>:: @@ -74,7 +77,7 @@ over pserver for anonymous CVS access. CVS clients cannot tag, branch or perform GIT merges. -git-cvsserver maps GIT branches to CVS modules. This is very different +'git-cvsserver' maps GIT branches to CVS modules. This is very different from what most CVS users would expect since in CVS modules usually represent one or more directories. @@ -100,19 +103,19 @@ looks like ------ No special setup is needed for SSH access, other than having GIT tools in the PATH. If you have clients that do not accept the CVS_SERVER -environment variable, you can rename git-cvsserver to cvs. +environment variable, you can rename 'git-cvsserver' to `cvs`. Note: Newer CVS versions (>= 1.12.11) also support specifying CVS_SERVER directly in CVSROOT like ------ -cvs -d ":ext;CVS_SERVER=git-cvsserver:user@server/path/repo.git" co <HEAD_name> +cvs -d ":ext;CVS_SERVER=git cvsserver:user@server/path/repo.git" co <HEAD_name> ------ This has the advantage that it will be saved in your 'CVS/Root' files and you don't need to worry about always setting the correct environment -variable. SSH users restricted to git-shell don't need to override the default -with CVS_SERVER (and shouldn't) as git-shell understands `cvs` to mean -git-cvsserver and pretends that the other end runs the real cvs better. +variable. SSH users restricted to 'git-shell' don't need to override the default +with CVS_SERVER (and shouldn't) as 'git-shell' understands `cvs` to mean +'git-cvsserver' and pretends that the other end runs the real 'cvs' better. -- 2. For each repo that you want accessible from CVS you need to edit config in the repo and add the following section. @@ -125,11 +128,14 @@ git-cvsserver and pretends that the other end runs the real cvs better. logfile=/path/to/logfile ------ -Note: you need to ensure each user that is going to invoke git-cvsserver has +Note: you need to ensure each user that is going to invoke 'git-cvsserver' has write access to the log file and to the database (see <<dbbackend,Database Backend>>. If you want to offer write access over SSH, the users of course also need write access to the git repository itself. +You also need to ensure that each repository is "bare" (without a git index +file) for `cvs commit` to work. See linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. + [[configaccessmethod]] All configuration variables can also be overridden for a specific method of access. Valid method names are "ext" (for SSH access) and "pserver". The @@ -147,12 +153,12 @@ allowing access over SSH. automatically saving it in your 'CVS/Root' files, then you need to set them explicitly in your environment. CVSROOT should be set as per normal, but the directory should point at the appropriate git repo. As above, for SSH clients - _not_ restricted to git-shell, CVS_SERVER should be set to git-cvsserver. + _not_ restricted to 'git-shell', CVS_SERVER should be set to 'git-cvsserver'. + -- ------ export CVSROOT=:ext:user@server:/var/git/project.git - export CVS_SERVER=git-cvsserver + export CVS_SERVER="git cvsserver" ------ -- 4. For SSH clients that will make commits, make sure their server-side @@ -175,36 +181,47 @@ allowing access over SSH. Database Backend ---------------- -git-cvsserver uses one database per git head (i.e. CVS module) to -store information about the repository for faster access. The -database doesn't contain any persistent data and can be completely -regenerated from the git repository at any time. The database -needs to be updated (i.e. written to) after every commit. +'git-cvsserver' uses one database per git head (i.e. CVS module) to +store information about the repository to maintain consistent +CVS revision numbers. The database needs to be +updated (i.e. written to) after every commit. -If the commit is done directly by using git (as opposed to -using git-cvsserver) the update will need to happen on the -next repository access by git-cvsserver, independent of +If the commit is done directly by using `git` (as opposed to +using 'git-cvsserver') the update will need to happen on the +next repository access by 'git-cvsserver', independent of access method and requested operation. That means that even if you offer only read access (e.g. by using -the pserver method), git-cvsserver should have write access to +the pserver method), 'git-cvsserver' should have write access to the database to work reliably (otherwise you need to make sure -that the database is up-to-date any time git-cvsserver is executed). +that the database is up-to-date any time 'git-cvsserver' is executed). By default it uses SQLite databases in the git directory, named `gitcvs.<module_name>.sqlite`. Note that the SQLite backend creates temporary files in the same directory as the database file on write so it might not be enough to grant the users using -git-cvsserver write access to the database file without granting +'git-cvsserver' write access to the database file without granting them write access to the directory, too. +The database can not be reliably regenerated in a +consistent form after the branch it is tracking has changed. +Example: For merged branches, 'git-cvsserver' only tracks +one branch of development, and after a 'git-merge' an +incrementally updated database may track a different branch +than a database regenerated from scratch, causing inconsistent +CVS revision numbers. `git-cvsserver` has no way of knowing which +branch it would have picked if it had been run incrementally +pre-merge. So if you have to fully or partially (from old +backup) regenerate the database, you should be suspicious +of pre-existing CVS sandboxes. + You can configure the database backend with the following configuration variables: Configuring database backend ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -git-cvsserver uses the Perl DBI module. Please also read +'git-cvsserver' uses the Perl DBI module. Please also read its documentation if changing these variables, especially about `DBI->connect()`. @@ -256,7 +273,7 @@ In `dbdriver` and `dbuser` you can use the following variables: %a:: access method (one of "ext" or "pserver") %u:: - Name of the user running git-cvsserver. + Name of the user running 'git-cvsserver'. If no name can be determined, the numeric uid is used. @@ -277,13 +294,13 @@ To get a checkout with the Eclipse CVS client: Protocol notes: If you are using anonymous access via pserver, just select that. Those using SSH access should choose the 'ext' protocol, and configure 'ext' access on the Preferences->Team->CVS->ExtConnection pane. Set CVS_SERVER to -'git-cvsserver'. Note that password support is not good when using 'ext', +"'git cvsserver'". Note that password support is not good when using 'ext', you will definitely want to have SSH keys setup. Alternatively, you can just use the non-standard extssh protocol that Eclipse offer. In that case CVS_SERVER is ignored, and you will have to replace -the cvs utility on the server with git-cvsserver or manipulate your `.bashrc` -so that calling 'cvs' effectively calls git-cvsserver. +the cvs utility on the server with 'git-cvsserver' or manipulate your `.bashrc` +so that calling 'cvs' effectively calls 'git-cvsserver'. Clients known to work --------------------- @@ -301,16 +318,37 @@ checkout, diff, status, update, log, add, remove, commit. Legacy monitoring operations are not supported (edit, watch and related). Exports and tagging (tags and branches) are not supported at this stage. -The server should set the '-k' mode to binary when relevant, however, -this is not really implemented yet. For now, you can force the server -to set '-kb' for all files by setting the `gitcvs.allbinary` config -variable. In proper GIT tradition, the contents of the files are -always respected. No keyword expansion or newline munging is supported. +CRLF Line Ending Conversions +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +By default the server leaves the '-k' mode blank for all files, +which causes the cvs client to treat them as a text files, subject +to crlf conversion on some platforms. + +You can make the server use `crlf` attributes to set the '-k' modes +for files by setting the `gitcvs.usecrlfattr` config variable. +In this case, if `crlf` is explicitly unset ('-crlf'), then the +server will set '-kb' mode for binary files. If `crlf` is set, +then the '-k' mode will explicitly be left blank. See +also linkgit:gitattributes[5] for more information about the `crlf` +attribute. + +Alternatively, if `gitcvs.usecrlfattr` config is not enabled +or if the `crlf` attribute is unspecified for a filename, then +the server uses the `gitcvs.allbinary` config for the default setting. +If `gitcvs.allbinary` is set, then file not otherwise +specified will default to '-kb' mode. Otherwise the '-k' mode +is left blank. But if `gitcvs.allbinary` is set to "guess", then +the correct '-k' mode will be guessed based on the contents of +the file. + +For best consistency with 'cvs', it is probably best to override the +defaults by setting `gitcvs.usecrlfattr` to true, +and `gitcvs.allbinary` to "guess". Dependencies ------------ - -git-cvsserver depends on DBD::SQLite. +'git-cvsserver' depends on DBD::SQLite. Copyright and Authors --------------------- @@ -330,4 +368,4 @@ Documentation by Martyn Smith <martyn@catalyst.net.nz>, Martin Langhoff <martin@ GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt index fd83bc7..a85121c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt @@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ git-daemon - A really simple server for git repositories SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-daemon' [--verbose] [--syslog] [--export-all] - [--timeout=n] [--init-timeout=n] [--strict-paths] - [--base-path=path] [--user-path | --user-path=path] - [--interpolated-path=pathtemplate] - [--reuseaddr] [--detach] [--pid-file=file] - [--enable=service] [--disable=service] +'git daemon' [--verbose] [--syslog] [--export-all] + [--timeout=n] [--init-timeout=n] [--max-connections=n] + [--strict-paths] [--base-path=path] [--base-path-relaxed] + [--user-path | --user-path=path] + [--interpolated-path=pathtemplate] + [--reuseaddr] [--detach] [--pid-file=file] + [--enable=service] [--disable=service] [--allow-override=service] [--forbid-override=service] [--inetd | [--listen=host_or_ipaddr] [--port=n] [--user=user [--group=group]] [directory...] @@ -31,32 +32,32 @@ pass some directory paths as 'git-daemon' arguments, you can further restrict the offers to a whitelist comprising of those. By default, only `upload-pack` service is enabled, which serves -`git-fetch-pack` and `git-ls-remote` clients, which are invoked -from `git-fetch`, `git-pull`, and `git-clone`. +'git-fetch-pack' and 'git-ls-remote' clients, which are invoked +from 'git-fetch', 'git-pull', and 'git-clone'. This is ideally suited for read-only updates, i.e., pulling from git repositories. -An `upload-archive` also exists to serve `git-archive`. +An `upload-archive` also exists to serve 'git-archive'. OPTIONS ------- --strict-paths:: Match paths exactly (i.e. don't allow "/foo/repo" when the real path is "/foo/repo.git" or "/foo/repo/.git") and don't do user-relative paths. - git-daemon will refuse to start when this option is enabled and no + 'git-daemon' will refuse to start when this option is enabled and no whitelist is specified. ---base-path:: +--base-path=path:: Remap all the path requests as relative to the given path. - This is sort of "GIT root" - if you run git-daemon with + This is sort of "GIT root" - if you run 'git-daemon' with '--base-path=/srv/git' on example.com, then if you later try to pull - 'git://example.com/hello.git', `git-daemon` will interpret the path + 'git://example.com/hello.git', 'git-daemon' will interpret the path as '/srv/git/hello.git'. --base-path-relaxed:: If --base-path is enabled and repo lookup fails, with this option - `git-daemon` will attempt to lookup without prefixing the base path. + 'git-daemon' will attempt to lookup without prefixing the base path. This is useful for switching to --base-path usage, while still allowing the old paths. @@ -80,8 +81,8 @@ OPTIONS Incompatible with --port, --listen, --user and --group options. --listen=host_or_ipaddr:: - Listen on an a specific IP address or hostname. IP addresses can - be either an IPv4 address or an IPV6 address if supported. If IPv6 + Listen on a specific IP address or hostname. IP addresses can + be either an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address if supported. If IPv6 is not supported, then --listen=hostname is also not supported and --listen must be given an IPv4 address. Incompatible with '--inetd' option. @@ -89,24 +90,29 @@ OPTIONS --port=n:: Listen on an alternative port. Incompatible with '--inetd' option. ---init-timeout:: +--init-timeout=n:: Timeout between the moment the connection is established and the client request is received (typically a rather low value, since that should be basically immediate). ---timeout:: +--timeout=n:: Timeout for specific client sub-requests. This includes the time - it takes for the server to process the sub-request and time spent - waiting for next client's request. + it takes for the server to process the sub-request and the time spent + waiting for the next client's request. + +--max-connections=n:: + Maximum number of concurrent clients, defaults to 32. Set it to + zero for no limit. --syslog:: Log to syslog instead of stderr. Note that this option does not imply --verbose, thus by default only error conditions will be logged. ---user-path, --user-path=path:: - Allow ~user notation to be used in requests. When +--user-path:: +--user-path=path:: + Allow {tilde}user notation to be used in requests. When specified with no parameter, requests to - git://host/~alice/foo is taken as a request to access + git://host/{tilde}alice/foo is taken as a request to access 'foo' repository in the home directory of user `alice`. If `--user-path=path` is specified, the same request is taken as a request to access `path/foo` repository in @@ -127,7 +133,8 @@ OPTIONS Save the process id in 'file'. Ignored when the daemon is run under `--inetd`. ---user=user, --group=group:: +--user=user:: +--group=group:: Change daemon's uid and gid before entering the service loop. When only `--user` is given without `--group`, the primary group ID for the user is used. The values of @@ -136,16 +143,18 @@ OPTIONS + Giving these options is an error when used with `--inetd`; use the facility of inet daemon to achieve the same before spawning -`git-daemon` if needed. +'git-daemon' if needed. ---enable=service, --disable=service:: +--enable=service:: +--disable=service:: Enable/disable the service site-wide per default. Note that a service disabled site-wide can still be enabled per repository if it is marked overridable and the - repository enables the service with an configuration + repository enables the service with a configuration item. ---allow-override=service, --forbid-override=service:: +--allow-override=service:: +--forbid-override=service:: Allow/forbid overriding the site-wide default with per repository configuration. By default, all the services are overridable. @@ -160,24 +169,24 @@ SERVICES These services can be globally enabled/disabled using the command line options of this command. If a finer-grained -control is desired (e.g. to allow `git-archive` to be run +control is desired (e.g. to allow 'git-archive' to be run against only in a few selected repositories the daemon serves), the per-repository configuration file can be used to enable or disable them. upload-pack:: - This serves `git-fetch-pack` and `git-ls-remote` + This serves 'git-fetch-pack' and 'git-ls-remote' clients. It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it by setting `daemon.uploadpack` configuration item to `false`. upload-archive:: - This serves `git-archive --remote`. It is disabled by + This serves 'git-archive --remote'. It is disabled by default, but a repository can enable it by setting - `daemon.uploadarchive` configuration item to `true`. + `daemon.uploadarch` configuration item to `true`. receive-pack:: - This serves `git-send-pack` clients, allowing anonymous + This serves 'git-send-pack' clients, allowing anonymous push. It is disabled by default, as there is _no_ authentication in the protocol (in other words, anybody can push anything into the repository, including removal @@ -195,28 +204,28 @@ $ grep 9418 /etc/services git 9418/tcp # Git Version Control System ------------ -git-daemon as inetd server:: - To set up `git-daemon` as an inetd service that handles any +'git-daemon' as inetd server:: + To set up 'git-daemon' as an inetd service that handles any repository under the whitelisted set of directories, /pub/foo and /pub/bar, place an entry like the following into /etc/inetd all on one line: + ------------------------------------------------ - git stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git-daemon - git-daemon --inetd --verbose --export-all + git stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git + git daemon --inetd --verbose --export-all /pub/foo /pub/bar ------------------------------------------------ -git-daemon as inetd server for virtual hosts:: - To set up `git-daemon` as an inetd service that handles +'git-daemon' as inetd server for virtual hosts:: + To set up 'git-daemon' as an inetd service that handles repositories for different virtual hosts, `www.example.com` and `www.example.org`, place an entry like the following into `/etc/inetd` all on one line: + ------------------------------------------------ - git stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git-daemon - git-daemon --inetd --verbose --export-all + git stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/bin/git + git daemon --inetd --verbose --export-all --interpolated-path=/pub/%H%D /pub/www.example.org/software /pub/www.example.com/software @@ -231,13 +240,13 @@ clients, a symlink from `/software` into the appropriate default repository could be made as well. -git-daemon as regular daemon for virtual hosts:: - To set up `git-daemon` as a regular, non-inetd service that +'git-daemon' as regular daemon for virtual hosts:: + To set up 'git-daemon' as a regular, non-inetd service that handles repositories for multiple virtual hosts based on their IP addresses, start the daemon like this: + ------------------------------------------------ - git-daemon --verbose --export-all + git daemon --verbose --export-all --interpolated-path=/pub/%IP/%D /pub/192.168.1.200/software /pub/10.10.220.23/software @@ -249,7 +258,7 @@ Repositories can still be accessed by hostname though, assuming they correspond to these IP addresses. selectively enable/disable services per repository:: - To enable `git-archive --remote` and disable `git-fetch` against + To enable 'git-archive --remote' and disable 'git-fetch' against a repository, have the following in the configuration file in the repository (that is the file 'config' next to 'HEAD', 'refs' and 'objects'). @@ -257,10 +266,19 @@ selectively enable/disable services per repository:: ---------------------------------------------------------------- [daemon] uploadpack = false - uploadarchive = true + uploadarch = true ---------------------------------------------------------------- +ENVIRONMENT +----------- +'git-daemon' will set REMOTE_ADDR to the IP address of the client +that connected to it, if the IP address is available. REMOTE_ADDR will +be available in the environment of hooks called when +services are performed. + + + Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>, YOSHIFUJI Hideaki @@ -272,4 +290,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-describe.txt b/Documentation/git-describe.txt index d9aa2f2..78b9808 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-describe.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-describe.txt @@ -8,28 +8,41 @@ git-describe - Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] <committish>... +[verse] +'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] <committish>... +'git describe' [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>] DESCRIPTION ----------- The command finds the most recent tag that is reachable from a -commit, and if the commit itself is pointed at by the tag, shows -the tag. Otherwise, it suffixes the tag name with the number of -additional commits and the abbreviated object name of the commit. +commit. If the tag points to the commit, then only the tag is +shown. Otherwise, it suffixes the tag name with the number of +additional commits on top of the tagged object and the +abbreviated object name of the most recent commit. +By default (without --all or --tags) `git describe` only shows +annotated tags. For more information about creating annotated tags +see the -a and -s options to linkgit:git-tag[1]. OPTIONS ------- -<committish>:: - The object name of the committish. +<committish>...:: + Committish object names to describe. + +--dirty[=<mark>]:: + Describe the working tree. + It means describe HEAD and appends <mark> (`-dirty` by + default) if the working tree is dirty. --all:: Instead of using only the annotated tags, use any ref - found in `.git/refs/`. + found in `.git/refs/`. This option enables matching + any known branch, remote branch, or lightweight tag. --tags:: Instead of using only the annotated tags, use any tag - found in `.git/refs/tags`. + found in `.git/refs/tags`. This option enables matching + a lightweight (non-annotated) tag. --contains:: Instead of finding the tag that predates the commit, find @@ -37,8 +50,10 @@ OPTIONS Automatically implies --tags. --abbrev=<n>:: - Instead of using the default 8 hexadecimal digits as the - abbreviated object name, use <n> digits. + Instead of using the default 7 hexadecimal digits as the + abbreviated object name, use <n> digits, or as many digits + as needed to form a unique object name. An <n> of 0 + will suppress long format, only showing the closest tag. --candidates=<n>:: Instead of considering only the 10 most recent tags as @@ -62,23 +77,26 @@ OPTIONS This is useful when you want to see parts of the commit object name in "describe" output, even when the commit in question happens to be a tagged version. Instead of just emitting the tag name, it will - describe such a commit as v1.2-0-deadbeef (0th commit since tag v1.2 - that points at object deadbeef....). + describe such a commit as v1.2-0-gdeadbee (0th commit since tag v1.2 + that points at object deadbee....). --match <pattern>:: Only consider tags matching the given pattern (can be used to avoid leaking private tags made from the repository). +--always:: + Show uniquely abbreviated commit object as fallback. + EXAMPLES -------- With something like git.git current tree, I get: - [torvalds@g5 git]$ git-describe parent + [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe parent v1.0.4-14-g2414721 i.e. the current head of my "parent" branch is based on v1.0.4, -but since it has a handful commits on top of that, +but since it has a few commits on top of that, describe has added the number of additional commits ("14") and an abbreviated object name for the commit itself ("2414721") at the end. @@ -88,9 +106,9 @@ of commits which would be displayed by "git log v1.0.4..parent". The hash suffix is "-g" + 7-char abbreviation for the tip commit of parent (which was `2414721b194453f058079d897d13c4e377f92dc6`). -Doing a "git-describe" on a tag-name will just show the tag name: +Doing a 'git-describe' on a tag-name will just show the tag name: - [torvalds@g5 git]$ git-describe v1.0.4 + [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe v1.0.4 v1.0.4 With --all, the command can use branch heads as references, so @@ -99,7 +117,7 @@ the output shows the reference path as well: [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --all --abbrev=4 v1.0.5^2 tags/v1.0.0-21-g975b - [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --all HEAD^ + [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --all --abbrev=4 HEAD^ heads/lt/describe-7-g975b With --abbrev set to 0, the command can be used to find the @@ -108,16 +126,23 @@ closest tagname without any suffix: [torvalds@g5 git]$ git describe --abbrev=0 v1.0.5^2 tags/v1.0.0 +Note that the suffix you get if you type these commands today may be +longer than what Linus saw above when he ran these commands, as your +git repository may have new commits whose object names begin with +975b that did not exist back then, and "-g975b" suffix alone may not +be sufficient to disambiguate these commits. + + SEARCH STRATEGY --------------- -For each committish supplied "git describe" will first look for +For each committish supplied, 'git-describe' will first look for a tag which tags exactly that commit. Annotated tags will always be preferred over lightweight tags, and tags with newer dates will always be preferred over tags with older dates. If an exact match is found, its name will be output and searching will stop. -If an exact match was not found "git describe" will walk back +If an exact match was not found, 'git-describe' will walk back through the commit history to locate an ancestor commit which has been tagged. The ancestor's tag will be output along with an abbreviation of the input committish's SHA1. @@ -125,14 +150,14 @@ abbreviation of the input committish's SHA1. If multiple tags were found during the walk then the tag which has the fewest commits different from the input committish will be selected and output. Here fewest commits different is defined as -the number of commits which would be shown by "git log tag..input" +the number of commits which would be shown by `git log tag..input` will be the smallest number of commits possible. Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>, but somewhat -butchered by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>. Later significantly +butchered by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. Later significantly updated by Shawn Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. Documentation @@ -141,4 +166,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt index 6d2ea16..4ef0357 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt @@ -8,20 +8,23 @@ git-diff-files - Compares files in the working tree and the index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-diff-files' [-q] [-0|-1|-2|-3|-c|--cc|--no-index] [<common diff options>] [<path>...] +'git diff-files' [-q] [-0|-1|-2|-3|-c|--cc] [<common diff options>] [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Compares the files in the working tree and the index. When paths are specified, compares only those named paths. Otherwise all entries in the index are compared. The output format is the -same as "git-diff-index" and "git-diff-tree". +same as for 'git-diff-index' and 'git-diff-tree'. OPTIONS ------- include::diff-options.txt[] --1 -2 -3 or --base --ours --theirs, and -0:: +-1 --base:: +-2 --ours:: +-3 --theirs:: +-0:: Diff against the "base" version, "our branch" or "their branch" respectively. With these options, diffs for merged entries are not shown. @@ -30,20 +33,17 @@ The default is to diff against our branch (-2) and the cleanly resolved paths. The option -0 can be given to omit diff output for unmerged entries and just show "Unmerged". --c,--cc:: +-c:: +--cc:: This compares stage 2 (our branch), stage 3 (their branch) and the working tree file and outputs a combined diff, similar to the way 'diff-tree' shows a merge commit with these flags. ---no-index:: - Compare the two given files / directories. - -q:: Remain silent even on nonexistent files -Output format -------------- + include::diff-format.txt[] @@ -57,4 +57,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt index e867778..8b9ed29 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-diff-index - Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and reposi SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-diff-index' [-m] [--cached] [<common diff options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...] +'git diff-index' [-m] [--cached] [<common diff options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -31,11 +31,9 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] -m:: By default, files recorded in the index but not checked out are reported as deleted. This flag makes - "git-diff-index" say that all non-checked-out files are up + 'git-diff-index' say that all non-checked-out files are up to date. -Output format -------------- include::diff-format.txt[] Operating Modes @@ -50,31 +48,31 @@ Cached Mode If '--cached' is specified, it allows you to ask: show me the differences between HEAD and the current index - contents (the ones I'd write with a "git-write-tree") + contents (the ones I'd write using 'git-write-tree') For example, let's say that you have worked on your working directory, updated some files in the index and are ready to commit. You want to see exactly *what* you are going to commit, without having to write a new tree object and compare it that way, and to do that, you just do - git-diff-index --cached HEAD + git diff-index --cached HEAD Example: let's say I had renamed `commit.c` to `git-commit.c`, and I had -done an "git-update-index" to make that effective in the index file. -"git-diff-files" wouldn't show anything at all, since the index file -matches my working directory. But doing a "git-diff-index" does: +done an `update-index` to make that effective in the index file. +`git diff-files` wouldn't show anything at all, since the index file +matches my working directory. But doing a 'git-diff-index' does: - torvalds@ppc970:~/git> git-diff-index --cached HEAD + torvalds@ppc970:~/git> git diff-index --cached HEAD -100644 blob 4161aecc6700a2eb579e842af0b7f22b98443f74 commit.c +100644 blob 4161aecc6700a2eb579e842af0b7f22b98443f74 git-commit.c You can see easily that the above is a rename. -In fact, "git-diff-index --cached" *should* always be entirely equivalent to -actually doing a "git-write-tree" and comparing that. Except this one is much +In fact, `git diff-index --cached` *should* always be entirely equivalent to +actually doing a 'git-write-tree' and comparing that. Except this one is much nicer for the case where you just want to check where you are. -So doing a "git-diff-index --cached" is basically very useful when you are +So doing a 'git-diff-index --cached' is basically very useful when you are asking yourself "what have I already marked for being committed, and what's the difference to a previous tree". @@ -82,23 +80,23 @@ Non-cached Mode --------------- The "non-cached" mode takes a different approach, and is potentially the more useful of the two in that what it does can't be emulated with -a "git-write-tree" + "git-diff-tree". Thus that's the default mode. +a 'git-write-tree' + 'git-diff-tree'. Thus that's the default mode. The non-cached version asks the question: show me the differences between HEAD and the currently checked out tree - index contents _and_ files that aren't up-to-date which is obviously a very useful question too, since that tells you what -you *could* commit. Again, the output matches the "git-diff-tree -r" +you *could* commit. Again, the output matches the 'git-diff-tree -r' output to a tee, but with a twist. The twist is that if some file doesn't match the index, we don't have a backing store thing for it, and we use the magic "all-zero" sha1 to show that. So let's say that you have edited `kernel/sched.c`, but -have not actually done a "git-update-index" on it yet - there is no +have not actually done a 'git-update-index' on it yet - there is no "object" associated with the new state, and you get: - torvalds@ppc970:~/v2.6/linux> git-diff-index HEAD + torvalds@ppc970:~/v2.6/linux> git diff-index HEAD *100644->100664 blob 7476bb......->000000...... kernel/sched.c i.e., it shows that the tree has changed, and that `kernel/sched.c` has is @@ -106,11 +104,11 @@ not up-to-date and may contain new stuff. The all-zero sha1 means that to get the real diff, you need to look at the object in the working directory directly rather than do an object-to-object diff. -NOTE: As with other commands of this type, "git-diff-index" does not +NOTE: As with other commands of this type, 'git-diff-index' does not actually look at the contents of the file at all. So maybe `kernel/sched.c` hasn't actually changed, and it's just that you touched it. In either case, it's a note that you need to -"git-update-index" it to make the index be in sync. +'git-update-index' it to make the index be in sync. NOTE: You can have a mixture of files show up as "has been updated" and "is still dirty in the working directory" together. You can always @@ -129,4 +127,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt index 58d02c6..f2cef12 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-diff-tree - Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree object SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-diff-tree' [--stdin] [-m] [-s] [-v] [--no-commit-id] [--pretty] +'git diff-tree' [--stdin] [-m] [-s] [-v] [--no-commit-id] [--pretty] [-t] [-r] [-c | --cc] [--root] [<common diff options>] <tree-ish> [<tree-ish>] [<path>...] @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Compares the content and mode of the blobs found via two tree objects. If there is only one <tree-ish> given, the commit is compared with its parents (see --stdin below). -Note that "git-diff-tree" can use the tree encapsulated in a commit object. +Note that 'git-diff-tree' can use the tree encapsulated in a commit object. OPTIONS ------- @@ -43,40 +43,49 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] show tree entry itself as well as subtrees. Implies -r. --root:: - When '--root' is specified the initial commit will be showed as a big + When '--root' is specified the initial commit will be shown as a big creation event. This is equivalent to a diff against the NULL tree. --stdin:: When '--stdin' is specified, the command does not take <tree-ish> arguments from the command line. Instead, it - reads either one <commit> or a pair of <tree-ish> - separated with a single space from its standard input. + reads lines containing either two <tree>, one <commit>, or a + list of <commit> from its standard input. (Use a single space + as separator.) + -When a single commit is given on one line of such input, it compares -the commit with its parents. The following flags further affects its -behavior. This does not apply to the case where two <tree-ish> -separated with a single space are given. +When two trees are given, it compares the first tree with the second. +When a single commit is given, it compares the commit with its +parents. The remaining commits, when given, are used as if they are +parents of the first commit. ++ +When comparing two trees, the ID of both trees (separated by a space +and terminated by a newline) is printed before the difference. When +comparing commits, the ID of the first (or only) commit, followed by a +newline, is printed. ++ +The following flags further affect the behavior when comparing +commits (but not trees). -m:: - By default, "git-diff-tree --stdin" does not show + By default, 'git-diff-tree --stdin' does not show differences for merge commits. With this flag, it shows differences to that commit from all of its parents. See also '-c'. -s:: - By default, "git-diff-tree --stdin" shows differences, + By default, 'git-diff-tree --stdin' shows differences, either in machine-readable form (without '-p') or in patch form (with '-p'). This output can be suppressed. It is only useful with '-v' flag. -v:: - This flag causes "git-diff-tree --stdin" to also show + This flag causes 'git-diff-tree --stdin' to also show the commit message before the differences. include::pretty-options.txt[] --no-commit-id:: - git-diff-tree outputs a line with the commit ID when + 'git-diff-tree' outputs a line with the commit ID when applicable. This flag suppressed the commit ID output. -c:: @@ -93,11 +102,11 @@ include::pretty-options.txt[] This flag changes the way a merge commit patch is displayed, in a similar way to the '-c' option. It implies the '-c' and '-p' options and further compresses the patch output - by omitting hunks that show differences from only one - parent, or show the same change from all but one parent - for an Octopus merge. When this optimization makes all - hunks disappear, the commit itself and the commit log - message is not shown, just like in any other "empty diff" case. + by omitting uninteresting hunks whose the contents in the parents + have only two variants and the merge result picks one of them + without modification. When all hunks are uninteresting, the commit + itself and the commit log message is not shown, just like in any other + "empty diff" case. --always:: Show the commit itself and the commit log message even @@ -112,13 +121,13 @@ Limiting Output If you're only interested in differences in a subset of files, for example some architecture-specific files, you might do: - git-diff-tree -r <tree-ish> <tree-ish> arch/ia64 include/asm-ia64 + git diff-tree -r <tree-ish> <tree-ish> arch/ia64 include/asm-ia64 and it will only show you what changed in those two directories. Or if you are searching for what changed in just `kernel/sched.c`, just do - git-diff-tree -r <tree-ish> <tree-ish> kernel/sched.c + git diff-tree -r <tree-ish> <tree-ish> kernel/sched.c and it will ignore all differences to other files. @@ -129,7 +138,7 @@ so it can be used to name subdirectories. An example of normal usage is: - torvalds@ppc970:~/git> git-diff-tree 5319e4...... + torvalds@ppc970:~/git> git diff-tree 5319e4...... *100664->100664 blob ac348b.......->a01513....... git-fsck-objects.c which tells you that the last commit changed just one file (it's from @@ -150,8 +159,7 @@ HEAD commits it finds, which is even more interesting. in case you care). -Output format -------------- + include::diff-format.txt[] @@ -165,4 +173,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt index 57c2862..0ac7112 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt @@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ git-diff - Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-diff' [<common diff options>] <commit>{0,2} [--] [<path>...] +'git diff' [<common diff options>] <commit>{0,2} [--] [<path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Show changes between two trees, a tree and the working tree, a tree and the index file, or the index file and the working tree. -'git-diff' [--options] [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [--options] [--] [<path>...]:: This form is to view the changes you made relative to the index (staging area for the next commit). In other @@ -27,14 +27,15 @@ If exactly two paths are given, and at least one is untracked, compare the two files / directories. This behavior can be forced by --no-index. -'git-diff' [--options] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [--options] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...]:: This form is to view the changes you staged for the next commit relative to the named <commit>. Typically you would want comparison with the latest commit, so if you do not give <commit>, it defaults to HEAD. + --staged is a synonym of --cached. -'git-diff' [--options] <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [--options] <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: This form is to view the changes you have in your working tree relative to the named <commit>. You can @@ -42,23 +43,23 @@ forced by --no-index. branch name to compare with the tip of a different branch. -'git-diff' [--options] <commit> <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [--options] <commit> <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: This is to view the changes between two arbitrary <commit>. -'git-diff' [--options] <commit>..<commit> [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [--options] <commit>..<commit> [--] [<path>...]:: This is synonymous to the previous form. If <commit> on one side is omitted, it will have the same effect as using HEAD instead. -'git-diff' [--options] <commit>\...<commit> [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [--options] <commit>\...<commit> [--] [<path>...]:: This form is to view the changes on the branch containing and up to the second <commit>, starting at a common ancestor - of both <commit>. "git-diff A\...B" is equivalent to - "git-diff $(git-merge-base A B) B". You can omit any one + of both <commit>. "git diff A\...B" is equivalent to + "git diff $(git-merge-base A B) B". You can omit any one of <commit>, which has the same effect as using HEAD instead. Just in case if you are doing something exotic, it should be @@ -83,8 +84,7 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] the diff to the named paths (you can give directory names and get diff for all files under them). -Output format -------------- + include::diff-format.txt[] EXAMPLES @@ -168,4 +168,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e9aed6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +git-difftool(1) +=============== + +NAME +---- +git-difftool - Show changes using common diff tools + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +'git difftool' [--tool=<tool>] [-y|--no-prompt|--prompt] [<'git diff' options>] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +'git-difftool' is a git command that allows you to compare and edit files +between revisions using common diff tools. 'git difftool' is a frontend +to 'git-diff' and accepts the same options and arguments. + +OPTIONS +------- +-y:: +--no-prompt:: + Do not prompt before launching a diff tool. + +--prompt:: + Prompt before each invocation of the diff tool. + This is the default behaviour; the option is provided to + override any configuration settings. + +-t <tool>:: +--tool=<tool>:: + Use the diff tool specified by <tool>. + Valid merge tools are: + kdiff3, kompare, tkdiff, meld, xxdiff, emerge, vimdiff, gvimdiff, + ecmerge, diffuse, opendiff, p4merge and araxis. ++ +If a diff tool is not specified, 'git-difftool' +will use the configuration variable `diff.tool`. If the +configuration variable `diff.tool` is not set, 'git-difftool' +will pick a suitable default. ++ +You can explicitly provide a full path to the tool by setting the +configuration variable `difftool.<tool>.path`. For example, you +can configure the absolute path to kdiff3 by setting +`difftool.kdiff3.path`. Otherwise, 'git-difftool' assumes the +tool is available in PATH. ++ +Instead of running one of the known diff tools, +'git-difftool' can be customized to run an alternative program +by specifying the command line to invoke in a configuration +variable `difftool.<tool>.cmd`. ++ +When 'git-difftool' is invoked with this tool (either through the +`-t` or `--tool` option or the `diff.tool` configuration variable) +the configured command line will be invoked with the following +variables available: `$LOCAL` is set to the name of the temporary +file containing the contents of the diff pre-image and `$REMOTE` +is set to the name of the temporary file containing the contents +of the diff post-image. `$BASE` is provided for compatibility +with custom merge tool commands and has the same value as `$LOCAL`. + +See linkgit:git-diff[1] for the full list of supported options. + +CONFIG VARIABLES +---------------- +'git-difftool' falls back to 'git-mergetool' config variables when the +difftool equivalents have not been defined. + +diff.tool:: + The default diff tool to use. + +difftool.<tool>.path:: + Override the path for the given tool. This is useful in case + your tool is not in the PATH. + +difftool.<tool>.cmd:: + Specify the command to invoke the specified diff tool. ++ +See the `--tool=<tool>` option above for more details. + +difftool.prompt:: + Prompt before each invocation of the diff tool. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-diff[1]:: + Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc + +linkgit:git-mergetool[1]:: + Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts + +linkgit:git-config[1]:: + Get and set repository or global options + + +AUTHOR +------ +Written by David Aguilar <davvid@gmail.com>. + +Documentation +-------------- +Documentation by David Aguilar and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt index 6dac475..75b06f3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt @@ -8,23 +8,23 @@ git-fast-export - Git data exporter SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-fast-export [options]' | 'git-fast-import' +'git fast-export [options]' | 'git fast-import' DESCRIPTION ----------- This program dumps the given revisions in a form suitable to be piped -into linkgit:git-fast-import[1]. +into 'git-fast-import'. -You can use it as a human readable bundle replacement (see +You can use it as a human-readable bundle replacement (see linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a kind of an interactive -linkgit:git-filter-branch[1]. +'git-filter-branch'. OPTIONS ------- --progress=<n>:: Insert 'progress' statements every <n> objects, to be shown by - linkgit:git-fast-import[1] during import. + 'git-fast-import' during import. --signed-tags=(verbatim|warn|strip|abort):: Specify how to handle signed tags. Since any transformation @@ -36,6 +36,66 @@ when encountering a signed tag. With 'strip', the tags will be made unsigned, with 'verbatim', they will be silently exported and with 'warn', they will be exported, but you will see a warning. +--tag-of-filtered-object=(abort|drop|rewrite):: + Specify how to handle tags whose tagged objectis filtered out. + Since revisions and files to export can be limited by path, + tagged objects may be filtered completely. ++ +When asking to 'abort' (which is the default), this program will die +when encountering such a tag. With 'drop' it will omit such tags from +the output. With 'rewrite', if the tagged object is a commit, it will +rewrite the tag to tag an ancestor commit (via parent rewriting; see +linkgit:git-rev-list[1]) + +-M:: +-C:: + Perform move and/or copy detection, as described in the + linkgit:git-diff[1] manual page, and use it to generate + rename and copy commands in the output dump. ++ +Note that earlier versions of this command did not complain and +produced incorrect results if you gave these options. + +--export-marks=<file>:: + Dumps the internal marks table to <file> when complete. + Marks are written one per line as `:markid SHA-1`. Only marks + for revisions are dumped; marks for blobs are ignored. + Backends can use this file to validate imports after they + have been completed, or to save the marks table across + incremental runs. As <file> is only opened and truncated + at completion, the same path can also be safely given to + \--import-marks. + +--import-marks=<file>:: + Before processing any input, load the marks specified in + <file>. The input file must exist, must be readable, and + must use the same format as produced by \--export-marks. ++ +Any commits that have already been marked will not be exported again. +If the backend uses a similar \--import-marks file, this allows for +incremental bidirectional exporting of the repository by keeping the +marks the same across runs. + +--fake-missing-tagger:: + Some old repositories have tags without a tagger. The + fast-import protocol was pretty strict about that, and did not + allow that. So fake a tagger to be able to fast-import the + output. + +--no-data:: + Skip output of blob objects and instead refer to blobs via + their original SHA-1 hash. This is useful when rewriting the + directory structure or history of a repository without + touching the contents of individual files. Note that the + resulting stream can only be used by a repository which + already contains the necessary objects. + +[git-rev-list-args...]:: + A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git-rev-parse' and + 'git-rev-list', that specifies the specific objects and references + to export. For example, `master\~10..master` causes the + current master reference to be exported along with all objects + added since its 10th ancestor commit. EXAMPLES -------- @@ -65,7 +125,7 @@ referenced by that revision range contains the string Limitations ----------- -Since linkgit:git-fast-import[1] cannot tag trees, you will not be +Since 'git-fast-import' cannot tag trees, you will not be able to export the linux-2.6.git repository completely, as it contains a tag referencing a tree instead of a commit. @@ -80,4 +140,4 @@ Documentation by Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt index c29a4f8..e6d364f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt @@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ git-fast-import - Backend for fast Git data importers SYNOPSIS -------- -frontend | 'git-fast-import' [options] +frontend | 'git fast-import' [options] DESCRIPTION ----------- This program is usually not what the end user wants to run directly. Most end users want to use one of the existing frontend programs, which parses a specific type of foreign source and feeds the contents -stored there to git-fast-import. +stored there to 'git-fast-import'. fast-import reads a mixed command/data stream from standard input and writes one or more packfiles directly into the current repository. @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ updated branch and tag refs, fully updating the current repository with the newly imported data. The fast-import backend itself can import into an empty repository (one that -has already been initialized by linkgit:git-init[1]) or incrementally +has already been initialized by 'git-init') or incrementally update an existing populated repository. Whether or not incremental imports are supported from a particular foreign source depends on the frontend program in use. @@ -82,11 +82,11 @@ OPTIONS This information may be useful after importing projects whose total object set exceeds the 4 GiB packfile limit, as these commits can be used as edge points during calls - to linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. + to 'git-pack-objects'. --quiet:: Disable all non-fatal output, making fast-import silent when it - is successful. This option disables the output shown by + is successful. This option disables the output shown by \--stats. --stats:: @@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ an ideal situation, given that most conversion tools are throw-away Parallel Operation ------------------ -Like `git-push` or `git-fetch`, imports handled by fast-import are safe to +Like 'git-push' or 'git-fetch', imports handled by fast-import are safe to run alongside parallel `git repack -a -d` or `git gc` invocations, -or any other Git operation (including `git prune`, as loose objects +or any other Git operation (including 'git-prune', as loose objects are never used by fast-import). fast-import does not lock the branch or tag refs it is actively importing. @@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ variation in formatting will cause fast-import to reject the value. + An example value is ``Tue Feb 6 11:22:18 2007 -0500''. The Git parser is accurate, but a little on the lenient side. It is the -same parser used by linkgit:git-am[1] when applying patches +same parser used by 'git-am' when applying patches received from email. + Some malformed strings may be accepted as valid dates. In some of @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ timezone. This particular format is supplied as its short to implement and may be useful to a process that wants to create a new commit right now, without needing to use a working directory or -linkgit:git-update-index[1]. +'git-update-index'. + If separate `author` and `committer` commands are used in a `commit` the timestamps may not match, as the system clock will be polled @@ -311,12 +311,12 @@ change to the project. .... 'commit' SP <ref> LF mark? - ('author' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)? - 'committer' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF + ('author' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)? + 'committer' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF data ('from' SP <committish> LF)? ('merge' SP <committish> LF)? - (filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall)* + (filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall | notemodify)* LF? .... @@ -339,14 +339,13 @@ commit message use a 0 length data. Commit messages are free-form and are not interpreted by Git. Currently they must be encoded in UTF-8, as fast-import does not permit other encodings to be specified. -Zero or more `filemodify`, `filedelete`, `filecopy`, `filerename` -and `filedeleteall` commands +Zero or more `filemodify`, `filedelete`, `filecopy`, `filerename`, +`filedeleteall` and `notemodify` commands may be included to update the contents of the branch prior to creating the commit. These commands may be supplied in any order. However it is recommended that a `filedeleteall` command precede -all `filemodify`, `filecopy` and `filerename` commands in the same -commit, as `filedeleteall` -wipes the branch clean (see below). +all `filemodify`, `filecopy`, `filerename` and `notemodify` commands in +the same commit, as `filedeleteall` wipes the branch clean (see below). The `LF` after the command is optional (it used to be required). @@ -481,6 +480,9 @@ in octal. Git only supports the following modes: what you want. * `100755` or `755`: A normal, but executable, file. * `120000`: A symlink, the content of the file will be the link target. +* `160000`: A gitlink, SHA-1 of the object refers to a commit in + another repository. Git links can only be specified by SHA or through + a commit mark. They are used to implement submodules. In both formats `<path>` is the complete path of the file to be added (if not already existing) or modified (if already existing). @@ -592,6 +594,40 @@ more memory per active branch (less than 1 MiB for even most large projects); so frontends that can easily obtain only the affected paths for a commit are encouraged to do so. +`notemodify` +^^^^^^^^^^^^ +Included in a `commit` command to add a new note (annotating a given +commit) or change the content of an existing note. This command has +two different means of specifying the content of the note. + +External data format:: + The data content for the note was already supplied by a prior + `blob` command. The frontend just needs to connect it to the + commit that is to be annotated. ++ +.... + 'N' SP <dataref> SP <committish> LF +.... ++ +Here `<dataref>` can be either a mark reference (`:<idnum>`) +set by a prior `blob` command, or a full 40-byte SHA-1 of an +existing Git blob object. + +Inline data format:: + The data content for the note has not been supplied yet. + The frontend wants to supply it as part of this modify + command. ++ +.... + 'N' SP 'inline' SP <committish> LF + data +.... ++ +See below for a detailed description of the `data` command. + +In both formats `<committish>` is any of the commit specification +expressions also accepted by `from` (see above). + `mark` ~~~~~~ Arranges for fast-import to save a reference to the current object, allowing @@ -621,7 +657,7 @@ lightweight (non-annotated) tags see the `reset` command below. .... 'tag' SP <name> LF 'from' SP <committish> LF - 'tagger' SP <name> SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF + 'tagger' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF data .... @@ -654,7 +690,7 @@ recommended, as the frontend does not (easily) have access to the complete set of bytes which normally goes into such a signature. If signing is required, create lightweight tags from within fast-import with `reset`, then create the annotated versions of those tags offline -with the standard linkgit:git-tag[1] process. +with the standard 'git-tag' process. `reset` ~~~~~~~ @@ -803,7 +839,7 @@ Callers may wish to process the output through a tool such as sed to remove the leading part of the line, for example: ==== - frontend | git-fast-import | sed 's/^progress //' + frontend | git fast-import | sed 's/^progress //' ==== Placing a `progress` command immediately after a `checkpoint` will @@ -851,7 +887,7 @@ An example crash: M 777 inline bob END_OF_INPUT - $ git-fast-import <in + $ git fast-import <in fatal: Corrupt mode: M 777 inline bob fast-import: dumping crash report to .git/fast_import_crash_8434 @@ -955,7 +991,7 @@ is not `refs/heads/TAG_FIXUP`). When committing fixups, consider using `merge` to connect the commit(s) which are supplying file revisions to the fixup branch. -Doing so will allow tools such as linkgit:git-blame[1] to track +Doing so will allow tools such as 'git-blame' to track through the real commit history and properly annotate the source files. @@ -984,7 +1020,7 @@ Repacking Historical Data ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If you are repacking very old imported data (e.g. older than the last year), consider expending some extra CPU time and supplying -\--window=50 (or higher) when you run linkgit:git-repack[1]. +\--window=50 (or higher) when you run 'git-repack'. This will take longer, but will also produce a smaller packfile. You only need to expend the effort once, and everyone using your project will benefit from the smaller repository. @@ -1119,4 +1155,4 @@ Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt index 57598eb..47448da 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt @@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ git-fetch-pack - Receive missing objects from another repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-fetch-pack' [--all] [--quiet|-q] [--keep|-k] [--thin] [--include-tag] [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] [--depth=<n>] [--no-progress] [-v] [<host>:]<directory> [<refs>...] +'git fetch-pack' [--all] [--quiet|-q] [--keep|-k] [--thin] [--include-tag] [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] [--depth=<n>] [--no-progress] [-v] [<host>:]<directory> [<refs>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Usually you would want to use linkgit:git-fetch[1] which is a -higher level wrapper of this command instead. +Usually you would want to use 'git-fetch', which is a +higher level wrapper of this command, instead. -Invokes 'git-upload-pack' on a potentially remote repository, +Invokes 'git-upload-pack' on a possibly remote repository and asks it to send objects missing from this repository, to update the named heads. The list of commits available locally is found out by scanning local $GIT_DIR/refs/ and sent to @@ -28,30 +28,32 @@ have a common ancestor commit. OPTIONS ------- -\--all:: +--all:: Fetch all remote refs. -\--quiet, \-q:: +-q:: +--quiet:: Pass '-q' flag to 'git-unpack-objects'; this makes the cloning process less verbose. -\--keep, \-k:: +-k:: +--keep:: Do not invoke 'git-unpack-objects' on received data, but create a single packfile out of it instead, and store it in the object database. If provided twice then the pack is locked against repacking. -\--thin:: +--thin:: Spend extra cycles to minimize the number of objects to be sent. Use it on slower connection. -\--include-tag:: +--include-tag:: If the remote side supports it, annotated tags objects will be downloaded on the same connection as the other objects if the object the tag references is downloaded. The caller must otherwise determine the tags this option made available. -\--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>:: +--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>:: Use this to specify the path to 'git-upload-pack' on the remote side, if is not found on your $PATH. Installations of sshd ignores the user's environment @@ -63,16 +65,16 @@ OPTIONS shells by having a lean .bashrc file (they set most of the things up in .bash_profile). -\--exec=<git-upload-pack>:: +--exec=<git-upload-pack>:: Same as \--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>. -\--depth=<n>:: +--depth=<n>:: Limit fetching to ancestor-chains not longer than n. -\--no-progress:: +--no-progress:: Do not show the progress. -\-v:: +-v:: Run verbosely. <host>:: @@ -99,4 +101,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt index d982f96..9b9e568 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt @@ -8,17 +8,23 @@ git-fetch - Download objects and refs from another repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-fetch' <options> <repository> <refspec>... +'git fetch' <options> <repository> <refspec>... + +'git fetch' <options> <group> + +'git fetch' --multiple <options> [<repository> | <group>]... + +'git fetch' --all <options> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Fetches named heads or tags from another repository, along with -the objects necessary to complete them. +Fetches named heads or tags from one or more other repositories, +along with the objects necessary to complete them. The ref names and their object names of fetched refs are stored in `.git/FETCH_HEAD`. This information is left for a later merge -operation done by "git merge". +operation done by 'git-merge'. When <refspec> stores the fetched result in tracking branches, the tags that point at these branches are automatically @@ -28,6 +34,10 @@ pointed by remote tags that it does not yet have, then fetch those missing tags. If the other end has tags that point at branches you are not interested in, you will not get them. +'git fetch' can fetch from either a single named repository, or +or from several repositories at once if <group> is given and +there is a remotes.<group> entry in the configuration file. +(See linkgit:git-config[1]). OPTIONS ------- @@ -37,6 +47,35 @@ include::pull-fetch-param.txt[] include::urls-remotes.txt[] + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Update the remote-tracking branches: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git fetch origin +------------------------------------------------ ++ +The above command copies all branches from the remote refs/heads/ +namespace and stores them to the local refs/remotes/origin/ namespace, +unless the branch.<name>.fetch option is used to specify a non-default +refspec. + +* Using refspecs explicitly: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git fetch origin +pu:pu maint:tmp +------------------------------------------------ ++ +This updates (or creates, as necessary) branches `pu` and `tmp` in +the local repository by fetching from the branches (respectively) +`pu` and `maint` from the remote repository. ++ +The `pu` branch will be updated even if it is does not fast-forward, +because it is prefixed with a plus sign; `tmp` will not be. + + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-pull[1] @@ -45,7 +84,7 @@ linkgit:git-pull[1] Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation ------------- @@ -53,4 +92,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt index 8d80f0d..394a77a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt @@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ git-filter-branch - Rewrite branches SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-filter-branch' [--env-filter <command>] [--tree-filter <command>] +'git filter-branch' [--env-filter <command>] [--tree-filter <command>] [--index-filter <command>] [--parent-filter <command>] [--msg-filter <command>] [--commit-filter <command>] [--tag-name-filter <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>] + [--prune-empty] [--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force] - [<rev-list options>...] + [--] [<rev-list options>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -31,12 +32,17 @@ changes, which would normally have no effect. Nevertheless, this may be useful in the future for compensating for some git bugs or such, therefore such a usage is permitted. +*NOTE*: This command honors `.git/info/grafts`. If you have any grafts +defined, running this command will make them permanent. + *WARNING*! The rewritten history will have different object names for all the objects and will not converge with the original branch. You will not be able to easily push and distribute the rewritten branch on top of the original branch. Please do not use this command if you do not know the full implications, and avoid using it anyway, if a simple single commit -would suffice to fix your problem. +would suffice to fix your problem. (See the "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM +REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for further information about +rewriting published history.) Always verify that the rewritten version is correct: The original refs, if different from the rewritten ones, will be stored in the namespace @@ -89,13 +95,15 @@ OPTIONS --index-filter <command>:: This is the filter for rewriting the index. It is similar to the tree filter but does not check out the tree, which makes it much - faster. For hairy cases, see linkgit:git-update-index[1]. + faster. Frequently used with `git rm \--cached + \--ignore-unmatch ...`, see EXAMPLES below. For hairy + cases, see linkgit:git-update-index[1]. --parent-filter <command>:: This is the filter for rewriting the commit's parent list. It will receive the parent string on stdin and shall output the new parent string on stdout. The parent string is in - a format accepted by linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]: empty for + the format described in linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]: empty for the initial commit, "-p parent" for a normal commit and "-p parent1 -p parent2 -p parent3 ..." for a merge commit. @@ -108,18 +116,22 @@ OPTIONS --commit-filter <command>:: This is the filter for performing the commit. If this filter is specified, it will be called instead of the - linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] command, with arguments of the form + 'git-commit-tree' command, with arguments of the form "<TREE_ID> [-p <PARENT_COMMIT_ID>]..." and the log message on stdin. The commit id is expected on stdout. + As a special extension, the commit filter may emit multiple -commit ids; in that case, ancestors of the original commit will +commit ids; in that case, the rewritten children of the original commit will have all of them as parents. + You can use the 'map' convenience function in this filter, and other convenience functions, too. For example, calling 'skip_commit "$@"' will leave out the current commit (but not its changes! If you want -that, use linkgit:git-rebase[1] instead). +that, use 'git-rebase' instead). ++ +You can also use the 'git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"' instead of +'git commit-tree "$@"' if you don't wish to keep commits with a single parent +and that makes no change to the tree. --tag-name-filter <command>:: This is the filter for rewriting tag names. When passed, @@ -147,7 +159,28 @@ to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit. --subdirectory-filter <directory>:: Only look at the history which touches the given subdirectory. The result will contain that directory (and only that) as its - project root. + project root. Implies --remap-to-ancestor. + +--remap-to-ancestor:: + Rewrite refs to the nearest rewritten ancestor instead of + ignoring them. ++ +Normally, positive refs on the command line are only changed if the +commit they point to was rewritten. However, you can limit the extent +of this rewriting by using linkgit:rev-list[1] arguments, e.g., path +limiters. Refs pointing to such excluded commits would then normally +be ignored. With this option, they are instead rewritten to point at +the nearest ancestor that was not excluded. + +--prune-empty:: + Some kind of filters will generate empty commits, that left the tree + untouched. This switch allow git-filter-branch to ignore such + commits. Though, this switch only applies for commits that have one + and only one parent, it will hence keep merges points. Also, this + option is not compatible with the use of '--commit-filter'. Though you + just need to use the function 'git_commit_non_empty_tree "$@"' instead + of the 'git commit-tree "$@"' idiom in your commit filter to make that + happen. --original <namespace>:: Use this option to set the namespace where the original commits @@ -161,16 +194,17 @@ to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit. does this in the '.git-rewrite/' directory but you can override that choice by this parameter. --f|--force:: - `git filter-branch` refuses to start with an existing temporary +-f:: +--force:: + 'git-filter-branch' refuses to start with an existing temporary directory or when there are already refs starting with 'refs/original/', unless forced. -<rev-list-options>:: - When options are given after the new branch name, they will - be passed to linkgit:git-rev-list[1]. Only commits in the resulting - output will be filtered, although the filtered commits can still - reference parents which are outside of that set. +<rev-list options>...:: + Arguments for 'git-rev-list'. All positive refs included by + these options are rewritten. You may also specify options + such as '--all', but you must use '--' to separate them from + the 'git-filter-branch' options. Examples @@ -183,14 +217,33 @@ or copyright violation) from all commits: git filter-branch --tree-filter 'rm filename' HEAD ------------------------------------------------------- -A significantly faster version: +However, if the file is absent from the tree of some commit, +a simple `rm filename` will fail for that tree and commit. +Thus you may instead want to use `rm -f filename` as the script. + +Using `\--index-filter` with 'git-rm' yields a significantly faster +version. Like with using `rm filename`, `git rm --cached filename` +will fail if the file is absent from the tree of a commit. If you +want to "completely forget" a file, it does not matter when it entered +history, so we also add `\--ignore-unmatch`: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -git filter-branch --index-filter 'git update-index --remove filename' HEAD +git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch filename' HEAD -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Now, you will get the rewritten history saved in HEAD. +To rewrite the repository to look as if `foodir/` had been its project +root, and discard all other history: + +------------------------------------------------------- +git filter-branch --subdirectory-filter foodir -- --all +------------------------------------------------------- + +Thus you can, e.g., turn a library subdirectory into a repository of +its own. Note the `\--` that separates 'filter-branch' options from +revision options, and the `\--all` to rewrite all branches and tags. + To set a commit (which typically is at the tip of another history) to be the parent of the current initial commit, in order to paste the other history behind the current history: @@ -250,7 +303,7 @@ and all children of the merge will become merge commits with P1,P2 as their parents instead of the merge commit. You can rewrite the commit log messages using `--msg-filter`. For -example, `git-svn-id` strings in a repository created by `git-svn` can +example, 'git-svn-id' strings in a repository created by 'git-svn' can be removed this way: ------------------------------------------------------- @@ -261,13 +314,23 @@ git filter-branch --msg-filter ' To restrict rewriting to only part of the history, specify a revision range in addition to the new branch name. The new branch name will -point to the top-most revision that a 'git rev-list' of this range +point to the top-most revision that a 'git-rev-list' of this range will print. +If you need to add 'Acked-by' lines to, say, the last 10 commits (none +of which is a merge), use this command: + +-------------------------------------------------------- +git filter-branch --msg-filter ' + cat && + echo "Acked-by: Bugs Bunny <bunny@bugzilla.org>" +' HEAD~10..HEAD +-------------------------------------------------------- + *NOTE* the changes introduced by the commits, and which are not reverted by subsequent commits, will still be in the rewritten branch. If you want to throw out _changes_ together with the commits, you should use the -interactive mode of linkgit:git-rebase[1]. +interactive mode of 'git-rebase'. Consider this history: @@ -302,6 +365,47 @@ git filter-branch --index-filter \ --------------------------------------------------------------- + +Checklist for Shrinking a Repository +------------------------------------ + +git-filter-branch is often used to get rid of a subset of files, +usually with some combination of `\--index-filter` and +`\--subdirectory-filter`. People expect the resulting repository to +be smaller than the original, but you need a few more steps to +actually make it smaller, because git tries hard not to lose your +objects until you tell it to. First make sure that: + +* You really removed all variants of a filename, if a blob was moved + over its lifetime. `git log \--name-only \--follow \--all \-- + filename` can help you find renames. + +* You really filtered all refs: use `\--tag-name-filter cat \-- + \--all` when calling git-filter-branch. + +Then there are two ways to get a smaller repository. A safer way is +to clone, that keeps your original intact. + +* Clone it with `git clone +++file:///path/to/repo+++`. The clone + will not have the removed objects. See linkgit:git-clone[1]. (Note + that cloning with a plain path just hardlinks everything!) + +If you really don't want to clone it, for whatever reasons, check the +following points instead (in this order). This is a very destructive +approach, so *make a backup* or go back to cloning it. You have been +warned. + +* Remove the original refs backed up by git-filter-branch: say `git + for-each-ref \--format="%(refname)" refs/original/ | xargs -n 1 git + update-ref -d`. + +* Expire all reflogs with `git reflog expire \--expire=now \--all`. + +* Garbage collect all unreferenced objects with `git gc \--prune=now` + (or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to + `\--prune`, use `git repack -ad; git prune` instead). + + Author ------ Written by Petr "Pasky" Baudis <pasky@suse.cz>, @@ -313,4 +417,4 @@ Documentation by Petr Baudis and the git list. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt b/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt index 8615ae3..a586950 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt @@ -9,41 +9,51 @@ git-fmt-merge-msg - Produce a merge commit message SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -git-fmt-merge-msg [--summary | --no-summary] <$GIT_DIR/FETCH_HEAD -git-fmt-merge-msg [--summary | --no-summary] -F <file> +'git fmt-merge-msg' [--log | --no-log] <$GIT_DIR/FETCH_HEAD +'git fmt-merge-msg' [--log | --no-log] -F <file> DESCRIPTION ----------- Takes the list of merged objects on stdin and produces a suitable commit message to be used for the merge commit, usually to be -passed as the '<merge-message>' argument of `git-merge`. +passed as the '<merge-message>' argument of 'git-merge'. -This script is intended mostly for internal use by scripts -automatically invoking `git-merge`. +This command is intended mostly for internal use by scripts +automatically invoking 'git merge'. OPTIONS ------- ---summary:: +--log:: In addition to branch names, populate the log message with one-line descriptions from the actual commits that are being merged. ---no-summary:: +--no-log:: Do not list one-line descriptions from the actual commits being merged. ---file <file>, -F <file>:: +--summary:: +--no-summary:: + Synonyms to --log and --no-log; these are deprecated and will be + removed in the future. + +-F <file>:: +--file <file>:: Take the list of merged objects from <file> instead of stdin. CONFIGURATION ------------- -merge.summary:: +merge.log:: Whether to include summaries of merged commits in newly merge commit messages. False by default. +merge.summary:: + Synonym to `merge.log`; this is deprecated and will be removed in + the future. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-merge[1] @@ -51,7 +61,7 @@ linkgit:git-merge[1] Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -59,4 +69,4 @@ Documentation by Petr Baudis, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.o GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt index f1f90cc..8dc873f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt @@ -8,16 +8,15 @@ git-for-each-ref - Output information on each ref SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-for-each-ref' [--count=<count>]\* - [--shell|--perl|--python|--tcl] - [--sort=<key>]\* [--format=<format>] [<pattern>] +'git for-each-ref' [--count=<count>] [--shell|--perl|--python|--tcl] + [--sort=<key>]\* [--format=<format>] [<pattern>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Iterate over all refs that match `<pattern>` and show them according to the given `<format>`, after sorting them according -to the given set of `<key>`. If `<max>` is given, stop after +to the given set of `<key>`. If `<count>` is given, stop after showing that many refs. The interpolated values in `<format>` can optionally be quoted as string literals in the specified host language allowing their direct evaluation in that language. @@ -32,8 +31,9 @@ OPTIONS <key>:: A field name to sort on. Prefix `-` to sort in descending order of the value. When unspecified, - `refname` is used. More than one sort keys can be - given. + `refname` is used. You may use the --sort=<key> option + multiple times, in which case the last key becomes the primary + key. <format>:: A string that interpolates `%(fieldname)` from the @@ -47,12 +47,16 @@ OPTIONS `xx`; for example `%00` interpolates to `\0` (NUL), `%09` to `\t` (TAB) and `%0a` to `\n` (LF). -<pattern>:: - If given, the name of the ref is matched against this - using fnmatch(3). Refs that do not match the pattern - are not shown. +<pattern>...:: + If one or more patterns are given, only refs are shown that + match against at least one pattern, either using fnmatch(3) or + literally, in the latter case matching completely or from the + beginning up to a slash. ---shell, --perl, --python, --tcl:: +--shell:: +--perl:: +--python:: +--tcl:: If given, strings that substitute `%(fieldname)` placeholders are quoted as string literals suitable for the specified host language. This is meant to produce @@ -70,16 +74,24 @@ For all objects, the following names can be used: refname:: The name of the ref (the part after $GIT_DIR/). + For a non-ambiguous short name of the ref append `:short`. + The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict + abbreviation mode. objecttype:: The type of the object (`blob`, `tree`, `commit`, `tag`). objectsize:: - The size of the object (the same as `git-cat-file -s` reports). + The size of the object (the same as 'git-cat-file -s' reports). objectname:: The object name (aka SHA-1). +upstream:: + The name of a local ref which can be considered ``upstream'' + from the displayed ref. Respects `:short` in the same way as + `refname` above. + In addition to the above, for commit and tag objects, the header field names (`tree`, `parent`, `object`, `type`, and `tag`) can be used to specify the value in the header field. @@ -115,7 +127,7 @@ An example directly producing formatted text. Show the most recent ------------ #!/bin/sh -git-for-each-ref --count=3 --sort='-*authordate' \ +git for-each-ref --count=3 --sort='-*authordate' \ --format='From: %(*authorname) %(*authoremail) Subject: %(*subject) Date: %(*authordate) @@ -131,7 +143,7 @@ demonstrating the use of --shell. List the prefixes of all heads:: ------------ #!/bin/sh -git-for-each-ref --shell --format="ref=%(refname)" refs/heads | \ +git for-each-ref --shell --format="ref=%(refname)" refs/heads | \ while read entry do eval "$entry" @@ -185,7 +197,7 @@ Its message reads as: fi ' -eval=`git-for-each-ref --shell --format="$fmt" \ +eval=`git for-each-ref --shell --format="$fmt" \ --sort='*objecttype' \ --sort=-taggerdate \ refs/tags` diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index 87e491b..f1fd0df 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ git-format-patch - Prepare patches for e-mail submission SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-format-patch' [-k] [-o <dir> | --stdout] [--thread] - [--attach[=<boundary>] | --inline[=<boundary>]] - [-s | --signoff] [<common diff options>] +'git format-patch' [-k] [(-o|--output-directory) <dir> | --stdout] + [--no-thread | --thread[=<style>]] + [(--attach|--inline)[=<boundary>] | --no-attach] + [-s | --signoff] [-n | --numbered | -N | --no-numbered] [--start-number <n>] [--numbered-files] [--in-reply-to=Message-Id] [--suffix=.<sfx>] @@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--subject-prefix=Subject-Prefix] [--cc=<email>] [--cover-letter] + [<common diff options>] [ <since> | <revision range> ] DESCRIPTION @@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ DESCRIPTION Prepare each commit with its patch in one file per commit, formatted to resemble UNIX mailbox format. The output of this command is convenient for e-mail submission or -for use with linkgit:git-am[1]. +for use with 'git-am'. There are two ways to specify which commits to operate on. @@ -39,31 +41,30 @@ There are two ways to specify which commits to operate on. REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]) means the commits in the specified range. -A single commit, when interpreted as a <revision range> -expression, means "everything that leads to that commit", but -if you write 'git format-patch <commit>', the previous rule -applies to that command line and you do not get "everything -since the beginning of the time". If you want to format -everything since project inception to one commit, say "git -format-patch \--root <commit>" to make it clear that it is the -latter case. +The first rule takes precedence in the case of a single <commit>. To +apply the second rule, i.e., format everything since the beginning of +history up until <commit>, use the '\--root' option: `git format-patch +\--root <commit>`. If you want to format only <commit> itself, you +can do this with `git format-patch -1 <commit>`. By default, each output file is numbered sequentially from 1, and uses the first line of the commit message (massaged for pathname safety) as -the filename. With the --numbered-files option, the output file names +the filename. With the `--numbered-files` option, the output file names will only be numbers, without the first line of the commit appended. The names of the output files are printed to standard -output, unless the --stdout option is specified. +output, unless the `--stdout` option is specified. -If -o is specified, output files are created in <dir>. Otherwise +If `-o` is specified, output files are created in <dir>. Otherwise they are created in the current working directory. -If -n is specified, instead of "[PATCH] Subject", the first line -is formatted as "[PATCH n/m] Subject". +By default, the subject of a single patch is "[PATCH] First Line" and +the subject when multiple patches are output is "[PATCH n/m] First +Line". To force 1/1 to be added for a single patch, use `-n`. To omit +patch numbers from the subject, use `-N`. -If given --thread, git-format-patch will generate In-Reply-To and -References headers to make the second and subsequent patch mails appear -as replies to the first mail; this also generates a Message-Id header to +If given `--thread`, `git-format-patch` will generate `In-Reply-To` and +`References` headers to make the second and subsequent patch mails appear +as replies to the first mail; this also generates a `Message-Id` header to reference. OPTIONS @@ -74,14 +75,17 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] -<n>:: Limits the number of patches to prepare. --o|--output-directory <dir>:: +-o <dir>:: +--output-directory <dir>:: Use <dir> to store the resulting files, instead of the current working directory. --n|--numbered:: - Name output in '[PATCH n/m]' format. +-n:: +--numbered:: + Name output in '[PATCH n/m]' format, even with a single patch. --N|--no-numbered:: +-N:: +--no-numbered:: Name output in '[PATCH]' format. --start-number <n>:: @@ -90,13 +94,14 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] --numbered-files:: Output file names will be a simple number sequence without the default first line of the commit appended. - Mutually exclusive with the --stdout option. --k|--keep-subject:: +-k:: +--keep-subject:: Do not strip/add '[PATCH]' from the first line of the commit log message. --s|--signoff:: +-s:: +--signoff:: Add `Signed-off-by:` line to the commit message, using the committer identity of yourself. @@ -107,20 +112,40 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] --attach[=<boundary>]:: Create multipart/mixed attachment, the first part of which is the commit message and the patch itself in the - second part, with "Content-Disposition: attachment". + second part, with `Content-Disposition: attachment`. + +--no-attach:: + Disable the creation of an attachment, overriding the + configuration setting. --inline[=<boundary>]:: Create multipart/mixed attachment, the first part of which is the commit message and the patch itself in the - second part, with "Content-Disposition: inline". - ---thread:: - Add In-Reply-To and References headers to make the second and - subsequent mails appear as replies to the first. Also generates - the Message-Id header to reference. + second part, with `Content-Disposition: inline`. + +--thread[=<style>]:: +--no-thread:: + Controls addition of `In-Reply-To` and `References` headers to + make the second and subsequent mails appear as replies to the + first. Also controls generation of the `Message-Id` header to + reference. ++ +The optional <style> argument can be either `shallow` or `deep`. +'shallow' threading makes every mail a reply to the head of the +series, where the head is chosen from the cover letter, the +`\--in-reply-to`, and the first patch mail, in this order. 'deep' +threading makes every mail a reply to the previous one. ++ +The default is `--no-thread`, unless the 'format.thread' configuration +is set. If `--thread` is specified without a style, it defaults to the +style specified by 'format.thread' if any, or else `shallow`. ++ +Beware that the default for 'git send-email' is to thread emails +itself. If you want `git format-patch` to take care of threading, you +will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`. --in-reply-to=Message-Id:: - Make the first mail (or all the mails with --no-thread) appear as a + Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to provide a new patch series. @@ -135,39 +160,60 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] Instead of the standard '[PATCH]' prefix in the subject line, instead use '[<Subject-Prefix>]'. This allows for useful naming of a patch series, and can be - combined with the --numbered option. + combined with the `--numbered` option. --cc=<email>:: - Add a "Cc:" header to the email headers. This is in addition + Add a `Cc:` header to the email headers. This is in addition + to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. + +--add-header=<header>:: + Add an arbitrary header to the email headers. This is in addition to any configured headers, and may be used multiple times. + For example, `--add-header="Organization: git-foo"` --cover-letter:: - Generate a cover letter template. You still have to fill in - a description, but the shortlog and the diffstat will be - generated for you. + In addition to the patches, generate a cover letter file + containing the shortlog and the overall diffstat. You can + fill in a description in the file before sending it out. --suffix=.<sfx>:: Instead of using `.patch` as the suffix for generated filenames, use specified suffix. A common alternative is - `--suffix=.txt`. + `--suffix=.txt`. Leaving this empty will remove the `.patch` + suffix. + -Note that you would need to include the leading dot `.` if you -want a filename like `0001-description-of-my-change.patch`, and -the first letter does not have to be a dot. Leaving it empty would -not add any suffix. +Note that the leading character does not have to be a dot; for example, +you can use `--suffix=-patch` to get `0001-description-of-my-change-patch`. + +--no-binary:: + Do not output contents of changes in binary files, instead + display a notice that those files changed. Patches generated + using this option cannot be applied properly, but they are + still useful for code review. + +--root:: + Treat the revision argument as a <revision range>, even if it + is just a single commit (that would normally be treated as a + <since>). Note that root commits included in the specified + range are always formatted as creation patches, independently + of this flag. CONFIGURATION ------------- -You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message -in the repository configuration, new defaults for the subject prefix -and file suffix, and number patches when outputting more than one. +You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message, +defaults for the subject prefix and file suffix, number patches when +outputting more than one patch, add "Cc:" headers, configure attachments, +and sign off patches with configuration variables. ------------ [format] - headers = "Organization: git-foo\n" - subjectprefix = CHANGE - suffix = .txt - numbered = auto + headers = "Organization: git-foo\n" + subjectprefix = CHANGE + suffix = .txt + numbered = auto + cc = <email> + attach [ = mime-boundary-string ] + signoff = true ------------ @@ -175,10 +221,10 @@ EXAMPLES -------- * Extract commits between revisions R1 and R2, and apply them on top of -the current branch using `git-am` to cherry-pick them: +the current branch using 'git-am' to cherry-pick them: + ------------ -$ git format-patch -k --stdout R1..R2 | git-am -3 -k +$ git format-patch -k --stdout R1..R2 | git am -3 -k ------------ * Extract all commits which are in the current branch but not in the @@ -194,7 +240,7 @@ For each commit a separate file is created in the current directory. project: + ------------ -$ git format-patch \--root origin +$ git format-patch --root origin ------------ * The same as the previous one: @@ -205,8 +251,8 @@ $ git format-patch -M -B origin + Additionally, it detects and handles renames and complete rewrites intelligently to produce a renaming patch. A renaming patch reduces -the amount of text output, and generally makes it easier to review it. -Note that the "patch" program does not understand renaming patches, so +the amount of text output, and generally makes it easier to review. +Note that non-git "patch" programs won't understand renaming patches, so use it only when you know the recipient uses git to apply your patch. * Extract three topmost commits from the current branch and format them @@ -216,14 +262,14 @@ as e-mailable patches: $ git format-patch -3 ------------ -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-am[1], linkgit:git-send-email[1] Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -231,4 +277,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck-objects.txt index 6e9f717..965a827 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fsck-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fsck-objects.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-fsck-objects - Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-fsck-objects' ... +'git fsck-objects' ... DESCRIPTION ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt index 4cc26fb..6fe9484 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ git-fsck - Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-fsck' [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs] - [--full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found] [<object>*] +'git fsck' [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs] + [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found] [<object>*] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ OPTIONS <object>:: An object to treat as the head of an unreachability trace. + -If no objects are given, git-fsck defaults to using the +If no objects are given, 'git-fsck' defaults to using the index file, all SHA1 references in .git/refs/*, and all reflogs (unless --no-reflogs is given) as heads. @@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ index file, all SHA1 references in .git/refs/*, and all reflogs (unless or $GIT_DIR/objects/info/alternates, and in packed git archives found in $GIT_DIR/objects/pack and corresponding pack subdirectories in alternate - object pools. + object pools. This is now default; you can turn it off + with --no-full. --strict:: Enable more strict checking, namely to catch a file mode @@ -79,15 +80,16 @@ that aren't readable from any of the specified head nodes. So for example - git-fsck --unreachable HEAD $(cat .git/refs/heads/*) + git fsck --unreachable HEAD \ + $(git for-each-ref --format="%(objectname)" refs/heads) will do quite a _lot_ of verification on the tree. There are a few extra validity tests to be added (make sure that tree objects are -sorted properly etc), but on the whole if "git-fsck" is happy, you +sorted properly etc), but on the whole if 'git-fsck' is happy, you do have a valid tree. Any corrupt objects you will have to find in backups or other archives -(i.e., you can just remove them and do an "rsync" with some other site in +(i.e., you can just remove them and do an 'rsync' with some other site in the hopes that somebody else has the object you have corrupted). Of course, "valid tree" doesn't mean that it wasn't generated by some @@ -151,4 +153,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt index b6b5ce1..4cd9cdf 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt @@ -8,20 +8,20 @@ git-gc - Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-gc' [--aggressive] [--auto] [--quiet] +'git gc' [--aggressive] [--auto] [--quiet] [--prune=<date> | --no-prune] DESCRIPTION ----------- Runs a number of housekeeping tasks within the current repository, such as compressing file revisions (to reduce disk space and increase performance) and removing unreachable objects which may have been -created from prior invocations of linkgit:git-add[1]. +created from prior invocations of 'git-add'. Users are encouraged to run this task on a regular basis within each repository to maintain good disk space utilization and good operating performance. -Some git commands may automatically run `git-gc`; see the `--auto` flag +Some git commands may automatically run 'git-gc'; see the `--auto` flag below for details. If you know what you're doing and all you want is to disable this behavior permanently without further considerations, just do: @@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ OPTIONS --aggressive:: Usually 'git-gc' runs very quickly while providing good disk space utilization and performance. This option will cause - git-gc to more aggressively optimize the repository at the expense + 'git-gc' to more aggressively optimize the repository at the expense of taking much more time. The effects of this optimization are persistent, so this option only needs to be used occasionally; every few hundred changesets or so. --auto:: - With this option, `git gc` checks whether any housekeeping is + With this option, 'git-gc' checks whether any housekeeping is required; if not, it exits without performing any work. Some git commands run `git gc --auto` after performing operations that could create many loose objects. @@ -50,15 +50,23 @@ Housekeeping is required if there are too many loose objects or too many packs in the repository. If the number of loose objects exceeds the value of the `gc.auto` configuration variable, then all loose objects are combined into a single pack using -`git-repack -d -l`. Setting the value of `gc.auto` to 0 +'git-repack -d -l'. Setting the value of `gc.auto` to 0 disables automatic packing of loose objects. + If the number of packs exceeds the value of `gc.autopacklimit`, then existing packs (except those marked with a `.keep` file) are consolidated into a single pack by using the `-A` option of -`git-repack`. Setting `gc.autopacklimit` to 0 disables +'git-repack'. Setting `gc.autopacklimit` to 0 disables automatic consolidation of packs. +--prune=<date>:: + Prune loose objects older than date (default is 2 weeks ago, + overridable by the config variable `gc.pruneExpire`). This + option is on by default. + +--no-prune:: + Do not prune any loose objects. + --quiet:: Suppress all progress reports. @@ -89,7 +97,7 @@ how long records of conflicted merge you have not resolved are kept. This defaults to 15 days. The optional configuration variable 'gc.packrefs' determines if -`git gc` runs `git-pack-refs`. This can be set to "nobare" to enable +'git-gc' runs 'git-pack-refs'. This can be set to "nobare" to enable it within all non-bare repos or it can be set to a boolean value. This defaults to true. @@ -98,7 +106,7 @@ much time is spent optimizing the delta compression of the objects in the repository when the --aggressive option is specified. The larger the value, the more time is spent optimizing the delta compression. See the documentation for the --window' option in linkgit:git-repack[1] for -more details. This defaults to 10. +more details. This defaults to 250. The optional configuration variable 'gc.pruneExpire' controls how old the unreferenced loose objects have to be before they are pruned. The @@ -108,18 +116,18 @@ default is "2 weeks ago". Notes ----- -git-gc tries very hard to be safe about the garbage it collects. In +'git-gc' tries very hard to be safe about the garbage it collects. In particular, it will keep not only objects referenced by your current set of branches and tags, but also objects referenced by the index, remote -tracking branches, refs saved by linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] in -refs/original/, or reflogs (which may references commits in branches +tracking branches, refs saved by 'git-filter-branch' in +refs/original/, or reflogs (which may reference commits in branches that were later amended or rewound). If you are expecting some objects to be collected and they aren't, check all of those locations and decide whether it makes sense in your case to remove those references. -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-prune[1] linkgit:git-reflog[1] @@ -132,4 +140,4 @@ Written by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt b/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt index dea4149..84f23ee 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt @@ -8,18 +8,18 @@ git-get-tar-commit-id - Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-arch SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-get-tar-commit-id' < <tarfile> +'git get-tar-commit-id' < <tarfile> DESCRIPTION ----------- Acts as a filter, extracting the commit ID stored in archives created by -linkgit:git-archive[1]. It reads only the first 1024 bytes of input, thus its +'git-archive'. It reads only the first 1024 bytes of input, thus its runtime is not influenced by the size of <tarfile> very much. -If no commit ID is found, git-get-tar-commit-id quietly exists with a +If no commit ID is found, 'git-get-tar-commit-id' quietly exists with a return code of 1. This can happen if <tarfile> had not been created -using git-archive or if the first parameter of git-archive had been +using 'git-archive' or if the first parameter of 'git-archive' had been a tree ID instead of a commit ID or tag. @@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt index a97f055..8c70020 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt @@ -9,13 +9,16 @@ git-grep - Print lines matching a pattern SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-grep' [--cached] +'git grep' [--cached] [-a | --text] [-I] [-i | --ignore-case] [-w | --word-regexp] [-v | --invert-match] [-h|-H] [--full-name] [-E | --extended-regexp] [-G | --basic-regexp] [-F | --fixed-strings] [-n] [-l | --files-with-matches] [-L | --files-without-match] + [-z | --null] [-c | --count] [--all-match] + [--max-depth <depth>] + [--color | --no-color] [-A <post-context>] [-B <pre-context>] [-C <context>] [-f <file>] [-e] <pattern> [--and|--or|--not|(|)|-e <pattern>...] [<tree>...] @@ -33,25 +36,34 @@ OPTIONS Instead of searching in the working tree files, check the blobs registered in the index file. --a | --text:: +-a:: +--text:: Process binary files as if they were text. --i | --ignore-case:: +-i:: +--ignore-case:: Ignore case differences between the patterns and the files. -I:: Don't match the pattern in binary files. --w | --word-regexp:: +--max-depth <depth>:: + For each pathspec given on command line, descend at most <depth> + levels of directories. A negative value means no limit. + +-w:: +--word-regexp:: Match the pattern only at word boundary (either begin at the beginning of a line, or preceded by a non-word character; end at the end of a line or followed by a non-word character). --v | --invert-match:: +-v:: +--invert-match:: Select non-matching lines. --h | -H:: +-h:: +-H:: By default, the command shows the filename for each match. `-h` option is used to suppress this output. `-H` is there for completeness and does not do anything @@ -64,27 +76,48 @@ OPTIONS option forces paths to be output relative to the project top directory. --E | --extended-regexp | -G | --basic-regexp:: +-E:: +--extended-regexp:: +-G:: +--basic-regexp:: Use POSIX extended/basic regexp for patterns. Default is to use basic regexp. --F | --fixed-strings:: +-F:: +--fixed-strings:: Use fixed strings for patterns (don't interpret pattern as a regex). -n:: Prefix the line number to matching lines. --l | --files-with-matches | --name-only | -L | --files-without-match:: +-l:: +--files-with-matches:: +--name-only:: +-L:: +--files-without-match:: Instead of showing every matched line, show only the names of files that contain (or do not contain) matches. - For better compatibility with git-diff, --name-only is a + For better compatibility with 'git-diff', --name-only is a synonym for --files-with-matches. --c | --count:: +-z:: +--null:: + Output \0 instead of the character that normally follows a + file name. + +-c:: +--count:: Instead of showing every matched line, show the number of lines that match. +--color:: + Show colored matches. + +--no-color:: + Turn off match highlighting, even when the configuration file + gives the default to color output. + -[ABC] <context>:: Show `context` trailing (`A` -- after), or leading (`B` -- before), or both (`C` -- context) lines, and place a @@ -94,6 +127,14 @@ OPTIONS -<num>:: A shortcut for specifying -C<num>. +-p:: +--show-function:: + Show the preceding line that contains the function name of + the match, unless the matching line is a function name itself. + The name is determined in the same way as 'git diff' works out + patch hunk headers (see 'Defining a custom hunk-header' in + linkgit:gitattributes[5]). + -f <file>:: Read patterns from <file>, one per line. @@ -103,7 +144,10 @@ OPTIONS scripts passing user input to grep. Multiple patterns are combined by 'or'. ---and | --or | --not | ( | ):: +--and:: +--or:: +--not:: +( ... ):: Specify how multiple patterns are combined using Boolean expressions. `--or` is the default operator. `--and` has higher precedence than `--or`. `-e` has to be used for all @@ -145,4 +189,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-gui.txt b/Documentation/git-gui.txt index 6d6cd5d..d0bc98b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-gui.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-gui.txt @@ -11,19 +11,19 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -A Tcl/Tk based graphical user interface to Git. git-gui focuses +A Tcl/Tk based graphical user interface to Git. 'git-gui' focuses on allowing users to make changes to their repository by making new commits, amending existing ones, creating branches, performing local merges, and fetching/pushing to remote repositories. -Unlike linkgit:gitk[1], git-gui focuses on commit generation -and single file annotation, and does not show project history. -It does however supply menu actions to start a gitk session from -within git-gui. +Unlike 'gitk', 'git-gui' focuses on commit generation +and single file annotation and does not show project history. +It does however supply menu actions to start a 'gitk' session from +within 'git-gui'. -git-gui is known to work on all popular UNIX systems, Mac OS X, +'git-gui' is known to work on all popular UNIX systems, Mac OS X, and Windows (under both Cygwin and MSYS). To the extent possible -OS specific user interface guidelines are followed, making git-gui +OS specific user interface guidelines are followed, making 'git-gui' a fairly native interface for users. COMMANDS @@ -34,17 +34,17 @@ blame:: browser:: Start a tree browser showing all files in the specified - commit (or 'HEAD' by default). Files selected through the + commit (or 'HEAD' by default). Files selected through the browser are opened in the blame viewer. citool:: - Start git-gui and arrange to make exactly one commit before + Start 'git-gui' and arrange to make exactly one commit before exiting and returning to the shell. The interface is limited to only commit actions, slightly reducing the application's startup time and simplifying the menubar. version:: - Display the currently running version of git-gui. + Display the currently running version of 'git-gui'. Examples @@ -61,17 +61,36 @@ git gui blame Makefile:: git gui blame v0.99.8 Makefile:: Show the contents of 'Makefile' in revision 'v0.99.8' - and provide annotations for each line. Unlike the above + and provide annotations for each line. Unlike the above example the file is read from the object database and not the working directory. +git gui blame --line=100 Makefile:: + + Loads annotations as described above and automatically + scrolls the view to center on line '100'. + git gui citool:: Make one commit and return to the shell when it is complete. + This command returns a non-zero exit code if the window was + closed in any way other than by making a commit. + +git gui citool --amend:: + + Automatically enter the 'Amend Last Commit' mode of + the interface. + +git gui citool --nocommit:: + + Behave as normal citool, but instead of making a commit + simply terminate with a zero exit code. It still checks + that the index does not contain any unmerged entries, so + you can use it as a GUI version of linkgit:git-mergetool[1] git citool:: - Same as 'git gui citool' (above). + Same as `git gui citool` (above). git gui browser maint:: @@ -79,20 +98,20 @@ git gui browser maint:: selected in the browser can be viewed with the internal blame viewer. -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- -'gitk(1)':: +linkgit:gitk[1]:: The git repository browser. Shows branches, commit history and file differences. gitk is the utility started by - git-gui's Repository Visualize actions. + 'git-gui''s Repository Visualize actions. Other ----- -git-gui is actually maintained as an independent project, but stable +'git-gui' is actually maintained as an independent project, but stable versions are distributed as part of the Git suite for the convenience of end users. -A git-gui development repository can be obtained from: +A 'git-gui' development repository can be obtained from: git clone git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git @@ -112,4 +131,4 @@ Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt index 33030c0..0af40cf 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt @@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ git-hash-object - Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] [--stdin] [--] <file>... +[verse] +'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file>|--no-filters] [--stdin] [--] <file>... +'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths < <list-of-paths> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ Computes the object ID value for an object with specified type with the contents of the named file (which can be outside of the work tree), and optionally writes the resulting object into the object database. Reports its object ID to its standard output. -This is used by "git-cvsimport" to update the index +This is used by 'git-cvsimport' to update the index without modifying files in the work tree. When <type> is not specified, it defaults to "blob". @@ -32,9 +34,28 @@ OPTIONS --stdin:: Read the object from standard input instead of from a file. +--stdin-paths:: + Read file names from stdin instead of from the command-line. + +--path:: + Hash object as it were located at the given path. The location of + file does not directly influence on the hash value, but path is + used to determine what git filters should be applied to the object + before it can be placed to the object database, and, as result of + applying filters, the actual blob put into the object database may + differ from the given file. This option is mainly useful for hashing + temporary files located outside of the working directory or files + read from stdin. + +--no-filters:: + Hash the contents as is, ignoring any input filter that would + have been chosen by the attributes mechanism, including crlf + conversion. If the file is read from standard input then this + is always implied, unless the --path option is given. + Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -42,4 +63,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-help.txt b/Documentation/git-help.txt index be2ae53..d9b9c34 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-help.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-help.txt @@ -23,20 +23,23 @@ If a git command is named, a manual page for that command is brought up. The 'man' program is used by default for this purpose, but this can be overridden by other options or configuration variables. -Note that 'git --help ...' is identical as 'git help ...' because the +Note that `git --help ...` is identical to `git help ...` because the former is internally converted into the latter. OPTIONS ------- --a|--all:: +-a:: +--all:: Prints all the available commands on the standard output. This option supersedes any other option. --i|--info:: +-i:: +--info:: Display manual page for the command in the 'info' format. The 'info' program will be used for that purpose. --m|--man:: +-m:: +--man:: Display manual page for the command in the 'man' format. This option may be used to override a value set in the 'help.format' configuration variable. @@ -45,7 +48,8 @@ By default the 'man' program will be used to display the manual page, but the 'man.viewer' configuration variable may be used to choose other display programs (see below). --w|--web:: +-w:: +--web:: Display manual page for the command in the 'web' (HTML) format. A web browser will be used for that purpose. + @@ -82,27 +86,76 @@ man.viewer ~~~~~~~~~~ The 'man.viewer' config variable will be checked if the 'man' format -is chosen. Only the following values are currently supported: +is chosen. The following values are currently supported: * "man": use the 'man' program as usual, * "woman": use 'emacsclient' to launch the "woman" mode in emacs (this only works starting with emacsclient versions 22), -* "konqueror": use a man KIO slave in konqueror. +* "konqueror": use 'kfmclient' to open the man page in a new konqueror +tab (see 'Note about konqueror' below). -Multiple values may be given to this configuration variable. Their -corresponding programs will be tried in the order listed in the -configuration file. +Values for other tools can be used if there is a corresponding +'man.<tool>.cmd' configuration entry (see below). + +Multiple values may be given to the 'man.viewer' configuration +variable. Their corresponding programs will be tried in the order +listed in the configuration file. For example, this configuration: +------------------------------------------------ [man] viewer = konqueror viewer = woman +------------------------------------------------ will try to use konqueror first. But this may fail (for example if DISPLAY is not set) and in that case emacs' woman mode will be tried. -If everything fails the 'man' program will be tried anyway. +If everything fails, or if no viewer is configured, the viewer specified +in the GIT_MAN_VIEWER environment variable will be tried. If that +fails too, the 'man' program will be tried anyway. + +man.<tool>.path +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +You can explicitly provide a full path to your preferred man viewer by +setting the configuration variable 'man.<tool>.path'. For example, you +can configure the absolute path to konqueror by setting +'man.konqueror.path'. Otherwise, 'git-help' assumes the tool is +available in PATH. + +man.<tool>.cmd +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When the man viewer, specified by the 'man.viewer' configuration +variables, is not among the supported ones, then the corresponding +'man.<tool>.cmd' configuration variable will be looked up. If this +variable exists then the specified tool will be treated as a custom +command and a shell eval will be used to run the command with the man +page passed as arguments. + +Note about konqueror +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +When 'konqueror' is specified in the 'man.viewer' configuration +variable, we launch 'kfmclient' to try to open the man page on an +already opened konqueror in a new tab if possible. + +For consistency, we also try such a trick if 'man.konqueror.path' is +set to something like 'A_PATH_TO/konqueror'. That means we will try to +launch 'A_PATH_TO/kfmclient' instead. + +If you really want to use 'konqueror', then you can use something like +the following: + +------------------------------------------------ + [man] + viewer = konq + + [man "konq"] + cmd = A_PATH_TO/konqueror +------------------------------------------------ Note about git config --global ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -125,10 +178,10 @@ Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and the git-list Documentation ------------- -Initial documentation was part of the linkgit:git[7] man page. +Initial documentation was part of the linkgit:git[1] man page. Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> extracted and rewrote it a little. Maintenance is done by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67aec06 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +git-http-backend(1) +=================== + +NAME +---- +git-http-backend - Server side implementation of Git over HTTP + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git-http-backend' + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +A simple CGI program to serve the contents of a Git repository to Git +clients accessing the repository over http:// and https:// protocols. +The program supports clients fetching using both the smart HTTP protcol +and the backwards-compatible dumb HTTP protocol, as well as clients +pushing using the smart HTTP protocol. + +By default, only the `upload-pack` service is enabled, which serves +'git-fetch-pack' and 'git-ls-remote' clients, which are invoked from +'git-fetch', 'git-pull', and 'git-clone'. If the client is authenticated, +the `receive-pack` service is enabled, which serves 'git-send-pack' +clients, which is invoked from 'git-push'. + +SERVICES +-------- +These services can be enabled/disabled using the per-repository +configuration file: + +http.getanyfile:: + This serves older Git clients which are unable to use the + upload pack service. When enabled, clients are able to read + any file within the repository, including objects that are + no longer reachable from a branch but are still present. + It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it + by setting this configuration item to `false`. + +http.uploadpack:: + This serves 'git-fetch-pack' and 'git-ls-remote' clients. + It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it + by setting this configuration item to `false`. + +http.receivepack:: + This serves 'git-send-pack' clients, allowing push. It is + disabled by default for anonymous users, and enabled by + default for users authenticated by the web server. It can be + disabled by setting this item to `false`, or enabled for all + users, including anonymous users, by setting it to `true`. + +URL TRANSLATION +--------------- +To determine the location of the repository on disk, 'git-http-backend' +concatenates the environment variables PATH_INFO, which is set +automatically by the web server, and GIT_PROJECT_ROOT, which must be set +manually in the web server configuration. If GIT_PROJECT_ROOT is not +set, 'git-http-backend' reads PATH_TRANSLATED, which is also set +automatically by the web server. + +EXAMPLES +-------- +All of the following examples map 'http://$hostname/git/foo/bar.git' +to '/var/www/git/foo/bar.git'. + +Apache 2.x:: + Ensure mod_cgi, mod_alias, and mod_env are enabled, set + GIT_PROJECT_ROOT (or DocumentRoot) appropriately, and + create a ScriptAlias to the CGI: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +SetEnv GIT_PROJECT_ROOT /var/www/git +ScriptAlias /git/ /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To enable anonymous read access but authenticated write access, +require authorization with a LocationMatch directive: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +<LocationMatch "^/git/.*/git-receive-pack$"> + AuthType Basic + AuthName "Git Access" + Require group committers + ... +</LocationMatch> +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To require authentication for both reads and writes, use a Location +directive around the repository, or one of its parent directories: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +<Location /git/private> + AuthType Basic + AuthName "Private Git Access" + Require group committers + ... +</Location> +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +To serve gitweb at the same url, use a ScriptAliasMatch to only +those URLs that 'git-http-backend' can handle, and forward the +rest to gitweb: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +ScriptAliasMatch \ + "(?x)^/git/(.*/(HEAD | \ + info/refs | \ + objects/(info/[^/]+ | \ + [0-9a-f]{2}/[0-9a-f]{38} | \ + pack/pack-[0-9a-f]{40}\.(pack|idx)) | \ + git-(upload|receive)-pack))$" \ + /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/$1 + +ScriptAlias /git/ /var/www/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- + +Accelerated static Apache 2.x:: + Similar to the above, but Apache can be used to return static + files that are stored on disk. On many systems this may + be more efficient as Apache can ask the kernel to copy the + file contents from the file system directly to the network: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +SetEnv GIT_PROJECT_ROOT /var/www/git + +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/[0-9a-f]{2}/[0-9a-f]{38})$ /var/www/git/$1 +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/pack/pack-[0-9a-f]{40}.(pack|idx))$ /var/www/git/$1 +ScriptAlias /git/ /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +This can be combined with the gitweb configuration: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +SetEnv GIT_PROJECT_ROOT /var/www/git + +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/[0-9a-f]{2}/[0-9a-f]{38})$ /var/www/git/$1 +AliasMatch ^/git/(.*/objects/pack/pack-[0-9a-f]{40}.(pack|idx))$ /var/www/git/$1 +ScriptAliasMatch \ + "(?x)^/git/(.*/(HEAD | \ + info/refs | \ + objects/info/[^/]+ | \ + git-(upload|receive)-pack))$" \ + /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/$1 +ScriptAlias /git/ /var/www/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/ +---------------------------------------------------------------- + + +ENVIRONMENT +----------- +'git-http-backend' relies upon the CGI environment variables set +by the invoking web server, including: + +* PATH_INFO (if GIT_PROJECT_ROOT is set, otherwise PATH_TRANSLATED) +* REMOTE_USER +* REMOTE_ADDR +* CONTENT_TYPE +* QUERY_STRING +* REQUEST_METHOD + +The backend process sets GIT_COMMITTER_NAME to '$REMOTE_USER' and +GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL to '$\{REMOTE_USER}@http.$\{REMOTE_ADDR\}', +ensuring that any reflogs created by 'git-receive-pack' contain some +identifying information of the remote user who performed the push. + +All CGI environment variables are available to each of the hooks +invoked by the 'git-receive-pack'. + +Author +------ +Written by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. + +Documentation +-------------- +Documentation by Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt index b784a9d..e7c7961 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-http-fetch - Download from a remote git repository via HTTP SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-http-fetch' [-c] [-t] [-a] [-d] [-v] [-w filename] [--recover] [--stdin] <commit> <url> +'git http-fetch' [-c] [-t] [-a] [-d] [-v] [-w filename] [--recover] [--stdin] <commit> <url> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -53,4 +53,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt index 0b82722..ddf7a18 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ git-http-push - Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-http-push' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--verbose] <url> <ref> [<ref>...] +'git http-push' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--verbose] <url> <ref> [<ref>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Sends missing objects to remote repository, and updates the remote branch. -*NOTE*: This command is temporarily disabled if your cURL -library is older than 7.16, as the combination has been reported +*NOTE*: This command is temporarily disabled if your libcurl +is older than 7.16, as the combination has been reported not to work and sometimes corrupts repository. OPTIONS @@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ OPTIONS Report the list of objects being walked locally and the list of objects successfully sent to the remote repository. --d, -D:: +-d:: +-D:: Remove <ref> from remote repository. The specified branch cannot be the remote HEAD. If -d is specified the following other conditions must also be met: @@ -81,11 +82,11 @@ destination side. Without '--force', the <src> ref is stored at the remote only if <dst> does not exist, or <dst> is a proper subset (i.e. an -ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast forward check", +ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast-forward check", is performed in order to avoid accidentally overwriting the remote ref and lose other peoples' commits from there. -With '--force', the fast forward check is disabled for all refs. +With '--force', the fast-forward check is disabled for all refs. Optionally, a <ref> parameter can be prefixed with a plus '+' sign to disable the fast-forward check only on that ref. @@ -101,4 +102,4 @@ Documentation by Nick Hengeveld GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt b/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt index 522b73c..d016daf 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-imap-send.txt @@ -3,47 +3,122 @@ git-imap-send(1) NAME ---- -git-imap-send - Dump a mailbox from stdin into an imap folder +git-imap-send - Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-imap-send' +'git imap-send' DESCRIPTION ----------- -This command uploads a mailbox generated with git-format-patch -into an imap drafts folder. This allows patches to be sent as -other email is sent with mail clients that cannot read mailbox +This command uploads a mailbox generated with 'git-format-patch' +into an IMAP drafts folder. This allows patches to be sent as +other email is when using mail clients that cannot read mailbox files directly. Typical usage is something like: -git-format-patch --signoff --stdout --attach origin | git-imap-send +git format-patch --signoff --stdout --attach origin | git imap-send CONFIGURATION ------------- -git-imap-send requires the following values in the repository -configuration file (shown with examples): +To use the tool, imap.folder and either imap.tunnel or imap.host must be set +to appropriate values. + +Variables +~~~~~~~~~ + +imap.folder:: + The folder to drop the mails into, which is typically the Drafts + folder. For example: "INBOX.Drafts", "INBOX/Drafts" or + "[Gmail]/Drafts". Required to use imap-send. + +imap.tunnel:: + Command used to setup a tunnel to the IMAP server through which + commands will be piped instead of using a direct network connection + to the server. Required when imap.host is not set to use imap-send. + +imap.host:: + A URL identifying the server. Use a `imap://` prefix for non-secure + connections and a `imaps://` prefix for secure connections. + Ignored when imap.tunnel is set, but required to use imap-send + otherwise. + +imap.user:: + The username to use when logging in to the server. + +imap.pass:: + The password to use when logging in to the server. + +imap.port:: + An integer port number to connect to on the server. + Defaults to 143 for imap:// hosts and 993 for imaps:// hosts. + Ignored when imap.tunnel is set. + +imap.sslverify:: + A boolean to enable/disable verification of the server certificate + used by the SSL/TLS connection. Default is `true`. Ignored when + imap.tunnel is set. + +imap.preformattedHTML:: + A boolean to enable/disable the use of html encoding when sending + a patch. An html encoded patch will be bracketed with <pre> + and have a content type of text/html. Ironically, enabling this + option causes Thunderbird to send the patch as a plain/text, + format=fixed email. Default is `false`. + +Examples +~~~~~~~~ + +Using tunnel mode: .......................... [imap] - Folder = "INBOX.Drafts" + folder = "INBOX.Drafts" + tunnel = "ssh -q -C user@example.com /usr/bin/imapd ./Maildir 2> /dev/null" +.......................... +Using direct mode: + +......................... [imap] - Tunnel = "ssh -q user@server.com /usr/bin/imapd ./Maildir 2> /dev/null" + folder = "INBOX.Drafts" + host = imap://imap.example.com + user = bob + pass = p4ssw0rd +.......................... +Using direct mode with SSL: + +......................... [imap] - Host = imap.server.com - User = bob - Pass = pwd - Port = 143 + folder = "INBOX.Drafts" + host = imaps://imap.example.com + user = bob + pass = p4ssw0rd + port = 123 + sslverify = false .......................... +CAUTION +------- +It is still your responsibility to make sure that the email message +sent by your email program meets the standards of your project. +Many projects do not like patches to be attached. Some mail +agents will transform patches (e.g. wrap lines, send them as +format=flowed) in ways that make them fail. You will get angry +flames ridiculing you if you don't check this. + +Thunderbird in particular is known to be problematic. Thunderbird +users may wish to visit this web page for more information: + http://kb.mozillazine.org/Plain_text_e-mail_-_Thunderbird#Completely_plain_email + + BUGS ---- Doesn't handle lines starting with "From " in the message body. @@ -59,4 +134,4 @@ Documentation by Mike McCormack GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt index a7825b6..4b5c743 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ git-index-pack - Build pack index file for an existing packed archive SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-index-pack' [-v] [-o <index-file>] <pack-file> -'git-index-pack' --stdin [--fix-thin] [--keep] [-v] [-o <index-file>] +'git index-pack' [-v] [-o <index-file>] <pack-file> +'git index-pack' --stdin [--fix-thin] [--keep] [-v] [-o <index-file>] [<pack-file>] @@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ OPTIONS a default name determined from the pack content. If <pack-file> is not specified consider using --keep to prevent a race condition between this process and - linkgit:git-repack[1]. + 'git-repack'. --fix-thin:: - It is possible for linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build + It is possible for 'git-pack-objects' to build "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based on objects not included in the pack to reduce network traffic. Those objects are expected to be present on the receiving end @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ OPTIONS Before moving the index into its final destination create an empty .keep file for the associated pack file. This option is usually necessary with --stdin to prevent a - simultaneous linkgit:git-repack[1] process from deleting + simultaneous 'git-repack' process from deleting the newly constructed pack and index before refs can be updated to use objects contained in the pack. @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Once the index has been created, the list of object names is sorted and the SHA1 hash of that list is printed to stdout. If --stdin was also used then this is prefixed by either "pack\t", or "keep\t" if a new .keep file was successfully created. This is useful to remove a -.keep file used as a lock to prevent the race with linkgit:git-repack[1] +.keep file used as a lock to prevent the race with 'git-repack' mentioned above. @@ -100,4 +100,4 @@ Documentation by Sergey Vlasov GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-init-db.txt b/Documentation/git-init-db.txt index 439cabb..eba3cb4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-init-db.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-init-db.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-init-db - Creates an empty git repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-init-db' [-q | --quiet] [--template=<template_directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] +'git init-db' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] DESCRIPTION diff --git a/Documentation/git-init.txt b/Documentation/git-init.txt index b17ae84..f081b24 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-init.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-init.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-init - Create an empty git repository or reinitialize an existing one SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-init' [-q | --quiet] [--template=<template_directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] +'git init' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] [directory] OPTIONS @@ -16,10 +16,16 @@ OPTIONS -- --q, \--quiet:: +-q:: +--quiet:: Only print error and warning messages, all other output will be suppressed. +--bare:: + +Create a bare repository. If GIT_DIR environment is not set, it is set to the +current working directory. + --template=<template_directory>:: Provide the directory from which templates will be used. The default template @@ -48,20 +54,29 @@ is given: - 'group' (or 'true'): Make the repository group-writable, (and g+sx, since the git group may be not the primary group of all users). + This is used to loosen the permissions of an otherwise safe umask(2) value. + Note that the umask still applies to the other permission bits (e.g. if + umask is '0022', using 'group' will not remove read privileges from other + (non-group) users). See '0xxx' for how to exactly specify the repository + permissions. - 'all' (or 'world' or 'everybody'): Same as 'group', but make the repository readable by all users. - - '0xxx': '0xxx' is an octal number and each file will have mode '0xxx' - Any option except 'umask' can be set using this option. '0xxx' will - override users umask(2) value, and thus, users with a safe umask (0077) - can use this option. '0640' will create a repository which is group-readable - but not writable. '0660' is equivalent to 'group'. + - '0xxx': '0xxx' is an octal number and each file will have mode '0xxx'. + '0xxx' will override users' umask(2) value (and not only loosen permissions + as 'group' and 'all' does). '0640' will create a repository which is + group-readable, but not group-writable or accessible to others. '0660' will + create a repo that is readable and writable to the current user and group, + but inaccessible to others. By default, the configuration flag receive.denyNonFastForwards is enabled in shared repositories, so that you cannot force a non fast-forwarding push into it. +If you name a (possibly non-existent) directory at the end of the command +line, the command is run inside the directory (possibly after creating it). + -- @@ -80,11 +95,11 @@ If the object storage directory is specified via the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY` environment variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` directory is used. -Running `git-init` in an existing repository is safe. It will not overwrite -things that are already there. The primary reason for rerunning `git-init` +Running 'git-init' in an existing repository is safe. It will not overwrite +things that are already there. The primary reason for rerunning 'git-init' is to pick up newly added templates. -Note that `git-init` is the same as `git-init-db`. The command +Note that 'git-init' is the same as 'git-init-db'. The command was primarily meant to initialize the object database, but over time it has become responsible for setting up the other aspects of the repository, such as installing the default hooks and @@ -99,8 +114,8 @@ Start a new git repository for an existing code base:: + ---------------- $ cd /path/to/my/codebase -$ git-init <1> -$ git-add . <2> +$ git init <1> +$ git add . <2> ---------------- + <1> prepare /path/to/my/codebase/.git directory @@ -117,4 +132,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt b/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt index 51f1532..0771f25 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-instaweb.txt @@ -8,36 +8,41 @@ git-instaweb - Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-instaweb' [--local] [--httpd=<httpd>] [--port=<port>] +'git instaweb' [--local] [--httpd=<httpd>] [--port=<port>] [--browser=<browser>] -'git-instaweb' [--start] [--stop] [--restart] +'git instaweb' [--start] [--stop] [--restart] DESCRIPTION ----------- -A simple script to setup gitweb and a web server for browsing the local +A simple script to set up `gitweb` and a web server for browsing the local repository. OPTIONS ------- --l|--local:: +-l:: +--local:: Only bind the web server to the local IP (127.0.0.1). --d|--httpd:: +-d:: +--httpd:: The HTTP daemon command-line that will be executed. Command-line options may be specified here, and the configuration file will be added at the end of the command-line. - Currently lighttpd, apache2 and webrick are supported. + Currently apache2, lighttpd, mongoose and webrick are supported. (Default: lighttpd) --m|--module-path:: +-m:: +--module-path:: The module path (only needed if httpd is Apache). (Default: /usr/lib/apache2/modules) --p|--port:: +-p:: +--port:: The port number to bind the httpd to. (Default: 1234) --b|--browser:: +-b:: +--browser:: The web browser that should be used to view the gitweb page. This will be passed to the 'git-web--browse' helper script along with the URL of the gitweb instance. See @@ -86,4 +91,4 @@ Documentation by Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt index ebaee4b..3d79de1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-log.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ git-log - Show commit logs SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-log' <option>... +'git log' [<options>] [<since>..<until>] [[\--] <path>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Shows the commit logs. -The command takes options applicable to the linkgit:git-rev-list[1] +The command takes options applicable to the 'git-rev-list' command to control what is shown and how, and options applicable to -the linkgit:git-diff-tree[1] commands to control how the changes +the 'git-diff-*' commands to control how the changes each commit introduces are shown. @@ -37,14 +37,22 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] and <until>, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. ---decorate:: - Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. +--decorate[=short|full]:: + Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. If 'short' is + specified, the ref name prefixes 'refs/heads/', 'refs/tags/' and + 'refs/remotes/' will not be printed. If 'full' is specified, the + full ref name (including prefix) will be printed. The default option + is 'short'. + +--source:: + Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each + commit was reached. --full-diff:: - Without this flag, "git log -p <paths>..." shows commits that + Without this flag, "git log -p <path>..." shows commits that touch the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified paths. With this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch - the specified paths; this means that "<paths>..." limits only + the specified paths; this means that "<path>..." limits only commits, and doesn't limit diff for those commits. --follow:: @@ -57,8 +65,11 @@ include::diff-options.txt[] Note that only message is considered, if also a diff is shown its size is not included. -<paths>...:: - Show only commits that affect the specified paths. +[\--] <path>...:: + Show only commits that affect any of the specified paths. To + prevent confusion with options and branch names, paths may need + to be prefixed with "\-- " to separate them from options or + refnames. include::rev-list-options.txt[] @@ -112,4 +123,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt b/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt index b1c797f..602b8d5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-lost-found.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-lost-found - Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-lost-found' +'git lost-found' DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -78,4 +78,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt index da9ebf4..625723e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-ls-files - Show information about files in the index and the working tree SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-ls-files' [-z] [-t] [-v] +'git ls-files' [-z] [-t] [-v] (--[cached|deleted|others|ignored|stage|unmerged|killed|modified])\* (-[c|d|o|i|s|u|k|m])\* [-x <pattern>|--exclude=<pattern>] @@ -30,24 +30,32 @@ shown: OPTIONS ------- --c|--cached:: +-c:: +--cached:: Show cached files in the output (default) --d|--deleted:: +-d:: +--deleted:: Show deleted files in the output --m|--modified:: +-m:: +--modified:: Show modified files in the output --o|--others:: - Show other files in the output +-o:: +--others:: + Show other (i.e. untracked) files in the output --i|--ignored:: - Show ignored files in the output. - Note that this also reverses any exclude list present. +-i:: +--ignored:: + Show only ignored files in the output. When showing files in the + index, print only those matched by an exclude pattern. When + showing "other" files, show only those matched by an exclude + pattern. --s|--stage:: - Show stage files in the output +-s:: +--stage:: + Show staged contents' object name, mode bits and stage number in the output. --directory:: If a whole directory is classified as "other", show just its @@ -56,10 +64,12 @@ OPTIONS --no-empty-directory:: Do not list empty directories. Has no effect without --directory. --u|--unmerged:: +-u:: +--unmerged:: Show unmerged files in the output (forces --stage) --k|--killed:: +-k:: +--killed:: Show files on the filesystem that need to be removed due to file/directory conflicts for checkout-index to succeed. @@ -67,11 +77,13 @@ OPTIONS -z:: \0 line termination on output. --x|--exclude=<pattern>:: +-x <pattern>:: +--exclude=<pattern>:: Skips files matching pattern. Note that pattern is a shell wildcard pattern. --X|--exclude-from=<file>:: +-X <file>:: +--exclude-from=<file>:: exclude patterns are read from <file>; 1 per line. --exclude-per-directory=<file>:: @@ -116,7 +128,7 @@ OPTIONS --abbrev[=<n>]:: Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object - lines, show only handful hexdigits prefix. + lines, show only a partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>. \--:: @@ -133,14 +145,14 @@ which case it outputs: [<tag> ]<mode> <object> <stage> <file> -"git-ls-files --unmerged" and "git-ls-files --stage" can be used to examine +'git-ls-files --unmerged' and 'git-ls-files --stage' can be used to examine detailed information on unmerged paths. For an unmerged path, instead of recording a single mode/SHA1 pair, the index records up to three such pairs; one from tree O in stage 1, A in stage 2, and B in stage 3. This information can be used by the user (or the porcelain) to see what should eventually be recorded at the -path. (see git-read-tree for more information on state) +path. (see linkgit:git-read-tree[1] for more information on state) When `-z` option is not used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, @@ -177,7 +189,7 @@ top of the directory tree. A pattern read from a file specified by --exclude-per-directory is relative to the directory that the pattern file appears in. -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-read-tree[1], linkgit:gitignore[5] @@ -192,4 +204,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano, Josh Triplett, and the git-list GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt index c5ba0aa..abe7bf9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-ls-remote - List references in a remote repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-ls-remote' [--heads] [--tags] [-u <exec> | --upload-pack <exec>] +'git ls-remote' [--heads] [--tags] [-u <exec> | --upload-pack <exec>] <repository> <refs>... DESCRIPTION @@ -20,14 +20,18 @@ commit IDs. OPTIONS ------- --h|--heads, -t|--tags:: +-h:: +--heads:: +-t:: +--tags:: Limit to only refs/heads and refs/tags, respectively. These options are _not_ mutually exclusive; when given both, references stored in refs/heads and refs/tags are displayed. --u <exec>, --upload-pack=<exec>:: - Specify the full path of linkgit:git-upload-pack[1] on the remote +-u <exec>:: +--upload-pack=<exec>:: + Specify the full path of 'git-upload-pack' on the remote host. This allows listing references from repositories accessed via SSH and where the SSH daemon does not use the PATH configured by the user. @@ -65,8 +69,8 @@ EXAMPLES Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt index 360c0a1..c3fdccb 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt @@ -9,17 +9,29 @@ git-ls-tree - List the contents of a tree object SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-ls-tree' [-d] [-r] [-t] [-l] [-z] - [--name-only] [--name-status] [--full-name] [--abbrev=[<n>]] +'git ls-tree' [-d] [-r] [-t] [-l] [-z] + [--name-only] [--name-status] [--full-name] [--full-tree] [--abbrev=[<n>]] <tree-ish> [paths...] DESCRIPTION ----------- Lists the contents of a given tree object, like what "/bin/ls -a" does -in the current working directory. Note that the usage is subtly different, -though - 'paths' denote just a list of patterns to match, e.g. so specifying -directory name (without '-r') will behave differently, and order of the -arguments does not matter. +in the current working directory. Note that: + + - the behaviour is slightly different from that of "/bin/ls" in that the + 'paths' denote just a list of patterns to match, e.g. so specifying + directory name (without '-r') will behave differently, and order of the + arguments does not matter. + + - the behaviour is similar to that of "/bin/ls" in that the 'paths' is + taken as relative to the current working directory. E.g. when you are + in a directory 'sub' that has a directory 'dir', you can run 'git + ls-tree -r HEAD dir' to list the contents of the tree (that is + 'sub/dir' in 'HEAD'). You don't want to give a tree that is not at the + root level (e.g. 'git ls-tree -r HEAD:sub dir') in this case, as that + would result in asking for 'sub/sub/dir' in the 'HEAD' commit. + However, the current working directory can be ignored by passing + --full-tree option. OPTIONS ------- @@ -49,13 +61,17 @@ OPTIONS --abbrev[=<n>]:: Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object - lines, show only handful hexdigits prefix. + lines, show only a partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>. --full-name:: Instead of showing the path names relative to the current working directory, show the full path names. +--full-tree:: + Do not limit the listing to the current working directory. + Implies --full-name. + paths:: When paths are given, show them (note that this isn't really raw pathnames, but rather a list of patterns to match). Otherwise @@ -66,8 +82,10 @@ Output Format ------------- <mode> SP <type> SP <object> TAB <file> -When the `-z` option is not used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters +Unless the `-z` option is used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, respectively. +This output format is compatible with what '--index-info --stdin' of +'git update-index' expects. When the `-l` option is used, format changes to @@ -81,7 +99,7 @@ with minimum width of 7 characters. Object size is given only for blobs Author ------ Written by Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> -Completely rewritten from scratch by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>, +Completely rewritten from scratch by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>, another major rewrite by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> Documentation @@ -91,4 +109,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt b/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt index 3846f0e..b81ac98 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ git-mailinfo - Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-mailinfo' [-k] [-u | --encoding=<encoding>] <msg> <patch> +'git mailinfo' [-k|-b] [-u | --encoding=<encoding> | -n] [--scissors] <msg> <patch> DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reading a single e-mail message from the standard input, and +Reads a single e-mail message from the standard input, and writes the commit log message in <msg> file, and the patches in <patch> file. The author name, e-mail and e-mail subject are -written out to the standard output to be used by git-am +written out to the standard output to be used by 'git-am' to create a commit. It is usually not necessary to use this command directly. See linkgit:git-am[1] instead. @@ -29,8 +29,13 @@ OPTIONS among which (1) remove 'Re:' or 're:', (2) leading whitespaces, (3) '[' up to ']', typically '[PATCH]', and then prepends "[PATCH] ". This flag forbids this - munging, and is most useful when used to read back 'git - format-patch -k' output. + munging, and is most useful when used to read back + 'git-format-patch -k' output. + +-b:: + When -k is not in effect, all leading strings bracketed with '[' + and ']' pairs are stripped. This option limits the stripping to + only the pairs whose bracketed string contains the word "PATCH". -u:: The commit log message, author name and author email are @@ -46,6 +51,28 @@ conversion, even with this flag. from what is specified by i18n.commitencoding, this flag can be used to override it. +-n:: + Disable all charset re-coding of the metadata. + +--scissors:: + Remove everything in body before a scissors line. A line that + mainly consists of scissors (either ">8" or "8<") and perforation + (dash "-") marks is called a scissors line, and is used to request + the reader to cut the message at that line. If such a line + appears in the body of the message before the patch, everything + before it (including the scissors line itself) is ignored when + this option is used. ++ +This is useful if you want to begin your message in a discussion thread +with comments and suggestions on the message you are responding to, and to +conclude it with a patch submission, separating the discussion and the +beginning of the proposed commit log message with a scissors line. ++ +This can enabled by default with the configuration option mailinfo.scissors. + +--no-scissors:: + Ignore scissors lines. Useful for overriding mailinfo.scissors settings. + <msg>:: The commit log message extracted from e-mail, usually except the title line which comes from e-mail Subject. @@ -57,7 +84,7 @@ conversion, even with this flag. Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation @@ -66,4 +93,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt b/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt index 8243f69..5cc94ec 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-mailsplit - Simple UNIX mbox splitter program SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-mailsplit' [-b] [-f<nn>] [-d<prec>] -o<directory> [--] [<mbox>|<Maildir>...] +'git mailsplit' [-b] [-f<nn>] [-d<prec>] -o<directory> [--] [<mbox>|<Maildir>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ OPTIONS Root of the Maildir to split. This directory should contain the cur, tmp and new subdirectories. -<directory>:: +-o<directory>:: Directory in which to place the individual messages. -b:: @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ OPTIONS Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> -and Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +and Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation @@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt index 07f78b4..ce5b369 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt @@ -8,26 +8,85 @@ git-merge-base - Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-merge-base' [--all] <commit> <commit> +'git merge-base' [-a|--all] <commit> <commit>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -"git-merge-base" finds as good a common ancestor as possible between -the two commits. That is, given two commits A and B 'git-merge-base A -B' will output a commit which is reachable from both A and B through -the parent relationship. +'git merge-base' finds best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use +in a three-way merge. One common ancestor is 'better' than another common +ancestor if the latter is an ancestor of the former. A common ancestor +that does not have any better common ancestor is a 'best common +ancestor', i.e. a 'merge base'. Note that there can be more than one +merge base for a pair of commits. -Given a selection of equally good common ancestors it should not be -relied on to decide in any particular way. +Among the two commits to compute the merge base from, one is specified by +the first commit argument on the command line; the other commit is a +(possibly hypothetical) commit that is a merge across all the remaining +commits on the command line. As the most common special case, specifying only +two commits on the command line means computing the merge base between +the given two commits. -The "git-merge-base" algorithm is still in flux - use the source... +As a consequence, the 'merge base' is not necessarily contained in each of the +commit arguments if more than two commits are specified. This is different +from linkgit:git-show-branch[1] when used with the `--merge-base` option. OPTIONS ------- +-a:: --all:: - Output all common ancestors for the two commits instead of - just one. + Output all merge bases for the commits, instead of just one. + +DISCUSSION +---------- + +Given two commits 'A' and 'B', `git merge-base A B` will output a commit +which is reachable from both 'A' and 'B' through the parent relationship. + +For example, with this topology: + + o---o---o---B + / + ---o---1---o---o---o---A + +the merge base between 'A' and 'B' is '1'. + +Given three commits 'A', 'B' and 'C', `git merge-base A B C` will compute the +merge base between 'A' and a hypothetical commit 'M', which is a merge +between 'B' and 'C'. For example, with this topology: + + o---o---o---o---C + / + / o---o---o---B + / / + ---2---1---o---o---o---A + +the result of `git merge-base A B C` is '1'. This is because the +equivalent topology with a merge commit 'M' between 'B' and 'C' is: + + + o---o---o---o---o + / \ + / o---o---o---o---M + / / + ---2---1---o---o---o---A + +and the result of `git merge-base A M` is '1'. Commit '2' is also a +common ancestor between 'A' and 'M', but '1' is a better common ancestor, +because '2' is an ancestor of '1'. Hence, '2' is not a merge base. + +When the history involves criss-cross merges, there can be more than one +'best' common ancestor for two commits. For example, with this topology: + + ---1---o---A + \ / + X + / \ + ---2---o---o---B + +both '1' and '2' are merge-bases of A and B. Neither one is better than +the other (both are 'best' merge bases). When the `--all` option is not given, +it is unspecified which best one is output. Author ------ @@ -39,4 +98,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt index c513184..3035373 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt @@ -9,23 +9,23 @@ git-merge-file - Run a three-way file merge SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-merge-file' [-L <current-name> [-L <base-name> [-L <other-name>]]] +'git merge-file' [-L <current-name> [-L <base-name> [-L <other-name>]]] [-p|--stdout] [-q|--quiet] <current-file> <base-file> <other-file> DESCRIPTION ----------- -git-file-merge incorporates all changes that lead from the `<base-file>` +'git-merge-file' incorporates all changes that lead from the `<base-file>` to `<other-file>` into `<current-file>`. The result ordinarily goes into -`<current-file>`. git-merge-file is useful for combining separate changes +`<current-file>`. 'git-merge-file' is useful for combining separate changes to an original. Suppose `<base-file>` is the original, and both -`<current-file>` and `<other-file>` are modifications of `<base-file>`. -Then git-merge-file combines both changes. +`<current-file>` and `<other-file>` are modifications of `<base-file>`, +then 'git-merge-file' combines both changes. A conflict occurs if both `<current-file>` and `<other-file>` have changes -in a common segment of lines. If a conflict is found, git-merge-file -normally outputs a warning and brackets the conflict with <<<<<<< and ->>>>>>> lines. A typical conflict will look like this: +in a common segment of lines. If a conflict is found, 'git-merge-file' +normally outputs a warning and brackets the conflict with lines containing +<<<<<<< and >>>>>>> markers. A typical conflict will look like this: <<<<<<< A lines in file A @@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ the alternatives. The exit value of this program is negative on error, and the number of conflicts otherwise. If the merge was clean, the exit value is 0. -git-merge-file is designed to be a minimal clone of RCS merge, that is, it -implements all of RCS merge's functionality which is needed by +'git-merge-file' is designed to be a minimal clone of RCS 'merge'; that is, it +implements all of RCS 'merge''s functionality which is needed by linkgit:git[1]. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ OPTIONS This option may be given up to three times, and specifies labels to be used in place of the corresponding file names in conflict reports. That is, - `git-merge-file -L x -L y -L z a b c` generates output that + `git merge-file -L x -L y -L z a b c` generates output that looks like it came from files x, y and z instead of from files a, b and c. @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ OPTIONS `<current-file>`. -q:: - Quiet; do not warn about conflicts. + Quiet; do not warn about conflicts. EXAMPLES @@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ Written by Johannes Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de> Documentation -------------- Documentation by Johannes Schindelin and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>, -with parts copied from the original documentation of RCS merge. +with parts copied from the original documentation of RCS 'merge'. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt index 19ee017..123e6d0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-merge-index - Run a merge for files needing merging SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-merge-index' [-o] [-q] <merge-program> (-a | [--] <file>\*) +'git merge-index' [-o] [-q] <merge-program> (-a | [--] <file>\*) DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -29,31 +29,31 @@ OPTIONS Instead of stopping at the first failed merge, do all of them in one shot - continue with merging even when previous merges returned errors, and only return the error code after all the - merges are over. + merges. -q:: - Do not complain about failed merge program (the merge program - failure usually indicates conflicts during merge). This is for + Do not complain about a failed merge program (a merge program + failure usually indicates conflicts during the merge). This is for porcelains which might want to emit custom messages. -If "git-merge-index" is called with multiple <file>s (or -a) then it +If 'git-merge-index' is called with multiple <file>s (or -a) then it processes them in turn only stopping if merge returns a non-zero exit code. Typically this is run with a script calling git's imitation of -the merge command from the RCS package. +the 'merge' command from the RCS package. -A sample script called "git-merge-one-file" is included in the +A sample script called 'git-merge-one-file' is included in the distribution. ALERT ALERT ALERT! The git "merge object order" is different from the -RCS "merge" program merge object order. In the above ordering, the +RCS 'merge' program merge object order. In the above ordering, the original is first. But the argument order to the 3-way merge program -"merge" is to have the original in the middle. Don't ask me why. +'merge' is to have the original in the middle. Don't ask me why. Examples: - torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git-merge-index cat MM + torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat MM This is MM from the original tree. # original This is modified MM in the branch A. # merge1 This is modified MM in the branch B. # merge2 @@ -61,17 +61,17 @@ Examples: or - torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git-merge-index cat AA MM + torvalds@ppc970:~/merge-test> git merge-index cat AA MM cat: : No such file or directory This is added AA in the branch A. This is added AA in the branch B. This is added AA in the branch B. fatal: merge program failed -where the latter example shows how "git-merge-index" will stop trying to -merge once anything has returned an error (i.e., "cat" returned an error +where the latter example shows how 'git-merge-index' will stop trying to +merge once anything has returned an error (i.e., `cat` returned an error for the AA file, because it didn't exist in the original, and thus -"git-merge-index" didn't even try to merge the MM thing). +'git-merge-index' didn't even try to merge the MM thing). Author ------ @@ -84,4 +84,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt index ee95df3..dc8a96a 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-one-file.txt @@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -This is the standard helper program to use with "git-merge-index" -to resolve a merge after the trivial merge done with "git-read-tree -m". +This is the standard helper program to use with 'git-merge-index' +to resolve a merge after the trivial merge done with 'git-read-tree -m'. Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>, -Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> and Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz>. +Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz>. Documentation -------------- @@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt index 4cc0964..f869a7f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt @@ -8,20 +8,20 @@ git-merge-tree - Show three-way merge without touching index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-merge-tree' <base-tree> <branch1> <branch2> +'git merge-tree' <base-tree> <branch1> <branch2> DESCRIPTION ----------- Reads three treeish, and output trivial merge results and conflicting stages to the standard output. This is similar to -what three-way read-tree -m does, but instead of storing the +what three-way 'git read-tree -m' does, but instead of storing the results in the index, the command outputs the entries to the standard output. This is meant to be used by higher level scripts to compute -merge results outside index, and stuff the results back into the +merge results outside of the index, and stuff the results back into the index. For this reason, the output from the command omits -entries that match <branch1> tree. +entries that match the <branch1> tree. Author ------ @@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt index c136b10..e886c2e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt @@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ git-merge - Join two or more development histories together SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-merge' [-n] [--summary] [--no-commit] [--squash] [-s <strategy>]... - [-m <msg>] <remote> <remote>... -'git-merge' <msg> HEAD <remote>... +'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [-s <strategy>]... + [-m <msg>] <remote>... +'git merge' <msg> HEAD <remote>... DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -28,90 +28,62 @@ OPTIONS include::merge-options.txt[] -m <msg>:: - The commit message to be used for the merge commit (in case - it is created). The `git-fmt-merge-msg` script can be used - to give a good default for automated `git-merge` invocations. + Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in + case one is created). The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be + used to give a good default for automated 'git merge' + invocations. -<remote>:: - Other branch head merged into our branch. You need at +<remote>...:: + Other branch heads to merge into our branch. You need at least one <remote>. Specifying more than one <remote> obviously means you are trying an Octopus. include::merge-strategies.txt[] -If you tried a merge which resulted in a complex conflicts and -would want to start over, you can recover with -linkgit:git-reset[1]. +If you tried a merge which resulted in complex conflicts and +want to start over, you can recover with 'git-reset'. CONFIGURATION ------------- - -merge.summary:: - Whether to include summaries of merged commits in newly - created merge commit. False by default. - -merge.verbosity:: - Controls the amount of output shown by the recursive merge - strategy. Level 0 outputs nothing except a final error - message if conflicts were detected. Level 1 outputs only - conflicts, 2 outputs conflicts and file changes. Level 5 and - above outputs debugging information. The default is level 2. - Can be overridden by 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY' environment variable. +include::merge-config.txt[] branch.<name>.mergeoptions:: Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and - supported options are equal to that of git-merge, but option values - containing whitespace characters are currently not supported. + supported options are the same as those of 'git merge', but option + values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported. HOW MERGE WORKS --------------- A merge is always between the current `HEAD` and one or more commits (usually, branch head or tag), and the index file must -exactly match the -tree of `HEAD` commit (i.e. the contents of the last commit) when -it happens. In other words, `git-diff --cached HEAD` must -report no changes. - -[NOTE] -This is a bit of a lie. In certain special cases, your index is -allowed to be different from the tree of the `HEAD` commit. The most -notable case is when your `HEAD` commit is already ahead of what -is being merged, in which case your index can have arbitrary -differences from your `HEAD` commit. Also, your index entries -may have differences from your `HEAD` commit that match -the result of a trivial merge (e.g. you received the same patch -from an external source to produce the same result as what you are -merging). For example, if a path did not exist in the common -ancestor and your head commit but exists in the tree you are -merging into your repository, and if you already happen to have -that path exactly in your index, the merge does not have to -fail. - -Otherwise, merge will refuse to do any harm to your repository -(that is, it may fetch the objects from remote, and it may even -update the local branch used to keep track of the remote branch -with `git pull remote rbranch:lbranch`, but your working tree, -`.git/HEAD` pointer and index file are left intact). - -You may have local modifications in the working tree files. In -other words, `git-diff` is allowed to report changes. -However, the merge uses your working tree as the working area, -and in order to prevent the merge operation from losing such -changes, it makes sure that they do not interfere with the -merge. Those complex tables in read-tree documentation define -what it means for a path to "interfere with the merge". And if -your local modifications interfere with the merge, again, it -stops before touching anything. - -So in the above two "failed merge" case, you do not have to -worry about loss of data --- you simply were not ready to do -a merge, so no merge happened at all. You may want to finish -whatever you were in the middle of doing, and retry the same -pull after you are done and ready. - -When things cleanly merge, these things happen: +match the tree of `HEAD` commit (i.e. the contents of the last commit) +when it starts out. In other words, `git diff --cached HEAD` must +report no changes. (One exception is when the changed index +entries are already in the same state that would result from +the merge anyway.) + +Three kinds of merge can happen: + +* The merged commit is already contained in `HEAD`. This is the + simplest case, called "Already up-to-date." + +* `HEAD` is already contained in the merged commit. This is the + most common case especially when invoked from 'git pull': + you are tracking an upstream repository, have committed no local + changes and now you want to update to a newer upstream revision. + Your `HEAD` (and the index) is updated to point at the merged + commit, without creating an extra merge commit. This is + called "Fast-forward". + +* Both the merged commit and `HEAD` are independent and must be + tied together by a merge commit that has both of them as its parents. + The rest of this section describes this "True merge" case. + +The chosen merge strategy merges the two commits into a single +new source tree. +When things merge cleanly, this is what happens: 1. The results are updated both in the index file and in your working tree; @@ -120,16 +92,16 @@ When things cleanly merge, these things happen: 4. The `HEAD` pointer gets advanced. Because of 2., we require that the original state of the index -file to match exactly the current `HEAD` commit; otherwise we +file matches exactly the current `HEAD` commit; otherwise we will write out your local changes already registered in your index file along with the merge result, which is not good. -Because 1. involves only the paths different between your +Because 1. involves only those paths differing between your branch and the remote branch you are pulling from during the merge (which is typically a fraction of the whole tree), you can have local modifications in your working tree as long as they do not overlap with what the merge updates. -When there are conflicts, these things happen: +When there are conflicts, the following happens: 1. `HEAD` stays the same. @@ -139,38 +111,152 @@ When there are conflicts, these things happen: 3. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three versions; stage1 stores the version from the common ancestor, stage2 from `HEAD`, and stage3 from the remote branch (you - can inspect the stages with `git-ls-files -u`). The working - tree files have the result of "merge" program; i.e. 3-way - merge result with familiar conflict markers `<<< === >>>`. + can inspect the stages with `git ls-files -u`). The working + tree files contain the result of the "merge" program; i.e. 3-way + merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<< === >>>`. 4. No other changes are done. In particular, the local modifications you had before you started merge will stay the same and the index entries for them stay as they were, i.e. matching `HEAD`. +HOW CONFLICTS ARE PRESENTED +--------------------------- + +During a merge, the working tree files are updated to reflect the result +of the merge. Among the changes made to the common ancestor's version, +non-overlapping ones (that is, you changed an area of the file while the +other side left that area intact, or vice versa) are incorporated in the +final result verbatim. When both sides made changes to the same area, +however, git cannot randomly pick one side over the other, and asks you to +resolve it by leaving what both sides did to that area. + +By default, git uses the same style as that is used by "merge" program +from the RCS suite to present such a conflicted hunk, like this: + +------------ +Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common +ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed. +<<<<<<< yours:sample.txt +Conflict resolution is hard; +let's go shopping. +======= +Git makes conflict resolution easy. +>>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt +And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified. +------------ + +The area where a pair of conflicting changes happened is marked with markers +`<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>`. The part before the `=======` +is typically your side, and the part afterwards is typically their side. + +The default format does not show what the original said in the conflicting +area. You cannot tell how many lines are deleted and replaced with +Barbie's remark on your side. The only thing you can tell is that your +side wants to say it is hard and you'd prefer to go shopping, while the +other side wants to claim it is easy. + +An alternative style can be used by setting the "merge.conflictstyle" +configuration variable to "diff3". In "diff3" style, the above conflict +may look like this: + +------------ +Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common +ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed. +<<<<<<< yours:sample.txt +Conflict resolution is hard; +let's go shopping. +||||||| +Conflict resolution is hard. +======= +Git makes conflict resolution easy. +>>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt +And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified. +------------ + +In addition to the `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` markers, it uses +another `|||||||` marker that is followed by the original text. You can +tell that the original just stated a fact, and your side simply gave in to +that statement and gave up, while the other side tried to have a more +positive attitude. You can sometimes come up with a better resolution by +viewing the original. + + +HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS +------------------------ + After seeing a conflict, you can do two things: - * Decide not to merge. The only clean-up you need are to reset + * Decide not to merge. The only clean-ups you need are to reset the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean - up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; `git-reset` can + up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; 'git-reset --hard' can be used for this. - * Resolve the conflicts. `git-diff` would report only the - conflicting paths because of the above 2. and 3.. Edit the - working tree files into a desirable shape, `git-add` or `git-rm` - them, to make the index file contain what the merge result - should be, and run `git-commit` to commit the result. + * Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in + the working tree. Edit the files into shape and + 'git-add' them to the index. Use 'git-commit' to seal the deal. + +You can work through the conflict with a number of tools: + + * Use a mergetool. 'git mergetool' to launch a graphical + mergetool which will work you through the merge. + + * Look at the diffs. 'git diff' will show a three-way diff, + highlighting changes from both the HEAD and remote versions. + + * Look at the diffs on their own. 'git log --merge -p <path>' + will show diffs first for the HEAD version and then the + remote version. + + * Look at the originals. 'git show :1:filename' shows the + common ancestor, 'git show :2:filename' shows the HEAD + version and 'git show :3:filename' shows the remote version. + + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Merge branches `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of + the current branch, making an octopus merge: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge fixes enhancements +------------------------------------------------ + +* Merge branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours` + merge strategy: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge -s ours obsolete +------------------------------------------------ + +* Merge branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make + a new commit automatically: ++ +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge --no-commit maint +------------------------------------------------ ++ +This can be used when you want to include further changes to the +merge, or want to write your own merge commit message. ++ +You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial +changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping +release/version name would be acceptable. SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-fmt-merge-msg[1], linkgit:git-pull[1], -linkgit:gitattributes[5] - +linkgit:gitattributes[5], +linkgit:git-reset[1], +linkgit:git-diff[1], linkgit:git-ls-files[1], +linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-rm[1], +linkgit:git-mergetool[1] Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation @@ -179,4 +265,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..78eb03f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +git-mergetool--lib(1) +===================== + +NAME +---- +git-mergetool--lib - Common git merge tool shell scriptlets + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +'TOOL_MODE=(diff|merge) . "$(git --exec-path)/git-mergetool--lib"' + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This is not a command the end user would want to run. Ever. +This documentation is meant for people who are studying the +Porcelain-ish scripts and/or are writing new ones. + +The 'git-mergetool--lib' scriptlet is designed to be sourced (using +`.`) by other shell scripts to set up functions for working +with git merge tools. + +Before sourcing 'git-mergetool--lib', your script must set `TOOL_MODE` +to define the operation mode for the functions listed below. +'diff' and 'merge' are valid values. + +FUNCTIONS +--------- +get_merge_tool:: + returns a merge tool. + +get_merge_tool_cmd:: + returns the custom command for a merge tool. + +get_merge_tool_path:: + returns the custom path for a merge tool. + +run_merge_tool:: + launches a merge tool given the tool name and a true/false + flag to indicate whether a merge base is present. + '$MERGED', '$LOCAL', '$REMOTE', and '$BASE' must be defined + for use by the merge tool. + +Author +------ +Written by David Aguilar <davvid@gmail.com> + +Documentation +-------------- +Documentation by David Aguilar and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt index 8ed4494..4a6f7f3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt @@ -7,43 +7,45 @@ git-mergetool - Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-mergetool' [--tool=<tool>] [<file>]... +'git mergetool' [--tool=<tool>] [-y|--no-prompt|--prompt] [<file>]... DESCRIPTION ----------- Use `git mergetool` to run one of several merge utilities to resolve -merge conflicts. It is typically run after linkgit:git-merge[1]. +merge conflicts. It is typically run after 'git-merge'. If one or more <file> parameters are given, the merge tool program will be run to resolve differences on each file. If no <file> names are -specified, `git mergetool` will run the merge tool program on every file +specified, 'git-mergetool' will run the merge tool program on every file with merge conflicts. OPTIONS ------- --t or --tool=<tool>:: +-t <tool>:: +--tool=<tool>:: Use the merge resolution program specified by <tool>. Valid merge tools are: - kdiff3, tkdiff, meld, xxdiff, emerge, vimdiff, gvimdiff, ecmerge, and opendiff + kdiff3, tkdiff, meld, xxdiff, emerge, vimdiff, gvimdiff, ecmerge, + diffuse, tortoisemerge, opendiff, p4merge and araxis. + -If a merge resolution program is not specified, `git mergetool` +If a merge resolution program is not specified, 'git-mergetool' will use the configuration variable `merge.tool`. If the -configuration variable `merge.tool` is not set, `git mergetool` +configuration variable `merge.tool` is not set, 'git-mergetool' will pick a suitable default. + You can explicitly provide a full path to the tool by setting the configuration variable `mergetool.<tool>.path`. For example, you can configure the absolute path to kdiff3 by setting -`mergetool.kdiff3.path`. Otherwise, `git mergetool` assumes the +`mergetool.kdiff3.path`. Otherwise, 'git-mergetool' assumes the tool is available in PATH. + -Instead of running one of the known merge tool programs -`git mergetool` can be customized to run an alternative program -by specifying the command line to invoke in a configration +Instead of running one of the known merge tool programs, +'git-mergetool' can be customized to run an alternative program +by specifying the command line to invoke in a configuration variable `mergetool.<tool>.cmd`. + -When `git mergetool` is invoked with this tool (either through the +When 'git-mergetool' is invoked with this tool (either through the `-t` or `--tool` option or the `merge.tool` configuration variable) the configured command line will be invoked with `$BASE` set to the name of a temporary file containing the common base for @@ -55,11 +57,21 @@ of the file to which the merge tool should write the result of the merge resolution. + If the custom merge tool correctly indicates the success of a -merge resolution with its exit code then the configuration +merge resolution with its exit code, then the configuration variable `mergetool.<tool>.trustExitCode` can be set to `true`. -Otherwise, `git mergetool` will prompt the user to indicate the +Otherwise, 'git-mergetool' will prompt the user to indicate the success of the resolution after the custom tool has exited. +-y:: +--no-prompt:: + Don't prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution + program. + +--prompt:: + Prompt before each invocation of the merge resolution program. + This is the default behaviour; the option is provided to + override any configuration settings. + Author ------ Written by Theodore Y Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> @@ -70,4 +82,4 @@ Documentation by Theodore Y Ts'o. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mktag.txt b/Documentation/git-mktag.txt index 82db9f5..8bcc114 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mktag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mktag.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-mktag - Creates a tag object SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-mktag' < signature_file +'git mktag' < signature_file DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mktree.txt b/Documentation/git-mktree.txt index f312036..81e3326 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mktree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mktree.txt @@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ git-mktree - Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-mktree' [-z] +'git mktree' [-z] [--missing] [--batch] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads standard input in non-recursive `ls-tree` output format, -and creates a tree object. The object name of the tree object +Reads standard input in non-recursive `ls-tree` output format, and creates +a tree object. The order of the tree entries is normalised by mktree so +pre-sorting the input is not required. The object name of the tree object built is written to the standard output. OPTIONS @@ -21,9 +22,21 @@ OPTIONS -z:: Read the NUL-terminated `ls-tree -z` output instead. +--missing:: + Allow missing objects. The default behaviour (without this option) + is to verify that each tree entry's sha1 identifies an existing + object. This option has no effect on the treatment of gitlink entries + (aka "submodules") which are always allowed to be missing. + +--batch:: + Allow building of more than one tree object before exiting. Each + tree is separated by as single blank line. The final new-line is + optional. Note - if the '-z' option is used, lines are terminated + with NUL. + Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -31,4 +44,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-mv.txt b/Documentation/git-mv.txt index bff3fbe..bdcb585 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mv.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mv.txt @@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ git-mv - Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-mv' <options>... <args>... +'git mv' <options>... <args>... DESCRIPTION ----------- This script is used to move or rename a file, directory or symlink. - git-mv [-f] [-n] <source> <destination> - git-mv [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> ... <destination directory> + git mv [-f] [-n] <source> <destination> + git mv [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> ... <destination directory> In the first form, it renames <source>, which must exist and be either a file, symlink or directory, to <destination>. @@ -28,13 +28,15 @@ committed. OPTIONS ------- -f:: +--force:: Force renaming or moving of a file even if the target exists -k:: Skip move or rename actions which would lead to an error condition. An error happens when a source is neither existing nor controlled by GIT, or when it would overwrite an existing file unless '-f' is given. --n, \--dry-run:: +-n:: +--dry-run:: Do nothing; only show what would happen @@ -50,4 +52,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt index efcabdc..7ca8a7b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt @@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ git-name-rev - Find symbolic names for given revs SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-name-rev' [--tags] [--refs=<pattern>] +'git name-rev' [--tags] [--refs=<pattern>] ( --all | --stdin | <committish>... ) DESCRIPTION ----------- Finds symbolic names suitable for human digestion for revisions given in any -format parsable by git-rev-parse. +format parsable by 'git-rev-parse'. OPTIONS @@ -38,8 +38,14 @@ OPTIONS Instead of printing both the SHA-1 and the name, print only the name. If given with --tags the usual tag prefix of "tags/" is also omitted from the name, matching the output - of linkgit:git-describe[1] more closely. This option - cannot be combined with --stdin. + of `git-describe` more closely. + +--no-undefined:: + Die with error code != 0 when a reference is undefined, + instead of printing `undefined`. + +--always:: + Show uniquely abbreviated commit object as fallback. EXAMPLE ------- @@ -49,11 +55,11 @@ wrote you about that fantastic commit 33db5f4d9027a10e477ccf054b2c1ab94f74c85a. Of course, you look into the commit, but that only tells you what happened, but not the context. -Enter git-name-rev: +Enter 'git-name-rev': ------------ % git name-rev 33db5f4d9027a10e477ccf054b2c1ab94f74c85a -33db5f4d9027a10e477ccf054b2c1ab94f74c85a tags/v0.99^0~940 +33db5f4d9027a10e477ccf054b2c1ab94f74c85a tags/v0.99~940 ------------ Now you are wiser, because you know that it happened 940 revisions before v0.99. @@ -75,4 +81,4 @@ Documentation by Johannes Schindelin. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-notes.txt b/Documentation/git-notes.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..94cceb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-notes.txt @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +git-notes(1) +============ + +NAME +---- +git-notes - Add/inspect commit notes + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git-notes' (edit [-F <file> | -m <msg>] | show) [commit] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +This command allows you to add notes to commit messages, without +changing the commit. To discern these notes from the message stored +in the commit object, the notes are indented like the message, after +an unindented line saying "Notes:". + +To disable commit notes, you have to set the config variable +core.notesRef to the empty string. Alternatively, you can set it +to a different ref, something like "refs/notes/bugzilla". This setting +can be overridden by the environment variable "GIT_NOTES_REF". + + +SUBCOMMANDS +----------- + +edit:: + Edit the notes for a given commit (defaults to HEAD). + +show:: + Show the notes for a given commit (defaults to HEAD). + + +OPTIONS +------- +-m <msg>:: + Use the given note message (instead of prompting). + If multiple `-m` (or `-F`) options are given, their + values are concatenated as separate paragraphs. + +-F <file>:: + Take the note message from the given file. Use '-' to + read the note message from the standard input. + If multiple `-F` (or `-m`) options are given, their + values are concatenated as separate paragraphs. + + +Author +------ +Written by Johannes Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de> + +Documentation +------------- +Documentation by Johannes Schindelin + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt index 3a1be08..f54d433 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt @@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ git-pack-objects - Create a packed archive of objects SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-pack-objects' [-q] [--no-reuse-delta] [--delta-base-offset] [--non-empty] - [--local] [--incremental] [--window=N] [--depth=N] [--all-progress] - [--revs [--unpacked | --all]*] [--stdout | base-name] < object-list +'git pack-objects' [-q | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-progress-implied] + [--no-reuse-delta] [--delta-base-offset] [--non-empty] + [--local] [--incremental] [--window=N] [--depth=N] + [--revs [--unpacked | --all]*] [--stdout | base-name] + [--keep-true-parents] < object-list DESCRIPTION @@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ Placing both in the pack/ subdirectory of $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY (or any of the directories on $GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES) enables git to read from such an archive. -'git-unpack-objects' command can read the packed archive and +The 'git-unpack-objects' command can read the packed archive and expand the objects contained in the pack into "one-file one-object" format; this is typically done by the smart-pull commands when a pack is created on-the-fly for efficient network @@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ base-name:: --revs:: Read the revision arguments from the standard input, instead of individual object names. The revision arguments are processed - the same way as linkgit:git-rev-list[1] with `--objects` flag + the same way as 'git-rev-list' with the `--objects` flag uses its `commit` arguments to build the list of objects it outputs. The objects on the resulting list are packed. @@ -79,7 +81,8 @@ base-name:: reference was included in the resulting packfile. This can be useful to send new tags to native git clients. ---window=[N], --depth=[N]:: +--window=[N]:: +--depth=[N]:: These two options affect how the objects contained in the pack are stored using delta compression. The objects are first internally sorted by type, size and @@ -108,6 +111,11 @@ base-name:: The default is unlimited, unless the config variable `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. +--honor-pack-keep:: + This flag causes an object already in a local pack that + has a .keep file to be ignored, even if it appears in the + standard input. + --incremental:: This flag causes an object already in a pack ignored even if it appears in the standard input. @@ -115,7 +123,7 @@ base-name:: --local:: This flag is similar to `--incremental`; instead of ignoring all packed objects, it only ignores objects - that are packed and not in the local object store + that are packed and/or not in the local object store (i.e. borrowed from an alternate). --non-empty:: @@ -130,7 +138,7 @@ base-name:: --all-progress:: When --stdout is specified then progress report is - displayed during the object count and deltification phases + displayed during the object count and compression phases but inhibited during the write-out phase. The reason is that in some cases the output stream is directly linked to another command which may wish to display progress @@ -139,6 +147,11 @@ base-name:: report for the write-out phase as well even if --stdout is used. +--all-progress-implied:: + This is used to imply --all-progress whenever progress display + is activated. Unlike --all-progress this flag doesn't actually + force any progress display by itself. + -q:: This flag makes the command not to report its progress on the standard error stream. @@ -162,14 +175,14 @@ base-name:: generated pack. If not specified, pack compression level is determined first by pack.compression, then by core.compression, and defaults to -1, the zlib default, if neither is set. - Add \--no-reuse-object if you want to force a uniform compression + Add --no-reuse-object if you want to force a uniform compression level on all data no matter the source. --delta-base-offset:: A packed archive can express base object of a delta as either 20-byte object name or as an offset in the stream, but older version of git does not understand the - latter. By default, git-pack-objects only uses the + latter. By default, 'git-pack-objects' only uses the former format for better compatibility. This option allows the command to use the latter format for compactness. Depending on the average delta chain @@ -191,6 +204,10 @@ base-name:: to force the version for the generated pack index, and to force 64-bit index entries on objects located above the given offset. +--keep-true-parents:: + With this option, parents that are hidden by grafts are packed + nevertheless. + Author ------ @@ -200,7 +217,7 @@ Documentation ------------- Documentation by Junio C Hamano -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-rev-list[1] linkgit:git-repack[1] @@ -208,4 +225,4 @@ linkgit:git-prune-packed[1] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt index af4aa4a..5f9435e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt @@ -8,21 +8,21 @@ git-pack-redundant - Find redundant pack files SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-pack-redundant' [ --verbose ] [ --alt-odb ] < --all | .pack filename ... > +'git pack-redundant' [ --verbose ] [ --alt-odb ] < --all | .pack filename ... > DESCRIPTION ----------- This program computes which packs in your repository are redundant. The output is suitable for piping to -'xargs rm' if you are in the root of the repository. +`xargs rm` if you are in the root of the repository. -git-pack-redundant accepts a list of objects on standard input. Any objects +'git-pack-redundant' accepts a list of objects on standard input. Any objects given will be ignored when checking which packs are required. This makes the following command useful when wanting to remove packs which contain unreachable objects. -git-fsck --full --unreachable | cut -d ' ' -f3 | \ -git-pack-redundant --all | xargs rm +git fsck --full --unreachable | cut -d ' ' -f3 | \ +git pack-redundant --all | xargs rm OPTIONS ------- @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Documentation -------------- Documentation by Lukas Sandström <lukass@etek.chalmers.se> -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] linkgit:git-repack[1] @@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ linkgit:git-prune-packed[1] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-refs.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-refs.txt index e4ff934..1ee99c2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-refs.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-refs.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-pack-refs - Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-pack-refs' [--all] [--no-prune] +'git pack-refs' [--all] [--no-prune] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -26,23 +26,23 @@ problem by stashing the refs in a single file, traditional `$GIT_DIR/refs` hierarchy, it is looked up in this file and used if found. -Subsequent updates to branches always creates new file under +Subsequent updates to branches always create new files under `$GIT_DIR/refs` hierarchy. A recommended practice to deal with a repository with too many refs is to pack its refs with `--all --prune` once, and -occasionally run `git-pack-refs \--prune`. Tags are by +occasionally run `git pack-refs \--prune`. Tags are by definition stationary and are not expected to change. Branch heads will be packed with the initial `pack-refs --all`, but only the currently active branch heads will become unpacked, -and next `pack-refs` (without `--all`) will leave them +and the next `pack-refs` (without `--all`) will leave them unpacked. OPTIONS ------- -\--all:: +--all:: The command by default packs all tags and refs that are already packed, and leaves other refs @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ developed and packing their tips does not help performance. This option causes branch tips to be packed as well. Useful for a repository with many branches of historical interests. -\--no-prune:: +--no-prune:: The command usually removes loose refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs` hierarchy after packing them. This option tells it not to. @@ -63,4 +63,4 @@ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt index deb8b2f..39d9daa 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-parse-remote.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-parse-remote - Routines to help parsing remote repository access parameters SYNOPSIS -------- -'. git-parse-remote' +'. "$(git --exec-path)/git-parse-remote"' DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -17,26 +17,6 @@ routines to parse files under $GIT_DIR/remotes/ and $GIT_DIR/branches/ and configuration variables that are related to fetching, pulling and pushing. -The primary entry points are: - -get_remote_refs_for_fetch:: - Given the list of user-supplied `<repo> <refspec>...`, - return the list of refs to fetch after canonicalizing - them into `$GIT_DIR` relative paths - (e.g. `refs/heads/foo`). When `<refspec>...` is empty - the returned list of refs consists of the defaults - for the given `<repo>`, if specified in - `$GIT_DIR/remotes/`, `$GIT_DIR/branches/`, or `remote.*.fetch` - configuration. - -get_remote_refs_for_push:: - Given the list of user-supplied `<repo> <refspec>...`, - return the list of refs to push in a form suitable to be - fed to the `git-send-pack` command. When `<refspec>...` - is empty the returned list of refs consists of the - defaults for the given `<repo>`, if specified in - `$GIT_DIR/remotes/`. - Author ------ Written by Junio C Hamano. @@ -47,4 +27,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt b/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt index 894852a..253fc0f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-patch-id - Compute unique ID for a patch SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-patch-id' < <patch> +'git patch-id' < <patch> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ ID" are almost guaranteed to be the same thing. IOW, you can use this thing to look for likely duplicate commits. -When dealing with git-diff-tree output, it takes advantage of +When dealing with 'git-diff-tree' output, it takes advantage of the fact that the patch is prefixed with the object name of the -commit, and outputs two 40-byte hexadecimal string. The first +commit, and outputs two 40-byte hexadecimal strings. The first string is the patch ID, and the second string is the commit ID. This can be used to make a mapping from patch ID to commit ID. @@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt index 0001710..8282a5e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-peek-remote.txt @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ git-peek-remote - List the references in a remote repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-peek-remote' [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] [<host>:]<directory> +'git peek-remote' [--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>] [<host>:]<directory> DESCRIPTION ----------- -This command is deprecated; use `git-ls-remote` instead. +This command is deprecated; use 'git-ls-remote' instead. OPTIONS ------- -\--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>:: +--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>:: Use this to specify the path to 'git-upload-pack' on the remote side, if it is not found on your $PATH. Some installations of sshd ignores the user's environment @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ OPTIONS Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt index 93ee82a..abfc6b6 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-prune-packed - Remove extra objects that are already in pack files SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-prune-packed' [-n] [-q] +'git prune-packed' [-n|--dry-run] [-q|--quiet] DESCRIPTION @@ -28,10 +28,12 @@ disk storage, etc. OPTIONS ------- -n:: +--dry-run:: Don't actually remove any objects, only show those that would have been removed. -q:: +--quiet:: Squelch the progress indicator. Author @@ -42,11 +44,11 @@ Documentation -------------- Documentation by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] linkgit:git-repack[1] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune.txt b/Documentation/git-prune.txt index f92bb8c..da6055d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-prune.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-prune.txt @@ -8,21 +8,24 @@ git-prune - Prune all unreachable objects from the object database SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-prune' [-n] [--expire <expire>] [--] [<head>...] +'git-prune' [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>] [--] [<head>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -NOTE: In most cases, users should run linkgit:git-gc[1], which calls -git-prune. See the section "NOTES", below. +NOTE: In most cases, users should run 'git-gc', which calls +'git-prune'. See the section "NOTES", below. -This runs `git-fsck --unreachable` using all the refs +This runs 'git-fsck --unreachable' using all the refs available in `$GIT_DIR/refs`, optionally with additional set of -objects specified on the command line, and prunes all +objects specified on the command line, and prunes all unpacked objects unreachable from any of these head objects from the object database. In addition, it prunes the unpacked objects that are also found in packs by -running `git prune-packed`. +running 'git-prune-packed'. + +Note that unreachable, packed objects will remain. If this is +not desired, see linkgit:git-repack[1]. OPTIONS ------- @@ -31,10 +34,13 @@ OPTIONS Do not remove anything; just report what it would remove. +-v:: + Report all removed objects. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. -\--expire <time>:: +--expire <time>:: Only expire loose objects older than <time>. <head>...:: @@ -50,20 +56,20 @@ borrows from your repository via its `.git/objects/info/alternates`: ------------ -$ git prune $(cd ../another && $(git-rev-parse --all)) +$ git prune $(cd ../another && $(git rev-parse --all)) ------------ Notes ----- -In most cases, users will not need to call git-prune directly, but -should instead call linkgit:git-gc[1], which handles pruning along with +In most cases, users will not need to call 'git-prune' directly, but +should instead call 'git-gc', which handles pruning along with many other housekeeping tasks. For a description of which objects are considered for pruning, see -git-fsck's --unreachable option. +'git-fsck''s --unreachable option. -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-fsck[1], @@ -80,4 +86,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt index 66304f0..b932011 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt @@ -8,29 +8,33 @@ git-pull - Fetch from and merge with another repository or a local branch SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-pull' <options> <repository> <refspec>... +'git pull' <options> <repository> <refspec>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Runs `git-fetch` with the given parameters, and calls `git-merge` +Runs 'git-fetch' with the given parameters, and calls 'git-merge' to merge the retrieved head(s) into the current branch. -With `--rebase`, calls `git-rebase` instead of `git-merge`. +With `--rebase`, calls 'git-rebase' instead of 'git-merge'. Note that you can use `.` (current directory) as the <repository> to pull from the local repository -- this is useful when merging local branches into the current branch. -Also note that options meant for `git-pull` itself and underlying -`git-merge` must be given before the options meant for `git-fetch`. +Also note that options meant for 'git-pull' itself and underlying +'git-merge' must be given before the options meant for 'git-fetch'. OPTIONS ------- + +Options related to merging +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + include::merge-options.txt[] :git-pull: 1 -\--rebase:: +--rebase:: Instead of a merge, perform a rebase after fetching. If there is a remote ref for the upstream branch, and this branch was rebased since last fetched, the rebase uses that information @@ -38,13 +42,17 @@ include::merge-options.txt[] for branch `<name>`, set configuration `branch.<name>.rebase` to `true`. + -*NOTE:* This is a potentially _dangerous_ mode of operation. +[NOTE] +This is a potentially _dangerous_ mode of operation. It rewrites history, which does not bode well when you published that history already. Do *not* use this option unless you have read linkgit:git-rebase[1] carefully. -\--no-rebase:: - Override earlier \--rebase. +--no-rebase:: + Override earlier --rebase. + +Options related to fetching +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ include::fetch-options.txt[] @@ -130,59 +138,17 @@ $ git pull origin next ------------------------------------------------ + This leaves a copy of `next` temporarily in FETCH_HEAD, but -does not update any remote-tracking branches. - -* Bundle local branch `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of - the current branch, making an Octopus merge: -+ ------------------------------------------------- -$ git pull . fixes enhancements ------------------------------------------------- -+ -This `git pull .` syntax is equivalent to `git merge`. - -* Merge local branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours` - merge strategy: -+ ------------------------------------------------- -$ git pull -s ours . obsolete ------------------------------------------------- - -* Merge local branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make - a commit automatically: +does not update any remote-tracking branches. Using remote-tracking +branches, the same can be done by invoking fetch and merge: + ------------------------------------------------ -$ git pull --no-commit . maint +$ git fetch origin +$ git merge origin/next ------------------------------------------------ -+ -This can be used when you want to include further changes to the -merge, or want to write your own merge commit message. -+ -You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial -changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping -release/version name would be acceptable. - -* Command line pull of multiple branches from one repository: -+ ------------------------------------------------- -$ git checkout master -$ git fetch origin +pu:pu maint:tmp -$ git pull . tmp ------------------------------------------------- -+ -This updates (or creates, as necessary) branches `pu` and `tmp` in -the local repository by fetching from the branches (respectively) -`pu` and `maint` from the remote repository. -+ -The `pu` branch will be updated even if it is does not fast-forward; -the others will not be. -+ -The final command then merges the newly fetched `tmp` into master. If you tried a pull which resulted in a complex conflicts and -would want to start over, you can recover with -linkgit:git-reset[1]. +would want to start over, you can recover with 'git-reset'. SEE ALSO @@ -193,7 +159,7 @@ linkgit:git-fetch[1], linkgit:git-merge[1], linkgit:git-config[1] Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> -and Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +and Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -203,4 +169,4 @@ Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt index f06d94e..52c0538 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt @@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-push' [--all] [--dry-run] [--tags] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] - [--repo=all] [-f | --force] [-v | --verbose] [<repository> <refspec>...] +'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] + [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-v | --verbose] + [<repository> <refspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -23,50 +24,57 @@ every time you push into it, by setting up 'hooks' there. See documentation for linkgit:git-receive-pack[1]. -OPTIONS -------- +OPTIONS[[OPTIONS]] +------------------ <repository>:: The "remote" repository that is destination of a push - operation. See the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below. - -<refspec>:: - The canonical format of a <refspec> parameter is - `+?<src>:<dst>`; that is, an optional plus `+`, followed - by the source ref, followed by a colon `:`, followed by - the destination ref. + operation. This parameter can be either a URL + (see the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below) or the name + of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below). + +<refspec>...:: + The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus + `{plus}`, followed by the source ref <src>, followed + by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>. + It is used to specify with what <src> object the <dst> ref + in the remote repository is to be updated. + -The <src> side represents the source branch (or arbitrary -"SHA1 expression", such as `master~4` (four parents before the -tip of `master` branch); see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]) that you -want to push. The <dst> side represents the destination location. +The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but +it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as `master~4` or +`HEAD` (see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]). + -The local ref that matches <src> is used -to fast forward the remote ref that matches <dst> (or, if no <dst> was -specified, the same ref that <src> referred to locally). If -the optional leading plus `+` is used, the remote ref is updated -even if it does not result in a fast forward update. +The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this +push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must +be named. If `:`<dst> is omitted, the same ref as <src> will be +updated. + -Note: If no explicit refspec is found, (that is neither -on the command line nor in any Push line of the -corresponding remotes file---see below), then "matching" heads are -pushed: for every head that exists on the local side, the remote side is -updated if a head of the same name already exists on the remote side. +The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference +on the remote side, but by default this is only allowed if the +update can fast-forward <dst>. By having the optional leading `{plus}`, +you can tell git to update the <dst> ref even when the update is not a +fast-forward. This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See +EXAMPLES below for details. + `tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`. + -A parameter <ref> without a colon pushes the <ref> from the source -repository to the destination repository under the same name. -+ Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from the remote repository. - -\--all:: ++ +The special refspec `:` (or `{plus}:` to allow non-fast-forward updates) +directs git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on +the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name +already exists on the remote side. This is the default operation mode +if no explicit refspec is found (that is neither on the command line +nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below). + +--all:: Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/` be pushed. -\--mirror:: +--mirror:: Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all - refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/` and `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/` + refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/` (which includes but is not + limited to `refs/heads/`, `refs/remotes/`, and `refs/tags/`) be mirrored to the remote repository. Newly created local refs will be pushed to the remote end, locally updated refs will be force updated on the remote end, and deleted refs @@ -74,41 +82,67 @@ the remote repository. if the configuration option `remote.<remote>.mirror` is set. -\--dry-run:: +-n:: +--dry-run:: Do everything except actually send the updates. -\--tags:: +--porcelain:: + Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each ref + will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full + symbolic names of the refs will be given. + +--tags:: All refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` are pushed, in addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command line. -\--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>:: +--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>:: +--exec=<git-receive-pack>:: Path to the 'git-receive-pack' program on the remote end. Sometimes useful when pushing to a remote repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in a directory on the default $PATH. -\--exec=<git-receive-pack>:: - Same as \--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>. - --f, \--force:: +-f:: +--force:: Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it. This flag disables the check. This can cause the remote repository to lose commits; use it with care. -\--repo=<repo>:: - When no repository is specified the command defaults to - "origin"; this overrides it. +--repo=<repository>:: + This option is only relevant if no <repository> argument is + passed in the invocation. In this case, 'git-push' derives the + remote name from the current branch: If it tracks a remote + branch, then that remote repository is pushed to. Otherwise, + the name "origin" is used. For this latter case, this option + can be used to override the name "origin". In other words, + the difference between these two commands ++ +-------------------------- +git push public #1 +git push --repo=public #2 +-------------------------- ++ +is that #1 always pushes to "public" whereas #2 pushes to "public" +only if the current branch does not track a remote branch. This is +useful if you write an alias or script around 'git-push'. -\--thin, \--no-thin:: - These options are passed to `git-send-pack`. Thin +--thin:: +--no-thin:: + These options are passed to 'git-send-pack'. Thin transfer spends extra cycles to minimize the number of objects to be sent and meant to be used on slower connection. --v, \--verbose:: +-v:: +--verbose:: Run verbosely. +-q:: +--quiet:: + Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs, + unless an error occurs. + include::urls-remotes.txt[] OUTPUT @@ -125,6 +159,12 @@ representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form: <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>) ------------------------------- +If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form: + +------------------------------- + <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>) +------------------------------- + flag:: A single character indicating the status of the ref. This is blank for a successfully pushed ref, `!` for a ref that was @@ -136,10 +176,10 @@ summary:: For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to `git log` (this is `<old>..<new>` in most cases, and - `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast forward updates). For a + `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast-forward updates). For a failed update, more details are given for the failure. The string `rejected` indicates that git did not try to send the - ref at all (typically because it is not a fast forward). The + ref at all (typically because it is not a fast-forward). The string `remote rejected` indicates that the remote end refused the update; this rejection is typically caused by a hook on the remote side. The string `remote failure` indicates that the @@ -161,9 +201,117 @@ reason:: refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for failure is described. +Note about fast-forwards +------------------------ + +When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to +point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a +fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A. + +In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the original +commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new commit B +builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history. + +In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example, +suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you built +a history leading to commit B while the other person built a history +leading to commit A. The history looks like this: + +---------------- + + B + / + ---X---A + +---------------- + +Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A +back to the original repository you two obtained the original commit X. + +The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at +commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward. + +But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that +now points at A) with commit B. This does _not_ fast-forward. If you did +so, the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody +will now start building on top of B. + +The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward +to prevent such loss of history. + +If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) nor the work by +the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the +history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done +by both parties, and push the result back. + +You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push" +the result. A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A +and B. + +---------------- + + B---C + / / + ---X---A + +---------------- + +Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your +push will be accepted. + +Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A, +with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back. The rebase will +create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of +A. + +---------------- + + B D + / / + ---X---A + +---------------- + +Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will be +accepted. + +There is another common situation where you may encounter non-fast-forward +rejection when you try to push, and it is possible even when you are +pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into. After you push commit +A yourself (in the first picture in this section), replace it with "git +commit --amend" to produce commit B, and you try to push it out, because +forgot that you have pushed A out already. In such a case, and only if +you are certain that nobody in the meantime fetched your earlier commit A +(and started building on top of it), you can run "git push --force" to +overwrite it. In other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for +a case where you do mean to lose history. + + Examples -------- +git push:: + Works like `git push <remote>`, where <remote> is the + current branch's remote (or `origin`, if no remote is + configured for the current branch). + +git push origin:: + Without additional configuration, works like + `git push origin :`. ++ +The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can be +configured by setting the `push` option of the remote. ++ +For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to `origin` +use `git config remote.origin.push HEAD`. Any valid <refspec> (like +the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the default for +`git push origin`. + +git push origin ::: + Push "matching" branches to `origin`. See + <refspec> in the <<OPTIONS,OPTIONS>> section above for a + description of "matching" branches. + git push origin master:: Find a ref that matches `master` in the source repository (most likely, it would find `refs/heads/master`), and update @@ -171,15 +319,20 @@ git push origin master:: with it. If `master` did not exist remotely, it would be created. -git push origin :experimental:: - Find a ref that matches `experimental` in the `origin` repository - (e.g. `refs/heads/experimental`), and delete it. +git push origin HEAD:: + A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the + remote. -git push origin master:satellite/master:: - Find a ref that matches `master` in the source repository - (most likely, it would find `refs/heads/master`), and update - the ref that matches `satellite/master` (most likely, it would - be `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in `origin` repository with it. +git push origin master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev:: + Use the source ref that matches `master` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) + to update the ref that matches `satellite/master` (most probably + `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `origin` repository, then + do the same for `dev` and `satellite/dev`. + +git push origin HEAD:master:: + Push the current branch to the remote ref matching `master` in the + `origin` repository. This form is convenient to push the current + branch without thinking about its local name. git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental:: Create the branch `experimental` in the `origin` repository @@ -188,9 +341,38 @@ git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental:: the local name and the remote name are different; otherwise, the ref name on its own will work. +git push origin :experimental:: + Find a ref that matches `experimental` in the `origin` repository + (e.g. `refs/heads/experimental`), and delete it. + +git push origin {plus}dev:master:: + Update the origin repository's master branch with the dev branch, + allowing non-fast-forward updates. *This can leave unreferenced + commits dangling in the origin repository.* Consider the + following situation, where a fast-forward is not possible: ++ +---- + o---o---o---A---B origin/master + \ + X---Y---Z dev +---- ++ +The above command would change the origin repository to ++ +---- + A---B (unnamed branch) + / + o---o---o---X---Y---Z master +---- ++ +Commits A and B would no longer belong to a branch with a symbolic name, +and so would be unreachable. As such, these commits would be removed by +a `git gc` command on the origin repository. + + Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>, later rewritten in C +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>, later rewritten in C by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> Documentation @@ -199,4 +381,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt b/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt index 0fc2b56..579e8d2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-quiltimport - Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-quiltimport' [--dry-run] [--author <author>] [--patches <dir>] +'git quiltimport' [--dry-run | -n] [--author <author>] [--patches <dir>] DESCRIPTION @@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ preserved as the 1 line subject in the git description. OPTIONS ------- + +-n:: --dry-run:: Walk through the patches in the series and warn if we cannot find all of the necessary information to commit @@ -57,4 +59,4 @@ Documentation by Eric Biederman <ebiederm@lnxi.com> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt index 8421d1f..a10ce4b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt @@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ git-read-tree - Reads tree information into the index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-read-tree' (<tree-ish> | [[-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>] [-u | -i]] [--exclude-per-directory=<gitignore>] [--index-output=<file>] <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]]) +'git read-tree' [[-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>] + [-u [--exclude-per-directory=<gitignore>] | -i]] + [--index-output=<file>] + <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]] DESCRIPTION @@ -22,8 +25,8 @@ fast-forward (i.e. 2-way) merge, or a 3-way merge, with the `-m` flag. When used with `-m`, the `-u` flag causes it to also update the files in the work tree with the result of the merge. -Trivial merges are done by `git-read-tree` itself. Only conflicting paths -will be in unmerged state when `git-read-tree` returns. +Trivial merges are done by 'git-read-tree' itself. Only conflicting paths +will be in unmerged state when 'git-read-tree' returns. OPTIONS ------- @@ -50,14 +53,17 @@ OPTIONS trees that are not directly related to the current working tree status into a temporary index file. +-v:: + Show the progress of checking files out. + --trivial:: - Restrict three-way merge by `git-read-tree` to happen + Restrict three-way merge by 'git-read-tree' to happen only if there is no file-level merging required, instead of resolving merge for trivial cases and leaving conflicting files unresolved in the index. --aggressive:: - Usually a three-way merge by `git-read-tree` resolves + Usually a three-way merge by 'git-read-tree' resolves the merge for really trivial cases and leaves other cases unresolved in the index, so that Porcelains can implement different merge policies. This flag makes the @@ -110,7 +116,7 @@ OPTIONS Merging ------- -If `-m` is specified, `git-read-tree` can perform 3 kinds of +If `-m` is specified, 'git-read-tree' can perform 3 kinds of merge, a single tree merge if only 1 tree is given, a fast-forward merge with 2 trees, or a 3-way merge if 3 trees are provided. @@ -118,29 +124,29 @@ provided. Single Tree Merge ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -If only 1 tree is specified, git-read-tree operates as if the user did not +If only 1 tree is specified, 'git-read-tree' operates as if the user did not specify `-m`, except that if the original index has an entry for a given pathname, and the contents of the path matches with the tree being read, the stat info from the index is used. (In other words, the index's stat()s take precedence over the merged tree's). -That means that if you do a `git-read-tree -m <newtree>` followed by a -`git-checkout-index -f -u -a`, the `git-checkout-index` only checks out +That means that if you do a `git read-tree -m <newtree>` followed by a +`git checkout-index -f -u -a`, the 'git-checkout-index' only checks out the stuff that really changed. -This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when `git-diff-files` is -run after `git-read-tree`. +This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when 'git-diff-files' is +run after 'git-read-tree'. Two Tree Merge ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Typically, this is invoked as `git-read-tree -m $H $M`, where $H +Typically, this is invoked as `git read-tree -m $H $M`, where $H is the head commit of the current repository, and $M is the head of a foreign tree, which is simply ahead of $H (i.e. we are in a -fast forward situation). +fast-forward situation). -When two trees are specified, the user is telling git-read-tree +When two trees are specified, the user is telling 'git-read-tree' the following: 1. The current index and work tree is derived from $H, but @@ -148,7 +154,7 @@ the following: 2. The user wants to fast-forward to $M. -In this case, the `git-read-tree -m $H $M` command makes sure +In this case, the `git read-tree -m $H $M` command makes sure that no local change is lost as the result of this "merge". Here are the "carry forward" rules: @@ -157,7 +163,10 @@ Here are the "carry forward" rules: 0 nothing nothing nothing (does not happen) 1 nothing nothing exists use M 2 nothing exists nothing remove path from index - 3 nothing exists exists use M + 3 nothing exists exists, use M if "initial checkout" + H == M keep index otherwise + exists fail + H != M clean I==H I==M ------------------ @@ -190,33 +199,39 @@ Here are the "carry forward" rules: In all "keep index" cases, the index entry stays as in the original index file. If the entry were not up to date, -git-read-tree keeps the copy in the work tree intact when +'git-read-tree' keeps the copy in the work tree intact when operating under the -u flag. -When this form of git-read-tree returns successfully, you can +When this form of 'git-read-tree' returns successfully, you can see what "local changes" you made are carried forward by running -`git-diff-index --cached $M`. Note that this does not -necessarily match `git-diff-index --cached $H` would have +`git diff-index --cached $M`. Note that this does not +necessarily match `git diff-index --cached $H` would have produced before such a two tree merge. This is because of cases 18 and 19 --- if you already had the changes in $M (e.g. maybe -you picked it up via e-mail in a patch form), `git-diff-index +you picked it up via e-mail in a patch form), `git diff-index --cached $H` would have told you about the change before this -merge, but it would not show in `git-diff-index --cached $M` +merge, but it would not show in `git diff-index --cached $M` output after two-tree merge. +Case #3 is slightly tricky and needs explanation. The result from this +rule logically should be to remove the path if the user staged the removal +of the path and then switching to a new branch. That however will prevent +the initial checkout from happening, so the rule is modified to use M (new +tree) only when the contents of the index is empty. Otherwise the removal +of the path is kept as long as $H and $M are the same. 3-Way Merge ~~~~~~~~~~~ Each "index" entry has two bits worth of "stage" state. stage 0 is the normal one, and is the only one you'd see in any kind of normal use. -However, when you do `git-read-tree` with three trees, the "stage" +However, when you do 'git-read-tree' with three trees, the "stage" starts out at 1. This means that you can do ---------------- -$ git-read-tree -m <tree1> <tree2> <tree3> +$ git read-tree -m <tree1> <tree2> <tree3> ---------------- and you will end up with an index with all of the <tree1> entries in @@ -226,7 +241,7 @@ branch into the current branch, we use the common ancestor tree as <tree1>, the current branch head as <tree2>, and the other branch head as <tree3>. -Furthermore, `git-read-tree` has special-case logic that says: if you see +Furthermore, 'git-read-tree' has special-case logic that says: if you see a file that matches in all respects in the following states, it "collapses" back to "stage0": @@ -242,7 +257,7 @@ a file that matches in all respects in the following states, it - stage 1 and stage 3 are the same and stage 2 is different take stage 2 (we did something while they did nothing) -The `git-write-tree` command refuses to write a nonsensical tree, and it +The 'git-write-tree' command refuses to write a nonsensical tree, and it will complain about unmerged entries if it sees a single entry that is not stage 0. @@ -258,7 +273,7 @@ start a 3-way merge with an index file that is already populated. Here is an outline of how the algorithm works: - if a file exists in identical format in all three trees, it will - automatically collapse to "merged" state by git-read-tree. + automatically collapse to "merged" state by 'git-read-tree'. - a file that has _any_ difference what-so-ever in the three trees will stay as separate entries in the index. It's up to "porcelain @@ -282,8 +297,8 @@ populated. Here is an outline of how the algorithm works: matching "stage1" entry if it exists too. .. all the normal trivial rules .. -You would normally use `git-merge-index` with supplied -`git-merge-one-file` to do this last step. The script updates +You would normally use 'git-merge-index' with supplied +'git-merge-one-file' to do this last step. The script updates the files in the working tree as it merges each path and at the end of a successful merge. @@ -301,16 +316,16 @@ commit. To illustrate, suppose you start from what has been committed last to your repository: ---------------- -$ JC=`git-rev-parse --verify "HEAD^0"` -$ git-checkout-index -f -u -a $JC +$ JC=`git rev-parse --verify "HEAD^0"` +$ git checkout-index -f -u -a $JC ---------------- -You do random edits, without running git-update-index. And then +You do random edits, without running 'git-update-index'. And then you notice that the tip of your "upstream" tree has advanced since you pulled from him: ---------------- -$ git-fetch git://.... linus +$ git fetch git://.... linus $ LT=`cat .git/FETCH_HEAD` ---------------- @@ -320,10 +335,10 @@ added or modified index entries since $JC, and if you haven't, then does the right thing. So with the following sequence: ---------------- -$ git-read-tree -m -u `git-merge-base $JC $LT` $JC $LT -$ git-merge-index git-merge-one-file -a +$ git read-tree -m -u `git merge-base $JC $LT` $JC $LT +$ git merge-index git-merge-one-file -a $ echo "Merge with Linus" | \ - git-commit-tree `git-write-tree` -p $JC -p $LT + git commit-tree `git write-tree` -p $JC -p $LT ---------------- what you would commit is a pure merge between $JC and $LT without @@ -331,21 +346,21 @@ your work-in-progress changes, and your work tree would be updated to the result of the merge. However, if you have local changes in the working tree that -would be overwritten by this merge,`git-read-tree` will refuse +would be overwritten by this merge, 'git-read-tree' will refuse to run to prevent your changes from being lost. In other words, there is no need to worry about what exists only in the working tree. When you have local changes in a part of the project that is not involved in the merge, your changes do not interfere with the merge, and are kept intact. When they -*do* interfere, the merge does not even start (`git-read-tree` +*do* interfere, the merge does not even start ('git-read-tree' complains loudly and fails without modifying anything). In such a case, you can simply continue doing what you were in the middle of doing, and when your working tree is ready (i.e. you have finished your work-in-progress), attempt the merge again. -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-write-tree[1]; linkgit:git-ls-files[1]; linkgit:gitignore[5] @@ -361,4 +376,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index e0412e0..ca5e1e8 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -8,25 +8,28 @@ git-rebase - Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-rebase' [-i | --interactive] [-v | --verbose] [-m | --merge] - [-s <strategy> | --strategy=<strategy>] - [-C<n>] [ --whitespace=<option>] [-p | --preserve-merges] - [--onto <newbase>] <upstream> [<branch>] -'git-rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort +'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--onto <newbase>] + <upstream> [<branch>] +'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] --onto <newbase> + --root [<branch>] + +'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort DESCRIPTION ----------- -If <branch> is specified, git-rebase will perform an automatic +If <branch> is specified, 'git-rebase' will perform an automatic `git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise it remains on the current branch. All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set -of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD`. +of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD` (or +`git log HEAD`, if --root is specified). The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the --onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as -`git reset --hard <upstream>` (or <newbase>). +`git reset --hard <upstream>` (or <newbase>). ORIG_HEAD is set +to point at the tip of the branch before the reset. The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order. Note that @@ -38,8 +41,8 @@ It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To restore the -original <branch> and remove the .dotest working files, use the command -`git rebase --abort` instead. +original <branch> and remove the .git/rebase-apply working files, use the +command `git rebase --abort` instead. Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic": @@ -52,8 +55,8 @@ Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic": From this point, the result of either of the following commands: - git-rebase master - git-rebase master topic + git rebase master + git rebase master topic would be: @@ -68,7 +71,7 @@ followed by `git rebase master`. If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g., because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit -will be skipped. For example, running `git-rebase master` on the +will be skipped. For example, running `git rebase master` on the following history (in which A' and A introduce the same set of changes, but have different committer information): @@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch from the latter branch, using `rebase --onto`. First let's assume your 'topic' is based on branch 'next'. -For example feature developed in 'topic' depends on some +For example, a feature developed in 'topic' depends on some functionality which is found in 'next'. ------------ @@ -102,9 +105,9 @@ functionality which is found in 'next'. o---o---o topic ------------ -We would want to make 'topic' forked from branch 'master', -for example because the functionality 'topic' branch depend on -got merged into more stable 'master' branch, like this: +We want to make 'topic' forked from branch 'master'; for example, +because the functionality on which 'topic' depends was merged into the +more stable 'master' branch. We want our tree to look like this: ------------ o---o---o---o---o master @@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ got merged into more stable 'master' branch, like this: We can get this using the following command: - git-rebase --onto master next topic + git rebase --onto master next topic Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a @@ -132,7 +135,7 @@ branch. If we have the following situation: then the command - git-rebase --onto master topicA topicB + git rebase --onto master topicA topicB would result in: @@ -155,7 +158,7 @@ the following situation: then the command - git-rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA + git rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA would result in the removal of commits F and G: @@ -167,8 +170,8 @@ This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream> parameter can be any valid commit-ish. -In case of conflict, git-rebase will stop at the first problematic commit -and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use git diff to locate +In case of conflict, 'git-rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit +and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git-diff' to locate the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved, typically this would be done with @@ -184,11 +187,18 @@ desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with git rebase --continue -Alternatively, you can undo the git-rebase with +Alternatively, you can undo the 'git-rebase' with git rebase --abort +CONFIGURATION +------------- + +rebase.stat:: + Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last + rebase. False by default. + OPTIONS ------- <newbase>:: @@ -213,20 +223,47 @@ OPTIONS --skip:: Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch. --m, \--merge:: +-m:: +--merge:: Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the upstream side. - --s <strategy>, \--strategy=<strategy>:: - Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than - once to specify them in the order they should be tried. - If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies - is used instead (`git-merge-recursive` when merging a single - head, `git-merge-octopus` otherwise). This implies --merge. - --v, \--verbose:: - Display a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. ++ +Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working +branch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge +conflict happens, the side reported as 'ours' is the so-far rebased +series, starting with <upstream>, and 'theirs' is the working branch. In +other words, the sides are swapped. + +-s <strategy>:: +--strategy=<strategy>:: + Use the given merge strategy. + If there is no `-s` option 'git-merge-recursive' is used + instead. This implies --merge. ++ +Because 'git-rebase' replays each commit from the working branch +on top of the <upstream> branch using the given strategy, using +the 'ours' strategy simply discards all patches from the <branch>, +which makes little sense. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Be quiet. Implies --no-stat. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Be verbose. Implies --stat. + +--stat:: + Show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. The + diffstat is also controlled by the configuration option rebase.stat. + +-n:: +--no-stat:: + Do not show a diffstat as part of the rebase process. + +--no-verify:: + This option bypasses the pre-rebase hook. See also linkgit:githooks[5]. -C<n>:: Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before @@ -234,30 +271,53 @@ OPTIONS context exist they all must match. By default no context is ever ignored. ---whitespace=<nowarn|warn|error|error-all|strip>:: - This flag is passed to the `git-apply` program +-f:: +--force-rebase:: + Force the rebase even if the current branch is a descendant + of the commit you are rebasing onto. Normally the command will + exit with the message "Current branch is up to date" in such a + situation. + +--ignore-whitespace:: +--whitespace=<option>:: + These flag are passed to the 'git-apply' program (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch. + Incompatible with the --interactive option. + +--committer-date-is-author-date:: +--ignore-date:: + These flags are passed to 'git-am' to easily change the dates + of the rebased commits (see linkgit:git-am[1]). --i, \--interactive:: +-i:: +--interactive:: Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the user edit that list before rebasing. This mode can also be used to split commits (see SPLITTING COMMITS below). --p, \--preserve-merges:: - Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them. This option - only works in interactive mode. +-p:: +--preserve-merges:: + Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them. + +--root:: + Rebase all commits reachable from <branch>, instead of + limiting them with an <upstream>. This allows you to rebase + the root commit(s) on a branch. Must be used with --onto, and + will skip changes already contained in <newbase> (instead of + <upstream>). When used together with --preserve-merges, 'all' + root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent + instead. include::merge-strategies.txt[] NOTES ----- -When you rebase a branch, you are changing its history in a way that -will cause problems for anyone who already has a copy of the branch -in their repository and tries to pull updates from you. You should -understand the implications of using 'git rebase' on a repository that -you share. -When the git rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase" +You should understand the implications of using 'git-rebase' on a +repository that you share. See also RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE +below. + +When the git-rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase" hook if one exists. You can use this hook to do sanity checks and reject the rebase if it isn't appropriate. Please see the template pre-rebase hook script for an example. @@ -309,27 +369,30 @@ pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit ... ------------------------------------------- -The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; `git-rebase` will +The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git-rebase' will not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this example), so do not delete or edit the names. By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell -`git-rebase` to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit +'git-rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue rebasing. +If you just want to edit the commit message for a commit, replace the +command "pick" with the command "reword". + If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command "pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit. If the commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to the author of the first commit. -In both cases, or when a "pick" does not succeed (because of merge -errors), the loop will stop to let you fix things, and you can continue -the loop with `git rebase --continue`. +'git-rebase' will stop when "pick" has been replaced with "edit" or +when a command fails due to merge errors. When you are done editing +and/or resolving conflicts you can continue with `git rebase --continue`. For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call -`git-rebase` like this: +'git-rebase' like this: ---------------------- $ git rebase -i HEAD~5 @@ -359,40 +422,161 @@ SPLITTING COMMITS ----------------- In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However, -this does not necessarily mean that 'git rebase' expects the result of this +this does not necessarily mean that 'git-rebase' expects the result of this edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two: -- Start an interactive rebase with 'git rebase -i <commit>^', where +- Start an interactive rebase with `git rebase -i <commit>^`, where <commit> is the commit you want to split. In fact, any commit range will do, as long as it contains that commit. - Mark the commit you want to split with the action "edit". -- When it comes to editing that commit, execute 'git reset HEAD^'. The +- When it comes to editing that commit, execute `git reset HEAD^`. The effect is that the HEAD is rewound by one, and the index follows suit. However, the working tree stays the same. - Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first - commit. You can use linkgit:git-add[1] (possibly interactively) and/or - linkgit:git-gui[1] to do that. + commit. You can use `git add` (possibly interactively) or + 'git-gui' (or both) to do that. - Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate now. - Repeat the last two steps until your working tree is clean. -- Continue the rebase with 'git rebase --continue'. +- Continue the rebase with `git rebase --continue`. If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use -linkgit:git-stash[1] to stash away the not-yet-committed changes +'git-stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary. +RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE +------------------------------- + +Rebasing (or any other form of rewriting) a branch that others have +based work on is a bad idea: anyone downstream of it is forced to +manually fix their history. This section explains how to do the fix +from the downstream's point of view. The real fix, however, would be +to avoid rebasing the upstream in the first place. + +To illustrate, suppose you are in a situation where someone develops a +'subsystem' branch, and you are working on a 'topic' that is dependent +on this 'subsystem'. You might end up with a history like the +following: + +------------ + o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master + \ + o---o---o---o---o subsystem + \ + *---*---* topic +------------ + +If 'subsystem' is rebased against 'master', the following happens: + +------------ + o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master + \ \ + o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem + \ + *---*---* topic +------------ + +If you now continue development as usual, and eventually merge 'topic' +to 'subsystem', the commits from 'subsystem' will remain duplicated forever: + +------------ + o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master + \ \ + o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o'--M subsystem + \ / + *---*---*-..........-*--* topic +------------ + +Such duplicates are generally frowned upon because they clutter up +history, making it harder to follow. To clean things up, you need to +transplant the commits on 'topic' to the new 'subsystem' tip, i.e., +rebase 'topic'. This becomes a ripple effect: anyone downstream from +'topic' is forced to rebase too, and so on! + +There are two kinds of fixes, discussed in the following subsections: + +Easy case: The changes are literally the same.:: + + This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase was a simple rebase and + had no conflicts. + +Hard case: The changes are not the same.:: + + This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used + `\--interactive` to omit, edit, or squash commits; or if the + upstream used one of `commit \--amend`, `reset`, or + `filter-branch`. + + +The easy case +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Only works if the changes (patch IDs based on the diff contents) on +'subsystem' are literally the same before and after the rebase +'subsystem' did. + +In that case, the fix is easy because 'git-rebase' knows to skip +changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say +(assuming you're on 'topic') +------------ + $ git rebase subsystem +------------ +you will end up with the fixed history +------------ + o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master + \ + o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem + \ + *---*---* topic +------------ + + +The hard case +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Things get more complicated if the 'subsystem' changes do not exactly +correspond to the ones before the rebase. + +NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful + even in the hard case, it may have unintended consequences. For + example, a commit that was removed via `git rebase + \--interactive` will be **resurrected**! + +The idea is to manually tell 'git-rebase' "where the old 'subsystem' +ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base +between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit +of the old 'subsystem', for example: + +* With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git-fetch', the old tip of + 'subsystem' is at `subsystem@\{1}`. Subsequent fetches will + increase the number. (See linkgit:git-reflog[1].) + +* Relative to the tip of 'topic': knowing that your 'topic' has three + commits, the old tip of 'subsystem' must be `topic~3`. + +You can then transplant the old `subsystem..topic` to the new tip by +saying (for the reflog case, and assuming you are on 'topic' already): +------------ + $ git rebase --onto subsystem subsystem@{1} +------------ + +The ripple effect of a "hard case" recovery is especially bad: +'everyone' downstream from 'topic' will now have to perform a "hard +case" recovery too! + + Authors ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> and +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de> Documentation @@ -401,4 +585,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt index 4111434..cb5f405 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-receive-pack - Receive what is pushed into the repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-receive-pack' <directory> +'git receive-pack' <directory> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -18,17 +18,17 @@ information fed from the remote end. This command is usually not invoked directly by the end user. The UI for the protocol is on the 'git-send-pack' side, and the program pair is meant to be used to push updates to remote -repository. For pull operations, see 'git-fetch-pack'. +repository. For pull operations, see linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1]. -The command allows for creation and fast forwarding of sha1 refs +The command allows for creation and fast-forwarding of sha1 refs (heads/tags) on the remote end (strictly speaking, it is the -local end receive-pack runs, but to the user who is sitting at +local end 'git-receive-pack' runs, but to the user who is sitting at the send-pack end, it is updating the remote. Confused?) There are other real-world examples of using update and post-update hooks found in the Documentation/howto directory. -git-receive-pack honours the receive.denyNonFastForwards config +'git-receive-pack' honours the receive.denyNonFastForwards config option, which tells it if updates to a ref should be denied if they are not fast-forwards. @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ post-receive Hook ----------------- After all refs were updated (or attempted to be updated), if any ref update was successful, and if $GIT_DIR/hooks/post-receive -file exists and is executable, it will be invoke once with no +file exists and is executable, it will be invoked once with no parameters. The standard input of the hook will be one line for each successfully updated ref: @@ -111,10 +111,10 @@ ref listing the commits pushed to the repository: if expr "$oval" : '0*$' >/dev/null then echo "Created a new ref, with the following commits:" - git-rev-list --pretty "$nval" + git rev-list --pretty "$nval" else echo "New commits:" - git-rev-list --pretty "$nval" "^$oval" + git rev-list --pretty "$nval" "^$oval" fi | mail -s "Changes to ref $ref" commit-list@mydomain done @@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ non-zero exit code will generate an error message. Note that it is possible for refname to not have sha1-new when this hook runs. This can easily occur if another user modifies the ref -after it was updated by receive-pack, but before the hook was able +after it was updated by 'git-receive-pack', but before the hook was able to evaluate it. It is recommended that hooks rely on sha1-new rather than the current value of refname. @@ -133,18 +133,18 @@ post-update Hook ---------------- After all other processing, if at least one ref was updated, and if $GIT_DIR/hooks/post-update file exists and is executable, then -post-update will called with the list of refs that have been updated. +post-update will be called with the list of refs that have been updated. This can be used to implement any repository wide cleanup tasks. The exit code from this hook invocation is ignored; the only thing -left for git-receive-pack to do at that point is to exit itself +left for 'git-receive-pack' to do at that point is to exit itself anyway. -This hook can be used, for example, to run "git-update-server-info" +This hook can be used, for example, to run `git update-server-info` if the repository is packed and is served via a dumb transport. #!/bin/sh - exec git-update-server-info + exec git update-server-info SEE ALSO @@ -162,4 +162,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt index 047e3ce..7f7a544 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt @@ -16,19 +16,19 @@ The command takes various subcommands, and different options depending on the subcommand: [verse] -git reflog expire [--dry-run] [--stale-fix] [--verbose] +'git reflog expire' [--dry-run] [--stale-fix] [--verbose] [--expire=<time>] [--expire-unreachable=<time>] [--all] <refs>... - -git reflog delete ref@\{specifier\}... - -git reflog [show] [log-options] [<ref>] ++ +'git reflog delete' ref@\{specifier\}... ++ +'git reflog' ['show'] [log-options] [<ref>] Reflog is a mechanism to record when the tip of branches are updated. This command is to manage the information recorded in it. The subcommand "expire" is used to prune older reflog entries. Entries older than `expire` time, or entries older than -`expire-unreachable` time and are not reachable from the current +`expire-unreachable` time and not reachable from the current tip, are removed from the reflog. This is typically not used directly by the end users -- instead, see linkgit:git-gc[1]. @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ The subcommand "show" (which is also the default, in the absence of any subcommands) will take all the normal log options, and show the log of the reference provided in the command-line (or `HEAD`, by default). The reflog will cover all recent actions (HEAD reflog records branch switching -as well). It is an alias for 'git log -g --abbrev-commit --pretty=oneline'; +as well). It is an alias for `git log -g --abbrev-commit --pretty=oneline`; see linkgit:git-log[1]. The reflog is useful in various git commands, to specify the old value @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ point to one week ago", and so on. See linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] for more details. To delete single entries from the reflog, use the subcommand "delete" -and specify the _exact_ entry (e.g. ``git reflog delete master@\{2\}''). +and specify the _exact_ entry (e.g. "`git reflog delete master@\{2\}`"). OPTIONS @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ OPTIONS refs. + This computation involves traversing all the reachable objects, i.e. it -has the same cost as 'git prune'. Fortunately, once this is run, we +has the same cost as 'git-prune'. Fortunately, once this is run, we should not have to ever worry about missing objects, because the current prune and pack-objects know about reflogs and protect objects referred by them. @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ them. which in turn defaults to 90 days. --expire-unreachable=<time>:: - Entries older than this time and are not reachable from + Entries older than this time and not reachable from the current tip of the branch are pruned. Without the option it is taken from configuration `gc.reflogExpireUnreachable`, which in turn defaults to @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ them. Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -102,4 +102,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-relink.txt b/Documentation/git-relink.txt index 1b024de..25ff8f9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-relink.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-relink.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-relink - Hardlink common objects in local repositories SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-relink' [--safe] <dir> [<dir>]\* <master_dir> +'git relink' [--safe] <dir> [<dir>]\* <master_dir> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8beb42d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +git-remote-helpers(1) +===================== + +NAME +---- +git-remote-helpers - Helper programs for interoperation with remote git + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +'git remote-<transport>' <remote> + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +These programs are normally not used directly by end users, but are +invoked by various git programs that interact with remote repositories +when the repository they would operate on will be accessed using +transport code not linked into the main git binary. Various particular +helper programs will behave as documented here. + +COMMANDS +-------- + +Commands are given by the caller on the helper's standard input, one per line. + +'capabilities':: + Lists the capabilities of the helper, one per line, ending + with a blank line. + +'list':: + Lists the refs, one per line, in the format "<value> <name> + [<attr> ...]". The value may be a hex sha1 hash, "@<dest>" for + a symref, or "?" to indicate that the helper could not get the + value of the ref. A space-separated list of attributes follows + the name; unrecognized attributes are ignored. After the + complete list, outputs a blank line. ++ +If 'push' is supported this may be called as 'list for-push' +to obtain the current refs prior to sending one or more 'push' +commands to the helper. + +'option' <name> <value>:: + Set the transport helper option <name> to <value>. Outputs a + single line containing one of 'ok' (option successfully set), + 'unsupported' (option not recognized) or 'error <msg>' + (option <name> is supported but <value> is not correct + for it). Options should be set before other commands, + and may how those commands behave. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "option" capability. + +'fetch' <sha1> <name>:: + Fetches the given object, writing the necessary objects + to the database. Fetch commands are sent in a batch, one + per line, and the batch is terminated with a blank line. + Outputs a single blank line when all fetch commands in the + same batch are complete. Only objects which were reported + in the ref list with a sha1 may be fetched this way. ++ +Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating a file under +GIT_DIR/objects/pack which is keeping a pack until refs can be +suitably updated. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "fetch" capability. + +'push' +<src>:<dst>:: + Pushes the given <src> commit or branch locally to the + remote branch described by <dst>. A batch sequence of + one or more push commands is terminated with a blank line. ++ +Zero or more protocol options may be entered after the last 'push' +command, before the batch's terminating blank line. ++ +When the push is complete, outputs one or more 'ok <dst>' or +'error <dst> <why>?' lines to indicate success or failure of +each pushed ref. The status report output is terminated by +a blank line. The option field <why> may be quoted in a C +style string if it contains an LF. ++ +Supported if the helper has the "push" capability. + +If a fatal error occurs, the program writes the error message to +stderr and exits. The caller should expect that a suitable error +message has been printed if the child closes the connection without +completing a valid response for the current command. + +Additional commands may be supported, as may be determined from +capabilities reported by the helper. + +CAPABILITIES +------------ + +'fetch':: + This helper supports the 'fetch' command. + +'option':: + This helper supports the option command. + +'push':: + This helper supports the 'push' command. + +REF LIST ATTRIBUTES +------------------- + +'for-push':: + The caller wants to use the ref list to prepare push + commands. A helper might chose to acquire the ref list by + opening a different type of connection to the destination. + +OPTIONS +------- +'option verbosity' <N>:: + Change the level of messages displayed by the helper. + When N is 0 the end-user has asked the process to be + quiet, and the helper should produce only error output. + N of 1 is the default level of verbosity, higher values + of N correspond to the number of -v flags passed on the + command line. + +'option progress' \{'true'|'false'\}:: + Enable (or disable) progress messages displayed by the + transport helper during a command. + +'option depth' <depth>:: + Deepen the history of a shallow repository. + +'option followtags' \{'true'|'false'\}:: + If enabled the helper should automatically fetch annotated + tag objects if the object the tag points at was transferred + during the fetch command. If the tag is not fetched by + the helper a second fetch command will usually be sent to + ask for the tag specifically. Some helpers may be able to + use this option to avoid a second network connection. + +'option dry-run' \{'true'|'false'\}: + If true, pretend the operation completed successfully, + but don't actually change any repository data. For most + helpers this only applies to the 'push', if supported. + +Documentation +------------- +Documentation by Daniel Barkalow. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-remote.txt index b20e851..c272c92 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-remote.txt @@ -9,12 +9,14 @@ git-remote - manage set of tracked repositories SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-remote' -'git-remote' add [-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--mirror] <name> <url> -'git-remote' rm <name> -'git-remote' show <name> -'git-remote' prune <name> -'git-remote' update [group] +'git remote' [-v | --verbose] +'git remote add' [-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--mirror] <name> <url> +'git remote rename' <old> <new> +'git remote rm' <name> +'git remote set-head' <name> (-a | -d | <branch>) +'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'show' [-n] <name> +'git remote prune' [-n | --dry-run] <name> +'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'update' [-p | --prune] [group | remote]... DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -22,6 +24,15 @@ DESCRIPTION Manage the set of repositories ("remotes") whose branches you track. +OPTIONS +------- + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Be a little more verbose and show remote url after name. + NOTE: This must be placed between `remote` and `subcommand`. + + COMMANDS -------- @@ -44,8 +55,7 @@ is created. You can give more than one `-t <branch>` to track multiple branches without grabbing all branches. + With `-m <master>` option, `$GIT_DIR/remotes/<name>/HEAD` is set -up to point at remote's `<master>` branch instead of whatever -branch the `HEAD` at the remote repository actually points at. +up to point at remote's `<master>` branch. See also the set-head command. + In mirror mode, enabled with `\--mirror`, the refs will not be stored in the 'refs/remotes/' namespace, but in 'refs/heads/'. This option @@ -53,11 +63,44 @@ only makes sense in bare repositories. If a remote uses mirror mode, furthermore, `git push` will always behave as if `\--mirror` was passed. +'rename':: + +Rename the remote named <old> to <new>. All remote tracking branches and +configuration settings for the remote are updated. ++ +In case <old> and <new> are the same, and <old> is a file under +`$GIT_DIR/remotes` or `$GIT_DIR/branches`, the remote is converted to +the configuration file format. + 'rm':: Remove the remote named <name>. All remote tracking branches and configuration settings for the remote are removed. +'set-head':: + +Sets or deletes the default branch (`$GIT_DIR/remotes/<name>/HEAD`) for +the named remote. Having a default branch for a remote is not required, +but allows the name of the remote to be specified in lieu of a specific +branch. For example, if the default branch for `origin` is set to +`master`, then `origin` may be specified wherever you would normally +specify `origin/master`. ++ +With `-d`, `$GIT_DIR/remotes/<name>/HEAD` is deleted. ++ +With `-a`, the remote is queried to determine its `HEAD`, then +`$GIT_DIR/remotes/<name>/HEAD` is set to the same branch. e.g., if the remote +`HEAD` is pointed at `next`, "`git remote set-head origin -a`" will set +`$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/origin/HEAD` to `refs/remotes/origin/next`. This will +only work if `refs/remotes/origin/next` already exists; if not it must be +fetched first. ++ +Use `<branch>` to set `$GIT_DIR/remotes/<name>/HEAD` explicitly. e.g., "git +remote set-head origin master" will set `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/origin/HEAD` to +`refs/remotes/origin/master`. This will only work if +`refs/remotes/origin/master` already exists; if not it must be fetched first. ++ + 'show':: Gives some information about the remote <name>. @@ -72,18 +115,19 @@ These stale branches have already been removed from the remote repository referenced by <name>, but are still locally available in "remotes/<name>". + -With `-n` option, the remote heads are not confirmed first with `git -ls-remote <name>`; cached information is used instead. Use with -caution. +With `--dry-run` option, report what branches will be pruned, but do not +actually prune them. 'update':: Fetch updates for a named set of remotes in the repository as defined by remotes.<group>. If a named group is not specified on the command line, -the configuration parameter remotes.default will get used; if +the configuration parameter remotes.default will be used; if remotes.default is not defined, all remotes which do not have the configuration parameter remote.<name>.skipDefaultUpdate set to true will be updated. (See linkgit:git-config[1]). ++ +With `--prune` option, prune all the remotes that are updated. DISCUSSION @@ -117,7 +161,7 @@ $ git checkout -b nfs linux-nfs/master ... ------------ -* Imitate 'git clone' but track only selected branches +* Imitate 'git-clone' but track only selected branches + ------------ $ mkdir project.git @@ -128,7 +172,7 @@ $ git merge origin ------------ -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-fetch[1] linkgit:git-branch[1] @@ -146,4 +190,4 @@ Documentation by J. Bruce Fields and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt index 3d95749..c9257a1 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-repack - Pack unpacked objects in a repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-repack' [-a] [-d] [-f] [-l] [-n] [-q] [--window=N] [--depth=N] +'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-l] [-n] [-q] [--window=N] [--depth=N] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -31,34 +31,53 @@ OPTIONS Instead of incrementally packing the unpacked objects, pack everything referenced into a single pack. Especially useful when packing a repository that is used - for private development and there is no need to worry - about people fetching via dumb protocols from it. Use + for private development. Use with '-d'. This will clean up the objects that `git prune` leaves behind, but `git fsck --full` shows as dangling. ++ +Note that users fetching over dumb protocols will have to fetch the +whole new pack in order to get any contained object, no matter how many +other objects in that pack they already have locally. + +-A:: + Same as `-a`, unless '-d' is used. Then any unreachable + objects in a previous pack become loose, unpacked objects, + instead of being left in the old pack. Unreachable objects + are never intentionally added to a pack, even when repacking. + This option prevents unreachable objects from being immediately + deleted by way of being left in the old pack and then + removed. Instead, the loose unreachable objects + will be pruned according to normal expiry rules + with the next 'git-gc' invocation. See linkgit:git-gc[1]. -d:: After packing, if the newly created packs make some existing packs redundant, remove the redundant packs. - Also runs linkgit:git-prune-packed[1]. + Also run 'git-prune-packed' to remove redundant + loose object files. -l:: - Pass the `--local` option to `git pack-objects`, see + Pass the `--local` option to 'git-pack-objects'. See linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. -f:: - Pass the `--no-reuse-delta` option to `git pack-objects`, see + Pass the `--no-reuse-object` option to `git-pack-objects`, see linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. -q:: - Pass the `-q` option to `git pack-objects`, see + Pass the `-q` option to 'git-pack-objects'. See linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. -n:: - Do not update the server information with - `git update-server-info`. - ---window=[N], --depth=[N]:: + Do not update the server information with + 'git-update-server-info'. This option skips + updating local catalog files needed to publish + this repository (or a direct copy of it) + over HTTP or FTP. See linkgit:git-update-server-info[1]. + +--window=[N]:: +--depth=[N]:: These two options affect how the objects contained in the pack are stored using delta compression. The objects are first internally sorted by type, size and optionally names and compared against the @@ -90,7 +109,7 @@ Configuration When configuration variable `repack.UseDeltaBaseOffset` is set for the repository, the command passes `--delta-base-offset` -option to `git-pack-objects`; this typically results in slightly +option to 'git-pack-objects'; this typically results in slightly smaller packs, but the generated packs are incompatible with versions of git older than (and including) v1.4.3; do not set the variable in a repository that older version of git needs to @@ -107,11 +126,11 @@ Documentation -------------- Documentation by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] linkgit:git-prune-packed[1] GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-replace.txt b/Documentation/git-replace.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65a0da5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-replace.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +git-replace(1) +============== + +NAME +---- +git-replace - Create, list, delete refs to replace objects + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git replace' [-f] <object> <replacement> +'git replace' -d <object>... +'git replace' -l [<pattern>] + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Adds a 'replace' reference in `.git/refs/replace/` + +The name of the 'replace' reference is the SHA1 of the object that is +replaced. The content of the 'replace' reference is the SHA1 of the +replacement object. + +Unless `-f` is given, the 'replace' reference must not yet exist in +`.git/refs/replace/` directory. + +Replacement references will be used by default by all git commands +except those doing reachability traversal (prune, pack transfer and +fsck). + +It is possible to disable use of replacement references for any +command using the `--no-replace-objects` option just after 'git'. + +For example if commit 'foo' has been replaced by commit 'bar': + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git --no-replace-objects cat-file commit foo +------------------------------------------------ + +shows information about commit 'foo', while: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git cat-file commit foo +------------------------------------------------ + +shows information about commit 'bar'. + +The 'GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS' environment variable can be set to +achieve the same effect as the `--no-replace-objects` option. + +OPTIONS +------- +-f:: + If an existing replace ref for the same object exists, it will + be overwritten (instead of failing). + +-d:: + Delete existing replace refs for the given objects. + +-l <pattern>:: + List replace refs for objects that match the given pattern (or + all if no pattern is given). + Typing "git replace" without arguments, also lists all replace + refs. + +BUGS +---- +Comparing blobs or trees that have been replaced with those that +replace them will not work properly. And using 'git reset --hard' to +go back to a replaced commit will move the branch to the replacement +commit instead of the replaced commit. + +There may be other problems when using 'git rev-list' related to +pending objects. And of course things may break if an object of one +type is replaced by an object of another type (for example a blob +replaced by a commit). + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-tag[1] +linkgit:git-branch[1] +linkgit:git[1] + +Author +------ +Written by Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> and Junio C +Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>, based on 'git tag' by Kristian Hogsberg +<krh@redhat.com> and Carlos Rica <jasampler@gmail.com>. + +Documentation +-------------- +Documentation by Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> and the +git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>, based on 'git tag' documentation. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-repo-config.txt b/Documentation/git-repo-config.txt index 2ca3994..e5bdb55 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-repo-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-repo-config.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-repo-config - Get and set repository or global options SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-repo-config' ... +'git repo-config' ... DESCRIPTION diff --git a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt index 9a14c04..19335fd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-request-pull - Generates a summary of pending changes SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-request-pull' <start> <url> [<end>] +'git request-pull' <start> <url> [<end>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ OPTIONS Author ------ -Written by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> and Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> and Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -36,4 +36,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt index a53858e..7dd515b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt @@ -7,65 +7,65 @@ git-rerere - Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-rerere' [clear|diff|status|gc] +'git rerere' ['clear'|'diff'|'status'|'gc'] DESCRIPTION ----------- -In a workflow that employs relatively long lived topic branches, -the developer sometimes needs to resolve the same conflict over +In a workflow employing relatively long lived topic branches, +the developer sometimes needs to resolve the same conflicts over and over again until the topic branches are done (either merged to the "release" branch, or sent out and accepted upstream). -This command helps this process by recording conflicted -automerge results and corresponding hand-resolve results on the -initial manual merge, and later by noticing the same automerge -results and applying the previously recorded hand resolution. +This command assists the developer in this process by recording +conflicted automerge results and corresponding hand resolve results +on the initial manual merge, and applying previously recorded +hand resolutions to their corresponding automerge results. [NOTE] -You need to set the configuration variable rerere.enabled to +You need to set the configuration variable rerere.enabled in order to enable this command. COMMANDS -------- -Normally, git-rerere is run without arguments or user-intervention. +Normally, 'git-rerere' is run without arguments or user-intervention. However, it has several commands that allow it to interact with its working state. 'clear':: This resets the metadata used by rerere if a merge resolution is to be -is aborted. Calling linkgit:git-am[1] --skip or linkgit:git-rebase[1] -[--skip|--abort] will automatically invoke this command. +aborted. Calling 'git-am [--skip|--abort]' or 'git-rebase [--skip|--abort]' +will automatically invoke this command. 'diff':: This displays diffs for the current state of the resolution. It is useful for tracking what has changed while the user is resolving conflicts. Additional arguments are passed directly to the system -diff(1) command installed in PATH. +'diff' command installed in PATH. 'status':: -Like diff, but this only prints the filenames that will be tracked +Like 'diff', but this only prints the filenames that will be tracked for resolutions. 'gc':: -This command is used to prune records of conflicted merge that -occurred long time ago. By default, conflicts older than 15 -days that you have not recorded their resolution, and conflicts -older than 60 days, are pruned. These are controlled with +This prunes records of conflicted merges that +occurred a long time ago. By default, unresolved conflicts older +than 15 days and resolved conflicts older than 60 +days are pruned. These defaults are controlled via the `gc.rerereunresolved` and `gc.rerereresolved` configuration -variables. +variables respectively. DISCUSSION ---------- -When your topic branch modifies overlapping area that your +When your topic branch modifies an overlapping area that your master branch (or upstream) touched since your topic branch forked from it, you may want to test it with the latest master, even before your topic branch is ready to be pushed upstream: @@ -90,15 +90,15 @@ One way to do it is to pull master into the topic branch: The commits marked with `*` touch the same area in the same file; you need to resolve the conflicts when creating the commit -marked with `+`. Then you can test the result to make sure your +marked with `{plus}`. Then you can test the result to make sure your work-in-progress still works with what is in the latest master. After this test merge, there are two ways to continue your work on the topic. The easiest is to build on top of the test merge -commit `+`, and when your work in the topic branch is finally +commit `{plus}`, and when your work in the topic branch is finally ready, pull the topic branch into master, and/or ask the upstream to pull from you. By that time, however, the master or -the upstream might have been advanced since the test merge `+`, +the upstream might have been advanced since the test merge `{plus}`, in which case the final commit graph would look like this: ------------ @@ -140,46 +140,45 @@ top of the tip before the test merge: This would leave only one merge commit when your topic branch is finally ready and merged into the master branch. This merge would require you to resolve the conflict, introduced by the -commits marked with `*`. However, often this conflict is the +commits marked with `*`. However, this conflict is often the same conflict you resolved when you created the test merge you -blew away. `git-rerere` command helps you to resolve this final +blew away. 'git-rerere' helps you resolve this final conflicted merge using the information from your earlier hand resolve. -Running `git-rerere` command immediately after a conflicted +Running the 'git-rerere' command immediately after a conflicted automerge records the conflicted working tree files, with the usual conflict markers `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` in them. Later, after you are done resolving the conflicts, -running `git-rerere` again records the resolved state of these +running 'git-rerere' again will record the resolved state of these files. Suppose you did this when you created the test merge of master into the topic branch. -Next time, running `git-rerere` after seeing a conflicted -automerge, if the conflict is the same as the earlier one -recorded, it is noticed and a three-way merge between the +Next time, after seeing the same conflicted automerge, +running 'git-rerere' will perform a three-way merge between the earlier conflicted automerge, the earlier manual resolution, and -the current conflicted automerge is performed by the command. +the current conflicted automerge. If this three-way merge resolves cleanly, the result is written -out to your working tree file, so you would not have to manually -resolve it. Note that `git-rerere` leaves the index file alone, +out to your working tree file, so you do not have to manually +resolve it. Note that 'git-rerere' leaves the index file alone, so you still need to do the final sanity checks with `git diff` -(or `git diff -c`) and `git add` when you are satisfied. +(or `git diff -c`) and 'git-add' when you are satisfied. -As a convenience measure, `git-merge` automatically invokes -`git-rerere` when it exits with a failed automerge, which -records it if it is a new conflict, or reuses the earlier hand -resolve when it is not. `git-commit` also invokes `git-rerere` -when recording a merge result. What this means is that you do -not have to do anything special yourself (Note: you still have -to set the config variable rerere.enabled to enable this command). +As a convenience measure, 'git-merge' automatically invokes +'git-rerere' upon exiting with a failed automerge and 'git-rerere' +records the hand resolve when it is a new conflict, or reuses the earlier hand +resolve when it is not. 'git-commit' also invokes 'git-rerere' +when committing a merge result. What this means is that you do +not have to do anything special yourself (besides enabling +the rerere.enabled config variable). -In our example, when you did the test merge, the manual +In our example, when you do the test merge, the manual resolution is recorded, and it will be reused when you do the -actual merge later with updated master and topic branch, as long -as the earlier resolution is still applicable. +actual merge later with the updated master and topic branch, as long +as the recorded resolution is still applicable. -The information `git-rerere` records is also used when running -`git-rebase`. After blowing away the test merge and continuing +The information 'git-rerere' records is also used when running +'git-rebase'. After blowing away the test merge and continuing development on the topic branch: ------------ @@ -194,18 +193,18 @@ development on the topic branch: o---o---o---*---o---o---o---o master ------------ -you could run `git rebase master topic`, to keep yourself -up-to-date even before your topic is ready to be sent upstream. -This would result in falling back to three-way merge, and it -would conflict the same way the test merge you resolved earlier. -`git-rerere` is run by `git rebase` to help you resolve this +you could run `git rebase master topic`, to bring yourself +up-to-date before your topic is ready to be sent upstream. +This would result in falling back to a three-way merge, and it +would conflict the same way as the test merge you resolved earlier. +'git-rerere' will be run by 'git-rebase' to help you resolve this conflict. Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt index fac59c9..2d27e40 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt @@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ git-reset - Reset current HEAD to the specified state SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git reset' [--mixed | --soft | --hard] [-q] [<commit>] +'git reset' [--mixed | --soft | --hard | --merge] [-q] [<commit>] 'git reset' [-q] [<commit>] [--] <paths>... +'git reset' --patch [<commit>] [--] [<paths>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -23,8 +24,9 @@ the undo in the history. If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch, linkgit:git-revert[1] is your friend. -The second form with 'paths' is used to revert selected paths in -the index from a given commit, without moving HEAD. +The second and third forms with 'paths' and/or --patch are used to +revert selected paths in the index from a given commit, without moving +HEAD. OPTIONS @@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ OPTIONS --soft:: Does not touch the index file nor the working tree at all, but requires them to be in a good order. This leaves all your changed - files "Changes to be committed", as linkgit:git-status[1] would + files "Changes to be committed", as 'git-status' would put it. --hard:: @@ -45,6 +47,20 @@ OPTIONS switched to. Any changes to tracked files in the working tree since <commit> are lost. +--merge:: + Resets the index to match the tree recorded by the named commit, + and updates the files that are different between the named commit + and the current commit in the working tree. + +-p:: +--patch:: + Interactively select hunks in the difference between the index + and <commit> (defaults to HEAD). The chosen hunks are applied + in reverse to the index. ++ +This means that `git reset -p` is the opposite of `git add -p` (see +linkgit:git-add[1]). + -q:: Be quiet, only report errors. @@ -82,7 +98,9 @@ $ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <1> + <1> The last three commits (HEAD, HEAD^, and HEAD~2) were bad and you do not want to ever see them again. Do *not* do this if -you have already given these commits to somebody else. +you have already given these commits to somebody else. (See the +"RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for +the implications of doing so.) Undo a commit, making it a topic branch:: + @@ -128,11 +146,11 @@ Undo a merge or pull:: $ git pull <1> Auto-merging nitfol CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in nitfol -Automatic merge failed/prevented; fix up by hand +Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. $ git reset --hard <2> $ git pull . topic/branch <3> Updating from 41223... to 13134... -Fast forward +Fast-forward $ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <4> ------------ + @@ -143,13 +161,35 @@ right now, so you decide to do that later. which is a synonym for "git reset --hard HEAD" clears the mess from the index file and the working tree. <3> Merge a topic branch into the current branch, which resulted -in a fast forward. +in a fast-forward. <4> But you decided that the topic branch is not ready for public consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original tip of the current branch in ORIG_HEAD, so resetting hard to it brings your index file and the working tree back to that state, and resets the tip of the branch to that commit. +Undo a merge or pull inside a dirty work tree:: ++ +------------ +$ git pull <1> +Auto-merging nitfol +Merge made by recursive. + nitfol | 20 +++++---- + ... +$ git reset --merge ORIG_HEAD <2> +------------ ++ +<1> Even if you may have local modifications in your +working tree, you can safely say "git pull" when you know +that the change in the other branch does not overlap with +them. +<2> After inspecting the result of the merge, you may find +that the change in the other branch is unsatisfactory. Running +"git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD" will let you go back to where you +were, but it will discard your local changes, which you do not +want. "git reset --merge" keeps your local changes. + + Interrupted workflow:: + Suppose you are interrupted by an urgent fix request while you @@ -175,6 +215,8 @@ $ git reset <3> <3> At this point the index file still has all the WIP changes you committed as 'snapshot WIP'. This updates the index to show your WIP files as uncommitted. ++ +See also linkgit:git-stash[1]. Reset a single file in the index:: + @@ -195,7 +237,7 @@ $ git add frotz.c <3> Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> and Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> Documentation -------------- @@ -203,4 +245,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt index d80cdf5..3341d1b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt @@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [ \--max-age=timestamp ] [ \--min-age=timestamp ] [ \--sparse ] + [ \--merges ] [ \--no-merges ] [ \--first-parent ] [ \--remove-empty ] @@ -32,9 +33,9 @@ SYNOPSIS [ \--cherry-pick ] [ \--encoding[=<encoding>] ] [ \--(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ] - [ \--regexp-ignore-case | \-i ] - [ \--extended-regexp | \-E ] - [ \--fixed-strings | \-F ] + [ \--regexp-ignore-case | -i ] + [ \--extended-regexp | -E ] + [ \--fixed-strings | -F ] [ \--date={local|relative|default|iso|rfc|short} ] [ [\--objects | \--objects-edge] [ \--unpacked ] ] [ \--pretty | \--header ] @@ -50,28 +51,34 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order starting at the -given commit(s), taking ancestry relationship into account. This is -useful to produce human-readable log output. +List commits that are reachable by following the `parent` links from the +given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s) +given with a '{caret}' in front of them. The output is given in reverse +chronological order by default. -Commits which are stated with a preceding '{caret}' cause listing to -stop at that point. Their parents are implied. Thus the following -command: +You can think of this as a set operation. Commits given on the command +line form a set of commits that are reachable from any of them, and then +commits reachable from any of the ones given with '{caret}' in front are +subtracted from that set. The remaining commits are what comes out in the +command's output. Various other options and paths parameters can be used +to further limit the result. + +Thus, the following command: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - $ git-rev-list foo bar ^baz + $ git rev-list foo bar ^baz ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -means "list all the commits which are included in 'foo' and 'bar', but -not in 'baz'". +means "list all the commits which are reachable from 'foo' or 'bar', but +not from 'baz'". A special notation "'<commit1>'..'<commit2>'" can be used as a short-hand for "{caret}'<commit1>' '<commit2>'". For example, either of the following may be used interchangeably: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - $ git-rev-list origin..HEAD - $ git-rev-list HEAD ^origin + $ git rev-list origin..HEAD + $ git rev-list HEAD ^origin ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Another special notation is "'<commit1>'...'<commit2>'" which is useful @@ -79,15 +86,15 @@ for merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - $ git-rev-list A B --not $(git-merge-base --all A B) - $ git-rev-list A...B + $ git rev-list A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B) + $ git rev-list A...B ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -linkgit:git-rev-list[1] is a very essential git program, since it +'rev-list' is a very essential git command, since it provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For this reason, it has a lot of different options that enables it to be -used by commands as different as linkgit:git-bisect[1] and -linkgit:git-repack[1]. +used by commands as different as 'git-bisect' and +'git-repack'. OPTIONS ------- @@ -109,4 +116,4 @@ and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt index 110e7ba..82045a2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt @@ -8,35 +8,45 @@ git-rev-parse - Pick out and massage parameters SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-rev-parse' [ --option ] <args>... +'git rev-parse' [ --option ] <args>... DESCRIPTION ----------- Many git porcelainish commands take mixture of flags (i.e. parameters that begin with a dash '-') and parameters -meant for underlying `git-rev-list` command they use internally -and flags and parameters for other commands they use as the -downstream of `git-rev-list`. This command is used to +meant for the underlying 'git-rev-list' command they use internally +and flags and parameters for the other commands they use +downstream of 'git-rev-list'. This command is used to distinguish between them. OPTIONS ------- --parseopt:: - Use `git-rev-parse` in option parsing mode (see PARSEOPT section below). + Use 'git-rev-parse' in option parsing mode (see PARSEOPT section below). ---keep-dash-dash:: +--keep-dashdash:: Only meaningful in `--parseopt` mode. Tells the option parser to echo out the first `--` met instead of skipping it. +--stop-at-non-option:: + Only meaningful in `--parseopt` mode. Lets the option parser stop at + the first non-option argument. This can be used to parse sub-commands + that take options themself. + +--sq-quote:: + Use 'git-rev-parse' in shell quoting mode (see SQ-QUOTE + section below). In contrast to the `--sq` option below, this + mode does only quoting. Nothing else is done to command input. + --revs-only:: Do not output flags and parameters not meant for - `git-rev-list` command. + 'git-rev-list' command. --no-revs:: Do not output flags and parameters meant for - `git-rev-list` command. + 'git-rev-list' command. --flags:: Do not output non-flag parameters. @@ -52,7 +62,8 @@ OPTIONS The parameter given must be usable as a single, valid object name. Otherwise barf and abort. --q, --quiet:: +-q:: +--quiet:: Only meaningful in `--verify` mode. Do not output an error message if the first argument is not a valid object name; instead exit with non-zero status silently. @@ -63,7 +74,8 @@ OPTIONS properly quoted for consumption by shell. Useful when you expect your parameter to contain whitespaces and newlines (e.g. when using pickaxe `-S` with - `git-diff-\*`). + 'git-diff-\*'). In contrast to the `--sq-quote` option, + the command input is still interpreted as usual. --not:: When showing object names, prefix them with '{caret}' and @@ -83,6 +95,11 @@ OPTIONS unfortunately named tag "master"), and show them as full refnames (e.g. "refs/heads/master"). +--abbrev-ref[={strict|loose}]:: + A non-ambiguous short name of the objects name. + The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict + abbreviation mode. + --all:: Show all refs found in `$GIT_DIR/refs`. @@ -119,18 +136,21 @@ OPTIONS --is-bare-repository:: When the repository is bare print "true", otherwise "false". ---short, --short=number:: +--short:: +--short=number:: Instead of outputting the full SHA1 values of object names try to abbreviate them to a shorter unique name. When no length is specified 7 is used. The minimum length is 4. ---since=datestring, --after=datestring:: - Parses the date string, and outputs corresponding - --max-age= parameter for git-rev-list command. +--since=datestring:: +--after=datestring:: + Parse the date string, and output the corresponding + --max-age= parameter for 'git-rev-list'. ---until=datestring, --before=datestring:: - Parses the date string, and outputs corresponding - --min-age= parameter for git-rev-list command. +--until=datestring:: +--before=datestring:: + Parse the date string, and output the corresponding + --min-age= parameter for 'git-rev-list'. <args>...:: Flags and parameters to be parsed. @@ -151,8 +171,9 @@ blobs contained in a commit. name the same commit object if there are no other object in your repository whose object name starts with dae86e. -* An output from `git-describe`; i.e. a closest tag, followed by a - dash, a `g`, and an abbreviated object name. +* An output from 'git-describe'; i.e. a closest tag, optionally + followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a + `g`, and an abbreviated object name. * A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit object referenced by $GIT_DIR/refs/heads/master. If you @@ -162,7 +183,7 @@ blobs contained in a commit. first match in the following rules: . if `$GIT_DIR/<name>` exists, that is what you mean (this is usually - useful only for `HEAD`, `FETCH_HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD`); + useful only for `HEAD`, `FETCH_HEAD`, `ORIG_HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD`); . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/<name>` if exists; @@ -173,6 +194,16 @@ blobs contained in a commit. . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/<name>` if exists; . otherwise, `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes/<name>/HEAD` if exists. ++ +HEAD names the commit your changes in the working tree is based on. +FETCH_HEAD records the branch you fetched from a remote repository +with your last 'git-fetch' invocation. +ORIG_HEAD is created by commands that moves your HEAD in a drastic +way, to record the position of the HEAD before their operation, so that +you can change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran +them easily. +MERGE_HEAD records the commit(s) you are merging into your branch +when you run 'git-merge'. * A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification enclosed in a brace @@ -180,7 +211,10 @@ blobs contained in a commit. second ago\}' or '\{1979-02-26 18:30:00\}') to specify the value of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an - existing log ($GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>). + existing log ($GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>). Note that this looks up the state + of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local + `master` branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during + certain times, see `--since` and `--until`. * A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') to specify @@ -194,6 +228,9 @@ blobs contained in a commit. reflog of the current branch. For example, if you are on the branch 'blabla', then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'. +* The special construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out + before the current one. + * A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e. 'rev{caret}' @@ -243,16 +280,18 @@ Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered left-to-right. - G H I J - \ / \ / - D E F - \ | / \ - \ | / | - \|/ | - B C - \ / - \ / - A +........................................ +G H I J + \ / \ / + D E F + \ | / \ + \ | / | + \|/ | + B C + \ / + \ / + A +........................................ A = = A^0 B = A^ = A^1 = A~1 @@ -269,32 +308,32 @@ left-to-right. SPECIFYING RANGES ----------------- -History traversing commands such as `git-log` operate on a set +History traversing commands such as 'git-log' operate on a set of commits, not just a single commit. To these commands, specifying a single revision with the notation described in the previous section means the set of commits reachable from that commit, following the commit ancestry chain. To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix `{caret}` -notation is used. E.g. "`{caret}r1 r2`" means commits reachable +notation is used. E.g. `{caret}r1 r2` means commits reachable from `r2` but exclude the ones reachable from `r1`. This set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand -for it. "`r1..r2`" is equivalent to "`{caret}r1 r2`". It is -the difference of two sets (subtract the set of commits -reachable from `r1` from the set of commits reachable from -`r2`). +for it. When you have two commits `r1` and `r2` (named according +to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask +for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable +from r1 by `{caret}r1 r2` and it can be written as `r1..r2`. -A similar notation "`r1\...r2`" is called symmetric difference +A similar notation `r1\...r2` is called symmetric difference of `r1` and `r2` and is defined as -"`r1 r2 --not $(git-merge-base --all r1 r2)`". +`r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)`. It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of `r1` or `r2` but not from both. Two other shorthands for naming a set that is formed by a commit -and its parent commits exists. `r1{caret}@` notation means all +and its parent commits exist. The `r1{caret}@` notation means all parents of `r1`. `r1{caret}!` includes commit `r1` but excludes -its all parents. +all of its parents. Here are a handful of examples: @@ -310,7 +349,7 @@ Here are a handful of examples: PARSEOPT -------- -In `--parseopt` mode, `git-rev-parse` helps massaging options to bring to shell +In `--parseopt` mode, 'git-rev-parse' helps massaging options to bring to shell scripts the same facilities C builtins have. It works as an option normalizer (e.g. splits single switches aggregate values), a bit like `getopt(1)` does. @@ -322,7 +361,7 @@ usage on the standard error stream, and exits with code 129. Input Format ~~~~~~~~~~~~ -`git-rev-parse --parseopt` input format is fully text based. It has two parts, +'git-rev-parse --parseopt' input format is fully text based. It has two parts, separated by a line that contains only `--`. The lines before the separator (should be more than one) are used for the usage. The lines after the separator describe the options. @@ -347,7 +386,7 @@ Each line of options has this format: * Use `*` to mean that this option should not be listed in the usage generated for the `-h` argument. It's shown for `--help-all` as - documented in linkgit:gitcli[5]. + documented in linkgit:gitcli[7]. * Use `!` to not make the corresponding negated long option available. @@ -375,14 +414,66 @@ bar= some cool option --bar with an argument An option group Header C? option C with an optional argument" -eval `echo "$OPTS_SPEC" | git-rev-parse --parseopt -- "$@" || echo exit $?` +eval `echo "$OPTS_SPEC" | git rev-parse --parseopt -- "$@" || echo exit $?` +------------ + +SQ-QUOTE +-------- + +In `--sq-quote` mode, 'git-rev-parse' echoes on the standard output a +single line suitable for `sh(1)` `eval`. This line is made by +normalizing the arguments following `--sq-quote`. Nothing other than +quoting the arguments is done. + +If you want command input to still be interpreted as usual by +'git-rev-parse' before the output is shell quoted, see the `--sq` +option. + +Example +~~~~~~~ + +------------ +$ cat >your-git-script.sh <<\EOF +#!/bin/sh +args=$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$@") # quote user-supplied arguments +command="git frotz -n24 $args" # and use it inside a handcrafted + # command line +eval "$command" +EOF + +$ sh your-git-script.sh "a b'c" +------------ + +EXAMPLES +-------- + +* Print the object name of the current commit: ++ +------------ +$ git rev-parse --verify HEAD +------------ + +* Print the commit object name from the revision in the $REV shell variable: ++ +------------ +$ git rev-parse --verify $REV +------------ ++ +This will error out if $REV is empty or not a valid revision. + +* Same as above: ++ +------------ +$ git rev-parse --default master --verify $REV ------------ ++ +but if $REV is empty, the commit object name from master will be printed. Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> . -Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> and Pierre Habouzit <madcoder@debian.org> +Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Pierre Habouzit <madcoder@debian.org> Documentation -------------- @@ -390,4 +481,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt index 93e20f7..5e11758 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-revert - Revert an existing commit SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-revert' [--edit | --no-edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] <commit> +'git revert' [--edit | --no-edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] <commit> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -15,6 +15,15 @@ Given one existing commit, revert the change the patch introduces, and record a new commit that records it. This requires your working tree to be clean (no modifications from the HEAD commit). +Note: 'git revert' is used to record a new commit to reverse the +effect of an earlier commit (often a faulty one). If you want to +throw away all uncommitted changes in your working directory, you +should see linkgit:git-reset[1], particularly the '--hard' option. If +you want to extract specific files as they were in another commit, you +should see linkgit:git-checkout[1], specifically the 'git checkout +<commit> -- <filename>' syntax. Take care with these alternatives as +both will discard uncommitted changes in your working directory. + OPTIONS ------- <commit>:: @@ -22,39 +31,54 @@ OPTIONS For a more complete list of ways to spell commit names, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. --e|--edit:: - With this option, `git-revert` will let you edit the commit +-e:: +--edit:: + With this option, 'git-revert' will let you edit the commit message prior to committing the revert. This is the default if you run the command from a terminal. --m parent-number|--mainline parent-number:: +-m parent-number:: +--mainline parent-number:: Usually you cannot revert a merge because you do not know which side of the merge should be considered the mainline. This option specifies the parent number (starting from 1) of the mainline and allows revert to reverse the change relative to the specified parent. ++ +Reverting a merge commit declares that you will never want the tree changes +brought in by the merge. As a result, later merges will only bring in tree +changes introduced by commits that are not ancestors of the previously +reverted merge. This may or may not be what you want. ++ +See the link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for +more details. --no-edit:: - With this option, `git-revert` will not start the commit + With this option, 'git-revert' will not start the commit message editor. --n|--no-commit:: +-n:: +--no-commit:: Usually the command automatically creates a commit with - a commit log message stating which commit was reverted. - This flag applies the change necessary to revert the - named commit to your working tree, but does not make the - commit. In addition, when this option is used, your - working tree does not have to match the HEAD commit. - The revert is done against the beginning state of your - working tree. + a commit log message stating which commit was + reverted. This flag applies the change necessary + to revert the named commit to your working tree + and the index, but does not make the commit. In addition, + when this option is used, your index does not have to match + the HEAD commit. The revert is done against the + beginning state of your index. + This is useful when reverting more than one commits' -effect to your working tree in a row. +effect to your index in a row. + +-s:: +--signoff:: + Add Signed-off-by line at the end of the commit message. Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -62,4 +86,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt index 9c81b72..c21d19e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt @@ -7,18 +7,18 @@ git-rm - Remove files from the working tree and from the index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-rm' [-f] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch] [--quiet] [--] <file>... +'git rm' [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch] [--quiet] [--] <file>... DESCRIPTION ----------- Remove files from the index, or from the working tree and the index. `git rm` will not remove a file from just your working directory. -(There is no option to remove a file only from the work tree +(There is no option to remove a file only from the working tree and yet keep it in the index; use `/bin/rm` if you want to do that.) The files being removed have to be identical to the tip of the branch, and no updates to their contents can be staged in the index, though that default behavior can be overridden with the `-f` option. -When '--cached' is given, the staged content has to +When `--cached` is given, the staged content has to match either the tip of the branch or the file on disk, allowing the file to be removed from just the index. @@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ OPTIONS but this requires the `-r` option to be explicitly given. -f:: +--force:: Override the up-to-date check. --n, \--dry-run:: +-n:: +--dry-run:: Don't actually remove any file(s). Instead, just show if they exist in the index and would otherwise be removed by the command. @@ -52,16 +54,17 @@ OPTIONS the list of files, (useful when filenames might be mistaken for command-line options). -\--cached:: +--cached:: Use this option to unstage and remove paths only from the index. Working tree files, whether modified or not, will be left alone. -\--ignore-unmatch:: +--ignore-unmatch:: Exit with a zero status even if no files matched. --q, \--quiet:: - git-rm normally outputs one line (in the form of an "rm" command) +-q:: +--quiet:: + `git rm` normally outputs one line (in the form of an `rm` command) for each file removed. This option suppresses that output. @@ -78,9 +81,61 @@ two directories `d` and `d2`, there is a difference between using `git rm \'d\*\'` and `git rm \'d/\*\'`, as the former will also remove all of directory `d2`. +REMOVING FILES THAT HAVE DISAPPEARED FROM THE FILESYSTEM +-------------------------------------------------------- +There is no option for `git rm` to remove from the index only +the paths that have disappeared from the filesystem. However, +depending on the use case, there are several ways that can be +done. + +Using "git commit -a" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +If you intend that your next commit should record all modifications +of tracked files in the working tree and record all removals of +files that have been removed from the working tree with `rm` +(as opposed to `git rm`), use `git commit -a`, as it will +automatically notice and record all removals. You can also have a +similar effect without committing by using `git add -u`. + +Using "git add -A" +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +When accepting a new code drop for a vendor branch, you probably +want to record both the removal of paths and additions of new paths +as well as modifications of existing paths. + +Typically you would first remove all tracked files from the working +tree using this command: + +---------------- +git ls-files -z | xargs -0 rm -f +---------------- + +and then "untar" the new code in the working tree. Alternately +you could "rsync" the changes into the working tree. + +After that, the easiest way to record all removals, additions, and +modifications in the working tree is: + +---------------- +git add -A +---------------- + +See linkgit:git-add[1]. + +Other ways +~~~~~~~~~~ +If all you really want to do is to remove from the index the files +that are no longer present in the working tree (perhaps because +your working tree is dirty so that you cannot use `git commit -a`), +use the following command: + +---------------- +git diff --name-only --diff-filter=D -z | xargs -0 git rm --cached +---------------- + EXAMPLES -------- -git-rm Documentation/\\*.txt:: +git rm Documentation/\\*.txt:: Removes all `\*.txt` files from the index that are under the `Documentation` directory and any of its subdirectories. + @@ -88,12 +143,12 @@ Note that the asterisk `\*` is quoted from the shell in this example; this lets git, and not the shell, expand the pathnames of files and subdirectories under the `Documentation/` directory. -git-rm -f git-*.sh:: +git rm -f git-*.sh:: Because this example lets the shell expand the asterisk (i.e. you are listing the files explicitly), it does not remove `subdir/git-foo.sh`. -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-add[1] @@ -107,4 +162,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index 9d0a10c..8c482f4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -8,80 +8,130 @@ git-send-email - Send a collection of patches as emails SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-send-email' [options] <file|directory> [... file|directory] - +'git send-email' [options] <file|directory|rev-list options>... DESCRIPTION ----------- Takes the patches given on the command line and emails them out. +Patches can be specified as files, directories (which will send all +files in the directory), or directly as a revision list. In the +last case, any format accepted by linkgit:git-format-patch[1] can +be passed to git send-email. The header of the email is configurable by command line options. If not specified on the command line, the user will be prompted with a ReadLine enabled interface to provide the necessary information. +There are two formats accepted for patch files: + +1. mbox format files ++ +This is what linkgit:git-format-patch[1] generates. Most headers and MIME +formatting are ignored. + +2. The original format used by Greg Kroah-Hartman's 'send_lots_of_email.pl' +script ++ +This format expects the first line of the file to contain the "Cc:" value +and the "Subject:" of the message as the second line. + + OPTIONS ------- -The options available are: ---bcc:: - Specify a "Bcc:" value for each email. +Composing +~~~~~~~~~ + +--annotate:: + Review and edit each patch you're about to send. See the + CONFIGURATION section for 'sendemail.multiedit'. + +--bcc=<address>:: + Specify a "Bcc:" value for each email. Default is the value of + 'sendemail.bcc'. + The --bcc option must be repeated for each user you want on the bcc list. ---cc:: +--cc=<address>:: Specify a starting "Cc:" value for each email. + Default is the value of 'sendemail.cc'. + The --cc option must be repeated for each user you want on the cc list. ---cc-cmd:: - Specify a command to execute once per patch file which - should generate patch file specific "Cc:" entries. - Output of this command must be single email address per line. - Default is the value of 'sendemail.cccmd' configuration value. - ---chain-reply-to, --no-chain-reply-to:: - If this is set, each email will be sent as a reply to the previous - email sent. If disabled with "--no-chain-reply-to", all emails after - the first will be sent as replies to the first email sent. When using - this, it is recommended that the first file given be an overview of the - entire patch series. - Default is the value of the 'sendemail.chainreplyto' configuration - value; if that is unspecified, default to --chain-reply-to. - --compose:: - Use $GIT_EDITOR, core.editor, $VISUAL, or $EDITOR to edit an - introductory message for the patch series. + Invoke a text editor (see GIT_EDITOR in linkgit:git-var[1]) + to edit an introductory message for the patch series. ++ +When '--compose' is used, git send-email will use the From, Subject, and +In-Reply-To headers specified in the message. If the body of the message +(what you type after the headers and a blank line) only contains blank +(or GIT: prefixed) lines the summary won't be sent, but From, Subject, +and In-Reply-To headers will be used unless they are removed. ++ +Missing From or In-Reply-To headers will be prompted for. ++ +See the CONFIGURATION section for 'sendemail.multiedit'. ---from:: - Specify the sender of the emails. This will default to - the value GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT, as returned by "git-var -l". - The user will still be prompted to confirm this entry. +--from=<address>:: + Specify the sender of the emails. If not specified on the command line, + the value of the 'sendemail.from' configuration option is used. If + neither the command line option nor 'sendemail.from' are set, then the + user will be prompted for the value. The default for the prompt will be + the value of GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT, or GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT if that is not + set, as returned by "git var -l". ---in-reply-to:: +--in-reply-to=<identifier>:: Specify the contents of the first In-Reply-To header. Subsequent emails will refer to the previous email instead of this if --chain-reply-to is set (the default) Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose is not set, this will be prompted for. ---signed-off-by-cc, --no-signed-off-by-cc:: - If this is set, add emails found in Signed-off-by: or Cc: lines to the - cc list. - Default is the value of 'sendemail.signedoffcc' configuration value; - if that is unspecified, default to --signed-off-by-cc. +--subject=<string>:: + Specify the initial subject of the email thread. + Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose + is not set, this will be prompted for. ---quiet:: - Make git-send-email less verbose. One line per email should be - all that is output. +--to=<address>:: + Specify the primary recipient of the emails generated. Generally, this + will be the upstream maintainer of the project involved. Default is the + value of the 'sendemail.to' configuration value; if that is unspecified, + this will be prompted for. ++ +The --to option must be repeated for each user you want on the to list. ---identity:: - A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the - 'sendemail.<identity>' subsection to take precedence over - values in the 'sendemail' section. The default identity is - the value of 'sendemail.identity'. ---smtp-server:: +Sending +~~~~~~~ + +--envelope-sender=<address>:: + Specify the envelope sender used to send the emails. + This is useful if your default address is not the address that is + subscribed to a list. In order to use the 'From' address, set the + value to "auto". If you use the sendmail binary, you must have + suitable privileges for the -f parameter. Default is the value of the + 'sendemail.envelopesender' configuration variable; if that is + unspecified, choosing the envelope sender is left to your MTA. + +--smtp-encryption=<encryption>:: + Specify the encryption to use, either 'ssl' or 'tls'. Any other + value reverts to plain SMTP. Default is the value of + 'sendemail.smtpencryption'. + +--smtp-pass[=<password>]:: + Password for SMTP-AUTH. The argument is optional: If no + argument is specified, then the empty string is used as + the password. Default is the value of 'sendemail.smtppass', + however '--smtp-pass' always overrides this value. ++ +Furthermore, passwords need not be specified in configuration files +or on the command line. If a username has been specified (with +'--smtp-user' or a 'sendemail.smtpuser'), but no password has been +specified (with '--smtp-pass' or 'sendemail.smtppass'), then the +user is prompted for a password while the input is masked for privacy. + +--smtp-server=<host>:: If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server to use (e.g. `smtp.example.com` or a raw IP address). Alternatively it can specify a full pathname of a sendmail-like program instead; @@ -91,106 +141,144 @@ The --cc option must be repeated for each user you want on the cc list. `/usr/lib/sendmail` if such program is available, or `localhost` otherwise. ---smtp-server-port:: +--smtp-server-port=<port>:: Specifies a port different from the default port (SMTP - servers typically listen to smtp port 25 and ssmtp port - 465). + servers typically listen to smtp port 25, but may also listen to + submission port 587, or the common SSL smtp port 465); + symbolic port names (e.g. "submission" instead of 587) + are also accepted. The port can also be set with the + 'sendemail.smtpserverport' configuration variable. + +--smtp-ssl:: + Legacy alias for '--smtp-encryption ssl'. ---smtp-user:: - Username for SMTP-AUTH. In place of this option, the following - configuration variables can be specified: +--smtp-user=<user>:: + Username for SMTP-AUTH. Default is the value of 'sendemail.smtpuser'; + if a username is not specified (with '--smtp-user' or 'sendemail.smtpuser'), + then authentication is not attempted. + + +Automating +~~~~~~~~~~ + +--cc-cmd=<command>:: + Specify a command to execute once per patch file which + should generate patch file specific "Cc:" entries. + Output of this command must be single email address per line. + Default is the value of 'sendemail.cccmd' configuration value. + +--[no-]chain-reply-to:: + If this is set, each email will be sent as a reply to the previous + email sent. If disabled with "--no-chain-reply-to", all emails after + the first will be sent as replies to the first email sent. When using + this, it is recommended that the first file given be an overview of the + entire patch series. Default is the value of the 'sendemail.chainreplyto' + configuration value; if that is unspecified, default to --chain-reply-to. + +--identity=<identity>:: + A configuration identity. When given, causes values in the + 'sendemail.<identity>' subsection to take precedence over + values in the 'sendemail' section. The default identity is + the value of 'sendemail.identity'. + +--[no-]signed-off-by-cc:: + If this is set, add emails found in Signed-off-by: or Cc: lines to the + cc list. Default is the value of 'sendemail.signedoffbycc' configuration + value; if that is unspecified, default to --signed-off-by-cc. + +--suppress-cc=<category>:: + Specify an additional category of recipients to suppress the + auto-cc of: + -- - * sendemail.smtpuser - * sendemail.<identity>.smtpuser (see sendemail.identity). +- 'author' will avoid including the patch author +- 'self' will avoid including the sender +- 'cc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the patch header + except for self (use 'self' for that). +- 'bodycc' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Cc lines in the + patch body (commit message) except for self (use 'self' for that). +- 'sob' will avoid including anyone mentioned in Signed-off-by lines except + for self (use 'self' for that). +- 'cccmd' will avoid running the --cc-cmd. +- 'body' is equivalent to 'sob' + 'bodycc' +- 'all' will suppress all auto cc values. -- + -However, --smtp-user always overrides these variables. +Default is the value of 'sendemail.suppresscc' configuration value; if +that is unspecified, default to 'self' if --suppress-from is +specified, as well as 'body' if --no-signed-off-cc is specified. + +--[no-]suppress-from:: + If this is set, do not add the From: address to the cc: list. + Default is the value of 'sendemail.suppressfrom' configuration + value; if that is unspecified, default to --no-suppress-from. + +--[no-]thread:: + If this is set, the In-Reply-To and References headers will be + added to each email sent. Whether each mail refers to the + previous email (`deep` threading per 'git format-patch' + wording) or to the first email (`shallow` threading) is + governed by "--[no-]chain-reply-to". + -If a username is not specified (with --smtp-user or a -configuration variable), then authentication is not attempted. - ---smtp-pass:: - Password for SMTP-AUTH. The argument is optional: If no - argument is specified, then the empty string is used as - the password. +If disabled with "--no-thread", those headers will not be added +(unless specified with --in-reply-to). Default is the value of the +'sendemail.thread' configuration value; if that is unspecified, +default to --thread. + -In place of this option, the following configuration variables -can be specified: +It is up to the user to ensure that no In-Reply-To header already +exists when 'git send-email' is asked to add it (especially note that +'git format-patch' can be configured to do the threading itself). +Failure to do so may not produce the expected result in the +recipient's MUA. + + +Administering +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +--confirm=<mode>:: + Confirm just before sending: + -- - * sendemail.smtppass - * sendemail.<identity>.smtppass (see sendemail.identity). +- 'always' will always confirm before sending +- 'never' will never confirm before sending +- 'cc' will confirm before sending when send-email has automatically + added addresses from the patch to the Cc list +- 'compose' will confirm before sending the first message when using --compose. +- 'auto' is equivalent to 'cc' + 'compose' -- + -However, --smtp-pass always overrides these variables. -+ -Furthermore, passwords need not be specified in configuration files -or on the command line. If a username has been specified (with ---smtp-user or a configuration variable), but no password has been -specified (with --smtp-pass or a configuration variable), then the -user is prompted for a password while the input is masked for privacy. - ---smtp-ssl:: - If set, connects to the SMTP server using SSL. - Default is the value of the 'sendemail.smtpssl' configuration value; - if that is unspecified, does not use SSL. - ---subject:: - Specify the initial subject of the email thread. - Only necessary if --compose is also set. If --compose - is not set, this will be prompted for. - ---suppress-from, --no-suppress-from:: - If this is set, do not add the From: address to the cc: list. - Default is the value of 'sendemail.suppressfrom' configuration value; - if that is unspecified, default to --no-suppress-from. - ---suppress-cc:: - Specify an additional category of recipients to suppress the - auto-cc of. 'self' will avoid including the sender, 'author' will - avoid including the patch author, 'cc' will avoid including anyone - mentioned in Cc lines in the patch, 'sob' will avoid including - anyone mentioned in Signed-off-by lines, and 'cccmd' will avoid - running the --cc-cmd. 'all' will suppress all auto cc values. - Default is the value of 'sendemail.suppresscc' configuration value; - if that is unspecified, default to 'self' if --suppress-from is - specified, as well as 'sob' if --no-signed-off-cc is specified. - ---thread, --no-thread:: - If this is set, the In-Reply-To header will be set on each email sent. - If disabled with "--no-thread", no emails will have the In-Reply-To - header set. - Default is the value of the 'sendemail.thread' configuration value; - if that is unspecified, default to --thread. +Default is the value of 'sendemail.confirm' configuration value; if that +is unspecified, default to 'auto' unless any of the suppress options +have been specified, in which case default to 'compose'. --dry-run:: Do everything except actually send the emails. ---envelope-sender:: - Specify the envelope sender used to send the emails. - This is useful if your default address is not the address that is - subscribed to a list. If you use the sendmail binary, you must have - suitable privileges for the -f parameter. +--[no-]format-patch:: + When an argument may be understood either as a reference or as a file name, + choose to understand it as a format-patch argument ('--format-patch') + or as a file name ('--no-format-patch'). By default, when such a conflict + occurs, git send-email will fail. + +--quiet:: + Make git-send-email less verbose. One line per email should be + all that is output. ---to:: - Specify the primary recipient of the emails generated. - Generally, this will be the upstream maintainer of the - project involved. - Default is the value of the 'sendemail.to' configuration value; - if that is unspecified, this will be prompted for. +--[no-]validate:: + Perform sanity checks on patches. + Currently, validation means the following: + -The --to option must be repeated for each user you want on the to list. +-- + * Warn of patches that contain lines longer than 998 characters; this + is due to SMTP limits as described by http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2821.txt. +-- ++ +Default is the value of 'sendemail.validate'; if this is not set, +default to '--validate'. CONFIGURATION ------------- -sendemail.identity:: - The default configuration identity. When specified, - 'sendemail.<identity>.<item>' will have higher precedence than - 'sendemail.<item>'. This is useful to declare multiple SMTP - identities and to hoist sensitive authentication information - out of the repository and into the global configuration file. sendemail.aliasesfile:: To avoid typing long email addresses, point this to one or more @@ -198,35 +286,19 @@ sendemail.aliasesfile:: sendemail.aliasfiletype:: Format of the file(s) specified in sendemail.aliasesfile. Must be - one of 'mutt', 'mailrc', 'pine', or 'gnus'. - -sendemail.to:: - Email address (or alias) to always send to. - -sendemail.cccmd:: - Command to execute to generate per patch file specific "Cc:"s. + one of 'mutt', 'mailrc', 'pine', 'elm', or 'gnus'. -sendemail.bcc:: - Email address (or alias) to always bcc. +sendemail.multiedit:: + If true (default), a single editor instance will be spawned to edit + files you have to edit (patches when '--annotate' is used, and the + summary when '--compose' is used). If false, files will be edited one + after the other, spawning a new editor each time. -sendemail.chainreplyto:: - Boolean value specifying the default to the '--chain_reply_to' - parameter. +sendemail.confirm:: + Sets the default for whether to confirm before sending. Must be + one of 'always', 'never', 'cc', 'compose', or 'auto'. See '--confirm' + in the previous section for the meaning of these values. -sendemail.smtpserver:: - Default SMTP server to use. - -sendemail.smtpserverport:: - Default SMTP server port to use. - -sendemail.smtpuser:: - Default SMTP-AUTH username. - -sendemail.smtppass:: - Default SMTP-AUTH password. - -sendemail.smtpssl:: - Boolean value specifying the default to the '--smtp-ssl' parameter. Author ------ @@ -235,10 +307,12 @@ Written by Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com> git-send-email is originally based upon send_lots_of_email.pl by Greg Kroah-Hartman. + Documentation -------------- Documentation by Ryan Anderson + GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt index 777515b..5a04c6e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ git-send-pack - Push objects over git protocol to another repository SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-send-pack' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--verbose] [--thin] [<host>:]<directory> [<ref>...] +'git send-pack' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--verbose] [--thin] [<host>:]<directory> [<ref>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Usually you would want to use linkgit:git-push[1] which is a -higher level wrapper of this command instead. +Usually you would want to use 'git-push', which is a +higher-level wrapper of this command, instead. See linkgit:git-push[1]. Invokes 'git-receive-pack' on a possibly remote repository, and updates it from the current repository, sending named refs. @@ -21,33 +21,33 @@ updates it from the current repository, sending named refs. OPTIONS ------- -\--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>:: +--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>:: Path to the 'git-receive-pack' program on the remote end. Sometimes useful when pushing to a remote repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in a directory on the default $PATH. -\--exec=<git-receive-pack>:: +--exec=<git-receive-pack>:: Same as \--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>. -\--all:: +--all:: Instead of explicitly specifying which refs to update, update all heads that locally exist. -\--dry-run:: +--dry-run:: Do everything except actually send the updates. -\--force:: +--force:: Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it. This flag disables the check. What this means is that the remote repository can lose commits; use it with care. -\--verbose:: +--verbose:: Run verbosely. -\--thin:: +--thin:: Spend extra cycles to minimize the number of objects to be sent. Use it on slower connection. @@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ and the destination side (after the colon). The ref to be pushed is determined by finding a match that matches the source side, and where it is pushed is determined by using the destination side. The rules used to match a ref are the same -rules used by linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] to resolve a symbolic ref -name. +rules used by 'git-rev-parse' to resolve a symbolic ref +name. See linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. - It is an error if <src> does not match exactly one of the local refs. @@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ name. Without '--force', the <src> ref is stored at the remote only if <dst> does not exist, or <dst> is a proper subset (i.e. an -ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast forward check", +ancestor) of <src>. This check, known as "fast-forward check", is performed in order to avoid accidentally overwriting the remote ref and lose other peoples' commits from there. -With '--force', the fast forward check is disabled for all refs. +With '--force', the fast-forward check is disabled for all refs. Optionally, a <ref> parameter can be prefixed with a plus '+' sign to disable the fast-forward check only on that ref. @@ -125,4 +125,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt b/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt index 16b8b75..18f14b5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-sh-setup - Common git shell script setup code SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-sh-setup' +'. "$(git --exec-path)/git-sh-setup"' DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is not a command the end user would want to run. Ever. This documentation is meant for people who are studying the Porcelain-ish scripts and/or are writing new ones. -The `git-sh-setup` scriptlet is designed to be sourced (using +The 'git-sh-setup' scriptlet is designed to be sourced (using `.`) by other shell scripts to set up some variables pointing at the normal git directories and a few helper shell functions. @@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-shell.txt b/Documentation/git-shell.txt index bc031e0..0f3ad81 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-shell.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-shell.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-shell - Restricted login shell for GIT-only SSH access SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-shell' -c <command> <argument> +'$(git --exec-path)/git-shell' -c <command> <argument> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -18,8 +18,9 @@ of server-side GIT commands implementing the pull/push functionality. The commands can be executed only by the '-c' option; the shell is not interactive. -Currently, only the `git-receive-pack` and `git-upload-pack` commands -are permitted to be called, with a single required argument. +Currently, only four commands are permitted to be called, 'git-receive-pack' +'git-upload-pack' and 'git-upload-archive' with a single required argument, or +'cvs server' (to invoke 'git-cvsserver'). Author ------ @@ -31,4 +32,4 @@ Documentation by Petr Baudis and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt index d7cb4c0..42463a9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt @@ -3,17 +3,17 @@ git-shortlog(1) NAME ---- -git-shortlog - Summarize 'git log' output +git-shortlog - Summarize 'git-log' output SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -git-log --pretty=short | 'git-shortlog' [-h] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-w] -git-shortlog [-n|--numbered] [-s|--summary] [-e|--email] [-w[<width>[,<indent1>[,<indent2>]]]] [<committish>...] +git log --pretty=short | 'git shortlog' [-h] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-w] +git shortlog [-n|--numbered] [-s|--summary] [-e|--email] [-w[<width>[,<indent1>[,<indent2>]]]] [<committish>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Summarizes 'git log' output in a format suitable for inclusion +Summarizes 'git-log' output in a format suitable for inclusion in release announcements. Each commit will be grouped by author and the first line of the commit message will be shown. @@ -22,17 +22,21 @@ Additionally, "[PATCH]" will be stripped from the commit description. OPTIONS ------- --h, \--help:: +-h:: +--help:: Print a short usage message and exit. --n, \--numbered:: +-n:: +--numbered:: Sort output according to the number of commits per author instead of author alphabetic order. --s, \--summary:: +-s:: +--summary:: Suppress commit description and provide a commit count summary only. --e, \--email:: +-e:: +--email:: Show the email address of each author. -w[<width>[,<indent1>[,<indent2>]]]:: @@ -41,19 +45,16 @@ OPTIONS and subsequent lines are indented by `indent2` spaces. `width`, `indent1`, and `indent2` default to 76, 6 and 9 respectively. -FILES ------ -If the file `.mailmap` exists, it will be used for mapping author -email addresses to a real author name. One mapping per line, first -the author name followed by the email address enclosed by -'<' and '>'. Use hash '#' for comments. Example: +MAPPING AUTHORS +--------------- + +The `.mailmap` feature is used to coalesce together commits by the same +person in the shortlog, where their name and/or email address was +spelled differently. + +include::mailmap.txt[] ------------- -# Keep alphabetized -Adam Morrow <adam@localhost.localdomain> -Eve Jones <eve@laptop.(none)> ------------- Author ------ @@ -65,4 +66,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt index 0bb8250..7343361 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt @@ -8,10 +8,13 @@ git-show-branch - Show branches and their commits SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-show-branch' [--all] [--remotes] [--topo-order] [--current] +'git show-branch' [-a|--all] [-r|--remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order] + [--current] [--color | --no-color] [--sparse] [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base] - [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [<rev> | <glob>]... -'git-show-branch' (-g|--reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>] + [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] + [<rev> | <glob>]... + +'git show-branch' (-g|--reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -29,8 +32,8 @@ no <rev> nor <glob> is given on the command line. OPTIONS ------- <rev>:: - Arbitrary extended SHA1 expression (see `git-rev-parse`) - that typically names a branch HEAD or a tag. + Arbitrary extended SHA1 expression (see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]) + that typically names a branch head or a tag. <glob>:: A glob pattern that matches branch or tag names under @@ -38,10 +41,12 @@ OPTIONS branches under $GIT_DIR/refs/heads/topic, giving `topic/*` would show all of them. --r|--remotes:: +-r:: +--remotes:: Show the remote-tracking branches. --a|--all:: +-a:: +--all:: Show both remote-tracking branches and local branches. --current:: @@ -55,6 +60,11 @@ OPTIONS appear in topological order (i.e., descendant commits are shown before their parents). +--date-order:: + This option is similar to '--topo-order' in the sense that no + parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise commits + are ordered according to their commit date. + --sparse:: By default, the output omits merges that are reachable from only one tip being shown. This option makes them @@ -72,9 +82,11 @@ OPTIONS Synonym to `--more=-1` --merge-base:: - Instead of showing the commit list, just act like the - 'git-merge-base -a' command, except that it can accept - more than two heads. + Instead of showing the commit list, determine possible + merge bases for the specified commits. All merge bases + will be contained in all specified commits. This is + different from how linkgit:git-merge-base[1] handles + the case of three or more commits. --independent:: Among the <reference>s given, display only the ones that @@ -97,14 +109,22 @@ OPTIONS will show the revisions given by "git rev-list {caret}master topic1 topic2" +-g:: --reflog[=<n>[,<base>]] [<ref>]:: Shows <n> most recent ref-log entries for the given ref. If <base> is given, <n> entries going back from that entry. <base> can be specified as count or date. - `-g` can be used as a short-hand for this option. When - no explicit <ref> parameter is given, it defaults to the + When no explicit <ref> parameter is given, it defaults to the current branch (or `HEAD` if it is detached). +--color:: + Color the status sign (one of these: `*` `!` `+` `-`) of each commit + corresponding to the branch it's in. + +--no-color:: + Turn off colored output, even when the configuration file gives the + default to color output. + Note that --more, --list, --independent and --merge-base options are mutually exclusive. @@ -146,9 +166,10 @@ $ git show-branch master fixes mhf ------------------------------------------------ These three branches all forked from a common commit, [master], -whose commit message is "Add 'git show-branch'. "fixes" branch -adds one commit 'Introduce "reset type"'. "mhf" branch has many -other commits. The current branch is "master". +whose commit message is "Add \'git show-branch\'". The "fixes" +branch adds one commit "Introduce "reset type" flag to "git reset"". +The "mhf" branch adds many other commits. The current branch +is "master". EXAMPLE @@ -170,7 +191,7 @@ only the primary branches. In addition, if you happen to be on your topic branch, it is shown as well. ------------ -$ git show-branch --reflog='10,1 hour ago' --list master +$ git show-branch --reflog="10,1 hour ago" --list master ------------ shows 10 reflog entries going back from the tip as of 1 hour ago. @@ -180,7 +201,7 @@ topologically related with each other. Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation @@ -190,4 +211,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-index.txt b/Documentation/git-show-index.txt index 535a884..e3285aa 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-index.txt @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ git-show-index - Show packed archive index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-show-index' < idx-file +'git show-index' < idx-file DESCRIPTION ----------- Reads given idx file for packed git archive created with -git-pack-objects command, and dumps its contents. +'git-pack-objects' command, and dumps its contents. The information it outputs is subset of what you can get from 'git-verify-pack -v'; this command only shows the packfile @@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt index ce0e643..70f400b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt @@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ git-show-ref - List references in a local repository SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-show-ref' [-q|--quiet] [--verify] [-h|--head] [-d|--dereference] - [-s|--hash] [--abbrev] [--tags] [--heads] [--] <pattern>... -'git-show-ref' --exclude-existing[=pattern] +'git show-ref' [-q|--quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d|--dereference] + [-s|--hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] + [--heads] [--] <pattern>... +'git show-ref' --exclude-existing[=<pattern>] < ref-list DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -24,29 +25,32 @@ The --exclude-existing form is a filter that does the inverse, it shows the refs from stdin that don't exist in the local repository. Use of this utility is encouraged in favor of directly accessing files under -in the `.git` directory. +the `.git` directory. OPTIONS ------- --h, --head:: +--head:: Show the HEAD reference. ---tags, --heads:: +--tags:: +--heads:: Limit to only "refs/heads" and "refs/tags", respectively. These options are not mutually exclusive; when given both, references stored in "refs/heads" and "refs/tags" are displayed. --d, --dereference:: +-d:: +--dereference:: Dereference tags into object IDs as well. They will be shown with "^{}" appended. --s, --hash:: +-s:: +--hash[=<n>]:: - Only show the SHA1 hash, not the reference name. When also using + Only show the SHA1 hash, not the reference name. When combined with --dereference the dereferenced tag will still be shown after the SHA1. --verify:: @@ -55,19 +59,20 @@ OPTIONS Aside from returning an error code of 1, it will also print an error message if '--quiet' was not specified. ---abbrev, --abbrev=len:: +--abbrev[=<n>]:: Abbreviate the object name. When using `--hash`, you do - not have to say `--hash --abbrev`; `--hash=len` would do. + not have to say `--hash --abbrev`; `--hash=n` would do. --q, --quiet:: +-q:: +--quiet:: Do not print any results to stdout. When combined with '--verify' this can be used to silently check if a reference exists. ---exclude-existing, --exclude-existing=pattern:: +--exclude-existing[=<pattern>]:: - Make git-show-ref act as a filter that reads refs from stdin of the + Make 'git-show-ref' act as a filter that reads refs from stdin of the form "^(?:<anything>\s)?<refname>(?:\^\{\})?$" and performs the following actions on each: (1) strip "^{}" at the end of line if any; @@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ OPTIONS (5) otherwise output the line. -<pattern>:: +<pattern>...:: Show references matching one or more patterns. @@ -130,14 +135,14 @@ When using the '--verify' flag, the command requires an exact path: will only match the exact branch called "master". -If nothing matches, linkgit:git-show-ref[1] will return an error code of 1, +If nothing matches, 'git-show-ref' will return an error code of 1, and in the case of verification, it will show an error message. For scripting, you can ask it to be quiet with the "--quiet" flag, which allows you to do things like ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - git-show-ref --quiet --verify -- "refs/heads/$headname" || + git show-ref --quiet --verify -- "refs/heads/$headname" || echo "$headname is not a valid branch" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -169,4 +174,4 @@ Man page by Jonas Fonseca <fonseca@diku.dk>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-show.txt b/Documentation/git-show.txt index dccf0e2..48b612e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-show.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-show.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-show - Show various types of objects SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-show' [options] <object>... +'git show' [options] <object>... DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ presents the merge commit in a special format as produced by For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects. -For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to linkgit:git-ls-tree[1] +For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to 'git-ls-tree' with \--name-only). For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents. -The command takes options applicable to the linkgit:git-diff-tree[1] command to +The command takes options applicable to the 'git-diff-tree' command to control how the changes the commit introduces are shown. This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. @@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. OPTIONS ------- -<object>:: - The name of the object to show. +<object>...:: + The names of objects to show. For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ include::i18n.txt[] Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>. Significantly enhanced by +Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. Significantly enhanced by Johannes Schindelin <Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de>. @@ -79,8 +79,6 @@ Documentation ------------- Documentation by David Greaves, Petr Baudis and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. -This manual page is a stub. You can help the git documentation by expanding it. - GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-stage.txt b/Documentation/git-stage.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f251a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/git-stage.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +git-stage(1) +============== + +NAME +---- +git-stage - Add file contents to the staging area + + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +[verse] +'git stage' args... + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This is a synonym for linkgit:git-add[1]. Please refer to the +documentation of that command. diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt index 8dc35d4..3f14b72 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt @@ -8,22 +8,28 @@ git-stash - Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-stash' (list | show [<stash>] | apply [<stash>] | clear | drop [<stash>] | pop [<stash>]) -'git-stash' [save [<message>]] +'git stash' list [<options>] +'git stash' show [<stash>] +'git stash' drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] +'git stash' ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] +'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>] +'git stash' [save [--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]] +'git stash' clear +'git stash' create DESCRIPTION ----------- -Use 'git-stash' when you want to record the current state of the +Use 'git stash' when you want to record the current state of the working directory and the index, but want to go back to a clean working directory. The command saves your local modifications away and reverts the working directory to match the `HEAD` commit. The modifications stashed away by this command can be listed with -`git-stash list`, inspected with `git-stash show`, and restored -(potentially on top of a different commit) with `git-stash apply`. -Calling git-stash without any arguments is equivalent to `git-stash -save`. A stash is by default listed as "WIP on 'branchname' ...", but +`git stash list`, inspected with `git stash show`, and restored +(potentially on top of a different commit) with `git stash apply`. +Calling `git stash` without any arguments is equivalent to `git stash save`. +A stash is by default listed as "WIP on 'branchname' ...", but you can give a more descriptive message on the command line when you create one. @@ -36,12 +42,27 @@ is also possible). OPTIONS ------- -save [<message>]:: +save [--patch] [--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]:: - Save your local modifications to a new 'stash', and run `git-reset - --hard` to revert them. This is the default action when no - subcommand is given. The <message> part is optional and gives - the description along with the stashed state. + Save your local modifications to a new 'stash', and run `git reset + --hard` to revert them. The <message> part is optional and gives + the description along with the stashed state. For quickly making + a snapshot, you can omit _both_ "save" and <message>, but giving + only <message> does not trigger this action to prevent a misspelled + subcommand from making an unwanted stash. ++ +If the `--keep-index` option is used, all changes already added to the +index are left intact. ++ +With `--patch`, you can interactively select hunks from in the diff +between HEAD and the working tree to be stashed. The stash entry is +constructed such that its index state is the same as the index state +of your repository, and its worktree contains only the changes you +selected interactively. The selected changes are then rolled back +from your worktree. ++ +The `--patch` option implies `--keep-index`. You can use +`--no-keep-index` to override this. list [<options>]:: @@ -56,45 +77,67 @@ stash@{0}: WIP on submit: 6ebd0e2... Update git-stash documentation stash@{1}: On master: 9cc0589... Add git-stash ---------------------------------------------------------------- + -The command takes options applicable to the linkgit:git-log[1] -command to control what is shown and how. +The command takes options applicable to the 'git-log' +command to control what is shown and how. See linkgit:git-log[1]. show [<stash>]:: Show the changes recorded in the stash as a diff between the stashed state and its original parent. When no `<stash>` is given, shows the latest one. By default, the command shows the diffstat, but - it will accept any format known to `git-diff` (e.g., `git-stash show + it will accept any format known to 'git-diff' (e.g., `git stash show -p stash@\{1}` to view the second most recent stash in patch form). -apply [--index] [<stash>]:: +pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: - Restore the changes recorded in the stash on top of the current - working tree state. When no `<stash>` is given, applies the latest - one. The working directory must match the index. + Remove a single stashed state from the stash list and apply it + on top of the current working tree state, i.e., do the inverse + operation of `git stash save`. The working directory must + match the index. + -This operation can fail with conflicts; you need to resolve them -by hand in the working tree. +Applying the state can fail with conflicts; in this case, it is not +removed from the stash list. You need to resolve the conflicts by hand +and call `git stash drop` manually afterwards. + If the `--index` option is used, then tries to reinstate not only the working tree's changes, but also the index's ones. However, this can fail, when you have conflicts (which are stored in the index, where you therefore can no longer apply the changes as they were originally). ++ +When no `<stash>` is given, `stash@\{0}` is assumed. + +apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: + + Like `pop`, but do not remove the state from the stash list. + +branch <branchname> [<stash>]:: + + Creates and checks out a new branch named `<branchname>` starting from + the commit at which the `<stash>` was originally created, applies the + changes recorded in `<stash>` to the new working tree and index, then + drops the `<stash>` if that completes successfully. When no `<stash>` + is given, applies the latest one. ++ +This is useful if the branch on which you ran `git stash save` has +changed enough that `git stash apply` fails due to conflicts. Since +the stash is applied on top of the commit that was HEAD at the time +`git stash` was run, it restores the originally stashed state with +no conflicts. clear:: Remove all the stashed states. Note that those states will then - be subject to pruning, and may be difficult or impossible to recover. + be subject to pruning, and may be impossible to recover (see + 'Examples' below for a possible strategy). -drop [<stash>]:: +drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: Remove a single stashed state from the stash list. When no `<stash>` is given, it removes the latest one. i.e. `stash@\{0}` -pop [<stash>]:: +create:: - Remove a single stashed state from the stash list and apply on top - of the current working tree state. When no `<stash>` is given, - `stash@\{0}` is assumed. See also `apply`. + Create a stash (which is a regular commit object) and return its + object name, without storing it anywhere in the ref namespace. DISCUSSION @@ -132,11 +175,11 @@ perform a pull, and then unstash, like this: + ---------------------------------------------------------------- $ git pull -... + ... file foobar not up to date, cannot merge. $ git stash $ git pull -$ git stash apply +$ git stash pop ---------------------------------------------------------------- Interrupted workflow:: @@ -147,7 +190,7 @@ make a commit to a temporary branch to store your changes away, and return to your original branch to make the emergency fix, like this: + ---------------------------------------------------------------- -... hack hack hack ... +# ... hack hack hack ... $ git checkout -b my_wip $ git commit -a -m "WIP" $ git checkout master @@ -155,19 +198,51 @@ $ edit emergency fix $ git commit -a -m "Fix in a hurry" $ git checkout my_wip $ git reset --soft HEAD^ -... continue hacking ... +# ... continue hacking ... ---------------------------------------------------------------- + -You can use `git-stash` to simplify the above, like this: +You can use 'git-stash' to simplify the above, like this: + ---------------------------------------------------------------- -... hack hack hack ... +# ... hack hack hack ... $ git stash $ edit emergency fix $ git commit -a -m "Fix in a hurry" -$ git stash apply -... continue hacking ... +$ git stash pop +# ... continue hacking ... +---------------------------------------------------------------- + +Testing partial commits:: + +You can use `git stash save --keep-index` when you want to make two or +more commits out of the changes in the work tree, and you want to test +each change before committing: ++ +---------------------------------------------------------------- +# ... hack hack hack ... +$ git add --patch foo # add just first part to the index +$ git stash save --keep-index # save all other changes to the stash +$ edit/build/test first part +$ git commit -m 'First part' # commit fully tested change +$ git stash pop # prepare to work on all other changes +# ... repeat above five steps until one commit remains ... +$ edit/build/test remaining parts +$ git commit foo -m 'Remaining parts' +---------------------------------------------------------------- + +Recovering stashes that were cleared/dropped erroneously:: + +If you mistakenly drop or clear stashes, they cannot be recovered +through the normal safety mechanisms. However, you can try the +following incantation to get a list of stashes that are still in your +repository, but not reachable any more: ++ ---------------------------------------------------------------- +git fsck --unreachable | +grep commit | cut -d\ -f3 | +xargs git log --merges --no-walk --grep=WIP +---------------------------------------------------------------- + SEE ALSO -------- @@ -182,4 +257,4 @@ Written by Nanako Shiraishi <nanako3@bluebottle.com> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt index ea4376a..84f60f3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-status.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-status - Show the working tree status SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-status' <options>... +'git status' <options>... DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ current HEAD commit, paths that have differences between the working tree and the index file, and paths in the working tree that are not tracked by git (and are not ignored by linkgit:gitignore[5]). The first are what you _would_ commit by running `git commit`; the second and -third are what you _could_ commit by running `git add` before running +third are what you _could_ commit by running 'git-add' before running `git commit`. -The command takes the same set of options as `git-commit`; it +The command takes the same set of options as 'git-commit'; it shows what would be committed if the same options are given to -`git-commit`. +'git-commit'. If there is no path that is different between the index file and the current HEAD commit (i.e., there is nothing to commit by running -`git-commit`), the command exits with non-zero status. +`git commit`), the command exits with non-zero status. OUTPUT @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ to -1 or an unlimited number), the submodule summary will be enabled and a summary of commits for modified submodules will be shown (see --summary-limit option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:gitignore[5] Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>. +Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. Documentation -------------- @@ -72,4 +72,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt b/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt index fc56875..7508c0e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-stripspace - Filter out empty lines SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-stripspace' [-s | --strip-comments] < <stream> +'git stripspace' [-s | --strip-comments] < <stream> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ Remove multiple empty lines, and empty lines at beginning and end. OPTIONS ------- --s|--strip-comments:: +-s:: +--strip-comments:: In addition to empty lines, also strip lines starting with '#'. <stream>:: @@ -32,4 +33,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt index 6ffd896..4ef70c4 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt @@ -9,57 +9,176 @@ git-submodule - Initialize, update or inspect submodules SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-submodule' [--quiet] add [-b branch] [--] <repository> [<path>] -'git-submodule' [--quiet] status [--cached] [--] [<path>...] -'git-submodule' [--quiet] [init|update] [--] [<path>...] -'git-submodule' [--quiet] summary [--summary-limit <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] add [-b branch] + [--reference <repository>] [--] <repository> [<path>] +'git submodule' [--quiet] status [--cached] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] init [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] update [--init] [-N|--no-fetch] [--rebase] + [--reference <repository>] [--merge] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [--cached|--files] [--summary-limit <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...] +'git submodule' [--quiet] foreach [--recursive] <command> +'git submodule' [--quiet] sync [--] [<path>...] + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- +Submodules allow foreign repositories to be embedded within +a dedicated subdirectory of the source tree, always pointed +at a particular commit. + +They are not to be confused with remotes, which are meant mainly +for branches of the same project; submodules are meant for +different projects you would like to make part of your source tree, +while the history of the two projects still stays completely +independent and you cannot modify the contents of the submodule +from within the main project. +If you want to merge the project histories and want to treat the +aggregated whole as a single project from then on, you may want to +add a remote for the other project and use the 'subtree' merge strategy, +instead of treating the other project as a submodule. Directories +that come from both projects can be cloned and checked out as a whole +if you choose to go that route. + +Submodules are composed from a so-called `gitlink` tree entry +in the main repository that refers to a particular commit object +within the inner repository that is completely separate. +A record in the `.gitmodules` file at the root of the source +tree assigns a logical name to the submodule and describes +the default URL the submodule shall be cloned from. +The logical name can be used for overriding this URL within your +local repository configuration (see 'submodule init'). + +This command will manage the tree entries and contents of the +gitmodules file for you, as well as inspect the status of your +submodules and update them. +When adding a new submodule to the tree, the 'add' subcommand +is to be used. However, when pulling a tree containing submodules, +these will not be checked out by default; +the 'init' and 'update' subcommands will maintain submodules +checked out and at appropriate revision in your working tree. +You can briefly inspect the up-to-date status of your submodules +using the 'status' subcommand and get a detailed overview of the +difference between the index and checkouts using the 'summary' +subcommand. COMMANDS -------- add:: Add the given repository as a submodule at the given path - to the changeset to be committed next. If path is a valid - repository within the project, it is added as is. Otherwise, - repository is cloned at the specified path. path is added to the - changeset and registered in .gitmodules. If no path is - specified, the path is deduced from the repository specification. - If the repository url begins with ./ or ../, it is stored as - given but resolved as a relative path from the main project's - url when cloning. + to the changeset to be committed next to the current + project: the current project is termed the "superproject". ++ +This requires at least one argument: <repository>. The optional +argument <path> is the relative location for the cloned submodule +to exist in the superproject. If <path> is not given, the +"humanish" part of the source repository is used ("repo" for +"/path/to/repo.git" and "foo" for "host.xz:foo/.git"). ++ +<repository> is the URL of the new submodule's origin repository. +This may be either an absolute URL, or (if it begins with ./ +or ../), the location relative to the superproject's origin +repository. ++ +<path> is the relative location for the cloned submodule to +exist in the superproject. If <path> does not exist, then the +submodule is created by cloning from the named URL. If <path> does +exist and is already a valid git repository, then this is added +to the changeset without cloning. This second form is provided +to ease creating a new submodule from scratch, and presumes +the user will later push the submodule to the given URL. ++ +In either case, the given URL is recorded into .gitmodules for +use by subsequent users cloning the superproject. If the URL is +given relative to the superproject's repository, the presumption +is the superproject and submodule repositories will be kept +together in the same relative location, and only the +superproject's URL needs to be provided: git-submodule will correctly +locate the submodule using the relative URL in .gitmodules. status:: Show the status of the submodules. This will print the SHA-1 of the currently checked out commit for each submodule, along with the - submodule path and the output of linkgit:git-describe[1] for the + submodule path and the output of 'git-describe' for the SHA-1. Each SHA-1 will be prefixed with `-` if the submodule is not initialized and `+` if the currently checked out submodule commit does not match the SHA-1 found in the index of the containing - repository. This command is the default command for git-submodule. + repository. This command is the default command for 'git-submodule'. ++ +If '--recursive' is specified, this command will recurse into nested +submodules, and show their status as well. init:: - Initialize the submodules, i.e. register in .git/config each submodule - name and url found in .gitmodules. The key used in .git/config is - `submodule.$name.url`. This command does not alter existing information - in .git/config. + Initialize the submodules, i.e. register each submodule name + and url found in .gitmodules into .git/config. + The key used in .git/config is `submodule.$name.url`. + This command does not alter existing information in .git/config. + You can then customize the submodule clone URLs in .git/config + for your local setup and proceed to 'git submodule update'; + you can also just use 'git submodule update --init' without + the explicit 'init' step if you do not intend to customize + any submodule locations. update:: Update the registered submodules, i.e. clone missing submodules and checkout the commit specified in the index of the containing repository. - This will make the submodules HEAD be detached. + This will make the submodules HEAD be detached unless '--rebase' or + '--merge' is specified or the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to + `rebase` or `merge`. ++ +If the submodule is not yet initialized, and you just want to use the +setting as stored in .gitmodules, you can automatically initialize the +submodule with the --init option. ++ +If '--recursive' is specified, this command will recurse into the +registered submodules, and update any nested submodules within. summary:: Show commit summary between the given commit (defaults to HEAD) and working tree/index. For a submodule in question, a series of commits in the submodule between the given super project commit and the - index or working tree (switched by --cached) are shown. + index or working tree (switched by --cached) are shown. If the option + --files is given, show the series of commits in the submodule between + the index of the super project and the working tree of the submodule + (this option doesn't allow to use the --cached option or to provide an + explicit commit). + +foreach:: + Evaluates an arbitrary shell command in each checked out submodule. + The command has access to the variables $name, $path and $sha1: + $name is the name of the relevant submodule section in .gitmodules, + $path is the name of the submodule directory relative to the + superproject, and $sha1 is the commit as recorded in the superproject. + Any submodules defined in the superproject but not checked out are + ignored by this command. Unless given --quiet, foreach prints the name + of each submodule before evaluating the command. + If --recursive is given, submodules are traversed recursively (i.e. + the given shell command is evaluated in nested submodules as well). + A non-zero return from the command in any submodule causes + the processing to terminate. This can be overridden by adding '|| :' + to the end of the command. ++ +As an example, +git submodule foreach \'echo $path {backtick}git +rev-parse HEAD{backtick}'+ will show the path and currently checked out +commit for each submodule. + +sync:: + Synchronizes submodules' remote URL configuration setting + to the value specified in .gitmodules. This is useful when + submodule URLs change upstream and you need to update your local + repositories accordingly. ++ +"git submodule sync" synchronizes all submodules while +"git submodule sync -- A" synchronizes submodule "A" only. OPTIONS ------- --q, --quiet:: +-q:: +--quiet:: Only print error messages. --b, --branch:: +-b:: +--branch:: Branch of repository to add as submodule. --cached:: @@ -67,16 +186,61 @@ OPTIONS commands typically use the commit found in the submodule HEAD, but with this option, the commit stored in the index is used instead. --n, --summary-limit:: +--files:: + This option is only valid for the summary command. This command + compares the commit in the index with that in the submodule HEAD + when this option is used. + +-n:: +--summary-limit:: This option is only valid for the summary command. Limit the summary size (number of commits shown in total). Giving 0 will disable the summary; a negative number means unlimited (the default). This limit only applies to modified submodules. The size is always limited to 1 for added/deleted/typechanged submodules. -<path>:: - Path to submodule(s). When specified this will restrict the command +-N:: +--no-fetch:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Don't fetch new objects from the remote site. + +--merge:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Merge the commit recorded in the superproject into the current branch + of the submodule. If this option is given, the submodule's HEAD will + not be detached. If a merge failure prevents this process, you will + have to resolve the resulting conflicts within the submodule with the + usual conflict resolution tools. + If the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to `merge`, this option is + implicit. + +--rebase:: + This option is only valid for the update command. + Rebase the current branch onto the commit recorded in the + superproject. If this option is given, the submodule's HEAD will not + be detached. If a a merge failure prevents this process, you will have + to resolve these failures with linkgit:git-rebase[1]. + If the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to `rebase`, this option is + implicit. + +--reference <repository>:: + This option is only valid for add and update commands. These + commands sometimes need to clone a remote repository. In this case, + this option will be passed to the linkgit:git-clone[1] command. ++ +*NOTE*: Do *not* use this option unless you have read the note +for linkgit:git-clone[1]'s --reference and --shared options carefully. + +--recursive:: + This option is only valid for foreach, update and status commands. + Traverse submodules recursively. The operation is performed not + only in the submodules of the current repo, but also + in any nested submodules inside those submodules (and so on). + +<path>...:: + Paths to submodule(s). When specified this will restrict the command to only operate on the submodules found at the specified paths. + (This argument is required with add). FILES ----- @@ -93,4 +257,4 @@ Written by Lars Hjemli <hjemli@gmail.com> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index f4ba105..4cdca0d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -3,35 +3,33 @@ git-svn(1) NAME ---- -git-svn - Bidirectional operation between a single Subversion branch and git +git-svn - Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and git SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-svn' <command> [options] [arguments] +'git svn' <command> [options] [arguments] DESCRIPTION ----------- -git-svn is a simple conduit for changesets between Subversion and git. -It is not to be confused with linkgit:git-svnimport[1], which is -read-only. +'git svn' is a simple conduit for changesets between Subversion and git. +It provides a bidirectional flow of changes between a Subversion and a git +repository. -git-svn was originally designed for an individual developer who wants a -bidirectional flow of changesets between a single branch in Subversion -and an arbitrary number of branches in git. Since its inception, -git-svn has gained the ability to track multiple branches in a manner -similar to git-svnimport. +'git svn' can track a standard Subversion repository, +following the common "trunk/branches/tags" layout, with the --stdlayout option. +It can also follow branches and tags in any layout with the -T/-t/-b options +(see options to 'init' below, and also the 'clone' command). -git-svn is especially useful when it comes to tracking repositories -not organized in the way Subversion developers recommend (trunk, -branches, tags directories). +Once tracking a Subversion repository (with any of the above methods), the git +repository can be updated from Subversion by the 'fetch' command and +Subversion updated from git by the 'dcommit' command. COMMANDS -------- --- 'init':: Initializes an empty git repository with additional - metadata directories for git-svn. The Subversion URL + metadata directories for 'git svn'. The Subversion URL may be specified as a command-line argument, or as full URL arguments to -T/-t/-b. Optionally, the target directory to operate on can be specified as a second @@ -48,8 +46,11 @@ COMMANDS --stdlayout;; These are optional command-line options for init. Each of these flags can point to a relative repository path - (--tags=project/tags') or a full url - (--tags=https://foo.org/project/tags). The option --stdlayout is + (--tags=project/tags) or a full url + (--tags=https://foo.org/project/tags). + You can specify more than one --tags and/or --branches options, in case + your Subversion repository places tags or branches under multiple paths. + The option --stdlayout is a shorthand way of setting trunk,tags,branches as the relative paths, which is the Subversion default. If any of the other options are given as well, they take precedence. @@ -75,6 +76,21 @@ COMMANDS specified, the prefix must include a trailing slash. Setting a prefix is useful if you wish to track multiple projects that share a common repository. +--ignore-paths=<regex>;; + When passed to 'init' or 'clone' this regular expression will + be preserved as a config key. See 'fetch' for a description + of '--ignore-paths'. +--no-minimize-url;; + When tracking multiple directories (using --stdlayout, + --branches, or --tags options), git svn will attempt to connect + to the root (or highest allowed level) of the Subversion + repository. This default allows better tracking of history if + entire projects are moved within a repository, but may cause + issues on repositories where read access restrictions are in + place. Passing '--no-minimize-url' will allow git svn to + accept URLs as-is without attempting to connect to a higher + level directory. This option is off by default when only + one URL/branch is tracked (it would do little good). 'fetch':: Fetch unfetched revisions from the Subversion remote we are @@ -82,35 +98,89 @@ COMMANDS .git/config file may be specified as an optional command-line argument. +--localtime;; + Store Git commit times in the local timezone instead of UTC. This + makes 'git log' (even without --date=local) show the same times + that `svn log` would in the local timezone. ++ +This doesn't interfere with interoperating with the Subversion +repository you cloned from, but if you wish for your local Git +repository to be able to interoperate with someone else's local Git +repository, either don't use this option or you should both use it in +the same local timezone. + +--parent;; + Fetch only from the SVN parent of the current HEAD. + +--ignore-paths=<regex>;; + This allows one to specify a Perl regular expression that will + cause skipping of all matching paths from checkout from SVN. + The '--ignore-paths' option should match for every 'fetch' + (including automatic fetches due to 'clone', 'dcommit', + 'rebase', etc) on a given repository. ++ +[verse] +config key: svn-remote.<name>.ignore-paths ++ +If the ignore-paths config key is set and the command line option is +also given, both regular expressions will be used. ++ +Examples: ++ +-- +Skip "doc*" directory for every fetch;; ++ +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +--ignore-paths="^doc" +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Skip "branches" and "tags" of first level directories;; ++ +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +--ignore-paths="^[^/]+/(?:branches|tags)" +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +-- + +--use-log-author;; + When retrieving svn commits into git (as part of fetch, rebase, or + dcommit operations), look for the first From: or Signed-off-by: line + in the log message and use that as the author string. +--add-author-from;; + When committing to svn from git (as part of commit or dcommit + operations), if the existing log message doesn't already have a + From: or Signed-off-by: line, append a From: line based on the + git commit's author string. If you use this, then --use-log-author + will retrieve a valid author string for all commits. + 'clone':: Runs 'init' and 'fetch'. It will automatically create a directory based on the basename of the URL passed to it; or if a second argument is passed; it will create a directory and work within that. It accepts all arguments that the 'init' and 'fetch' commands accept; with the exception of - '--fetch-all'. After a repository is cloned, the 'fetch' - command will be able to update revisions without affecting - the working tree; and the 'rebase' command will be able - to update the working tree with the latest changes. + '--fetch-all' and '--parent'. After a repository is cloned, + the 'fetch' command will be able to update revisions without + affecting the working tree; and the 'rebase' command will be + able to update the working tree with the latest changes. 'rebase':: This fetches revisions from the SVN parent of the current HEAD and rebases the current (uncommitted to SVN) work against it. - -This works similarly to 'svn update' or 'git-pull' except that -it preserves linear history with 'git-rebase' instead of -'git-merge' for ease of dcommiting with git-svn. - -This accepts all options that 'git-svn fetch' and 'git-rebase' -accepts. However '--fetch-all' only fetches from the current ++ +This works similarly to `svn update` or 'git pull' except that +it preserves linear history with 'git rebase' instead of +'git merge' for ease of dcommitting with 'git svn'. ++ +This accepts all options that 'git svn fetch' and 'git rebase' +accept. However, '--fetch-all' only fetches from the current [svn-remote], and not all [svn-remote] definitions. - -Like 'git-rebase'; this requires that the working tree be clean ++ +Like 'git rebase'; this requires that the working tree be clean and have no uncommitted changes. -l;; --local;; - Do not fetch remotely; only run 'git-rebase' against the + Do not fetch remotely; only run 'git rebase' against the last fetched commit from the upstream SVN. 'dcommit':: @@ -118,17 +188,60 @@ and have no uncommitted changes. repository, and then rebase or reset (depending on whether or not there is a diff between SVN and head). This will create a revision in SVN for each commit in git. - It is recommended that you run git-svn fetch and rebase (not + It is recommended that you run 'git svn' fetch and rebase (not pull or merge) your commits against the latest changes in the SVN repository. - An optional command-line argument may be specified as an - alternative to HEAD. + An optional revision or branch argument may be specified, and + causes 'git svn' to do all work on that revision/branch + instead of HEAD. This is advantageous over 'set-tree' (below) because it produces cleaner, more linear history. + --no-rebase;; After committing, do not rebase or reset. --- +--commit-url <URL>;; + Commit to this SVN URL (the full path). This is intended to + allow existing 'git svn' repositories created with one transport + method (e.g. `svn://` or `http://` for anonymous read) to be + reused if a user is later given access to an alternate transport + method (e.g. `svn+ssh://` or `https://`) for commit. ++ +[verse] +config key: svn-remote.<name>.commiturl +config key: svn.commiturl (overwrites all svn-remote.<name>.commiturl options) ++ +Using this option for any other purpose (don't ask) is very strongly +discouraged. + +'branch':: + Create a branch in the SVN repository. + +-m;; +--message;; + Allows to specify the commit message. + +-t;; +--tag;; + Create a tag by using the tags_subdir instead of the branches_subdir + specified during git svn init. + +-d;; +--destination;; + If more than one --branches (or --tags) option was given to the 'init' + or 'clone' command, you must provide the location of the branch (or + tag) you wish to create in the SVN repository. The value of this + option must match one of the paths specified by a --branches (or + --tags) option. You can see these paths with the commands ++ + git config --get-all svn-remote.<name>.branches + git config --get-all svn-remote.<name>.tags ++ +where <name> is the name of the SVN repository as specified by the -R option to +'init' (or "svn" by default). + +'tag':: + Create a tag in the SVN repository. This is a shorthand for + 'branch -t'. 'log':: This should make it easy to look up svn log messages when svn @@ -137,10 +250,12 @@ and have no uncommitted changes. The following features from `svn log' are supported: + -- +-r <n>[:<n>];; --revision=<n>[:<n>];; is supported, non-numeric args are not: HEAD, NEXT, BASE, PREV, etc ... --v/--verbose;; +-v;; +--verbose;; it's not completely compatible with the --verbose output in svn log, but reasonably close. --limit=<n>;; @@ -163,16 +278,22 @@ NOTE: SVN itself only stores times in UTC and nothing else. The regular svn client converts the UTC time to the local time (or based on the TZ= environment). This command has the same behaviour. + -Any other arguments are passed directly to `git log' +Any other arguments are passed directly to 'git log' 'blame':: - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. This is - identical to `git blame', but SVN revision numbers are shown instead of git - commit hashes. + Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. The + output of this mode is format-compatible with the output of + `svn blame' by default. Like the SVN blame command, + local uncommitted changes in the working copy are ignored; + the version of the file in the HEAD revision is annotated. Unknown + arguments are passed directly to 'git blame'. + -All arguments are passed directly to `git blame'. +--git-format;; + Produce output in the same format as 'git blame', but with + SVN revision numbers instead of git commit hashes. In this mode, + changes that haven't been committed to SVN (including local + working-copy edits) are shown as revision 0. --- 'find-rev':: When given an SVN revision number of the form 'rN', returns the corresponding git commit hash (this can optionally be followed by a @@ -186,28 +307,34 @@ All arguments are passed directly to `git blame'. absolutely no attempts to do patching when committing to SVN, it simply overwrites files with those specified in the tree or commit. All merging is assumed to have taken place - independently of git-svn functions. + independently of 'git svn' functions. 'create-ignore':: - Recursively finds the svn:ignore property on directories and creates matching .gitignore files. The resulting files are staged to - be committed, but are not committed. + be committed, but are not committed. Use -r/--revision to refer to a + specific revision. 'show-ignore':: Recursively finds and lists the svn:ignore property on directories. The output is suitable for appending to the $GIT_DIR/info/exclude file. +'mkdirs':: + Attempts to recreate empty directories that core git cannot track + based on information in $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log files. + Empty directories are automatically recreated when using + "git svn clone" and "git svn rebase", so "mkdirs" is intended + for use after commands like "git checkout" or "git reset". + 'commit-diff':: Commits the diff of two tree-ish arguments from the - command-line. This command is intended for interoperability with - git-svnimport and does not rely on being inside an git-svn - init-ed repository. This command takes three arguments, (a) the + command-line. This command does not rely on being inside an `git svn + init`-ed repository. This command takes three arguments, (a) the original tree to diff against, (b) the new tree result, (c) the URL of the target Subversion repository. The final argument - (URL) may be omitted if you are working from a git-svn-aware - repository (that has been init-ed with git-svn). + (URL) may be omitted if you are working from a 'git svn'-aware + repository (that has been `init`-ed with 'git svn'). The -r<revision> option is required for this. 'info':: @@ -216,108 +343,183 @@ All arguments are passed directly to `git blame'. argument. Use the --url option to output only the value of the 'URL:' field. --- +'proplist':: + Lists the properties stored in the Subversion repository about a + given file or directory. Use -r/--revision to refer to a specific + Subversion revision. + +'propget':: + Gets the Subversion property given as the first argument, for a + file. A specific revision can be specified with -r/--revision. + +'show-externals':: + Shows the Subversion externals. Use -r/--revision to specify a + specific revision. + +'gc':: + Compress $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log files in .git/svn + and remove $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>index files in .git/svn. + +'reset':: + Undoes the effects of 'fetch' back to the specified revision. + This allows you to re-'fetch' an SVN revision. Normally the + contents of an SVN revision should never change and 'reset' + should not be necessary. However, if SVN permissions change, + or if you alter your --ignore-paths option, a 'fetch' may fail + with "not found in commit" (file not previously visible) or + "checksum mismatch" (missed a modification). If the problem + file cannot be ignored forever (with --ignore-paths) the only + way to repair the repo is to use 'reset'. ++ +Only the rev_map and refs/remotes/git-svn are changed. Follow 'reset' +with a 'fetch' and then 'git reset' or 'git rebase' to move local +branches onto the new tree. + +-r <n>;; +--revision=<n>;; + Specify the most recent revision to keep. All later revisions + are discarded. +-p;; +--parent;; + Discard the specified revision as well, keeping the nearest + parent instead. +Example:;; +Assume you have local changes in "master", but you need to refetch "r2". ++ +------------ + r1---r2---r3 remotes/git-svn + \ + A---B master +------------ ++ +Fix the ignore-paths or SVN permissions problem that caused "r2" to +be incomplete in the first place. Then: ++ +[verse] +git svn reset -r2 -p +git svn fetch ++ +------------ + r1---r2'--r3' remotes/git-svn + \ + r2---r3---A---B master +------------ ++ +Then fixup "master" with 'git rebase'. +Do NOT use 'git merge' or your history will not be compatible with a +future 'dcommit'! ++ +[verse] +git rebase --onto remotes/git-svn A^ master ++ +------------ + r1---r2'--r3' remotes/git-svn + \ + A'--B' master +------------ OPTIONS ------- --- --shared[={false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody}]:: --template=<template_directory>:: Only used with the 'init' command. - These are passed directly to linkgit:git-init[1]. + These are passed directly to 'git init'. -r <ARG>:: --revision <ARG>:: - -Used with the 'fetch' command. - + Used with the 'fetch' command. ++ This allows revision ranges for partial/cauterized history to be supported. $NUMBER, $NUMBER1:$NUMBER2 (numeric ranges), $NUMBER:HEAD, and BASE:$NUMBER are all supported. - ++ This can allow you to make partial mirrors when running fetch; but is generally not recommended because history will be skipped and lost. -:: --stdin:: - -Only used with the 'set-tree' command. - + Only used with the 'set-tree' command. ++ Read a list of commits from stdin and commit them in reverse order. Only the leading sha1 is read from each line, so -git-rev-list --pretty=oneline output can be used. +'git rev-list --pretty=oneline' output can be used. --rmdir:: - -Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. - + Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. ++ Remove directories from the SVN tree if there are no files left behind. SVN can version empty directories, and they are not removed by default if there are no files left in them. git cannot version empty directories. Enabling this flag will make the commit to SVN act like git. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.rmdir -e:: --edit:: - -Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. - + Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. ++ Edit the commit message before committing to SVN. This is off by default for objects that are commits, and forced on when committing tree objects. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.edit -l<num>:: --find-copies-harder:: - -Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. - -They are both passed directly to git-diff-tree see + Only used with the 'dcommit', 'set-tree' and 'commit-diff' commands. ++ +They are both passed directly to 'git diff-tree'; see linkgit:git-diff-tree[1] for more information. - ++ [verse] config key: svn.l config key: svn.findcopiesharder -A<filename>:: --authors-file=<filename>:: - -Syntax is compatible with the files used by git-svnimport and -git-cvsimport: - + Syntax is compatible with the file used by 'git cvsimport': ++ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ loginname = Joe User <user@example.com> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - -If this option is specified and git-svn encounters an SVN -committer name that does not exist in the authors-file, git-svn ++ +If this option is specified and 'git svn' encounters an SVN +committer name that does not exist in the authors-file, 'git svn' will abort operation. The user will then have to add the -appropriate entry. Re-running the previous git-svn command +appropriate entry. Re-running the previous 'git svn' command after the authors-file is modified should continue operation. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.authorsfile +--authors-prog=<filename>:: + If this option is specified, for each SVN committer name that + does not exist in the authors file, the given file is executed + with the committer name as the first argument. The program is + expected to return a single line of the form "Name <email>", + which will be treated as if included in the authors file. + -q:: --quiet:: - Make git-svn less verbose. + Make 'git svn' less verbose. Specify a second time to make it + even less verbose. --repack[=<n>]:: --repack-flags=<flags>:: - -These should help keep disk usage sane for large fetches -with many revisions. - + These should help keep disk usage sane for large fetches with + many revisions. ++ --repack takes an optional argument for the number of revisions to fetch before repacking. This defaults to repacking every 1000 commits fetched if no argument is specified. - ---repack-flags are passed directly to linkgit:git-repack[1]. - ++ +--repack-flags are passed directly to 'git repack'. ++ [verse] config key: svn.repack config key: svn.repackflags @@ -326,33 +528,36 @@ config key: svn.repackflags --merge:: -s<strategy>:: --strategy=<strategy>:: - -These are only used with the 'dcommit' and 'rebase' commands. - -Passed directly to git-rebase when using 'dcommit' if a -'git-reset' cannot be used (see dcommit). + These are only used with the 'dcommit' and 'rebase' commands. ++ +Passed directly to 'git rebase' when using 'dcommit' if a +'git reset' cannot be used (see 'dcommit'). -n:: --dry-run:: - -This is only used with the 'dcommit' command. - -Print out the series of git arguments that would show + This can be used with the 'dcommit', 'rebase', 'branch' and + 'tag' commands. ++ +For 'dcommit', print out the series of git arguments that would show which diffs would be committed to SVN. ++ +For 'rebase', display the local branch associated with the upstream svn +repository associated with the current branch and the URL of svn +repository that will be fetched from. ++ +For 'branch' and 'tag', display the urls that will be used for copying when +creating the branch or tag. --- ADVANCED OPTIONS ---------------- --- -i<GIT_SVN_ID>:: --id <GIT_SVN_ID>:: - -This sets GIT_SVN_ID (instead of using the environment). This -allows the user to override the default refname to fetch from -when tracking a single URL. The 'log' and 'dcommit' commands -no longer require this switch as an argument. + This sets GIT_SVN_ID (instead of using the environment). This + allows the user to override the default refname to fetch from + when tracking a single URL. The 'log' and 'dcommit' commands + no longer require this switch as an argument. -R<remote name>:: --svn-remote <remote name>:: @@ -366,33 +571,30 @@ no longer require this switch as an argument. started tracking a branch and never tracked the trunk it was descended from. This feature is enabled by default, use --no-follow-parent to disable it. - ++ +[verse] config key: svn.followparent --- CONFIG FILE-ONLY OPTIONS ------------------------ --- svn.noMetadata:: svn-remote.<name>.noMetadata:: - -This gets rid of the git-svn-id: lines at the end of every commit. - -If you lose your .git/svn/git-svn/.rev_db file, git-svn will not + This gets rid of the 'git-svn-id:' lines at the end of every commit. ++ +If you lose your .git/svn/git-svn/.rev_db file, 'git svn' will not be able to rebuild it and you won't be able to fetch again, either. This is fine for one-shot imports. - -The 'git-svn log' command will not work on repositories using ++ +The 'git svn log' command will not work on repositories using this, either. Using this conflicts with the 'useSvmProps' option for (hopefully) obvious reasons. svn.useSvmProps:: svn-remote.<name>.useSvmProps:: - -This allows git-svn to re-map repository URLs and UUIDs from -mirrors created using SVN::Mirror (or svk) for metadata. - + This allows 'git svn' to re-map repository URLs and UUIDs from + mirrors created using SVN::Mirror (or svk) for metadata. ++ If an SVN revision has a property, "svm:headrev", it is likely that the revision was created by SVN::Mirror (also used by SVK). The property contains a repository UUID and a revision. We want @@ -409,20 +611,28 @@ svn-remote.<name>.useSvnsyncprops:: svn-remote.<name>.rewriteRoot:: This allows users to create repositories from alternate - URLs. For example, an administrator could run git-svn on the + URLs. For example, an administrator could run 'git svn' on the server locally (accessing via file://) but wish to distribute the repository with a public http:// or svn:// URL in the metadata so users of it will see the public URL. +svn.brokenSymlinkWorkaround:: + This disables potentially expensive checks to workaround + broken symlinks checked into SVN by broken clients. Set this + option to "false" if you track a SVN repository with many + empty blobs that are not symlinks. This option may be changed + while 'git svn' is running and take effect on the next + revision fetched. If unset, 'git svn' assumes this option to + be "true". + Since the noMetadata, rewriteRoot, useSvnsyncProps and useSvmProps -options all affect the metadata generated and used by git-svn; they +options all affect the metadata generated and used by 'git svn'; they *must* be set in the configuration file before any history is imported and these settings should never be changed once they are set. Additionally, only one of these four options can be used per-svn-remote section because they affect the 'git-svn-id:' metadata line. --- BASIC EXAMPLES -------------- @@ -431,21 +641,21 @@ Tracking and contributing to the trunk of a Subversion-managed project: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Clone a repo (like git clone): - git-svn clone http://svn.foo.org/project/trunk + git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project/trunk # Enter the newly cloned directory: cd trunk -# You should be on master branch, double-check with git-branch +# You should be on master branch, double-check with 'git branch' git branch # Do some work and commit locally to git: git commit ... # Something is committed to SVN, rebase your local changes against the # latest changes in SVN: - git-svn rebase + git svn rebase # Now commit your changes (that were committed previously using git) to SVN, # as well as automatically updating your working HEAD: - git-svn dcommit + git svn dcommit # Append svn:ignore settings to the default git exclude file: - git-svn show-ignore >> .git/info/exclude + git svn show-ignore >> .git/info/exclude ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tracking and contributing to an entire Subversion-managed project @@ -453,9 +663,11 @@ Tracking and contributing to an entire Subversion-managed project ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Clone a repo (like git clone): - git-svn clone http://svn.foo.org/project -T trunk -b branches -t tags + git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project -T trunk -b branches -t tags # View all branches and tags you have cloned: git branch -r +# Create a new branch in SVN + git svn branch waldo # Reset your master to trunk (or any other branch, replacing 'trunk' # with the appropriate name): git reset --hard remotes/trunk @@ -463,48 +675,50 @@ Tracking and contributing to an entire Subversion-managed project # of dcommit/rebase/show-ignore should be the same as above. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -The initial 'git-svn clone' can be quite time-consuming +The initial 'git svn clone' can be quite time-consuming (especially for large Subversion repositories). If multiple people (or one person with multiple machines) want to use -git-svn to interact with the same Subversion repository, you can -do the initial 'git-svn clone' to a repository on a server and +'git svn' to interact with the same Subversion repository, you can +do the initial 'git svn clone' to a repository on a server and have each person clone that repository with 'git clone': ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Do the initial import on a server - ssh server "cd /pub && git-svn clone http://svn.foo.org/project + ssh server "cd /pub && git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project # Clone locally - make sure the refs/remotes/ space matches the server mkdir project cd project - git-init + git init git remote add origin server:/pub/project - git config --add remote.origin.fetch=+refs/remotes/*:refs/remotes/* + git config --add remote.origin.fetch '+refs/remotes/*:refs/remotes/*' git fetch -# Initialize git-svn locally (be sure to use the same URL and -T/-b/-t options as were used on server) - git-svn init http://svn.foo.org/project +# Create a local branch from one of the branches just fetched + git checkout -b master FETCH_HEAD +# Initialize 'git svn' locally (be sure to use the same URL and -T/-b/-t options as were used on server) + git svn init http://svn.example.com/project # Pull the latest changes from Subversion - git-svn rebase + git svn rebase ------------------------------------------------------------------------ REBASE VS. PULL/MERGE --------------------- -Originally, git-svn recommended that the remotes/git-svn branch be +Originally, 'git svn' recommended that the 'remotes/git-svn' branch be pulled or merged from. This is because the author favored -'git-svn set-tree B' to commit a single head rather than the -'git-svn set-tree A..B' notation to commit multiple commits. +`git svn set-tree B` to commit a single head rather than the +`git svn set-tree A..B` notation to commit multiple commits. -If you use 'git-svn set-tree A..B' to commit several diffs and you do +If you use `git svn set-tree A..B` to commit several diffs and you do not have the latest remotes/git-svn merged into my-branch, you should -use 'git-svn rebase' to update your work branch instead of 'git pull' or -'git merge'. 'pull/merge' can cause non-linear history to be flattened +use `git svn rebase` to update your work branch instead of `git pull` or +`git merge`. `pull`/`merge` can cause non-linear history to be flattened when committing into SVN, which can lead to merge commits reversing previous commits in SVN. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY ----------------- Merge tracking in Subversion is lacking and doing branched development -with Subversion can be cumbersome as a result. While git-svn can track +with Subversion can be cumbersome as a result. While 'git svn' can track copy history (including branches and tags) for repositories adopting a standard layout, it cannot yet represent merge history that happened inside git back upstream to SVN users. Therefore it is advised that @@ -515,34 +729,54 @@ CAVEATS ------- For the sake of simplicity and interoperating with a less-capable system -(SVN), it is recommended that all git-svn users clone, fetch and dcommit -directly from the SVN server, and avoid all git-clone/pull/merge/push +(SVN), it is recommended that all 'git svn' users clone, fetch and dcommit +directly from the SVN server, and avoid all 'git clone'/'pull'/'merge'/'push' operations between git repositories and branches. The recommended method of exchanging code between git branches and users is -git-format-patch and git-am, or just dcommiting to the SVN repository. +'git format-patch' and 'git am', or just 'dcommit'ing to the SVN repository. -Running 'git-merge' or 'git-pull' is NOT recommended on a branch you -plan to dcommit from. Subversion does not represent merges in any +Running 'git merge' or 'git pull' is NOT recommended on a branch you +plan to 'dcommit' from. Subversion does not represent merges in any reasonable or useful fashion; so users using Subversion cannot see any merges you've made. Furthermore, if you merge or pull from a git branch -that is a mirror of an SVN branch, dcommit may commit to the wrong +that is a mirror of an SVN branch, 'dcommit' may commit to the wrong branch. -'git-clone' does not clone branches under the refs/remotes/ hierarchy or -any git-svn metadata, or config. So repositories created and managed with -using git-svn should use rsync(1) for cloning, if cloning is to be done +If you do merge, note the following rule: 'git svn dcommit' will +attempt to commit on top of the SVN commit named in +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +git log --grep=^git-svn-id: --first-parent -1 +------------------------------------------------------------------------ +You 'must' therefore ensure that the most recent commit of the branch +you want to dcommit to is the 'first' parent of the merge. Chaos will +ensue otherwise, especially if the first parent is an older commit on +the same SVN branch. + +'git clone' does not clone branches under the refs/remotes/ hierarchy or +any 'git svn' metadata, or config. So repositories created and managed with +using 'git svn' should use 'rsync' for cloning, if cloning is to be done at all. -Since 'dcommit' uses rebase internally, any git branches you git-push to -before dcommit on will require forcing an overwrite of the existing ref +Since 'dcommit' uses rebase internally, any git branches you 'git push' to +before 'dcommit' on will require forcing an overwrite of the existing ref on the remote repository. This is generally considered bad practice, -see the git-push(1) documentation for details. +see the linkgit:git-push[1] documentation for details. -Do not use the --amend option of git-commit(1) on a change you've +Do not use the --amend option of linkgit:git-commit[1] on a change you've already dcommitted. It is considered bad practice to --amend commits you've already pushed to a remote repository for other users, and dcommit with SVN is analogous to that. +When using multiple --branches or --tags, 'git svn' does not automatically +handle name collisions (for example, if two branches from different paths have +the same name, or if a branch and a tag have the same name). In these cases, +use 'init' to set up your git repository then, before your first 'fetch', edit +the .git/config file so that the branches and tags are associated with +different name spaces. For example: + + branches = stable/*:refs/remotes/svn/stable/* + branches = debug/*:refs/remotes/svn/debug/* + BUGS ---- @@ -559,7 +793,7 @@ for git to detect them. CONFIGURATION ------------- -git-svn stores [svn-remote] configuration information in the +'git svn' stores [svn-remote] configuration information in the repository .git/config file. It is similar the core git [remote] sections except 'fetch' keys do not accept glob arguments; but they are instead handled by the 'branches' @@ -570,18 +804,17 @@ listed below are allowed: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [svn-remote "project-a"] url = http://server.org/svn + fetch = trunk/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/trunk branches = branches/*/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* tags = tags/*/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/tags/* - trunk = trunk/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/trunk ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -Keep in mind that the '*' (asterisk) wildcard of the local ref +Keep in mind that the '\*' (asterisk) wildcard of the local ref (right of the ':') *must* be the farthest right path component; -however the remote wildcard may be anywhere as long as it's own +however the remote wildcard may be anywhere as long as it's an independent path component (surrounded by '/' or EOL). This type of configuration is not automatically created by 'init' and -should be manually entered with a text-editor or using -linkgit:git-config[1] +should be manually entered with a text-editor or using 'git config'. SEE ALSO -------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt index a5b40f3..6392538 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt @@ -7,16 +7,16 @@ git-symbolic-ref - Read and modify symbolic refs SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-symbolic-ref' [-q] [-m <reason>] <name> [<ref>] +'git symbolic-ref' [-q] [-m <reason>] <name> [<ref>] DESCRIPTION ----------- Given one argument, reads which branch head the given symbolic ref refers to and outputs its path, relative to the `.git/` directory. Typically you would give `HEAD` as the <name> -argument to see on which branch your working tree is on. +argument to see which branch your working tree is on. -Give two arguments, create or update a symbolic ref <name> to +Given two arguments, creates or updates a symbolic ref <name> to point at the given branch <ref>. A symbolic ref is a regular file that stores a string that @@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ a regular file whose contents is `ref: refs/heads/master`. OPTIONS ------- --q, --quiet:: +-q:: +--quiet:: Do not issue an error message if the <name> is not a symbolic ref but a detached HEAD; instead exit with non-zero status silently. @@ -48,14 +49,14 @@ cumbersome. On some platforms, `ln -sf` does not even work as advertised (horrors). Therefore symbolic links are now deprecated and symbolic refs are used by default. -git-symbolic-ref will exit with status 0 if the contents of the +'git-symbolic-ref' will exit with status 0 if the contents of the symbolic ref were printed correctly, with status 1 if the requested name is not a symbolic ref, or 128 if another error occurs. Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt index 9712392..299b04f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt @@ -9,14 +9,16 @@ git-tag - Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-tag' [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] <name> [<head>] -'git-tag' -d <name>... -'git-tag' [-n[<num>]] -l [<pattern>] -'git-tag' -v <name>... +'git tag' [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] + <tagname> [<commit> | <object>] +'git tag' -d <tagname>... +'git tag' [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [<pattern>] +'git tag' -v <tagname>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Adds a 'tag' reference in `.git/refs/tags/` + +Adds a tag reference in `.git/refs/tags/`. Unless `-f` is given, the tag must not yet exist in `.git/refs/tags/` directory. @@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ OPTIONS Make a GPG-signed tag, using the given key -f:: +--force:: Replace an existing tag with the given name (instead of failing) -d:: @@ -62,14 +65,18 @@ OPTIONS are printed when using -l. The default is not to print any annotation lines. If no number is given to `-n`, only the first line is printed. + If the tag is not annotated, the commit message is displayed instead. -l <pattern>:: List tags with names that match the given pattern (or all if no pattern is given). Typing "git tag" without arguments, also lists all tags. +--contains <commit>:: + Only list tags which contain the specified commit. + -m <msg>:: Use the given tag message (instead of prompting). - If multiple `-m` options are given, there values are + If multiple `-m` options are given, their values are concatenated as separate paragraphs. Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <key-id>` is given. @@ -80,9 +87,15 @@ OPTIONS Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <key-id>` is given. +<tagname>:: + The name of the tag to create, delete, or describe. + The new tag name must pass all checks defined by + linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]. Some of these checks + may restrict the characters allowed in a tag name. + CONFIGURATION ------------- -By default, git-tag in sign-with-default mode (-s) will use your +By default, 'git-tag' in sign-with-default mode (-s) will use your committer identity (of the form "Your Name <your@email.address>") to find a key. If you want to use a different default key, you can specify it in the repository configuration as follows: @@ -118,12 +131,12 @@ and be done with it. . The insane thing. You really want to call the new version "X" too, 'even though' -others have already seen the old one. So just use "git tag -f" +others have already seen the old one. So just use 'git-tag -f' again, as if you hadn't already published the old one. However, Git does *not* (and it should not) change tags behind -users back. So if somebody already got the old tag, doing a "git -pull" on your tree shouldn't just make them overwrite the old +users back. So if somebody already got the old tag, doing a +'git-pull' on your tree shouldn't just make them overwrite the old one. If somebody got a release tag from you, you cannot just change @@ -177,7 +190,7 @@ private anchor point tags from the other person. You would notice "please pull" messages on the mailing list says repo URL and branch name alone. This is designed to be easily -cut&pasted to "git fetch" command line: +cut&pasted to a 'git-fetch' command line: ------------ Linus, please pull from @@ -206,7 +219,7 @@ determines who are interested in whose tags. A one-shot pull is a sign that a commit history is now crossing the boundary between one circle of people (e.g. "people who are -primarily interested in networking part of the kernel") who may +primarily interested in the networking part of the kernel") who may have their own set of tags (e.g. "this is the third release candidate from the networking group to be proposed for general consumption with 2.6.21 release") to another circle of people @@ -244,10 +257,14 @@ $ GIT_COMMITTER_DATE="2006-10-02 10:31" git tag -s v1.0.1 ------------ +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-check-ref-format[1]. + Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>, -Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> and Chris Wright <chrisw@osdl.org>. +Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Chris Wright <chrisw@osdl.org>. Documentation -------------- @@ -255,4 +272,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt index 65c6817..a5d9558 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt @@ -8,23 +8,23 @@ git-tar-tree - Create a tar archive of the files in the named tree object SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-tar-tree' [--remote=<repo>] <tree-ish> [ <base> ] +'git tar-tree' [--remote=<repo>] <tree-ish> [ <base> ] DESCRIPTION ----------- -THIS COMMAND IS DEPRECATED. Use `git-archive` with `--format=tar` +THIS COMMAND IS DEPRECATED. Use 'git-archive' with `--format=tar` option instead (and move the <base> argument to `--prefix=base/`). Creates a tar archive containing the tree structure for the named tree. When <base> is specified it is added as a leading path to the files in the generated tar archive. -git-tar-tree behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given +'git-tar-tree' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when given a commit ID or tag ID. In the first case the current time is used as modification time of each file in the archive. In the latter case the commit time as recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead. Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header. -It can be extracted using git-get-tar-commit-id. +It can be extracted using 'git-get-tar-commit-id'. OPTIONS ------- @@ -86,4 +86,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-unpack-file.txt b/Documentation/git-unpack-file.txt index 1864d13..995db9f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-unpack-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-unpack-file.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-unpack-file - Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-unpack-file' <blob> +'git unpack-file' <blob> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt index 50947c5..36d1038 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-unpack-objects - Unpack objects from a packed archive SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-unpack-objects' [-n] [-q] [-r] [--strict] <pack-file +'git unpack-objects' [-n] [-q] [-r] [--strict] <pack-file DESCRIPTION @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Objects that already exist in the repository will *not* be unpacked from the pack-file. Therefore, nothing will be unpacked if you use this command on a pack-file that exists within the target repository. -Please see the `git-repack` documentation for options to generate +See linkgit:git-repack[1] for options to generate new packs and replace existing ones. OPTIONS @@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt index 66be18e..6052484 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt @@ -9,12 +9,13 @@ git-update-index - Register file contents in the working tree to the index SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git-update-index' +'git update-index' [--add] [--remove | --force-remove] [--replace] [--refresh] [-q] [--unmerged] [--ignore-missing] [--cacheinfo <mode> <object> <file>]\* [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--assume-unchanged | --no-assume-unchanged] + [--ignore-submodules] [--really-refresh] [--unresolve] [--again | -g] [--info-only] [--index-info] [-z] [--stdin] @@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ cleared. See also linkgit:git-add[1] for a more user-friendly way to do some of the most common operations on the index. -The way "git-update-index" handles files it is told about can be modified +The way 'git-update-index' handles files it is told about can be modified using the various options: OPTIONS @@ -52,11 +53,15 @@ OPTIONS -q:: Quiet. If --refresh finds that the index needs an update, the default behavior is to error out. This option makes - git-update-index continue anyway. + 'git-update-index' continue anyway. + +--ignore-submodules:: + Do not try to update submodules. This option is only respected + when passed before --refresh. --unmerged:: If --refresh finds unmerged changes in the index, the default - behavior is to error out. This option makes git-update-index + behavior is to error out. This option makes 'git-update-index' continue anyway. --ignore-missing:: @@ -71,10 +76,11 @@ OPTIONS --chmod=(+|-)x:: Set the execute permissions on the updated files. ---assume-unchanged, --no-assume-unchanged:: - When these flags are specified, the object name recorded +--assume-unchanged:: +--no-assume-unchanged:: + When these flags are specified, the object names recorded for the paths are not updated. Instead, these options - sets and unsets the "assume unchanged" bit for the + set and unset the "assume unchanged" bit for the paths. When the "assume unchanged" bit is on, git stops checking the working tree files for possible modifications, so you need to manually unset the bit to @@ -82,9 +88,24 @@ OPTIONS sometimes helpful when working with a big project on a filesystem that has very slow lstat(2) system call (e.g. cifs). - ---again, -g:: - Runs `git-update-index` itself on the paths whose index ++ +This option can be also used as a coarse file-level mechanism +to ignore uncommitted changes in tracked files (akin to what +`.gitignore` does for untracked files). +You should remember that an explicit 'git add' operation will +still cause the file to be refreshed from the working tree. +Git will fail (gracefully) in case it needs to modify this file +in the index e.g. when merging in a commit; +thus, in case the assumed-untracked file is changed upstream, +you will need to handle the situation manually. + +--really-refresh:: + Like '--refresh', but checks stat information unconditionally, + without regard to the "assume unchanged" setting. + +-g:: +--again:: + Runs 'git-update-index' itself on the paths whose index entries are different from those from the `HEAD` commit. --unresolve:: @@ -102,10 +123,10 @@ OPTIONS --replace:: By default, when a file `path` exists in the index, - git-update-index refuses an attempt to add `path/file`. + 'git-update-index' refuses an attempt to add `path/file`. Similarly if a file `path/file` exists, a file `path` cannot be added. With --replace flag, existing entries - that conflicts with the entry being added are + that conflict with the entry being added are automatically removed with warning messages. --stdin:: @@ -138,7 +159,7 @@ up-to-date for mode/content changes. But what it *does* do is to can refresh the index for a file that hasn't been changed but where the stat entry is out of date. -For example, you'd want to do this after doing a "git-read-tree", to link +For example, you'd want to do this after doing a 'git-read-tree', to link up the stat index details with the proper files. Using --cacheinfo or --info-only @@ -150,7 +171,7 @@ merging. To pretend you have a file with mode and sha1 at path, say: ---------------- -$ git-update-index --cacheinfo mode sha1 path +$ git update-index --cacheinfo mode sha1 path ---------------- '--info-only' is used to register files without placing them in the object @@ -179,13 +200,13 @@ back on 3-way merge. . mode SP type SP sha1 TAB path + -The second format is to stuff git-ls-tree output +The second format is to stuff 'git-ls-tree' output into the index file. . mode SP sha1 SP stage TAB path + This format is to put higher order stages into the -index file and matches git-ls-files --stage output. +index file and matches 'git-ls-files --stage' output. To place a higher stage entry to the index, the path should first be removed by feeding a mode=0 entry for the path, and @@ -240,13 +261,13 @@ In order to set "assume unchanged" bit, use `--assume-unchanged` option. To unset, use `--no-assume-unchanged`. The command looks at `core.ignorestat` configuration variable. When -this is true, paths updated with `git-update-index paths...` and +this is true, paths updated with `git update-index paths...` and paths updated with other git commands that update both index and -working tree (e.g. `git-apply --index`, `git-checkout-index -u`, -and `git-read-tree -u`) are automatically marked as "assume +working tree (e.g. 'git-apply --index', 'git-checkout-index -u', +and 'git-read-tree -u') are automatically marked as "assume unchanged". Note that "assume unchanged" bit is *not* set if -`git-update-index --refresh` finds the working tree file matches -the index (use `git-update-index --really-refresh` if you want +`git update-index --refresh` finds the working tree file matches +the index (use `git update-index --really-refresh` if you want to mark them as "assume unchanged"). @@ -255,7 +276,7 @@ Examples To update and refresh only the files already checked out: ---------------- -$ git-checkout-index -n -f -a && git-update-index --ignore-missing --refresh +$ git checkout-index -n -f -a && git update-index --ignore-missing --refresh ---------------- On an inefficient filesystem with `core.ignorestat` set:: @@ -291,12 +312,12 @@ Configuration ------------- The command honors `core.filemode` configuration variable. If -your repository is on an filesystem whose executable bits are +your repository is on a filesystem whose executable bits are unreliable, this should be set to 'false' (see linkgit:git-config[1]). This causes the command to ignore differences in file modes recorded in the index and the file mode on the filesystem if they differ only on executable bit. On such an unfortunate filesystem, you may -need to use `git-update-index --chmod=`. +need to use 'git-update-index --chmod='. Quite similarly, if `core.symlinks` configuration variable is set to 'false' (see linkgit:git-config[1]), symbolic links are checked out @@ -306,8 +327,13 @@ from symbolic link to regular file. The command looks at `core.ignorestat` configuration variable. See 'Using "assume unchanged" bit' section above. +The command also looks at `core.trustctime` configuration variable. +It can be useful when the inode change time is regularly modified by +something outside Git (file system crawlers and backup systems use +ctime for marking files processed) (see linkgit:git-config[1]). + -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-config[1], linkgit:git-add[1] @@ -323,4 +349,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt index 4dc4759..9639f70 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt @@ -7,18 +7,18 @@ git-update-ref - Update the object name stored in a ref safely SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-update-ref' [-m <reason>] (-d <ref> <oldvalue> | [--no-deref] <ref> <newvalue> [<oldvalue>]) +'git update-ref' [-m <reason>] (-d <ref> [<oldvalue>] | [--no-deref] <ref> <newvalue> [<oldvalue>]) DESCRIPTION ----------- Given two arguments, stores the <newvalue> in the <ref>, possibly -dereferencing the symbolic refs. E.g. `git-update-ref HEAD +dereferencing the symbolic refs. E.g. `git update-ref HEAD <newvalue>` updates the current branch head to the new object. Given three arguments, stores the <newvalue> in the <ref>, possibly dereferencing the symbolic refs, after verifying that the current value of the <ref> matches <oldvalue>. -E.g. `git-update-ref refs/heads/master <newvalue> <oldvalue>` +E.g. `git update-ref refs/heads/master <newvalue> <oldvalue>` updates the master branch head to <newvalue> only if its current value is <oldvalue>. You can specify 40 "0" or an empty string as <oldvalue> to make sure that the ref you are creating does @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ the result of following the symbolic pointers. In general, using - git-update-ref HEAD "$head" + git update-ref HEAD "$head" should be a _lot_ safer than doing @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ still contains <oldvalue>. Logging Updates --------------- If config parameter "core.logAllRefUpdates" is true or the file -"$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>" exists then `git-update-ref` will append +"$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>" exists then `git update-ref` will append a line to the log file "$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>" (dereferencing all symbolic refs before creating the log name) describing the change in ref value. Log lines are formatted as: @@ -90,4 +90,4 @@ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt index 1cf89fd..035cc30 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-update-server-info - Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-update-server-info' [--force] +'git update-server-info' [--force] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ generates such auxiliary files. OPTIONS ------- --f|--force:: +-f:: +--force:: Update the info files from scratch. @@ -30,23 +31,17 @@ OUTPUT ------ Currently the command updates the following files. Please see -link:repository-layout.html[repository-layout] for description -of what they are for: +linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] for description of +what they are for: * objects/info/packs * info/refs -BUGS ----- -When you remove an existing ref, the command fails to update -info/refs file unless `--force` flag is given. - - Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -54,4 +49,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt index c1ef144..bbd7617 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-upload-archive - Send archive back to git-archive SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-upload-archive' <directory> +'git upload-archive' <directory> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt index 2330d13..b8e49dc 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-upload-pack - Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-upload-pack' [--strict] [--timeout=<n>] <directory> +'git upload-pack' [--strict] [--timeout=<n>] <directory> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ repository. For push operations, see 'git-send-pack'. OPTIONS ------- -\--strict:: +--strict:: Do not try <directory>/.git/ if <directory> is no git directory. -\--timeout=<n>:: +--timeout=<n>:: Interrupt transfer after <n> seconds of inactivity. <directory>:: @@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-var.txt b/Documentation/git-var.txt index 2980283..ef6aa81 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-var.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-var.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-var - Show a git logical variable SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-var' [ -l | <variable> ] +'git var' [ -l | <variable> ] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ OPTIONS Cause the logical variables to be listed. In addition, all the variables of the git configuration file .git/config are listed as well. (However, the configuration variables listing functionality - is deprecated in favor of `git-config -l`.) + is deprecated in favor of 'git config -l'.) EXAMPLE -------- - $ git-var GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT + $ git var GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@lnxi.com> 1121223278 -0600 @@ -36,16 +36,30 @@ GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT:: GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT:: The person who put a piece of code into git. +GIT_EDITOR:: + Text editor for use by git commands. The value is meant to be + interpreted by the shell when it is used. Examples: `~/bin/vi`, + `$SOME_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE`, `"C:\Program Files\Vim\gvim.exe" + --nofork`. The order of preference is the `$GIT_EDITOR` + environment variable, then `core.editor` configuration, then + `$VISUAL`, then `$EDITOR`, and then finally 'vi'. + +GIT_PAGER:: + Text viewer for use by git commands (e.g., 'less'). The value + is meant to be interpreted by the shell. The order of preference + is the `$GIT_PAGER` environment variable, then `core.pager` + configuration, then `$PAGER`, and then finally 'less'. + Diagnostics ----------- You don't exist. Go away!:: The passwd(5) gecos field couldn't be read Your parents must have hated you!:: - The password(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer. + The passwd(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer. Your sysadmin must hate you!:: - The password(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer. + The passwd(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer. -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] linkgit:git-tag[1] @@ -61,4 +75,4 @@ Documentation by Eric Biederman and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt index ba2a157..97f7f91 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ git-verify-pack - Validate packed git archive files SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-verify-pack' [-v] [--] <pack>.idx ... +'git verify-pack' [-v|--verbose] [--] <pack>.idx ... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Reads given idx file for packed git archive created with -git-pack-objects command and verifies idx file and the +Reads given idx file for packed git archive created with the +'git-pack-objects' command and verifies idx file and the corresponding pack file. OPTIONS @@ -23,8 +23,15 @@ OPTIONS The idx files to verify. -v:: +--verbose:: After verifying the pack, show list of objects contained - in the pack. + in the pack and a histogram of delta chain length. + +-s:: +--stat-only:: + Do not verify the pack contents; only show the histogram of delta + chain length. With `--verbose`, list of objects is also shown. + \--:: Do not interpret any more arguments as options. @@ -42,7 +49,7 @@ for objects that are deltified. Author ------ -Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation -------------- @@ -50,4 +57,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt index 7e9c1ed..84e70a0 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt @@ -7,16 +7,16 @@ git-verify-tag - Check the GPG signature of tags SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-verify-tag' <tag>... +'git verify-tag' <tag>... DESCRIPTION ----------- -Validates the gpg signature created by git-tag. +Validates the gpg signature created by 'git-tag'. OPTIONS ------- -<tag>:: - SHA1 identifier of a git tag object. +<tag>...:: + SHA1 identifiers of git tag objects. Author ------ @@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt index ddbae5b..278cf73 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-web--browse - git helper script to launch a web browser SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-web--browse' [OPTIONS] URL/FILE ... +'git web--browse' [OPTIONS] URL/FILE ... DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -20,25 +20,29 @@ The following browsers (or commands) are currently supported: * firefox (this is the default under X Window when not using KDE) * iceweasel -* konqueror (this is the default under KDE) +* konqueror (this is the default under KDE, see 'Note about konqueror' below) * w3m (this is the default outside graphical environments) * links * lynx * dillo * open (this is the default under Mac OS X GUI) +* start (this is the default under MinGW) Custom commands may also be specified. OPTIONS ------- --b BROWSER|--browser=BROWSER:: +-b BROWSER:: +--browser=BROWSER:: Use the specified BROWSER. It must be in the list of supported browsers. --t BROWSER|--tool=BROWSER:: +-t BROWSER:: +--tool=BROWSER:: Same as above. --c CONF.VAR|--config=CONF.VAR:: +-c CONF.VAR:: +--config=CONF.VAR:: CONF.VAR is looked up in the git config files. If it's set, then its value specify the browser that should be used. @@ -67,11 +71,33 @@ browser.<tool>.cmd When the browser, specified by options or configuration variables, is not among the supported ones, then the corresponding 'browser.<tool>.cmd' configuration variable will be looked up. If this -variable exists then "git web--browse" will treat the specified tool +variable exists then 'git-web--browse' will treat the specified tool as a custom command and will use a shell eval to run the command with the URLs passed as arguments. -Note about git config --global +Note about konqueror +-------------------- + +When 'konqueror' is specified by a command line option or a +configuration variable, we launch 'kfmclient' to try to open the HTML +man page on an already opened konqueror in a new tab if possible. + +For consistency, we also try such a trick if 'browser.konqueror.path' is +set to something like 'A_PATH_TO/konqueror'. That means we will try to +launch 'A_PATH_TO/kfmclient' instead. + +If you really want to use 'konqueror', then you can use something like +the following: + +------------------------------------------------ + [web] + browser = konq + + [browser "konq"] + cmd = A_PATH_TO/konqueror +------------------------------------------------ + +Note about git-config --global ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Note that these configuration variables should probably be set using @@ -87,7 +113,7 @@ See linkgit:git-config[1] for more information about this. Author ------ Written by Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> and the git-list -<git@vger.kernel.org>, based on git-mergetool by Theodore Y. Ts'o. +<git@vger.kernel.org>, based on 'git-mergetool' by Theodore Y. Ts'o. Documentation ------------- @@ -96,4 +122,4 @@ git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt index a6e7bd4..cadfbd9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-whatchanged - Show logs with difference each commit introduces SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-whatchanged' <option>... +'git whatchanged' <option>... DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -52,12 +52,12 @@ include::pretty-formats.txt[] Examples -------- -git-whatchanged -p v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi:: +git whatchanged -p v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi:: Show as patches the commits since version 'v2.6.12' that changed any file in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories -git-whatchanged --since="2 weeks ago" \-- gitk:: +git whatchanged --since="2 weeks ago" \-- gitk:: Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file 'gitk'. The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the *branch* named @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ git-whatchanged --since="2 weeks ago" \-- gitk:: Author ------ Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and -Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Documentation @@ -76,4 +76,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt index 461c813..c8899d5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-write-tree.txt @@ -8,25 +8,26 @@ git-write-tree - Create a tree object from the current index SYNOPSIS -------- -'git-write-tree' [--missing-ok] [--prefix=<prefix>/] +'git write-tree' [--missing-ok] [--prefix=<prefix>/] DESCRIPTION ----------- -Creates a tree object using the current index. +Creates a tree object using the current index. The name of the new +tree object is printed to standard output. The index must be in a fully merged state. -Conceptually, `git-write-tree` sync()s the current index contents +Conceptually, 'git-write-tree' sync()s the current index contents into a set of tree files. In order to have that match what is actually in your directory right -now, you need to have done a `git-update-index` phase before you did the -`git-write-tree`. +now, you need to have done a 'git-update-index' phase before you did the +'git-write-tree'. OPTIONS ------- --missing-ok:: - Normally `git-write-tree` ensures that the objects referenced by the + Normally 'git-write-tree' ensures that the objects referenced by the directory exist in the object database. This option disables this check. @@ -46,4 +47,4 @@ Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index 6f445b1..b6df39b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -git(7) +git(1) ====== NAME @@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ git - the stupid content tracker SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] - [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] +'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path] + [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS] @@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. -See this link:tutorial.html[tutorial] to get started, then see +See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may -also want to read link:cvs-migration.html[CVS migration]. See -link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth +also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See +the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth introduction. The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias @@ -43,17 +43,97 @@ unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master' branch of the `git.git` repository. Documentation for older releases are available here: -* link:v1.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5] +* link:v1.6.6.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.1] * release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.6.txt[1.6.6]. + +* link:v1.6.5.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.8] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.5.txt[1.6.5]. + +* link:v1.6.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.4] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4], + link:RelNotes-1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.4.txt[1.6.4]. + +* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4], + link:RelNotes-1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.3.txt[1.6.3]. + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5], + link:RelNotes-1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4], + link:RelNotes-1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.2.txt[1.6.2]. + +* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1]. + +* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1], + link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0]. + +* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1], + link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. + +* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6] + +* release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], + link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. -* link:v1.5.5.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.1] - -* link:v1.5.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.5] +* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7] * release notes for + link:RelNotes-1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], + link:RelNotes-1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], @@ -74,6 +154,8 @@ Documentation for older releases are available here: link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. +* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5] + * release notes for link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], @@ -126,16 +208,21 @@ OPTIONS + Other options are available to control how the manual page is displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, -because 'git --help ...' is converted internally into 'git -help ...'. +because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git +help ...`. --exec-path:: Path to wherever your core git programs are installed. This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH - environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print + environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print the current setting and then exit. --p|--paginate:: +--html-path:: + Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed + and exit. + +-p:: +--paginate:: Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER). --no-pager:: @@ -164,6 +251,10 @@ help ...'. environment is not set, it is set to the current working directory. +--no-replace-objects:: + Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See + linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. + FURTHER DOCUMENTATION --------------------- @@ -172,13 +263,16 @@ See the references above to get started using git. The following is probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user. The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the -user-manual] and the link:core-tutorial.html[Core tutorial] both provide +user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide introductions to the underlying git architecture. +See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows. + See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful examples. -The internals are documented link:technical/api-index.html[here]. +The internals are documented in the +link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation]. GIT COMMANDS ------------ @@ -260,7 +354,7 @@ Synching repositories include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] -The following are helper programs used by the above; end users +The following are helper commands used by the above; end users typically do not use them directly. include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] @@ -362,9 +456,9 @@ For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see File/Directory Structure ------------------------ -Please see the link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document. +Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document. -Read link:hooks.html[hooks] for more details about each hook. +Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook. Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the `$GIT_DIR`. @@ -372,7 +466,7 @@ Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the Terminology ----------- -Please see the link:glossary.html[glossary] document. +Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7]. Environment Variables @@ -399,9 +493,9 @@ git so take care if using Cogito etc. 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES':: Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable - specifies a ":" separated list of git object directories which - can be used to search for git objects. New objects will not be - written to these directories. + specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list + of git object directories which can be used to search for git + objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. 'GIT_DIR':: If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it @@ -415,6 +509,14 @@ git so take care if using Cogito etc. This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line option and the core.worktree configuration variable. +'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES':: + This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. + If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir + up into while looking for a repository directory. + It will not exclude the current working directory or + a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment. + (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.) + git Commits ~~~~~~~~~~~ 'GIT_AUTHOR_NAME':: @@ -469,13 +571,14 @@ other 'GIT_PAGER':: This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch - a pager. + a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in + linkgit:git-config[1]. 'GIT_SSH':: - If this environment variable is set then linkgit:git-fetch[1] - and linkgit:git-push[1] will use this command instead - of `ssh` when they need to connect to a remote system. - The 'GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments: + If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch' + and 'git-push' will use this command instead + of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system. + The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell command to execute on that remote system. + @@ -489,8 +592,8 @@ for further details. 'GIT_FLUSH':: If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such - as git-blame (in incremental mode), git-rev-list, git-log, - git-whatchanged, etc., will force a flush of the output stream + as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log', + and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is @@ -516,7 +619,7 @@ Discussion[[Discussion]] More detail on the following is available from the link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the -user-manual] and the link:core-tutorial.html[Core tutorial]. +user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7]. A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git" subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other @@ -577,6 +680,14 @@ The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], +link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], +linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], +linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual], +linkgit:gitworkflows[7] + GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index 04ca63c..5a45e51 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ gitattributes - defining attributes per path SYNOPSIS -------- -$GIT_DIR/info/attributes, gitattributes +$GIT_DIR/info/attributes, .gitattributes DESCRIPTION @@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ A `gitattributes` file is a simple text file that gives Each line in `gitattributes` file is of form: - glob attr1 attr2 ... + pattern attr1 attr2 ... -That is, a glob pattern followed by an attributes list, -separated by whitespaces. When the glob pattern matches the +That is, a pattern followed by an attributes list, +separated by whitespaces. When the pattern matches the path in question, the attributes listed on the line are given to the path. @@ -48,20 +48,21 @@ Set to a value:: Unspecified:: - No glob pattern matches the path, and nothing says if + No pattern matches the path, and nothing says if the path has or does not have the attribute, the attribute for the path is said to be Unspecified. -When more than one glob pattern matches the path, a later line +When more than one pattern matches the path, a later line overrides an earlier line. This overriding is done per -attribute. +attribute. The rules how the pattern matches paths are the +same as in `.gitignore` files; see linkgit:gitignore[5]. When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, git consults `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file (which has the highest precedence), `.gitattributes` file in the same directory as the -path in question, and its parent directories (the further the -directory that contains `.gitattributes` is from the path in -question, the lower its precedence). +path in question, and its parent directories up to the toplevel of the +work tree (the further the directory that contains `.gitattributes` +is from the path in question, the lower its precedence). If you wish to affect only a single repository (i.e., to assign attributes to files that are particular to one user's workflow), then @@ -87,9 +88,9 @@ Checking-out and checking-in These attributes affect how the contents stored in the repository are copied to the working tree files when commands -such as `git checkout` and `git merge` run. They also affect how +such as 'git-checkout' and 'git-merge' run. They also affect how git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the -repository upon `git add` and `git commit`. +repository upon 'git-add' and 'git-commit'. `crlf` ^^^^^^ @@ -105,9 +106,8 @@ Set:: Unset:: - Unsetting the `crlf` attribute on a path is meant to - mark the path as a "binary" file. The path never goes - through line endings conversion upon checkin/checkout. + Unsetting the `crlf` attribute on a path tells git not to + attempt any end-of-line conversion upon checkin or checkout. Unspecified:: @@ -148,24 +148,24 @@ an irreversible conversion. The safety triggers to prevent such a conversion done to the files in the work tree, but there are a few exceptions. Even though... -- "git add" itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the +- 'git-add' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the next checkout would, so the safety triggers; -- "git apply" to update a text file with a patch does touch the files +- 'git-apply' to update a text file with a patch does touch the files in the work tree, but the operation is about text files and CRLF conversion is about fixing the line ending inconsistencies, so the safety does not trigger; -- "git diff" itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is - often run to inspect the changes you intend to next "git add". To +- 'git-diff' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is + often run to inspect the changes you intend to next 'git-add'. To catch potential problems early, safety triggers. `ident` ^^^^^^^ -When the attribute `ident` is set to a path, git replaces -`$Id$` in the blob object with `$Id:`, followed by +When the attribute `ident` is set for a path, git replaces +`$Id$` in the blob object with `$Id:`, followed by the 40-character hexadecimal blob object name, followed by a dollar sign `$` upon checkout. Any byte sequence that begins with `$Id:` and ends with `$` in the worktree file is replaced @@ -197,6 +197,25 @@ intent is that if someone unsets the filter driver definition, or does not have the appropriate filter program, the project should still be usable. +For example, in .gitattributes, you would assign the `filter` +attribute for paths. + +------------------------ +*.c filter=indent +------------------------ + +Then you would define a "filter.indent.clean" and "filter.indent.smudge" +configuration in your .git/config to specify a pair of commands to +modify the contents of C programs when the source files are checked +in ("clean" is run) and checked out (no change is made because the +command is "cat"). + +------------------------ +[filter "indent"] + clean = indent + smudge = cat +------------------------ + Interaction between checkin/checkout attributes ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ @@ -214,10 +233,15 @@ with `crlf`, and then `ident` and fed to `filter`. Generating diff text ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The attribute `diff` affects if `git diff` generates textual -patch for the path or just says `Binary files differ`. It also -can affect what line is shown on the hunk header `@@ -k,l +n,m @@` -line. +`diff` +^^^^^^ + +The attribute `diff` affects how 'git' generates diffs for particular +files. It can tell git whether to generate a textual patch for the path +or to treat the path as a binary file. It can also affect what line is +shown on the hunk header `@@ -k,l +n,m @@` line, tell git to use an +external command to generate the diff, or ask git to convert binary +files to a text format before generating the diff. Set:: @@ -228,7 +252,8 @@ Set:: Unset:: A path to which the `diff` attribute is unset will - generate `Binary files differ`. + generate `Binary files differ` (or a binary patch, if + binary patches are enabled). Unspecified:: @@ -239,21 +264,21 @@ Unspecified:: String:: - Diff is shown using the specified custom diff driver. - The driver program is given its input using the same - calling convention as used for GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF - program. This name is also used for custom hunk header - selection. + Diff is shown using the specified diff driver. Each driver may + specify one or more options, as described in the following + section. The options for the diff driver "foo" are defined + by the configuration variables in the "diff.foo" section of the + git config file. -Defining a custom diff driver -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +Defining an external diff driver +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The definition of a diff driver is done in `gitconfig`, not `gitattributes` file, so strictly speaking this manual page is a wrong place to talk about it. However... -To define a custom diff driver `jcdiff`, add a section to your +To define an external diff driver `jcdiff`, add a section to your `$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file) like this: ---------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -265,37 +290,38 @@ When git needs to show you a diff for the path with `diff` attribute set to `jcdiff`, it calls the command you specified with the above configuration, i.e. `j-c-diff`, with 7 parameters, just like `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` program is called. -See linkgit:git[7] for details. +See linkgit:git[1] for details. Defining a custom hunk-header ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -Each group of changes (called "hunk") in the textual diff output +Each group of changes (called a "hunk") in the textual diff output is prefixed with a line of the form: @@ -k,l +n,m @@ TEXT -The text is called 'hunk header', and by default a line that -begins with an alphabet, an underscore or a dollar sign is used, -which matches what GNU `diff -p` output uses. This default -selection however is not suited for some contents, and you can -use customized pattern to make a selection. +This is called a 'hunk header'. The "TEXT" portion is by default a line +that begins with an alphabet, an underscore or a dollar sign; this +matches what GNU 'diff -p' output uses. This default selection however +is not suited for some contents, and you can use a customized pattern +to make a selection. -First in .gitattributes, you would assign the `diff` attribute +First, in .gitattributes, you would assign the `diff` attribute for paths. ------------------------ *.tex diff=tex ------------------------ -Then, you would define "diff.tex.funcname" configuration to +Then, you would define a "diff.tex.xfuncname" configuration to specify a regular expression that matches a line that you would -want to appear as the hunk header, like this: +want to appear as the hunk header "TEXT". Add a section to your +`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file) like this: ------------------------ [diff "tex"] - funcname = "^\\(\\\\\\(sub\\)*section{.*\\)$" + xfuncname = "^(\\\\(sub)*section\\{.*)$" ------------------------ Note. A single level of backslashes are eaten by the @@ -307,22 +333,102 @@ backslash, and zero or more occurrences of `sub` followed by There are a few built-in patterns to make this easier, and `tex` is one of them, so you do not have to write the above in your configuration file (you still need to enable this with the -attribute mechanism, via `.gitattributes`). Another built-in -pattern is defined for `java` that defines a pattern suitable -for program text in Java language. +attribute mechanism, via `.gitattributes`). The following built in +patterns are available: + +- `bibtex` suitable for files with BibTeX coded references. + +- `cpp` suitable for source code in the C and C++ languages. + +- `html` suitable for HTML/XHTML documents. + +- `java` suitable for source code in the Java language. + +- `objc` suitable for source code in the Objective-C language. + +- `pascal` suitable for source code in the Pascal/Delphi language. + +- `php` suitable for source code in the PHP language. + +- `python` suitable for source code in the Python language. + +- `ruby` suitable for source code in the Ruby language. + +- `tex` suitable for source code for LaTeX documents. + + +Customizing word diff +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +You can customize the rules that `git diff --color-words` uses to +split words in a line, by specifying an appropriate regular expression +in the "diff.*.wordRegex" configuration variable. For example, in TeX +a backslash followed by a sequence of letters forms a command, but +several such commands can be run together without intervening +whitespace. To separate them, use a regular expression in your +`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file) like this: + +------------------------ +[diff "tex"] + wordRegex = "\\\\[a-zA-Z]+|[{}]|\\\\.|[^\\{}[:space:]]+" +------------------------ + +A built-in pattern is provided for all languages listed in the +previous section. + + +Performing text diffs of binary files +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Sometimes it is desirable to see the diff of a text-converted +version of some binary files. For example, a word processor +document can be converted to an ASCII text representation, and +the diff of the text shown. Even though this conversion loses +some information, the resulting diff is useful for human +viewing (but cannot be applied directly). + +The `textconv` config option is used to define a program for +performing such a conversion. The program should take a single +argument, the name of a file to convert, and produce the +resulting text on stdout. + +For example, to show the diff of the exif information of a +file instead of the binary information (assuming you have the +exif tool installed), add the following section to your +`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file): + +------------------------ +[diff "jpg"] + textconv = exif +------------------------ + +NOTE: The text conversion is generally a one-way conversion; +in this example, we lose the actual image contents and focus +just on the text data. This means that diffs generated by +textconv are _not_ suitable for applying. For this reason, +only `git diff` and the `git log` family of commands (i.e., +log, whatchanged, show) will perform text conversion. `git +format-patch` will never generate this output. If you want to +send somebody a text-converted diff of a binary file (e.g., +because it quickly conveys the changes you have made), you +should generate it separately and send it as a comment _in +addition to_ the usual binary diff that you might send. Performing a three-way merge ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +`merge` +^^^^^^^ + The attribute `merge` affects how three versions of a file is merged when a file-level merge is necessary during `git merge`, -and other programs such as `git revert` and `git cherry-pick`. +and other commands such as `git revert` and `git cherry-pick`. Set:: Built-in 3-way merge driver is used to merge the - contents in a way similar to `merge` command of `RCS` + contents in a way similar to 'merge' command of `RCS` suite. This is suitable for ordinary text files. Unset:: @@ -426,7 +532,7 @@ Checking whitespace errors ^^^^^^^^^^^^ The `core.whitespace` configuration variable allows you to define what -`diff` and `apply` should consider whitespace errors for all paths in +'diff' and 'apply' should consider whitespace errors for all paths in the project (See linkgit:git-config[1]). This attribute gives you finer control per path. @@ -450,6 +556,91 @@ String:: variable. +Creating an archive +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +`export-ignore` +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Files and directories with the attribute `export-ignore` won't be added to +archive files. + +`export-subst` +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +If the attribute `export-subst` is set for a file then git will expand +several placeholders when adding this file to an archive. The +expansion depends on the availability of a commit ID, i.e., if +linkgit:git-archive[1] has been given a tree instead of a commit or a +tag then no replacement will be done. The placeholders are the same +as those for the option `--pretty=format:` of linkgit:git-log[1], +except that they need to be wrapped like this: `$Format:PLACEHOLDERS$` +in the file. E.g. the string `$Format:%H$` will be replaced by the +commit hash. + + +Packing objects +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +`delta` +^^^^^^^ + +Delta compression will not be attempted for blobs for paths with the +attribute `delta` set to false. + + +Viewing files in GUI tools +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +`encoding` +^^^^^^^^^^ + +The value of this attribute specifies the character encoding that should +be used by GUI tools (e.g. linkgit:gitk[1] and linkgit:git-gui[1]) to +display the contents of the relevant file. Note that due to performance +considerations linkgit:gitk[1] does not use this attribute unless you +manually enable per-file encodings in its options. + +If this attribute is not set or has an invalid value, the value of the +`gui.encoding` configuration variable is used instead +(See linkgit:git-config[1]). + + +USING ATTRIBUTE MACROS +---------------------- + +You do not want any end-of-line conversions applied to, nor textual diffs +produced for, any binary file you track. You would need to specify e.g. + +------------ +*.jpg -crlf -diff +------------ + +but that may become cumbersome, when you have many attributes. Using +attribute macros, you can specify groups of attributes set or unset at +the same time. The system knows a built-in attribute macro, `binary`: + +------------ +*.jpg binary +------------ + +which is equivalent to the above. Note that the attribute macros can only +be "Set" (see the above example that sets "binary" macro as if it were an +ordinary attribute --- setting it in turn unsets "crlf" and "diff"). + + +DEFINING ATTRIBUTE MACROS +------------------------- + +Custom attribute macros can be defined only in the `.gitattributes` file +at the toplevel (i.e. not in any subdirectory). The built-in attribute +macro "binary" is equivalent to: + +------------ +[attr]binary -diff -crlf +------------ + + EXAMPLE ------- @@ -499,23 +690,7 @@ frotz unspecified ---------------------------------------------------------------- -Creating an archive -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -`export-subst` -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - -If the attribute `export-subst` is set for a file then git will expand -several placeholders when adding this file to an archive. The -expansion depends on the availability of a commit ID, i.e. if -linkgit:git-archive[1] has been given a tree instead of a commit or a -tag then no replacement will be done. The placeholders are the same -as those for the option `--pretty=format:` of linkgit:git-log[1], -except that they need to be wrapped like this: `$Format:PLACEHOLDERS$` -in the file. E.g. the string `$Format:%H$` will be replaced by the -commit hash. - GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt index 7ee5ce3..6928724 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -gitcli(5) +gitcli(7) ========= NAME @@ -13,29 +13,58 @@ gitcli DESCRIPTION ----------- -This manual describes best practice in how to use git CLI. Here are -the rules that you should follow when you are scripting git: +This manual describes the convention used throughout git CLI. + +Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes +"tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their +arguments. Here are the rules: + + * Revisions come first and then paths. + E.g. in `git diff v1.0 v2.0 arch/x86 include/asm-x86`, + `v1.0` and `v2.0` are revisions and `arch/x86` and `include/asm-x86` + are paths. + + * When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path, + they can be disambiguated by placing `\--` between them. + E.g. `git diff \-- HEAD` is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work + tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the index + and what I have in the work tree for that file". not "show difference + between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say + `git diff HEAD \--` to ask for the latter. + + * Without disambiguating `\--`, git makes a reasonable guess, but errors + out and asking you to disambiguate when ambiguous. E.g. if you have a + file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and + you have to say either `git diff HEAD \--` or `git diff \-- HEAD` to + disambiguate. + +When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is +a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing +disambiguating `\--` at appropriate places. + +Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are +scripting git: * it's preferred to use the non dashed form of git commands, which means that - you should prefer `"git foo"` to `"git-foo"`. + you should prefer `git foo` to `git-foo`. - * splitting short options to separate words (prefer `"git foo -a -b"` - to `"git foo -ab"`, the latter may not even work). + * splitting short options to separate words (prefer `git foo -a -b` + to `git foo -ab`, the latter may not even work). * when a command line option takes an argument, use the 'sticked' form. In - other words, write `"git foo -oArg"` instead of `"git foo -o Arg"` for short - options, and `"git foo --long-opt=Arg"` instead of `"git foo --long-opt Arg"` + other words, write `git foo -oArg` instead of `git foo -o Arg` for short + options, and `git foo --long-opt=Arg` instead of `git foo --long-opt Arg` for long options. An option that takes optional option-argument must be written in the 'sticked' form. * when you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write - `"git log -1 HEAD"` but write `"git log -1 HEAD --"`; the former will not work + `git log -1 HEAD` but write `git log -1 HEAD --`; the former will not work if you happen to have a file called `HEAD` in the work tree. -ENHANCED CLI ------------- +ENHANCED OPTION PARSER +---------------------- From the git 1.5.4 series and further, many git commands (not all of them at the time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser. @@ -52,7 +81,7 @@ couple of magic command line options: + --------------------------------------------- $ git describe -h -usage: git-describe [options] <committish>* +usage: git describe [options] <committish>* --contains find the tag that comes after the commit --debug debug search strategy on stderr @@ -70,17 +99,17 @@ usage: git-describe [options] <committish>* Negating options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing `"--no-"`. For -example, `"git branch"` has the option `"--track"` which is 'on' by default. You -can use `"--no-track"` to override that behaviour. The same goes for `"--color"` -and `"--no-color"`. +Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing `--no-`. For +example, `git branch` has the option `--track` which is 'on' by default. You +can use `--no-track` to override that behaviour. The same goes for `--color` +and `--no-color`. Aggregating short options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short -options. This means that you can for example use `"git rm -rf"` or -`"git clean -fdx"`. +options. This means that you can for example use `git rm -rf` or +`git clean -fdx`. Separating argument from the option @@ -104,10 +133,46 @@ $ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT ---------------------------- +NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS +------------------------------------ + +Many commands that can work on files in the working tree +and/or in the index can take `--cached` and/or `--index` +options. Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because +the index was originally called cache, these two are +synonyms. They are *not* -- these two options mean very +different things. + + * The `--cached` option is used to ask a command that + usually works on files in the working tree to *only* work + with the index. For example, `git grep`, when used + without a commit to specify from which commit to look for + strings in, usually works on files in the working tree, + but with the `--cached` option, it looks for strings in + the index. + + * The `--index` option is used to ask a command that + usually works on files in the working tree to *also* + affect the index. For example, `git stash apply` usually + merges changes recorded in a stash to the working tree, + but with the `--index` option, it also merges changes to + the index as well. + +`git apply` command can be used with `--cached` and +`--index` (but not at the same time). Usually the command +only affects the files in the working tree, but with +`--index`, it patches both the files and their index +entries, and with `--cached`, it modifies only the index +entries. + +See also http://marc.info/?l=git&m=116563135620359 and +http://marc.info/?l=git&m=119150393620273 for further +information. + Documentation ------------- -Documentation by Pierre Habouzit. +Documentation by Pierre Habouzit and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/core-tutorial.txt b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt index 5a55312..f762dca 100644 --- a/Documentation/core-tutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt @@ -1,15 +1,23 @@ -A git core tutorial for developers -================================== +gitcore-tutorial(7) +=================== -Introduction ------------- +NAME +---- +gitcore-tutorial - A git core tutorial for developers + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +git * -This tutorial explains how to use the "core" git programs to set up and +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This tutorial explains how to use the "core" git commands to set up and work with a git repository. If you just need to use git as a revision control system you may prefer -to start with link:tutorial.html[a tutorial introduction to git] or -link:user-manual.html[the git user manual]. +to start with "A Tutorial Introduction to GIT" (linkgit:gittutorial[7]) or +link:user-manual.html[the GIT User Manual]. However, an understanding of these low-level tools can be helpful if you want to understand git's internals. @@ -34,14 +42,14 @@ one for a totally new project, or an existing working tree that you want to import into git. For our first example, we're going to start a totally new repository from -scratch, with no pre-existing files, and we'll call it `git-tutorial`. +scratch, with no pre-existing files, and we'll call it 'git-tutorial'. To start up, create a subdirectory for it, change into that -subdirectory, and initialize the git infrastructure with `git-init`: +subdirectory, and initialize the git infrastructure with 'git-init': ------------------------------------------------ $ mkdir git-tutorial $ cd git-tutorial -$ git-init +$ git init ------------------------------------------------ to which git will reply @@ -53,7 +61,7 @@ Initialized empty Git repository in .git/ which is just git's way of saying that you haven't been doing anything strange, and that it will have created a local `.git` directory setup for your new project. You will now have a `.git` directory, and you can -inspect that with `ls`. For your new empty project, it should show you +inspect that with 'ls'. For your new empty project, it should show you three entries, among other things: - a file called `HEAD`, that has `ref: refs/heads/master` in it. @@ -100,8 +108,7 @@ references in these `refs` subdirectories when you actually start populating your tree. [NOTE] -An advanced user may want to take a look at the -link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document +An advanced user may want to take a look at linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] after finishing this tutorial. You have now created your first git repository. Of course, since it's @@ -132,7 +139,7 @@ but to actually check in your hard work, you will have to go through two steps: - commit that index file as an object. The first step is trivial: when you want to tell git about any changes -to your working tree, you use the `git-update-index` program. That +to your working tree, you use the 'git-update-index' program. That program normally just takes a list of filenames you want to update, but to avoid trivial mistakes, it refuses to add new entries to the index (or remove existing ones) unless you explicitly tell it that you're @@ -142,7 +149,7 @@ adding a new entry with the `\--add` flag (or removing an entry with the So to populate the index with the two files you just created, you can do ------------------------------------------------ -$ git-update-index --add hello example +$ git update-index --add hello example ------------------------------------------------ and you have now told git to track those two files. @@ -166,19 +173,19 @@ and see two files: which correspond with the objects with names of `557db...` and `f24c7...` respectively. -If you want to, you can use `git-cat-file` to look at those objects, but +If you want to, you can use 'git-cat-file' to look at those objects, but you'll have to use the object name, not the filename of the object: ---------------- -$ git-cat-file -t 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 +$ git cat-file -t 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 ---------------- -where the `-t` tells `git-cat-file` to tell you what the "type" of the +where the `-t` tells 'git-cat-file' to tell you what the "type" of the object is. git will tell you that you have a "blob" object (i.e., just a regular file), and you can see the contents with ---------------- -$ git-cat-file "blob" 557db03 +$ git cat-file blob 557db03 ---------------- which will print out "Hello World". The object `557db03` is nothing @@ -198,7 +205,7 @@ hexadecimal digits in most places. Anyway, as we mentioned previously, you normally never actually take a look at the objects themselves, and typing long 40-character hex names is not something you'd normally want to do. The above digression -was just to show that `git-update-index` did something magical, and +was just to show that 'git-update-index' did something magical, and actually saved away the contents of your files into the git object database. @@ -221,22 +228,22 @@ $ echo "It's a new day for git" >>hello and you can now, since you told git about the previous state of `hello`, ask git what has changed in the tree compared to your old index, using the -`git-diff-files` command: +'git-diff-files' command: ------------ -$ git-diff-files +$ git diff-files ------------ Oops. That wasn't very readable. It just spit out its own internal -version of a `diff`, but that internal version really just tells you +version of a 'diff', but that internal version really just tells you that it has noticed that "hello" has been modified, and that the old object contents it had have been replaced with something else. -To make it readable, we can tell git-diff-files to output the +To make it readable, we can tell 'git-diff-files' to output the differences as a patch, using the `-p` flag: ------------ -$ git-diff-files -p +$ git diff-files -p diff --git a/hello b/hello index 557db03..263414f 100644 --- a/hello @@ -248,11 +255,11 @@ index 557db03..263414f 100644 i.e. the diff of the change we caused by adding another line to `hello`. -In other words, `git-diff-files` always shows us the difference between +In other words, 'git-diff-files' always shows us the difference between what is recorded in the index, and what is currently in the working tree. That's very useful. -A common shorthand for `git-diff-files -p` is to just write `git +A common shorthand for `git diff-files -p` is to just write `git diff`, which will do the same thing. ------------ @@ -276,15 +283,15 @@ that in two phases: creating a 'tree' object, and committing that 'tree' object as a 'commit' object together with an explanation of what the tree was all about, along with information of how we came to that state. -Creating a tree object is trivial, and is done with `git-write-tree`. -There are no options or other input: git-write-tree will take the +Creating a tree object is trivial, and is done with 'git-write-tree'. +There are no options or other input: `git write-tree` will take the current index state, and write an object that describes that whole index. In other words, we're now tying together all the different filenames with their contents (and their permissions), and we're creating the equivalent of a git "directory" object: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git-write-tree +$ git write-tree ------------------------------------------------ and this will just output the name of the resulting tree, in this case @@ -295,34 +302,34 @@ and this will just output the name of the resulting tree, in this case ---------------- which is another incomprehensible object name. Again, if you want to, -you can use `git-cat-file -t 8988d\...` to see that this time the object +you can use `git cat-file -t 8988d\...` to see that this time the object is not a "blob" object, but a "tree" object (you can also use -`git-cat-file` to actually output the raw object contents, but you'll see +`git cat-file` to actually output the raw object contents, but you'll see mainly a binary mess, so that's less interesting). -However -- normally you'd never use `git-write-tree` on its own, because +However -- normally you'd never use 'git-write-tree' on its own, because normally you always commit a tree into a commit object using the -`git-commit-tree` command. In fact, it's easier to not actually use -`git-write-tree` on its own at all, but to just pass its result in as an -argument to `git-commit-tree`. +'git-commit-tree' command. In fact, it's easier to not actually use +'git-write-tree' on its own at all, but to just pass its result in as an +argument to 'git-commit-tree'. -`git-commit-tree` normally takes several arguments -- it wants to know +'git-commit-tree' normally takes several arguments -- it wants to know what the 'parent' of a commit was, but since this is the first commit ever in this new repository, and it has no parents, we only need to pass in -the object name of the tree. However, `git-commit-tree` also wants to get a +the object name of the tree. However, 'git-commit-tree' also wants to get a commit message on its standard input, and it will write out the resulting object name for the commit to its standard output. And this is where we create the `.git/refs/heads/master` file which is pointed at by `HEAD`. This file is supposed to contain the reference to the top-of-tree of the master branch, and since -that's exactly what `git-commit-tree` spits out, we can do this +that's exactly what 'git-commit-tree' spits out, we can do this all with a sequence of simple shell commands: ------------------------------------------------ -$ tree=$(git-write-tree) -$ commit=$(echo 'Initial commit' | git-commit-tree $tree) -$ git-update-ref HEAD $commit +$ tree=$(git write-tree) +$ commit=$(echo 'Initial commit' | git commit-tree $tree) +$ git update-ref HEAD $commit ------------------------------------------------ In this case this creates a totally new commit that is not related to @@ -338,37 +345,37 @@ instead, and it would have done the above magic scripting for you. Making a change --------------- -Remember how we did the `git-update-index` on file `hello` and then we +Remember how we did the 'git-update-index' on file `hello` and then we changed `hello` afterward, and could compare the new state of `hello` with the state we saved in the index file? -Further, remember how I said that `git-write-tree` writes the contents +Further, remember how I said that 'git-write-tree' writes the contents of the *index* file to the tree, and thus what we just committed was in fact the *original* contents of the file `hello`, not the new ones. We did that on purpose, to show the difference between the index state, and the state in the working tree, and how they don't have to match, even when we commit things. -As before, if we do `git-diff-files -p` in our git-tutorial project, +As before, if we do `git diff-files -p` in our git-tutorial project, we'll still see the same difference we saw last time: the index file hasn't changed by the act of committing anything. However, now that we have committed something, we can also learn to use a new command: -`git-diff-index`. +'git-diff-index'. -Unlike `git-diff-files`, which showed the difference between the index -file and the working tree, `git-diff-index` shows the differences +Unlike 'git-diff-files', which showed the difference between the index +file and the working tree, 'git-diff-index' shows the differences between a committed *tree* and either the index file or the working -tree. In other words, `git-diff-index` wants a tree to be diffed +tree. In other words, 'git-diff-index' wants a tree to be diffed against, and before we did the commit, we couldn't do that, because we didn't have anything to diff against. But now we can do ---------------- -$ git-diff-index -p HEAD +$ git diff-index -p HEAD ---------------- -(where `-p` has the same meaning as it did in `git-diff-files`), and it +(where `-p` has the same meaning as it did in 'git-diff-files'), and it will show us the same difference, but for a totally different reason. Now we're comparing the working tree not against the index file, but against the tree we just wrote. It just so happens that those two @@ -383,16 +390,16 @@ $ git diff HEAD which ends up doing the above for you. -In other words, `git-diff-index` normally compares a tree against the +In other words, 'git-diff-index' normally compares a tree against the working tree, but when given the `\--cached` flag, it is told to instead compare against just the index cache contents, and ignore the current working tree state entirely. Since we just wrote the index -file to HEAD, doing `git-diff-index \--cached -p HEAD` should thus return +file to HEAD, doing `git diff-index \--cached -p HEAD` should thus return an empty set of differences, and that's exactly what it does. [NOTE] ================ -`git-diff-index` really always uses the index for its +'git-diff-index' really always uses the index for its comparisons, and saying that it compares a tree against the working tree is thus not strictly accurate. In particular, the list of files to compare (the "meta-data") *always* comes from the index file, @@ -415,17 +422,17 @@ work through the index file, so the first thing we need to do is to update the index cache: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git-update-index hello +$ git update-index hello ------------------------------------------------ (note how we didn't need the `\--add` flag this time, since git knew about the file already). -Note what happens to the different `git-diff-\*` versions here. After -we've updated `hello` in the index, `git-diff-files -p` now shows no -differences, but `git-diff-index -p HEAD` still *does* show that the +Note what happens to the different 'git-diff-\*' versions here. After +we've updated `hello` in the index, `git diff-files -p` now shows no +differences, but `git diff-index -p HEAD` still *does* show that the current state is different from the state we committed. In fact, now -`git-diff-index` shows the same difference whether we use the `--cached` +'git-diff-index' shows the same difference whether we use the `--cached` flag or not, since now the index is coherent with the working tree. Now, since we've updated `hello` in the index, we can commit the new @@ -453,7 +460,7 @@ You've now made your first real git commit. And if you're interested in looking at what `git commit` really does, feel free to investigate: it's a few very simple shell scripts to generate the helpful (?) commit message headers, and a few one-liners that actually do the -commit itself (`git-commit`). +commit itself ('git-commit'). Inspecting Changes @@ -461,16 +468,16 @@ Inspecting Changes While creating changes is useful, it's even more useful if you can tell later what changed. The most useful command for this is another of the -`diff` family, namely `git-diff-tree`. +'diff' family, namely 'git-diff-tree'. -`git-diff-tree` can be given two arbitrary trees, and it will tell you the +'git-diff-tree' can be given two arbitrary trees, and it will tell you the differences between them. Perhaps even more commonly, though, you can give it just a single commit object, and it will figure out the parent of that commit itself, and show the difference directly. Thus, to get the same diff that we've already seen several times, we can now do ---------------- -$ git-diff-tree -p HEAD +$ git diff-tree -p HEAD ---------------- (again, `-p` means to show the difference as a human-readable patch), @@ -511,15 +518,15 @@ various diff-\* commands compare things. +-----------+ ============ -More interestingly, you can also give `git-diff-tree` the `--pretty` flag, +More interestingly, you can also give 'git-diff-tree' the `--pretty` flag, which tells it to also show the commit message and author and date of the commit, and you can tell it to show a whole series of diffs. Alternatively, you can tell it to be "silent", and not show the diffs at all, but just show the actual commit message. -In fact, together with the `git-rev-list` program (which generates a -list of revisions), `git-diff-tree` ends up being a veritable fount of -changes. A trivial (but very useful) script called `git-whatchanged` is +In fact, together with the 'git-rev-list' program (which generates a +list of revisions), 'git-diff-tree' ends up being a veritable fount of +changes. A trivial (but very useful) script called 'git-whatchanged' is included with git which does exactly this, and shows a log of recent activities. @@ -535,7 +542,7 @@ with the associated patches use the more complex (and much more powerful) ---------------- -$ git-whatchanged -p +$ git whatchanged -p ---------------- and you will see exactly what has changed in the repository over its @@ -546,14 +553,14 @@ When using the above two commands, the initial commit will be shown. If this is a problem because it is huge, you can hide it by setting the log.showroot configuration variable to false. Having this, you can still show it for each command just adding the `\--root` option, -which is a flag for `git-diff-tree` accepted by both commands. +which is a flag for 'git-diff-tree' accepted by both commands. With that, you should now be having some inkling of what git does, and can explore on your own. [NOTE] Most likely, you are not directly using the core -git Plumbing commands, but using Porcelain such as `git-add`, `git-rm' +git Plumbing commands, but using Porcelain such as 'git-add', `git-rm' and `git-commit'. @@ -588,14 +595,14 @@ pointer to the state you want to tag, but also a small tag name and message, along with optionally a PGP signature that says that yes, you really did that tag. You create these annotated tags with either the `-a` or -`-s` flag to `git tag`: +`-s` flag to 'git-tag': ---------------- $ git tag -s <tagname> ---------------- which will sign the current `HEAD` (but you can also give it another -argument that specifies the thing to tag, i.e., you could have tagged the +argument that specifies the thing to tag, e.g., you could have tagged the current `mybranch` point by using `git tag <tagname> mybranch`). You normally only do signed tags for major releases or things @@ -635,7 +642,7 @@ and it will be gone. There's no external repository, and there's no history outside the project you created. - if you want to move or duplicate a git repository, you can do so. There - is `git clone` command, but if all you want to do is just to + is 'git-clone' command, but if all you want to do is just to create a copy of your repository (with all the full history that went along with it), you can do so with a regular `cp -a git-tutorial new-git-tutorial`. @@ -646,31 +653,31 @@ information for the files involved) will likely need to be refreshed. So after you do a `cp -a` to create a new copy, you'll want to do + ---------------- -$ git-update-index --refresh +$ git update-index --refresh ---------------- + in the new repository to make sure that the index file is up-to-date. Note that the second point is true even across machines. You can duplicate a remote git repository with *any* regular copy mechanism, be it -`scp`, `rsync` or `wget`. +'scp', 'rsync' or 'wget'. When copying a remote repository, you'll want to at a minimum update the index cache when you do this, and especially with other peoples' repositories you often want to make sure that the index cache is in some known state (you don't know *what* they've done and not yet checked in), -so usually you'll precede the `git-update-index` with a +so usually you'll precede the 'git-update-index' with a ---------------- -$ git-read-tree --reset HEAD -$ git-update-index --refresh +$ git read-tree --reset HEAD +$ git update-index --refresh ---------------- which will force a total index re-build from the tree pointed to by `HEAD`. -It resets the index contents to `HEAD`, and then the `git-update-index` +It resets the index contents to `HEAD`, and then the 'git-update-index' makes sure to match up all index entries with the checked-out files. If the original repository had uncommitted changes in its -working tree, `git-update-index --refresh` notices them and +working tree, `git update-index --refresh` notices them and tells you they need to be updated. The above can also be written as simply @@ -682,8 +689,8 @@ $ git reset and in fact a lot of the common git command combinations can be scripted with the `git xyz` interfaces. You can learn things by just looking at what the various git scripts do. For example, `git reset` used to be -the above two lines implemented in `git-reset`, but some things like -`git status` and `git commit` are slightly more complex scripts around +the above two lines implemented in 'git-reset', but some things like +'git-status' and 'git-commit' are slightly more complex scripts around the basic git commands. Many (most?) public remote repositories will not contain any of @@ -706,7 +713,7 @@ $ rsync -rL rsync://rsync.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/ .git followed by ---------------- -$ git-read-tree HEAD +$ git read-tree HEAD ---------------- to populate the index. However, now you have populated the index, and @@ -715,14 +722,14 @@ actually have any of the working tree files to work on. To get those, you'd check them out with ---------------- -$ git-checkout-index -u -a +$ git checkout-index -u -a ---------------- where the `-u` flag means that you want the checkout to keep the index up-to-date (so that you don't have to refresh it afterward), and the `-a` flag means "check out all files" (if you have a stale copy or an older version of a checked out tree you may also need to add the `-f` -flag first, to tell git-checkout-index to *force* overwriting of any old +flag first, to tell 'git-checkout-index' to *force* overwriting of any old files). Again, this can all be simplified with @@ -769,7 +776,7 @@ to it. ================================================ If you make the decision to start your new branch at some other point in the history than the current `HEAD`, you can do so by -just telling `git checkout` what the base of the checkout would be. +just telling 'git-checkout' what the base of the checkout would be. In other words, if you have an earlier tag or branch, you'd just do ------------ @@ -812,7 +819,7 @@ $ git branch <branchname> [startingpoint] which will simply _create_ the branch, but will not do anything further. You can then later -- once you decide that you want to actually develop -on that branch -- switch to that branch with a regular `git checkout` +on that branch -- switch to that branch with a regular 'git-checkout' with the branchname as the argument. @@ -832,7 +839,7 @@ $ git commit -m "Some work." -i hello ------------------------------------------------ Here, we just added another line to `hello`, and we used a shorthand for -doing both `git-update-index hello` and `git commit` by just giving the +doing both `git update-index hello` and `git commit` by just giving the filename directly to `git commit`, with an `-i` flag (it tells git to 'include' that file in addition to what you have done to the index file so far when making the commit). The `-m` flag is to give the @@ -871,10 +878,10 @@ means: normally it will just show you your current `HEAD`) and their histories. You can also see exactly how they came to be from a common source. -Anyway, let's exit `gitk` (`^Q` or the File menu), and decide that we want +Anyway, let's exit 'gitk' (`^Q` or the File menu), and decide that we want to merge the work we did on the `mybranch` branch into the `master` branch (which is currently our `HEAD` too). To do that, there's a nice -script called `git merge`, which wants to know which branches you want +script called 'git-merge', which wants to know which branches you want to resolve and what the merge is all about: ------------ @@ -892,7 +899,7 @@ file, which had no differences in the `mybranch` branch), and say: ---------------- Auto-merging hello CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in hello - Automatic merge failed; fix up by hand + Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. ---------------- It tells you that it did an "Automatic merge", which @@ -918,7 +925,7 @@ $ git commit -i hello which will very loudly warn you that you're now committing a merge (which is correct, so never mind), and you can write a small merge -message about your adventures in git-merge-land. +message about your adventures in 'git-merge'-land. After you're done, start up `gitk \--all` to see graphically what the history looks like. Notice that `mybranch` still exists, and you can @@ -931,7 +938,7 @@ Another useful tool, especially if you do not always work in X-Window environment, is `git show-branch`. ------------------------------------------------ -$ git-show-branch --topo-order --more=1 master mybranch +$ git show-branch --topo-order --more=1 master mybranch * [master] Merge work in mybranch ! [mybranch] Some work. -- @@ -956,14 +963,14 @@ commits from the master branch. The string inside brackets before the commit log message is a short name you can use to name the commit. In the above example, 'master' and 'mybranch' are branch heads. 'master^' is the first parent of 'master' -branch head. Please see 'git-rev-parse' documentation if you +branch head. Please see linkgit:git-rev-parse[1] if you want to see more complex cases. [NOTE] Without the '--more=1' option, 'git-show-branch' would not output the '[master^]' commit, as '[mybranch]' commit is a common ancestor of -both 'master' and 'mybranch' tips. Please see 'git-show-branch' -documentation for details. +both 'master' and 'mybranch' tips. Please see linkgit:git-show-branch[1] +for details. [NOTE] If there were more commits on the 'master' branch after the merge, the @@ -974,7 +981,7 @@ merge commit visible in this case. Now, let's pretend you are the one who did all the work in `mybranch`, and the fruit of your hard work has finally been merged to the `master` branch. Let's go back to `mybranch`, and run -`git merge` to get the "upstream changes" back to your branch. +'git-merge' to get the "upstream changes" back to your branch. ------------ $ git checkout mybranch @@ -986,20 +993,20 @@ would be different) ---------------- Updating from ae3a2da... to a80b4aa.... -Fast forward +Fast-forward (no commit created; -m option ignored) example | 1 + hello | 1 + 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) ---------------- -Because your branch did not contain anything more than what are -already merged into the `master` branch, the merge operation did +Because your branch did not contain anything more than what had +already been merged into the `master` branch, the merge operation did not actually do a merge. Instead, it just updated the top of the tree of your branch to that of the `master` branch. This is -often called 'fast forward' merge. +often called 'fast-forward' merge. You can run `gitk \--all` again to see how the commit ancestry -looks like, or run `show-branch`, which tells you this. +looks like, or run 'show-branch', which tells you this. ------------------------------------------------ $ git show-branch master mybranch @@ -1016,12 +1023,12 @@ Merging external work It's usually much more common that you merge with somebody else than merging with your own branches, so it's worth pointing out that git makes that very easy too, and in fact, it's not that different from -doing a `git merge`. In fact, a remote merge ends up being nothing +doing a 'git-merge'. In fact, a remote merge ends up being nothing more than "fetch the work from a remote repository into a temporary tag" -followed by a `git merge`. +followed by a 'git-merge'. Fetching from a remote repository is done by, unsurprisingly, -`git fetch`: +'git-fetch': ---------------- $ git fetch <remote-repository> @@ -1059,9 +1066,9 @@ most efficient way to exchange git objects between repositories. Local directory:: `/path/to/repo.git/` + -This transport is the same as SSH transport but uses `sh` to run +This transport is the same as SSH transport but uses 'sh' to run both ends on the local machine instead of running other end on -the remote machine via `ssh`. +the remote machine via 'ssh'. git Native:: `git://remote.machine/path/to/repo.git/` @@ -1088,7 +1095,7 @@ The 'commit walkers' are sometimes also called 'dumb transports', because they do not require any git aware smart server like git Native transport does. Any stock HTTP server that does not even support directory index would suffice. But -you must prepare your repository with `git-update-server-info` +you must prepare your repository with 'git-update-server-info' to help dumb transport downloaders. Once you fetch from the remote repository, you `merge` that @@ -1108,7 +1115,7 @@ argument. [NOTE] You could do without using any branches at all, by keeping as many local repositories as you would like to have -branches, and merging between them with `git pull`, just like +branches, and merging between them with 'git-pull', just like you merge between branches. The advantage of this approach is that it lets you keep a set of files for each `branch` checked out and you may find it easier to switch back and forth if you @@ -1125,7 +1132,7 @@ like this: $ git config remote.linus.url http://www.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/ ------------------------------------------------ -and use the "linus" keyword with `git pull` instead of the full URL. +and use the "linus" keyword with 'git-pull' instead of the full URL. Examples. @@ -1161,7 +1168,7 @@ $ git show-branch --more=2 master mybranch +* [master^] Some fun. ------------ -Remember, before running `git merge`, our `master` head was at +Remember, before running 'git-merge', our `master` head was at "Some fun." commit, while our `mybranch` head was at "Some work." commit. @@ -1179,29 +1186,29 @@ $ git show-branch * [master] Some fun. ! [mybranch] Some work. -- - + [mybranch] Some work. * [master] Some fun. -*+ [mybranch^] New day. + + [mybranch] Some work. +*+ [master^] Initial commit ------------ Now we are ready to experiment with the merge by hand. `git merge` command, when merging two branches, uses 3-way merge algorithm. First, it finds the common ancestor between them. -The command it uses is `git-merge-base`: +The command it uses is 'git-merge-base': ------------ -$ mb=$(git-merge-base HEAD mybranch) +$ mb=$(git merge-base HEAD mybranch) ------------ The command writes the commit object name of the common ancestor to the standard output, so we captured its output to a variable, because we will be using it in the next step. By the way, the common -ancestor commit is the "New day." commit in this case. You can +ancestor commit is the "Initial commit" commit in this case. You can tell it by: ------------ -$ git-name-rev $mb +$ git name-rev --name-only --tags $mb my-first-tag ------------ @@ -1209,10 +1216,10 @@ After finding out a common ancestor commit, the second step is this: ------------ -$ git-read-tree -m -u $mb HEAD mybranch +$ git read-tree -m -u $mb HEAD mybranch ------------ -This is the same `git-read-tree` command we have already seen, +This is the same 'git-read-tree' command we have already seen, but it takes three trees, unlike previous examples. This reads the contents of each tree into different 'stage' in the index file (the first tree goes to stage 1, the second to stage 2, @@ -1228,64 +1235,63 @@ trees are left in non-zero stages. At this point, you can inspect the index file with this command: ------------ -$ git-ls-files --stage +$ git ls-files --stage 100644 7f8b141b65fdcee47321e399a2598a235a032422 0 example -100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1 hello -100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2 hello +100644 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 1 hello +100644 ba42a2a96e3027f3333e13ede4ccf4498c3ae942 2 hello 100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3 hello ------------ In our example of only two files, we did not have unchanged -files so only 'example' resulted in collapsing, but in real-life -large projects, only small number of files change in one commit, -and this 'collapsing' tends to trivially merge most of the paths -fairly quickly, leaving only a handful the real changes in non-zero +files so only 'example' resulted in collapsing. But in real-life +large projects, when only a small number of files change in one commit, +this 'collapsing' tends to trivially merge most of the paths +fairly quickly, leaving only a handful of real changes in non-zero stages. To look at only non-zero stages, use `\--unmerged` flag: ------------ -$ git-ls-files --unmerged -100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1 hello -100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2 hello +$ git ls-files --unmerged +100644 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 1 hello +100644 ba42a2a96e3027f3333e13ede4ccf4498c3ae942 2 hello 100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3 hello ------------ The next step of merging is to merge these three versions of the file, using 3-way merge. This is done by giving -`git-merge-one-file` command as one of the arguments to -`git-merge-index` command: +'git-merge-one-file' command as one of the arguments to +'git-merge-index' command: ------------ -$ git-merge-index git-merge-one-file hello -Auto-merging hello. -merge: warning: conflicts during merge -ERROR: Merge conflict in hello. +$ git merge-index git-merge-one-file hello +Auto-merging hello +ERROR: Merge conflict in hello fatal: merge program failed ------------ -`git-merge-one-file` script is called with parameters to +'git-merge-one-file' script is called with parameters to describe those three versions, and is responsible to leave the merge results in the working tree. It is a fairly straightforward shell script, and -eventually calls `merge` program from RCS suite to perform a -file-level 3-way merge. In this case, `merge` detects +eventually calls 'merge' program from RCS suite to perform a +file-level 3-way merge. In this case, 'merge' detects conflicts, and the merge result with conflict marks is left in the working tree.. This can be seen if you run `ls-files --stage` again at this point: ------------ -$ git-ls-files --stage +$ git ls-files --stage 100644 7f8b141b65fdcee47321e399a2598a235a032422 0 example -100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1 hello -100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2 hello +100644 557db03de997c86a4a028e1ebd3a1ceb225be238 1 hello +100644 ba42a2a96e3027f3333e13ede4ccf4498c3ae942 2 hello 100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3 hello ------------ This is the state of the index file and the working file after -`git merge` returns control back to you, leaving the conflicting +'git-merge' returns control back to you, leaving the conflicting merge for you to resolve. Notice that the path `hello` is still -unmerged, and what you see with `git diff` at this point is +unmerged, and what you see with 'git-diff' at this point is differences since stage 2 (i.e. your version). @@ -1313,7 +1319,7 @@ how git repositories at `kernel.org` are managed. Publishing the changes from your local (private) repository to your remote (public) repository requires a write privilege on the remote machine. You need to have an SSH account there to -run a single command, `git-receive-pack`. +run a single command, 'git-receive-pack'. First, you need to create an empty repository on the remote machine that will house your public repository. This empty @@ -1322,8 +1328,8 @@ into it later. Obviously, this repository creation needs to be done only once. [NOTE] -`git push` uses a pair of programs, -`git-send-pack` on your local machine, and `git-receive-pack` +'git-push' uses a pair of commands, +'git-send-pack' on your local machine, and 'git-receive-pack' on the remote machine. The communication between the two over the network internally uses an SSH connection. @@ -1338,30 +1344,31 @@ $ mkdir my-git.git ------------ Then, make that directory into a git repository by running -`git init`, but this time, since its name is not the usual +'git-init', but this time, since its name is not the usual `.git`, we do things slightly differently: ------------ -$ GIT_DIR=my-git.git git-init +$ GIT_DIR=my-git.git git init ------------ Make sure this directory is available for others you want your -changes to be pulled by via the transport of your choice. Also -you need to make sure that you have the `git-receive-pack` +changes to be pulled via the transport of your choice. Also +you need to make sure that you have the 'git-receive-pack' program on the `$PATH`. [NOTE] Many installations of sshd do not invoke your shell as the login shell when you directly run programs; what this means is that if -your login shell is `bash`, only `.bashrc` is read and not +your login shell is 'bash', only `.bashrc` is read and not `.bash_profile`. As a workaround, make sure `.bashrc` sets up -`$PATH` so that you can run `git-receive-pack` program. +`$PATH` so that you can run 'git-receive-pack' program. [NOTE] If you plan to publish this repository to be accessed over http, -you should do `chmod +x my-git.git/hooks/post-update` at this -point. This makes sure that every time you push into this -repository, `git-update-server-info` is run. +you should do `mv my-git.git/hooks/post-update.sample +my-git.git/hooks/post-update` at this point. +This makes sure that every time you push into this +repository, `git update-server-info` is run. Your "public repository" is now ready to accept your changes. Come back to the machine you have your private repository. From @@ -1400,7 +1407,7 @@ $ git repack will do it for you. If you followed the tutorial examples, you would have accumulated about 17 objects in `.git/objects/??/` -directories by now. `git repack` tells you how many objects it +directories by now. 'git-repack' tells you how many objects it packed, and stores the packed file in `.git/objects/pack` directory. @@ -1413,7 +1420,7 @@ them together. The former holds all the data from the objects in the pack, and the latter holds the index for random access. -If you are paranoid, running `git-verify-pack` command would +If you are paranoid, running 'git-verify-pack' command would detect if you have a corrupt pack, but do not worry too much. Our programs are always perfect ;-). @@ -1439,7 +1446,7 @@ public repository you might want to repack & prune often, or never. If you run `git repack` again at this point, it will say -"Nothing to pack". Once you continue your development and +"Nothing new to pack.". Once you continue your development and accumulate the changes, running `git repack` again will create a new pack, that contains objects created since you packed your repository the last time. We recommend that you pack your project @@ -1479,18 +1486,18 @@ A recommended workflow for a "project lead" goes like this: If other people are pulling from your repository over dumb transport protocols (HTTP), you need to keep this repository 'dumb transport friendly'. After `git init`, -`$GIT_DIR/hooks/post-update` copied from the standard templates -would contain a call to `git-update-server-info` but the -`post-update` hook itself is disabled by default -- enable it -with `chmod +x post-update`. This makes sure `git-update-server-info` -keeps the necessary files up-to-date. +`$GIT_DIR/hooks/post-update.sample` copied from the standard templates +would contain a call to 'git-update-server-info' +but you need to manually enable the hook with +`mv post-update.sample post-update`. This makes sure +'git-update-server-info' keeps the necessary files up-to-date. 3. Push into the public repository from your primary repository. -4. `git repack` the public repository. This establishes a big +4. 'git-repack' the public repository. This establishes a big pack that contains the initial set of objects as the - baseline, and possibly `git prune` if the transport + baseline, and possibly 'git-prune' if the transport used for pulling from your repository supports packed repositories. @@ -1504,14 +1511,14 @@ You can repack this private repository whenever you feel like. 6. Push your changes to the public repository, and announce it to the public. -7. Every once in a while, "git repack" the public repository. +7. Every once in a while, 'git-repack' the public repository. Go back to step 5. and continue working. A recommended work cycle for a "subsystem maintainer" who works on that project and has an own "public repository" goes like this: -1. Prepare your work repository, by `git clone` the public +1. Prepare your work repository, by 'git-clone' the public repository of the "project lead". The URL used for the initial cloning is stored in the remote.origin.url configuration variable. @@ -1526,7 +1533,7 @@ on that project and has an own "public repository" goes like this: point at the repository you are borrowing from. 4. Push into the public repository from your primary - repository. Run `git repack`, and possibly `git prune` if the + repository. Run 'git-repack', and possibly 'git-prune' if the transport used for pulling from your repository supports packed repositories. @@ -1543,7 +1550,7 @@ like. "project lead" and possibly your "sub-subsystem maintainers" to pull from it. -7. Every once in a while, `git repack` the public repository. +7. Every once in a while, 'git-repack' the public repository. Go back to step 5. and continue working. @@ -1551,7 +1558,7 @@ A recommended work cycle for an "individual developer" who does not have a "public" repository is somewhat different. It goes like this: -1. Prepare your work repository, by `git clone` the public +1. Prepare your work repository, by 'git-clone' the public repository of the "project lead" (or a "subsystem maintainer", if you work on a subsystem). The URL used for the initial cloning is stored in the remote.origin.url @@ -1581,7 +1588,7 @@ suggested in the previous section may be new to you. You do not have to worry. git supports "shared public repository" style of cooperation you are probably more familiar with as well. -See link:cvs-migration.html[git for CVS users] for the details. +See linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7] for the details. Bundling your work together --------------------------- @@ -1648,9 +1655,9 @@ branch before these two merges by resetting it to 'master~2': $ git reset --hard master~2 ------------ -You can make sure 'git show-branch' matches the state before -those two 'git merge' you just did. Then, instead of running -two 'git merge' commands in a row, you would merge these two +You can make sure `git show-branch` matches the state before +those two 'git-merge' you just did. Then, instead of running +two 'git-merge' commands in a row, you would merge these two branch heads (this is known as 'making an Octopus'): ------------ @@ -1679,3 +1686,16 @@ merge two at a time, documenting how you resolved the conflicts, and the reason why you preferred changes made in one side over the other. Otherwise it would make the project history harder to follow, not easier. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gittutorial[7], +linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], +linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], +linkgit:git-help[1], +link:everyday.html[Everyday git], +link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. diff --git a/Documentation/cvs-migration.txt b/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt index 00f2e36..0e49c1c 100644 --- a/Documentation/cvs-migration.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt @@ -1,5 +1,16 @@ -git for CVS users -================= +gitcvs-migration(7) +=================== + +NAME +---- +gitcvs-migration - git for CVS users + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +git cvsimport * + +DESCRIPTION +----------- Git differs from CVS in that every working tree contains a repository with a full copy of the project history, and no repository is inherently more @@ -7,9 +18,9 @@ important than any other. However, you can emulate the CVS model by designating a single shared repository which people can synchronize with; this document explains how to do that. -Some basic familiarity with git is required. This -link:tutorial.html[tutorial introduction to git] and the -link:glossary.html[git glossary] should be sufficient. +Some basic familiarity with git is required. Having gone through +linkgit:gittutorial[7] and +linkgit:gitglossary[7] should be sufficient. Developing against a shared repository -------------------------------------- @@ -23,7 +34,7 @@ $ git clone foo.com:/pub/repo.git/ my-project $ cd my-project ------------------------------------------------ -and hack away. The equivalent of `cvs update` is +and hack away. The equivalent of 'cvs update' is ------------------------------------------------ $ git pull origin @@ -35,28 +46,28 @@ them first before running git pull. [NOTE] ================================ -The `pull` command knows where to get updates from because of certain -configuration variables that were set by the first `git clone` +The 'pull' command knows where to get updates from because of certain +configuration variables that were set by the first 'git-clone' command; see `git config -l` and the linkgit:git-config[1] man page for details. ================================ You can update the shared repository with your changes by first committing -your changes, and then using the linkgit:git-push[1] command: +your changes, and then using the 'git-push' command: ------------------------------------------------ $ git push origin master ------------------------------------------------ to "push" those commits to the shared repository. If someone else has -updated the repository more recently, `git push`, like `cvs commit`, will +updated the repository more recently, 'git-push', like 'cvs commit', will complain, in which case you must pull any changes before attempting the push again. -In the `git push` command above we specify the name of the remote branch -to update (`master`). If we leave that out, `git push` tries to update +In the 'git-push' command above we specify the name of the remote branch +to update (`master`). If we leave that out, 'git-push' tries to update any branches in the remote repository that have the same name as a branch -in the local repository. So the last `push` can be done with either of: +in the local repository. So the last 'push' can be done with either of: ------------ $ git push origin @@ -70,8 +81,8 @@ Setting Up a Shared Repository ------------------------------ We assume you have already created a git repository for your project, -possibly created from scratch or from a tarball (see the -link:tutorial.html[tutorial]), or imported from an already existing CVS +possibly created from scratch or from a tarball (see +linkgit:gittutorial[7]), or imported from an already existing CVS repository (see the next section). Assume your existing repo is at /home/alice/myproject. Create a new "bare" @@ -132,12 +143,17 @@ work, you must not modify the imported branches; instead, create new branches for your own changes, and merge in the imported branches as necessary. +If you want a shared repository, you will need to make a bare clone +of the imported directory, as described above. Then treat the imported +directory as another development clone for purposes of merging +incremental imports. + Advanced Shared Repository Management ------------------------------------- Git allows you to specify scripts called "hooks" to be run at certain points. You can use these, for example, to send all commits to the shared -repository to a mailing list. See link:hooks.html[Hooks used by git]. +repository to a mailing list. See linkgit:githooks[5]. You can enforce finer grained permissions using update hooks. See link:howto/update-hook-example.txt[Controlling access to branches using @@ -170,3 +186,16 @@ variants of this model. With a small group, developers may just pull changes from each other's repositories without the need for a central maintainer. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gittutorial[7], +linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], +linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], +linkgit:gitglossary[7], +link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], +link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. diff --git a/Documentation/diffcore.txt b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt index c6a983a..e8041bc 100644 --- a/Documentation/diffcore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt @@ -1,40 +1,60 @@ -Tweaking diff output -==================== -June 2005 +gitdiffcore(7) +============== +NAME +---- +gitdiffcore - Tweaking diff output (June 2005) -Introduction ------------- +SYNOPSIS +-------- +'git diff' * -The diff commands git-diff-index, git-diff-files, and git-diff-tree +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +The diff commands 'git-diff-index', 'git-diff-files', and 'git-diff-tree' can be told to manipulate differences they find in -unconventional ways before showing diff(1) output. The manipulation +unconventional ways before showing 'diff' output. The manipulation is collectively called "diffcore transformation". This short note -describes what they are and how to use them to produce diff outputs -that are easier to understand than the conventional kind. +describes what they are and how to use them to produce 'diff' output +that is easier to understand than the conventional kind. The chain of operation ---------------------- -The git-diff-* family works by first comparing two sets of +The 'git-diff-{asterisk}' family works by first comparing two sets of files: - - git-diff-index compares contents of a "tree" object and the + - 'git-diff-index' compares contents of a "tree" object and the working directory (when '\--cached' flag is not used) or a "tree" object and the index file (when '\--cached' flag is used); - - git-diff-files compares contents of the index file and the + - 'git-diff-files' compares contents of the index file and the working directory; - - git-diff-tree compares contents of two "tree" objects; + - 'git-diff-tree' compares contents of two "tree" objects; + +In all of these cases, the commands themselves first optionally limit +the two sets of files by any pathspecs given on their command-lines, +and compare corresponding paths in the two resulting sets of files. -In all of these cases, the commands themselves compare -corresponding paths in the two sets of files. The result of -comparison is passed from these commands to what is internally -called "diffcore", in a format similar to what is output when -the -p option is not used. E.g. +The pathspecs are used to limit the world diff operates in. They remove +the filepairs outside the specified sets of pathnames. E.g. If the +input set of filepairs included: + +------------------------------------------------ +:100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M junkfile +------------------------------------------------ + +but the command invocation was `git diff-files myfile`, then the +junkfile entry would be removed from the list because only "myfile" +is under consideration. + +The result of comparison is passed from these commands to what is +internally called "diffcore", in a format similar to what is output +when the -p option is not used. E.g. ------------------------------------------------ in-place edit :100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M file0 @@ -46,53 +66,28 @@ unmerged :000000 000000 0000000... 0000000... U file6 The diffcore mechanism is fed a list of such comparison results (each of which is called "filepair", although at this point each of them talks about a single file), and transforms such a list -into another list. There are currently 6 such transformations: +into another list. There are currently 5 such transformations: -- diffcore-pathspec - diffcore-break - diffcore-rename - diffcore-merge-broken - diffcore-pickaxe - diffcore-order -These are applied in sequence. The set of filepairs git-diff-\* -commands find are used as the input to diffcore-pathspec, and -the output from diffcore-pathspec is used as the input to the +These are applied in sequence. The set of filepairs 'git-diff-{asterisk}' +commands find are used as the input to diffcore-break, and +the output from diffcore-break is used as the input to the next transformation. The final result is then passed to the output routine and generates either diff-raw format (see Output -format sections of the manual for git-diff-\* commands) or +format sections of the manual for 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands) or diff-patch format. -diffcore-pathspec: For Ignoring Files Outside Our Consideration ---------------------------------------------------------------- - -The first transformation in the chain is diffcore-pathspec, and -is controlled by giving the pathname parameters to the -git-diff-* commands on the command line. The pathspec is used -to limit the world diff operates in. It removes the filepairs -outside the specified set of pathnames. E.g. If the input set -of filepairs included: - ------------------------------------------------- -:100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M junkfile ------------------------------------------------- - -but the command invocation was "git-diff-files myfile", then the -junkfile entry would be removed from the list because only "myfile" -is under consideration. - -Implementation note. For performance reasons, git-diff-tree -uses the pathname parameters on the command line to cull set of -filepairs it feeds the diffcore mechanism itself, and does not -use diffcore-pathspec, but the end result is the same. - - diffcore-break: For Splitting Up "Complete Rewrites" ---------------------------------------------------- The second transformation in the chain is diffcore-break, and is -controlled by the -B option to the git-diff-* commands. This is +controlled by the -B option to the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands. This is used to detect a filepair that represents "complete rewrite" and break such filepair into two filepairs that represent delete and create. E.g. If the input contained this filepair: @@ -128,7 +123,7 @@ diffcore-rename: For Detection Renames and Copies This transformation is used to detect renames and copies, and is controlled by the -M option (to detect renames) and the -C option -(to detect copies as well) to the git-diff-* commands. If the +(to detect copies as well) to the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands. If the input contained these filepairs: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -173,11 +168,11 @@ number after the "-M" or "-C" option (e.g. "-M8" to tell it to use 8/10 = 80%). Note. When the "-C" option is used with `\--find-copies-harder` -option, git-diff-\* commands feed unmodified filepairs to +option, 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands feed unmodified filepairs to diffcore mechanism as well as modified ones. This lets the copy detector consider unmodified files as copy source candidates at the expense of making it slower. Without `\--find-copies-harder`, -git-diff-\* commands can detect copies only if the file that was +'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands can detect copies only if the file that was copied happened to have been modified in the same changeset. @@ -228,7 +223,7 @@ diffcore-pickaxe: For Detecting Addition/Deletion of Specified String This transformation is used to find filepairs that represent changes that touch a specified string, and is controlled by the --S option and the `\--pickaxe-all` option to the git-diff-* +-S option and the `\--pickaxe-all` option to the 'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands. When diffcore-pickaxe is in use, it checks if there are @@ -251,7 +246,7 @@ diffcore-order: For Sorting the Output Based on Filenames This is used to reorder the filepairs according to the user's (or project's) taste, and is controlled by the -O option to the -git-diff-* commands. +'git-diff-{asterisk}' commands. This takes a text file each of whose lines is a shell glob pattern. Filepairs that match a glob pattern on an earlier line @@ -269,3 +264,18 @@ Documentation *.c t ------------------------------------------------ + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-diff[1], +linkgit:git-diff-files[1], +linkgit:git-diff-index[1], +linkgit:git-diff-tree[1], +linkgit:git-format-patch[1], +linkgit:git-log[1], +linkgit:gitglossary[7], +link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. diff --git a/Documentation/gitglossary.txt b/Documentation/gitglossary.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d77a45a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gitglossary.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +gitglossary(7) +============== + +NAME +---- +gitglossary - A GIT Glossary + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +* + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +include::glossary-content.txt[] + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gittutorial[7], +linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], +linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], +link:everyday.html[Everyday git], +link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. diff --git a/Documentation/hooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index d89cc22..29eeae7 100644 --- a/Documentation/hooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -1,21 +1,41 @@ -Hooks used by git -================= +githooks(5) +=========== + +NAME +---- +githooks - Hooks used by git + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +$GIT_DIR/hooks/* + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- Hooks are little scripts you can place in `$GIT_DIR/hooks` directory to trigger action at certain points. When -`git-init` is run, a handful example hooks are copied in the +'git-init' is run, a handful of example hooks are copied into the `hooks` directory of the new repository, but by default they are -all disabled. To enable a hook, make it executable with `chmod +x`. +all disabled. To enable a hook, rename it by removing its `.sample` +suffix. + +NOTE: It is also a requirement for a given hook to be executable. +However - in a freshly initialized repository - the `.sample` files are +executable by default. This document describes the currently defined hooks. +HOOKS +----- + applypatch-msg --------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-am` script. It takes a single +This hook is invoked by 'git-am' script. It takes a single parameter, the name of the file that holds the proposed commit log message. Exiting with non-zero status causes -`git-am` to abort before applying the patch. +'git-am' to abort before applying the patch. The hook is allowed to edit the message file in place, and can be used to normalize the message into some project standard @@ -26,9 +46,9 @@ The default 'applypatch-msg' hook, when enabled, runs the 'commit-msg' hook, if the latter is enabled. pre-applypatch --------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-am`. It takes no parameter, and is +This hook is invoked by 'git-am'. It takes no parameter, and is invoked after the patch is applied, but before a commit is made. If it exits with non-zero status, then the working tree will not be @@ -41,47 +61,47 @@ The default 'pre-applypatch' hook, when enabled, runs the 'pre-commit' hook, if the latter is enabled. post-applypatch ---------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-am`. It takes no parameter, +This hook is invoked by 'git-am'. It takes no parameter, and is invoked after the patch is applied and a commit is made. This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect -the outcome of `git-am`. +the outcome of 'git-am'. pre-commit ----------- +~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-commit`, and can be bypassed +This hook is invoked by 'git-commit', and can be bypassed with `\--no-verify` option. It takes no parameter, and is invoked before obtaining the proposed commit log message and making a commit. Exiting with non-zero status from this script -causes the `git-commit` to abort. +causes the 'git-commit' to abort. The default 'pre-commit' hook, when enabled, catches introduction of lines with trailing whitespaces and aborts the commit when such a line is found. -All the `git-commit` hooks are invoked with the environment +All the 'git-commit' hooks are invoked with the environment variable `GIT_EDITOR=:` if the command will not bring up an editor to modify the commit message. prepare-commit-msg ------------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-commit` right after preparing the +This hook is invoked by 'git-commit' right after preparing the default log message, and before the editor is started. It takes one to three parameters. The first is the name of the file -that the commit log message. The second is the source of the commit -message, and can be: `message` (if a `\-m` or `\-F` option was -given); `template` (if a `\-t` option was given or the +that contains the commit log message. The second is the source of the commit +message, and can be: `message` (if a `-m` or `-F` option was +given); `template` (if a `-t` option was given or the configuration option `commit.template` is set); `merge` (if the commit is a merge or a `.git/MERGE_MSG` file exists); `squash` (if a `.git/SQUASH_MSG` file exists); or `commit`, followed by -a commit SHA1 (if a `\-c`, `\-C` or `\--amend` option was given). +a commit SHA1 (if a `-c`, `-C` or `\--amend` option was given). -If the exit status is non-zero, `git-commit` will abort. +If the exit status is non-zero, 'git-commit' will abort. The purpose of the hook is to edit the message file in place, and it is not suppressed by the `\--no-verify` option. A non-zero exit @@ -92,12 +112,12 @@ The sample `prepare-commit-msg` hook that comes with git comments out the `Conflicts:` part of a merge's commit message. commit-msg ----------- +~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-commit`, and can be bypassed +This hook is invoked by 'git-commit', and can be bypassed with `\--no-verify` option. It takes a single parameter, the name of the file that holds the proposed commit log message. -Exiting with non-zero status causes the `git-commit` to +Exiting with non-zero status causes the 'git-commit' to abort. The hook is allowed to edit the message file in place, and can @@ -109,35 +129,46 @@ The default 'commit-msg' hook, when enabled, detects duplicate "Signed-off-by" lines, and aborts the commit if one is found. post-commit ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-commit`. It takes no +This hook is invoked by 'git-commit'. It takes no parameter, and is invoked after a commit is made. This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect -the outcome of `git-commit`. +the outcome of 'git-commit'. + +pre-rebase +~~~~~~~~~~ + +This hook is called by 'git-rebase' and can be used to prevent a branch +from getting rebased. + post-checkout ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked when a `git-checkout` is run after having updated the +This hook is invoked when a 'git-checkout' is run after having updated the worktree. The hook is given three parameters: the ref of the previous HEAD, the ref of the new HEAD (which may or may not have changed), and a flag indicating whether the checkout was a branch checkout (changing branches, flag=1) or a file checkout (retrieving a file from the index, flag=0). -This hook cannot affect the outcome of `git-checkout`. +This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git-checkout'. + +It is also run after 'git-clone', unless the --no-checkout (-n) option is +used. The first parameter given to the hook is the null-ref, the second the +ref of the new HEAD and the flag is always 1. This hook can be used to perform repository validity checks, auto-display differences from the previous HEAD if different, or set working dir metadata properties. post-merge ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-merge`, which happens when a `git pull` +This hook is invoked by 'git-merge', which happens when a 'git-pull' is done on a local repository. The hook takes a single parameter, a status flag specifying whether or not the merge being done was a squash merge. -This hook cannot affect the outcome of `git-merge` and is not executed, +This hook cannot affect the outcome of 'git-merge' and is not executed, if the merge failed due to conflicts. This hook can be used in conjunction with a corresponding pre-commit hook to @@ -147,10 +178,10 @@ for an example of how to do this. [[pre-receive]] pre-receive ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-receive-pack` on the remote repository, -which happens when a `git push` is done on a local repository. +This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, +which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. Just before starting to update refs on the remote repository, the pre-receive hook is invoked. Its exit status determines the success or failure of the update. @@ -171,15 +202,15 @@ updated. If the hook exits with zero, updating of individual refs can still be prevented by the <<update,'update'>> hook. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -`git-send-pack` on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. [[update]] update ------- +~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-receive-pack` on the remote repository, -which happens when a `git push` is done on a local repository. +This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, +which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. Just before updating the ref on the remote repository, the update hook is invoked. Its exit status determines the success or failure of the ref update. @@ -192,13 +223,13 @@ three parameters: - and the new objectname to be stored in the ref. A zero exit from the update hook allows the ref to be updated. -Exiting with a non-zero status prevents `git-receive-pack` +Exiting with a non-zero status prevents 'git-receive-pack' from updating that ref. This hook can be used to prevent 'forced' update on certain refs by making sure that the object name is a commit object that is a descendant of the commit object named by the old object name. -That is, to enforce a "fast forward only" policy. +That is, to enforce a "fast-forward only" policy. It could also be used to log the old..new status. However, it does not know the entire set of branches, so it would end up @@ -210,19 +241,19 @@ implement access control which is finer grained than the one based on filesystem group. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -`git-send-pack` on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. The default 'update' hook, when enabled--and with -`hooks.allowunannotated` config option turned on--prevents +`hooks.allowunannotated` config option unset or set to false--prevents unannotated tags to be pushed. [[post-receive]] post-receive ------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-receive-pack` on the remote repository, -which happens when a `git push` is done on a local repository. +This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, +which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. It executes on the remote repository once after all the refs have been updated. @@ -231,7 +262,7 @@ arguments, but gets the same information as the <<pre-receive,'pre-receive'>> hook does on its standard input. -This hook does not affect the outcome of `git-receive-pack`, as it +This hook does not affect the outcome of 'git-receive-pack', as it is called after the real work is done. This supersedes the <<post-update,'post-update'>> hook in that it gets @@ -239,7 +270,7 @@ both old and new values of all the refs in addition to their names. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -`git-send-pack` on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. The default 'post-receive' hook is empty, but there is @@ -249,10 +280,10 @@ emails. [[post-update]] post-update ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-receive-pack` on the remote repository, -which happens when a `git push` is done on a local repository. +This hook is invoked by 'git-receive-pack' on the remote repository, +which happens when a 'git-push' is done on a local repository. It executes on the remote repository once after all the refs have been updated. @@ -260,7 +291,7 @@ It takes a variable number of parameters, each of which is the name of ref that was actually updated. This hook is meant primarily for notification, and cannot affect -the outcome of `git-receive-pack`. +the outcome of 'git-receive-pack'. The 'post-update' hook can tell what are the heads that were pushed, but it does not know what their original and updated values are, @@ -270,18 +301,22 @@ updated values of the refs. You might consider it instead if you need them. When enabled, the default 'post-update' hook runs -`git-update-server-info` to keep the information used by dumb +'git-update-server-info' to keep the information used by dumb transports (e.g., HTTP) up-to-date. If you are publishing a git repository that is accessible via HTTP, you should probably enable this hook. Both standard output and standard error output are forwarded to -`git-send-pack` on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages +'git-send-pack' on the other end, so you can simply `echo` messages for the user. pre-auto-gc ------------ +~~~~~~~~~~~ -This hook is invoked by `git-gc --auto`. It takes no parameter, and -exiting with non-zero status from this script causes the `git-gc --auto` +This hook is invoked by 'git-gc --auto'. It takes no parameter, and +exiting with non-zero status from this script causes the 'git-gc --auto' to abort. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt index 613dca0..7df3cef 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt @@ -13,9 +13,14 @@ DESCRIPTION ----------- A `gitignore` file specifies intentionally untracked files that -git should ignore. Each line in a `gitignore` file specifies a -pattern. - +git should ignore. +Note that all the `gitignore` files really concern only files +that are not already tracked by git; +in order to ignore uncommitted changes in already tracked files, +please refer to the 'git update-index --assume-unchanged' +documentation. + +Each line in a `gitignore` file specifies a pattern. When deciding whether to ignore a path, git normally checks `gitignore` patterns from multiple sources, with the following order of precedence, from highest to lowest (within one level of @@ -26,8 +31,8 @@ precedence, the last matching pattern decides the outcome): * Patterns read from a `.gitignore` file in the same directory as the path, or in any parent directory, with patterns in the - higher level files (up to the root) being overridden by those in - lower level files down to the directory containing the file. + higher level files (up to the toplevel of the work tree) being overridden + by those in lower level files down to the directory containing the file. These patterns match relative to the location of the `.gitignore` file. A project normally includes such `.gitignore` files in its repository, containing patterns for @@ -51,10 +56,10 @@ the user's editor of choice) generally go into a file specified by `core.excludesfile` in the user's `~/.gitconfig`. The underlying git plumbing tools, such as -linkgit:git-ls-files[1] and linkgit:git-read-tree[1], read +'git-ls-files' and 'git-read-tree', read `gitignore` patterns specified by command-line options, or from files specified by command-line options. Higher-level git -tools, such as linkgit:git-status[1] and linkgit:git-add[1], +tools, such as 'git-status' and 'git-add', use patterns from the sources specified above. Patterns have the following format: @@ -92,7 +97,7 @@ Patterns have the following format: An example: -------------------------------------------------------------- - $ git-status + $ git status [...] # Untracked files: [...] @@ -110,7 +115,7 @@ An example: *.html # except foo.html which is maintained by hand !foo.html - $ git-status + $ git status [...] # Untracked files: [...] @@ -138,4 +143,4 @@ Frank Lichtenheld, and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>. GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitk.txt b/Documentation/gitk.txt index 50d12da..cf465cb 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitk.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitk.txt @@ -21,11 +21,13 @@ git repository. OPTIONS ------- -To control which revisions to shown, the command takes options applicable to -the linkgit:git-rev-list[1] command. This manual page describes only the most +To control which revisions to show, the command takes options applicable to +the 'git-rev-list' command (see linkgit:git-rev-list[1]). +This manual page describes only the most frequently used options. --n <number>, --max-count=<number>:: +-n <number>:: +--max-count=<number>:: Limits the number of commits to show. @@ -45,7 +47,20 @@ frequently used options. After an attempt to merge stops with conflicts, show the commits on the history between two branches (i.e. the HEAD and the MERGE_HEAD) - that modify the conflicted files. + that modify the conflicted files and do not exist on all the heads + being merged. + +--argscmd=<command>:: + Command to be run each time gitk has to determine the list of + <revs> to show. The command is expected to print on its standard + output a list of additional revs to be shown, one per line. + Use this instead of explicitly specifying <revs> if the set of + commits to show may vary between refreshes. + +--select-commit=<ref>:: + + Automatically select the specified commit after loading the graph. + Default behavior is equivalent to specifying '--select-commit=HEAD'. <revs>:: @@ -56,17 +71,17 @@ frequently used options. For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. -<path>:: +<path>...:: Limit commits to the ones touching files in the given paths. Note, to - avoid ambiguity wrt. revision names use "--" to separate the paths + avoid ambiguity with respect to revision names use "--" to separate the paths from any preceding options. Examples -------- gitk v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi:: - Show as the changes since version 'v2.6.12' that changed any + Show the changes since version 'v2.6.12' that changed any file in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories gitk --since="2 weeks ago" \-- gitk:: @@ -85,7 +100,7 @@ Files Gitk creates the .gitk file in your $HOME directory to store preferences such as display options, font, and colors. -See Also +SEE ALSO -------- 'qgit(1)':: A repository browser written in C++ using Qt. @@ -109,4 +124,4 @@ Documentation by Junio C Hamano, Jonas Fonseca, and the git-list GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt index cc95b69..5daf750 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ gitmodules - defining submodule properties SYNOPSIS -------- -gitmodules +$GIT_WORK_DIR/.gitmodules DESCRIPTION @@ -30,6 +30,17 @@ submodule.<name>.path:: submodule.<name>.url:: Defines an url from where the submodule repository can be cloned. +submodule.<name>.update:: + Defines what to do when the submodule is updated by the superproject. + If 'checkout' (the default), the new commit specified in the + superproject will be checked out in the submodule on a detached HEAD. + If 'rebase', the current branch of the submodule will be rebased onto + the commit specified in the superproject. If 'merge', the commit + specified in the superproject will be merged into the current branch + in the submodule. + This config option is overridden if 'git submodule update' is given + the '--merge' or '--rebase' options. + EXAMPLES -------- @@ -59,4 +70,4 @@ Documentation by Lars Hjemli <hjemli@gmail.com> GIT --- -Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/repository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt index bbaed2e..1befca9 100644 --- a/Documentation/repository-layout.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt @@ -1,9 +1,20 @@ -git repository layout -===================== +gitrepository-layout(5) +======================= + +NAME +---- +gitrepository-layout - Git Repository Layout + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +$GIT_DIR/* + +DESCRIPTION +----------- You may find these things in your git repository (`.git` directory for a repository associated with your working tree, or -`'project'.git` directory for a public 'bare' repository. It is +`<project>.git` directory for a public 'bare' repository. It is also possible to have a working tree where `.git` is a plain ascii file containing `gitdir: <path>`, i.e. the path to the real git repository). @@ -53,7 +64,7 @@ objects/info/packs:: are available in this object store. Whenever a pack is added or removed, `git update-server-info` should be run to keep this file up-to-date if the repository is - published for dumb transports. `git repack` does this + published for dumb transports. 'git-repack' does this by default. objects/info/alternates:: @@ -74,7 +85,7 @@ objects/info/http-alternates:: refs:: References are stored in subdirectories of this - directory. The `git prune` command knows to keep + directory. The 'git-prune' command knows to keep objects reachable from refs found in this directory and its subdirectories. @@ -114,17 +125,18 @@ details. branches:: A slightly deprecated way to store shorthands to be used - to specify URL to `git fetch`, `git pull` and `git push` - commands is to store a file in `branches/'name'` and + to specify URL to 'git-fetch', 'git-pull' and 'git-push' + commands is to store a file in `branches/<name>` and give 'name' to these commands in place of 'repository' argument. hooks:: Hooks are customization scripts used by various git commands. A handful of sample hooks are installed when - `git init` is run, but all of them are disabled by - default. To enable, they need to be made executable. - Read link:hooks.html[hooks] for more details about + 'git-init' is run, but all of them are disabled by + default. To enable, the `.sample` suffix has to be + removed from the filename by renaming. + Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook. index:: @@ -139,10 +151,10 @@ info/refs:: This file helps dumb transports discover what refs are available in this repository. If the repository is published for dumb transports, this file should be - regenerated by `git update-server-info` every time a tag + regenerated by 'git-update-server-info' every time a tag or branch is created or modified. This is normally done from the `hooks/update` hook, which is run by the - `git-receive-pack` command when you `git push` into the + 'git-receive-pack' command when you 'git-push' into the repository. info/grafts:: @@ -156,18 +168,18 @@ info/grafts:: info/exclude:: This file, by convention among Porcelains, stores the exclude pattern list. `.gitignore` is the per-directory - ignore file. `git status`, `git add`, `git rm` and `git - clean` look at it but the core git commands do not look + ignore file. 'git-status', 'git-add', 'git-rm' and + 'git-clean' look at it but the core git commands do not look at it. See also: linkgit:gitignore[5]. remotes:: Stores shorthands to be used to give URL and default - refnames to interact with remote repository to `git - fetch`, `git pull` and `git push` commands. + refnames to interact with remote repository to + 'git-fetch', 'git-pull' and 'git-push' commands. logs:: Records of changes made to refs are stored in this - directory. See the documentation on git-update-ref + directory. See linkgit:git-update-ref[1] for more information. logs/refs/heads/`name`:: @@ -180,3 +192,18 @@ shallow:: This is similar to `info/grafts` but is internally used and maintained by shallow clone mechanism. See `--depth` option to linkgit:git-clone[1] and linkgit:git-fetch[1]. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:git-init[1], +linkgit:git-clone[1], +linkgit:git-fetch[1], +linkgit:git-pack-refs[1], +linkgit:git-gc[1], +linkgit:git-checkout[1], +linkgit:gitglossary[7], +link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. diff --git a/Documentation/tutorial-2.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt index 7fac47d..dc8fc3a 100644 --- a/Documentation/tutorial-2.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt @@ -1,8 +1,18 @@ -A tutorial introduction to git: part two -======================================== +gittutorial-2(7) +================ -You should work through link:tutorial.html[A tutorial introduction to -git] before reading this tutorial. +NAME +---- +gittutorial-2 - A tutorial introduction to git: part two + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +git * + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +You should work through linkgit:gittutorial[7] before reading this tutorial. The goal of this tutorial is to introduce two fundamental pieces of git's architecture--the object database and the index file--and to @@ -22,37 +32,42 @@ Initialized empty Git repository in .git/ $ echo 'hello world' > file.txt $ git add . $ git commit -a -m "initial commit" -Created initial commit 54196cc2703dc165cbd373a65a4dcf22d50ae7f7 +[master (root-commit) 54196cc] initial commit + 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) create mode 100644 file.txt $ echo 'hello world!' >file.txt $ git commit -a -m "add emphasis" -Created commit c4d59f390b9cfd4318117afde11d601c1085f241 +[master c4d59f3] add emphasis + 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-) ------------------------------------------------ -What are the 40 digits of hex that git responded to the commit with? +What are the 7 digits of hex that git responded to the commit with? We saw in part one of the tutorial that commits have names like this. It turns out that every object in the git history is stored under -such a 40-digit hex name. That name is the SHA1 hash of the object's +a 40-digit hex name. That name is the SHA1 hash of the object's contents; among other things, this ensures that git will never store the same data twice (since identical data is given an identical SHA1 name), and that the contents of a git object will never change (since -that would change the object's name as well). +that would change the object's name as well). The 7 char hex strings +here are simply the abbreviation of such 40 character long strings. +Abbreviations can be used everywhere where the 40 character strings +can be used, so long as they are unambiguous. It is expected that the content of the commit object you created while following the example above generates a different SHA1 hash than the one shown above because the commit object records the time when it was created and the name of the person performing the commit. -We can ask git about this particular object with the cat-file +We can ask git about this particular object with the `cat-file` command. Don't copy the 40 hex digits from this example but use those from your own version. Note that you can shorten it to only a few characters to save yourself typing all 40 hex digits: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git-cat-file -t 54196cc2 +$ git cat-file -t 54196cc2 commit -$ git-cat-file commit 54196cc2 +$ git cat-file commit 54196cc2 tree 92b8b694ffb1675e5975148e1121810081dbdffe author J. Bruce Fields <bfields@puzzle.fieldses.org> 1143414668 -0500 committer J. Bruce Fields <bfields@puzzle.fieldses.org> 1143414668 -0500 @@ -155,7 +170,7 @@ hello world! and the "parent" object refers to the previous commit: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git-cat-file commit 54196cc2 +$ git cat-file commit 54196cc2 tree 92b8b694ffb1675e5975148e1121810081dbdffe author J. Bruce Fields <bfields@puzzle.fieldses.org> 1143414668 -0500 committer J. Bruce Fields <bfields@puzzle.fieldses.org> 1143414668 -0500 @@ -202,8 +217,8 @@ designate such an argument. The index file -------------- -The primary tool we've been using to create commits is "git commit --a", which creates a commit including every change you've made to +The primary tool we've been using to create commits is `git-commit +-a`, which creates a commit including every change you've made to your working tree. But what if you want to commit changes only to certain files? Or only certain changes to certain files? @@ -235,7 +250,7 @@ The last diff is empty, but no new commits have been made, and the head still doesn't contain the new line: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git-diff HEAD +$ git diff HEAD diff --git a/file.txt b/file.txt index a042389..513feba 100644 --- a/file.txt @@ -245,7 +260,7 @@ index a042389..513feba 100644 +hello world, again ------------------------------------------------ -So "git diff" is comparing against something other than the head. +So 'git-diff' is comparing against something other than the head. The thing that it's comparing against is actually the index file, which is stored in .git/index in a binary format, but whose contents we can examine with ls-files: @@ -260,9 +275,9 @@ hello world! hello world, again ------------------------------------------------ -So what our "git add" did was store a new blob and then put +So what our 'git-add' did was store a new blob and then put a reference to it in the index file. If we modify the file again, -we'll see that the new modifications are reflected in the "git-diff" +we'll see that the new modifications are reflected in the 'git-diff' output: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -277,7 +292,7 @@ index 513feba..ba3da7b 100644 +again? ------------------------------------------------ -With the right arguments, git diff can also show us the difference +With the right arguments, 'git-diff' can also show us the difference between the working directory and the last commit, or between the index and the last commit: @@ -301,8 +316,8 @@ index a042389..513feba 100644 +hello world, again ------------------------------------------------ -At any time, we can create a new commit using "git commit" (without -the -a option), and verify that the state committed only includes the +At any time, we can create a new commit using 'git-commit' (without +the "-a" option), and verify that the state committed only includes the changes stored in the index file, not the additional change that is still only in our working tree: @@ -319,11 +334,11 @@ index 513feba..ba3da7b 100644 +again? ------------------------------------------------ -So by default "git commit" uses the index to create the commit, not -the working tree; the -a option to commit tells it to first update +So by default 'git-commit' uses the index to create the commit, not +the working tree; the "-a" option to commit tells it to first update the index with all changes in the working tree. -Finally, it's worth looking at the effect of "git add" on the index +Finally, it's worth looking at the effect of 'git-add' on the index file: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -331,7 +346,7 @@ $ echo "goodbye, world" >closing.txt $ git add closing.txt ------------------------------------------------ -The effect of the "git add" was to add one entry to the index file: +The effect of the 'git-add' was to add one entry to the index file: ------------------------------------------------ $ git ls-files --stage @@ -372,14 +387,14 @@ it is marked "changed but not updated". At this point, running "git commit" would create a commit that added closing.txt (with its new contents), but that didn't modify file.txt. -Also, note that a bare "git diff" shows the changes to file.txt, but +Also, note that a bare `git diff` shows the changes to file.txt, but not the addition of closing.txt, because the version of closing.txt in the index file is identical to the one in the working directory. In addition to being the staging area for new commits, the index file is also populated from the object database when checking out a branch, and is used to hold the trees involved in a merge operation. -See the link:core-tutorial.html[core tutorial] and the relevant man +See linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] and the relevant man pages for details. What next? @@ -388,19 +403,32 @@ What next? At this point you should know everything necessary to read the man pages for any of the git commands; one good place to start would be with the commands mentioned in link:everyday.html[Everyday git]. You -should be able to find any unknown jargon in the -link:glossary.html[Glossary]. +should be able to find any unknown jargon in linkgit:gitglossary[7]. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] provides a more comprehensive introduction to git. -The link:cvs-migration.html[CVS migration] document explains how to +linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7] explains how to import a CVS repository into git, and shows how to use git in a CVS-like way. For some interesting examples of git use, see the link:howto-index.html[howtos]. -For git developers, the link:core-tutorial.html[Core tutorial] goes +For git developers, linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] goes into detail on the lower-level git mechanisms involved in, for example, creating a new commit. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gittutorial[7], +linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], +linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], +linkgit:gitglossary[7], +linkgit:git-help[1], +link:everyday.html[Everyday git], +link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. diff --git a/Documentation/tutorial.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt index e2bbda5..cf0689c 100644 --- a/Documentation/tutorial.txt +++ b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt @@ -1,5 +1,16 @@ -A tutorial introduction to git (for version 1.5.1 or newer) -=========================================================== +gittutorial(7) +============== + +NAME +---- +gittutorial - A tutorial introduction to git (for version 1.5.1 or newer) + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +git * + +DESCRIPTION +----------- This tutorial explains how to import a new project into git, make changes to it, and share changes with other developers. @@ -8,13 +19,22 @@ If you are instead primarily interested in using git to fetch a project, for example, to test the latest version, you may prefer to start with the first two chapters of link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual]. -First, note that you can get documentation for a command such as "git -diff" with: +First, note that you can get documentation for a command such as +`git log --graph` with: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ man git-log +------------------------------------------------ + +or: ------------------------------------------------ -$ man git-diff +$ git help log ------------------------------------------------ +With the latter, you can use the manual viewer of your choice; see +linkgit:git-help[1] for more information. + It is a good idea to introduce yourself to git with your name and public email address before doing any operation. The easiest way to do so is: @@ -47,7 +67,7 @@ You've now initialized the working directory--you may notice a new directory created, named ".git". Next, tell git to take a snapshot of the contents of all files under the -current directory (note the '.'), with linkgit:git-add[1]: +current directory (note the '.'), with 'git-add': ------------------------------------------------ $ git add . @@ -55,7 +75,7 @@ $ git add . This snapshot is now stored in a temporary staging area which git calls the "index". You can permanently store the contents of the index in the -repository with linkgit:git-commit[1]: +repository with 'git-commit': ------------------------------------------------ $ git commit @@ -74,15 +94,15 @@ $ git add file1 file2 file3 ------------------------------------------------ You are now ready to commit. You can see what is about to be committed -using linkgit:git-diff[1] with the --cached option: +using 'git-diff' with the --cached option: ------------------------------------------------ $ git diff --cached ------------------------------------------------ -(Without --cached, linkgit:git-diff[1] will show you any changes that +(Without --cached, 'git-diff' will show you any changes that you've made but not yet added to the index.) You can also get a brief -summary of the situation with linkgit:git-status[1]: +summary of the situation with 'git-status': ------------------------------------------------ $ git status @@ -103,10 +123,10 @@ newly modified content to the index. Finally, commit your changes with: $ git commit ------------------------------------------------ -This will again prompt your for a message describing the change, and then +This will again prompt you for a message describing the change, and then record a new version of the project. -Alternatively, instead of running `git add` beforehand, you can use +Alternatively, instead of running 'git-add' beforehand, you can use ------------------------------------------------ $ git commit -a @@ -125,9 +145,9 @@ commit in the body. Git tracks content not files ---------------------------- -Many revision control systems provide an "add" command that tells the -system to start tracking changes to a new file. Git's "add" command -does something simpler and more powerful: `git add` is used both for new +Many revision control systems provide an `add` command that tells the +system to start tracking changes to a new file. Git's `add` command +does something simpler and more powerful: 'git-add' is used both for new and newly modified files, and in both cases it takes a snapshot of the given files and stages that content in the index, ready for inclusion in the next commit. @@ -263,7 +283,7 @@ same machine, wants to contribute. Bob begins with: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git clone /home/alice/project myrepo +bob$ git clone /home/alice/project myrepo ------------------------------------------------ This creates a new directory "myrepo" containing a clone of Alice's @@ -274,7 +294,7 @@ Bob then makes some changes and commits them: ------------------------------------------------ (edit files) -$ git commit -a +bob$ git commit -a (repeat as necessary) ------------------------------------------------ @@ -282,43 +302,94 @@ When he's ready, he tells Alice to pull changes from the repository at /home/bob/myrepo. She does this with: ------------------------------------------------ -$ cd /home/alice/project -$ git pull /home/bob/myrepo master +alice$ cd /home/alice/project +alice$ git pull /home/bob/myrepo master ------------------------------------------------ This merges the changes from Bob's "master" branch into Alice's current branch. If Alice has made her own changes in the meantime, -then she may need to manually fix any conflicts. (Note that the -"master" argument in the above command is actually unnecessary, as it -is the default.) +then she may need to manually fix any conflicts. The "pull" command thus performs two operations: it fetches changes from a remote branch, then merges them into the current branch. +Note that in general, Alice would want her local changes committed before +initiating this "pull". If Bob's work conflicts with what Alice did since +their histories forked, Alice will use her working tree and the index to +resolve conflicts, and existing local changes will interfere with the +conflict resolution process (git will still perform the fetch but will +refuse to merge --- Alice will have to get rid of her local changes in +some way and pull again when this happens). + +Alice can peek at what Bob did without merging first, using the "fetch" +command; this allows Alice to inspect what Bob did, using a special +symbol "FETCH_HEAD", in order to determine if he has anything worth +pulling, like this: + +------------------------------------------------ +alice$ git fetch /home/bob/myrepo master +alice$ git log -p HEAD..FETCH_HEAD +------------------------------------------------ + +This operation is safe even if Alice has uncommitted local changes. +The range notation "HEAD..FETCH_HEAD" means "show everything that is reachable +from the FETCH_HEAD but exclude anything that is reachable from HEAD". +Alice already knows everything that leads to her current state (HEAD), +and reviews what Bob has in his state (FETCH_HEAD) that she has not +seen with this command. + +If Alice wants to visualize what Bob did since their histories forked +she can issue the following command: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ gitk HEAD..FETCH_HEAD +------------------------------------------------ + +This uses the same two-dot range notation we saw earlier with 'git log'. + +Alice may want to view what both of them did since they forked. +She can use three-dot form instead of the two-dot form: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ gitk HEAD...FETCH_HEAD +------------------------------------------------ + +This means "show everything that is reachable from either one, but +exclude anything that is reachable from both of them". + +Please note that these range notation can be used with both gitk +and "git log". + +After inspecting what Bob did, if there is nothing urgent, Alice may +decide to continue working without pulling from Bob. If Bob's history +does have something Alice would immediately need, Alice may choose to +stash her work-in-progress first, do a "pull", and then finally unstash +her work-in-progress on top of the resulting history. + When you are working in a small closely knit group, it is not unusual to interact with the same repository over and over again. By defining 'remote' repository shorthand, you can make it easier: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git remote add bob /home/bob/myrepo +alice$ git remote add bob /home/bob/myrepo ------------------------------------------------ -With this, Alice can perform the first operation alone using the -"git fetch" command without merging them with her own branch, -using: +With this, Alice can perform the first part of the "pull" operation +alone using the 'git-fetch' command without merging them with her own +branch, using: ------------------------------------- -$ git fetch bob +alice$ git fetch bob ------------------------------------- Unlike the longhand form, when Alice fetches from Bob using a -remote repository shorthand set up with `git remote`, what was +remote repository shorthand set up with 'git-remote', what was fetched is stored in a remote tracking branch, in this case `bob/master`. So after this: ------------------------------------- -$ git log -p master..bob/master +alice$ git log -p master..bob/master ------------------------------------- shows a list of all the changes that Bob made since he branched from @@ -328,14 +399,14 @@ After examining those changes, Alice could merge the changes into her master branch: ------------------------------------- -$ git merge bob/master +alice$ git merge bob/master ------------------------------------- This `merge` can also be done by 'pulling from her own remote tracking branch', like this: ------------------------------------- -$ git pull . remotes/bob/master +alice$ git pull . remotes/bob/master ------------------------------------- Note that git pull always merges into the current branch, @@ -344,7 +415,7 @@ regardless of what else is given on the command line. Later, Bob can update his repo with Alice's latest changes using ------------------------------------- -$ git pull +bob$ git pull ------------------------------------- Note that he doesn't need to give the path to Alice's repository; @@ -353,19 +424,19 @@ repository in the repository configuration, and that location is used for pulls: ------------------------------------- -$ git config --get remote.origin.url +bob$ git config --get remote.origin.url /home/alice/project ------------------------------------- -(The complete configuration created by git-clone is visible using -"git config -l", and the linkgit:git-config[1] man page +(The complete configuration created by 'git-clone' is visible using +`git config -l`, and the linkgit:git-config[1] man page explains the meaning of each option.) Git also keeps a pristine copy of Alice's master branch under the name "origin/master": ------------------------------------- -$ git branch -r +bob$ git branch -r origin/master ------------------------------------- @@ -373,7 +444,7 @@ If Bob later decides to work from a different host, he can still perform clones and pulls using the ssh protocol: ------------------------------------- -$ git clone alice.org:/home/alice/project myrepo +bob$ git clone alice.org:/home/alice/project myrepo ------------------------------------- Alternatively, git has a native protocol, or can use rsync or http; @@ -381,13 +452,13 @@ see linkgit:git-pull[1] for details. Git can also be used in a CVS-like mode, with a central repository that various users push changes to; see linkgit:git-push[1] and -link:cvs-migration.html[git for CVS users]. +linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. Exploring history ----------------- Git history is represented as a series of interrelated commits. We -have already seen that the git log command can list those commits. +have already seen that the 'git-log' command can list those commits. Note that first line of each git log entry also gives a name for the commit: @@ -400,7 +471,7 @@ Date: Tue May 16 17:18:22 2006 -0700 merge-base: Clarify the comments on post processing. ------------------------------------- -We can give this name to git show to see the details about this +We can give this name to 'git-show' to see the details about this commit. ------------------------------------- @@ -436,7 +507,7 @@ $ git show HEAD^2 # show the second parent of HEAD You can also give commits names of your own; after running ------------------------------------- -$ git-tag v2.5 1b2e1d63ff +$ git tag v2.5 1b2e1d63ff ------------------------------------- you can refer to 1b2e1d63ff by the name "v2.5". If you intend to @@ -458,13 +529,13 @@ $ git reset --hard HEAD^ # reset your current branch and working Be careful with that last command: in addition to losing any changes in the working directory, it will also remove all later commits from this branch. If this branch is the only branch containing those -commits, they will be lost. Also, don't use "git reset" on a +commits, they will be lost. Also, don't use 'git-reset' on a publicly-visible branch that other developers pull from, as it will force needless merges on other developers to clean up the history. -If you need to undo changes that you have pushed, use linkgit:git-revert[1] +If you need to undo changes that you have pushed, use 'git-revert' instead. -The git grep command can search for strings in any version of your +The 'git-grep' command can search for strings in any version of your project, so ------------------------------------- @@ -473,7 +544,7 @@ $ git grep "hello" v2.5 searches for all occurrences of "hello" in v2.5. -If you leave out the commit name, git grep will search any of the +If you leave out the commit name, 'git-grep' will search any of the files it manages in your current directory. So ------------------------------------- @@ -483,7 +554,7 @@ $ git grep "hello" is a quick way to search just the files that are tracked by git. Many git commands also take sets of commits, which can be specified -in a number of ways. Here are some examples with git log: +in a number of ways. Here are some examples with 'git-log': ------------------------------------- $ git log v2.5..v2.6 # commits between v2.5 and v2.6 @@ -493,32 +564,32 @@ $ git log v2.5.. Makefile # commits since v2.5 which modify # Makefile ------------------------------------- -You can also give git log a "range" of commits where the first is not +You can also give 'git-log' a "range" of commits where the first is not necessarily an ancestor of the second; for example, if the tips of -the branches "stable-release" and "master" diverged from a common +the branches "stable" and "master" diverged from a common commit some time ago, then ------------------------------------- -$ git log stable..experimental +$ git log stable..master ------------------------------------- -will list commits made in the experimental branch but not in the +will list commits made in the master branch but not in the stable branch, while ------------------------------------- -$ git log experimental..stable +$ git log master..stable ------------------------------------- will show the list of commits made on the stable branch but not -the experimental branch. +the master branch. -The "git log" command has a weakness: it must present commits in a +The 'git-log' command has a weakness: it must present commits in a list. When the history has lines of development that diverged and -then merged back together, the order in which "git log" presents +then merged back together, the order in which 'git-log' presents those commits is meaningless. -Most projects with multiple contributors (such as the linux kernel, -or git itself) have frequent merges, and gitk does a better job of +Most projects with multiple contributors (such as the Linux kernel, +or git itself) have frequent merges, and 'gitk' does a better job of visualizing their history. For example, ------------------------------------- @@ -538,7 +609,7 @@ of the file: $ git diff v2.5:Makefile HEAD:Makefile.in ------------------------------------- -You can also use "git show" to see any such file: +You can also use 'git-show' to see any such file: ------------------------------------- $ git show v2.5:Makefile @@ -560,16 +631,16 @@ is based: used to create commits, check out working directories, and hold the various trees involved in a merge. -link:tutorial-2.html[Part two of this tutorial] explains the object +Part two of this tutorial explains the object database, the index file, and a few other odds and ends that you'll -need to make the most of git. +need to make the most of git. You can find it at linkgit:gittutorial-2[7]. If you don't want to continue with that right away, a few other digressions that may be interesting at this point are: * linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-am[1]: These convert series of git commits into emailed patches, and vice versa, - useful for projects such as the linux kernel which rely heavily + useful for projects such as the Linux kernel which rely heavily on emailed patches. * linkgit:git-bisect[1]: When there is a regression in your @@ -579,6 +650,24 @@ digressions that may be interesting at this point are: smart enough to perform a close-to-optimal search even in the case of complex non-linear history with lots of merged branches. + * linkgit:gitworkflows[7]: Gives an overview of recommended + workflows. + * link:everyday.html[Everyday GIT with 20 Commands Or So] - * link:cvs-migration.html[git for CVS users]. + * linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]: Git for CVS users. + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], +linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], +linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], +linkgit:gitglossary[7], +linkgit:git-help[1], +linkgit:gitworkflows[7], +link:everyday.html[Everyday git], +link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. diff --git a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..065441d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ +gitworkflows(7) +=============== + +NAME +---- +gitworkflows - An overview of recommended workflows with git + +SYNOPSIS +-------- +git * + + +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This document attempts to write down and motivate some of the workflow +elements used for `git.git` itself. Many ideas apply in general, +though the full workflow is rarely required for smaller projects with +fewer people involved. + +We formulate a set of 'rules' for quick reference, while the prose +tries to motivate each of them. Do not always take them literally; +you should value good reasons for your actions higher than manpages +such as this one. + + +SEPARATE CHANGES +---------------- + +As a general rule, you should try to split your changes into small +logical steps, and commit each of them. They should be consistent, +working independently of any later commits, pass the test suite, etc. +This makes the review process much easier, and the history much more +useful for later inspection and analysis, for example with +linkgit:git-blame[1] and linkgit:git-bisect[1]. + +To achieve this, try to split your work into small steps from the very +beginning. It is always easier to squash a few commits together than +to split one big commit into several. Don't be afraid of making too +small or imperfect steps along the way. You can always go back later +and edit the commits with `git rebase \--interactive` before you +publish them. You can use `git stash save \--keep-index` to run the +test suite independent of other uncommitted changes; see the EXAMPLES +section of linkgit:git-stash[1]. + + +MANAGING BRANCHES +----------------- + +There are two main tools that can be used to include changes from one +branch on another: linkgit:git-merge[1] and +linkgit:git-cherry-pick[1]. + +Merges have many advantages, so we try to solve as many problems as +possible with merges alone. Cherry-picking is still occasionally +useful; see "Merging upwards" below for an example. + +Most importantly, merging works at the branch level, while +cherry-picking works at the commit level. This means that a merge can +carry over the changes from 1, 10, or 1000 commits with equal ease, +which in turn means the workflow scales much better to a large number +of contributors (and contributions). Merges are also easier to +understand because a merge commit is a "promise" that all changes from +all its parents are now included. + +There is a tradeoff of course: merges require a more careful branch +management. The following subsections discuss the important points. + + +Graduation +~~~~~~~~~~ + +As a given feature goes from experimental to stable, it also +"graduates" between the corresponding branches of the software. +`git.git` uses the following 'integration branches': + +* 'maint' tracks the commits that should go into the next "maintenance + release", i.e., update of the last released stable version; + +* 'master' tracks the commits that should go into the next release; + +* 'next' is intended as a testing branch for topics being tested for + stability for master. + +There is a fourth official branch that is used slightly differently: + +* 'pu' (proposed updates) is an integration branch for things that are + not quite ready for inclusion yet (see "Integration Branches" + below). + +Each of the four branches is usually a direct descendant of the one +above it. + +Conceptually, the feature enters at an unstable branch (usually 'next' +or 'pu'), and "graduates" to 'master' for the next release once it is +considered stable enough. + + +Merging upwards +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The "downwards graduation" discussed above cannot be done by actually +merging downwards, however, since that would merge 'all' changes on +the unstable branch into the stable one. Hence the following: + +.Merge upwards +[caption="Rule: "] +===================================== +Always commit your fixes to the oldest supported branch that require +them. Then (periodically) merge the integration branches upwards into each +other. +===================================== + +This gives a very controlled flow of fixes. If you notice that you +have applied a fix to e.g. 'master' that is also required in 'maint', +you will need to cherry-pick it (using linkgit:git-cherry-pick[1]) +downwards. This will happen a few times and is nothing to worry about +unless you do it very frequently. + + +Topic branches +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Any nontrivial feature will require several patches to implement, and +may get extra bugfixes or improvements during its lifetime. + +Committing everything directly on the integration branches leads to many +problems: Bad commits cannot be undone, so they must be reverted one +by one, which creates confusing histories and further error potential +when you forget to revert part of a group of changes. Working in +parallel mixes up the changes, creating further confusion. + +Use of "topic branches" solves these problems. The name is pretty +self explanatory, with a caveat that comes from the "merge upwards" +rule above: + +.Topic branches +[caption="Rule: "] +===================================== +Make a side branch for every topic (feature, bugfix, ...). Fork it off +at the oldest integration branch that you will eventually want to merge it +into. +===================================== + +Many things can then be done very naturally: + +* To get the feature/bugfix into an integration branch, simply merge + it. If the topic has evolved further in the meantime, merge again. + (Note that you do not necessarily have to merge it to the oldest + integration branch first. For example, you can first merge a bugfix + to 'next', give it some testing time, and merge to 'maint' when you + know it is stable.) + +* If you find you need new features from the branch 'other' to continue + working on your topic, merge 'other' to 'topic'. (However, do not + do this "just habitually", see below.) + +* If you find you forked off the wrong branch and want to move it + "back in time", use linkgit:git-rebase[1]. + +Note that the last point clashes with the other two: a topic that has +been merged elsewhere should not be rebased. See the section on +RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE in linkgit:git-rebase[1]. + +We should point out that "habitually" (regularly for no real reason) +merging an integration branch into your topics -- and by extension, +merging anything upstream into anything downstream on a regular basis +-- is frowned upon: + +.Merge to downstream only at well-defined points +[caption="Rule: "] +===================================== +Do not merge to downstream except with a good reason: upstream API +changes affect your branch; your branch no longer merges to upstream +cleanly; etc. +===================================== + +Otherwise, the topic that was merged to suddenly contains more than a +single (well-separated) change. The many resulting small merges will +greatly clutter up history. Anyone who later investigates the history +of a file will have to find out whether that merge affected the topic +in development. An upstream might even inadvertently be merged into a +"more stable" branch. And so on. + + +Throw-away integration +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If you followed the last paragraph, you will now have many small topic +branches, and occasionally wonder how they interact. Perhaps the +result of merging them does not even work? But on the other hand, we +want to avoid merging them anywhere "stable" because such merges +cannot easily be undone. + +The solution, of course, is to make a merge that we can undo: merge +into a throw-away branch. + +.Throw-away integration branches +[caption="Rule: "] +===================================== +To test the interaction of several topics, merge them into a +throw-away branch. You must never base any work on such a branch! +===================================== + +If you make it (very) clear that this branch is going to be deleted +right after the testing, you can even publish this branch, for example +to give the testers a chance to work with it, or other developers a +chance to see if their in-progress work will be compatible. `git.git` +has such an official throw-away integration branch called 'pu'. + + +Branch management for a release +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Assuming you are using the merge approach discussed above, when you +are releasing your project you will need to do some additional branch +management work. + +A feature release is created from the 'master' branch, since 'master' +tracks the commits that should go into the next feature release. + +The 'master' branch is supposed to be a superset of 'maint'. If this +condition does not hold, then 'maint' contains some commits that +are not included on 'master'. The fixes represented by those commits +will therefore not be included in your feature release. + +To verify that 'master' is indeed a superset of 'maint', use git log: + +.Verify 'master' is a superset of 'maint' +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git log master..maint` +===================================== + +This command should not list any commits. Otherwise, check out +'master' and merge 'maint' into it. + +Now you can proceed with the creation of the feature release. Apply a +tag to the tip of 'master' indicating the release version: + +.Release tagging +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git tag -s -m "GIT X.Y.Z" vX.Y.Z master` +===================================== + +You need to push the new tag to a public git server (see +"DISTRIBUTED WORKFLOWS" below). This makes the tag available to +others tracking your project. The push could also trigger a +post-update hook to perform release-related items such as building +release tarballs and preformatted documentation pages. + +Similarly, for a maintenance release, 'maint' is tracking the commits +to be released. Therefore, in the steps above simply tag and push +'maint' rather than 'master'. + + +Maintenance branch management after a feature release +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +After a feature release, you need to manage your maintenance branches. + +First, if you wish to continue to release maintenance fixes for the +feature release made before the recent one, then you must create +another branch to track commits for that previous release. + +To do this, the current maintenance branch is copied to another branch +named with the previous release version number (e.g. maint-X.Y.(Z-1) +where X.Y.Z is the current release). + +.Copy maint +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git branch maint-X.Y.(Z-1) maint` +===================================== + +The 'maint' branch should now be fast-forwarded to the newly released +code so that maintenance fixes can be tracked for the current release: + +.Update maint to new release +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +* `git checkout maint` +* `git merge --ff-only master` +===================================== + +If the merge fails because it is not a fast-forward, then it is +possible some fixes on 'maint' were missed in the feature release. +This will not happen if the content of the branches was verified as +described in the previous section. + + +Branch management for next and pu after a feature release +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +After a feature release, the integration branch 'next' may optionally be +rewound and rebuilt from the tip of 'master' using the surviving +topics on 'next': + +.Rewind and rebuild next +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +* `git checkout next` +* `git reset --hard master` +* `git merge ai/topic_in_next1` +* `git merge ai/topic_in_next2` +* ... +===================================== + +The advantage of doing this is that the history of 'next' will be +clean. For example, some topics merged into 'next' may have initially +looked promising, but were later found to be undesirable or premature. +In such a case, the topic is reverted out of 'next' but the fact +remains in the history that it was once merged and reverted. By +recreating 'next', you give another incarnation of such topics a clean +slate to retry, and a feature release is a good point in history to do +so. + +If you do this, then you should make a public announcement indicating +that 'next' was rewound and rebuilt. + +The same rewind and rebuild process may be followed for 'pu'. A public +announcement is not necessary since 'pu' is a throw-away branch, as +described above. + + +DISTRIBUTED WORKFLOWS +--------------------- + +After the last section, you should know how to manage topics. In +general, you will not be the only person working on the project, so +you will have to share your work. + +Roughly speaking, there are two important workflows: merge and patch. +The important difference is that the merge workflow can propagate full +history, including merges, while patches cannot. Both workflows can +be used in parallel: in `git.git`, only subsystem maintainers use +the merge workflow, while everyone else sends patches. + +Note that the maintainer(s) may impose restrictions, such as +"Signed-off-by" requirements, that all commits/patches submitted for +inclusion must adhere to. Consult your project's documentation for +more information. + + +Merge workflow +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The merge workflow works by copying branches between upstream and +downstream. Upstream can merge contributions into the official +history; downstream base their work on the official history. + +There are three main tools that can be used for this: + +* linkgit:git-push[1] copies your branches to a remote repository, + usually to one that can be read by all involved parties; + +* linkgit:git-fetch[1] that copies remote branches to your repository; + and + +* linkgit:git-pull[1] that does fetch and merge in one go. + +Note the last point. Do 'not' use 'git-pull' unless you actually want +to merge the remote branch. + +Getting changes out is easy: + +.Push/pull: Publishing branches/topics +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git push <remote> <branch>` and tell everyone where they can fetch +from. +===================================== + +You will still have to tell people by other means, such as mail. (Git +provides the linkgit:git-request-pull[1] to send preformatted pull +requests to upstream maintainers to simplify this task.) + +If you just want to get the newest copies of the integration branches, +staying up to date is easy too: + +.Push/pull: Staying up to date +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +Use `git fetch <remote>` or `git remote update` to stay up to date. +===================================== + +Then simply fork your topic branches from the stable remotes as +explained earlier. + +If you are a maintainer and would like to merge other people's topic +branches to the integration branches, they will typically send a +request to do so by mail. Such a request looks like + +------------------------------------- +Please pull from + <url> <branch> +------------------------------------- + +In that case, 'git-pull' can do the fetch and merge in one go, as +follows. + +.Push/pull: Merging remote topics +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git pull <url> <branch>` +===================================== + +Occasionally, the maintainer may get merge conflicts when he tries to +pull changes from downstream. In this case, he can ask downstream to +do the merge and resolve the conflicts themselves (perhaps they will +know better how to resolve them). It is one of the rare cases where +downstream 'should' merge from upstream. + + +Patch workflow +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If you are a contributor that sends changes upstream in the form of +emails, you should use topic branches as usual (see above). Then use +linkgit:git-format-patch[1] to generate the corresponding emails +(highly recommended over manually formatting them because it makes the +maintainer's life easier). + +.format-patch/am: Publishing branches/topics +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +* `git format-patch -M upstream..topic` to turn them into preformatted + patch files +* `git send-email --to=<recipient> <patches>` +===================================== + +See the linkgit:git-format-patch[1] and linkgit:git-send-email[1] +manpages for further usage notes. + +If the maintainer tells you that your patch no longer applies to the +current upstream, you will have to rebase your topic (you cannot use a +merge because you cannot format-patch merges): + +.format-patch/am: Keeping topics up to date +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git pull --rebase <url> <branch>` +===================================== + +You can then fix the conflicts during the rebase. Presumably you have +not published your topic other than by mail, so rebasing it is not a +problem. + +If you receive such a patch series (as maintainer, or perhaps as a +reader of the mailing list it was sent to), save the mails to files, +create a new topic branch and use 'git-am' to import the commits: + +.format-patch/am: Importing patches +[caption="Recipe: "] +===================================== +`git am < patch` +===================================== + +One feature worth pointing out is the three-way merge, which can help +if you get conflicts: `git am -3` will use index information contained +in patches to figure out the merge base. See linkgit:git-am[1] for +other options. + + +SEE ALSO +-------- +linkgit:gittutorial[7], +linkgit:git-push[1], +linkgit:git-pull[1], +linkgit:git-merge[1], +linkgit:git-rebase[1], +linkgit:git-format-patch[1], +linkgit:git-send-email[1], +linkgit:git-am[1] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite. diff --git a/Documentation/glossary.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt index 51b6353..1f029f8 100644 --- a/Documentation/glossary.txt +++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt @@ -1,6 +1,3 @@ -GIT Glossary -============ - [[def_alternate_object_database]]alternate object database:: Via the alternates mechanism, a <<def_repository,repository>> can inherit part of its <<def_object_database,object database>> @@ -90,11 +87,10 @@ to point at the new commit. source code management tools. [[def_DAG]]DAG:: - Directed acyclic graph. The <<def_commit,commit>> objects form a + Directed acyclic graph. The <<def_commit_object,commit objects>> form a directed acyclic graph, because they have parents (directed), and the - graph of commit objects is acyclic (there is no - <<def_chain,chain>> which begins and ends with the same - <<def_object,object>>). + graph of commit objects is acyclic (there is no <<def_chain,chain>> + which begins and ends with the same <<def_object,object>>). [[def_dangling_object]]dangling object:: An <<def_unreachable_object,unreachable object>> which is not @@ -128,7 +124,7 @@ to point at the new commit. An evil merge is a <<def_merge,merge>> that introduces changes that do not appear in any <<def_parent,parent>>. -[[def_fast_forward]]fast forward:: +[[def_fast_forward]]fast-forward:: A fast-forward is a special type of <<def_merge,merge>> where you have a <<def_revision,revision>> and you are "merging" another <<def_branch,branch>>'s changes that happen to be a descendant of what @@ -187,7 +183,8 @@ to point at the new commit. and potentially aborted, and allow for a post-notification after the operation is done. The hook scripts are found in the `$GIT_DIR/hooks/` directory, and are enabled by simply - making them executable. + removing the `.sample` suffix from the filename. In earlier versions + of git you had to make them executable. [[def_index]]index:: A collection of files with stat information, whose contents are stored @@ -223,7 +220,7 @@ to point at the new commit. conflict, manual intervention may be required to complete the merge. + -As a noun: unless it is a <<def_fast_forward,fast forward>>, a +As a noun: unless it is a <<def_fast_forward,fast-forward>>, a successful merge results in the creation of a new <<def_commit,commit>> representing the result of the merge, and having as <<def_parent,parents>> the tips of the merged <<def_branch,branches>>. @@ -250,9 +247,10 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a the <<def_hash,hash>> of the object. [[def_object_type]]object type:: - One of the identifiers - "<<def_commit,commit>>","<<def_tree,tree>>","<<def_tag,tag>>" or "<<def_blob_object,blob>>" - describing the type of an <<def_object,object>>. + One of the identifiers "<<def_commit_object,commit>>", + "<<def_tree_object,tree>>", "<<def_tag_object,tag>>" or + "<<def_blob_object,blob>>" describing the type of an + <<def_object,object>>. [[def_octopus]]octopus:: To <<def_merge,merge>> more than two <<def_branch,branches>>. Also denotes an @@ -264,7 +262,7 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a 'origin' is used for that purpose. New upstream updates will be fetched into remote <<def_tracking_branch,tracking branches>> named origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using - "`git branch -r`". + `git branch -r`. [[def_pack]]pack:: A set of objects which have been compressed into one file (to save space @@ -451,7 +449,13 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a An <<def_object,object>> which is not <<def_reachable,reachable>> from a <<def_branch,branch>>, <<def_tag,tag>>, or any other reference. +[[def_upstream_branch]]upstream branch:: + The default <<def_branch,branch>> that is merged into the branch in + question (or the branch in question is rebased onto). It is configured + via branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge. If the upstream branch + of 'A' is 'origin/B' sometimes we say "'A' is tracking 'origin/B'". + [[def_working_tree]]working tree:: - The tree of actual checked out files. The working tree is - normally equal to the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> plus any local changes - that you have made but not yet committed. + The tree of actual checked out files. The working tree normally + contains the contents of the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> commit's tree, + plus any local changes that you have made but not yet committed. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt index 4357e26..d527b30 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ The policy. not yet pass the criteria set for 'next'. - The tips of 'master', 'maint' and 'next' branches will always - fast forward, to allow people to build their own + fast-forward, to allow people to build their own customization on top of them. - Usually 'master' contains all of 'maint', 'next' contains all diff --git a/Documentation/howto/rebase-and-edit.txt b/Documentation/howto/rebase-and-edit.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 554909f..0000000 --- a/Documentation/howto/rebase-and-edit.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,79 +0,0 @@ -Date: Sat, 13 Aug 2005 22:16:02 -0700 (PDT) -From: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> -To: Steve French <smfrench@austin.rr.com> -cc: git@vger.kernel.org -Subject: Re: sending changesets from the middle of a git tree -Abstract: In this article, Linus demonstrates how a broken commit - in a sequence of commits can be removed by rewinding the head and - reapplying selected changes. - -On Sat, 13 Aug 2005, Linus Torvalds wrote: - -> That's correct. Same things apply: you can move a patch over, and create a -> new one with a modified comment, but basically the _old_ commit will be -> immutable. - -Let me clarify. - -You can entirely _drop_ old branches, so commits may be immutable, but -nothing forces you to keep them. Of course, when you drop a commit, you'll -always end up dropping all the commits that depended on it, and if you -actually got somebody else to pull that commit you can't drop it from -_their_ repository, but undoing things is not impossible. - -For example, let's say that you've made a mess of things: you've committed -three commits "old->a->b->c", and you notice that "a" was broken, but you -want to save "b" and "c". What you can do is - - # Create a branch "broken" that is the current code - # for reference - git branch broken - - # Reset the main branch to three parents back: this - # effectively undoes the three top commits - git reset HEAD^^^ - git checkout -f - - # Check the result visually to make sure you know what's - # going on - gitk --all - - # Re-apply the two top ones from "broken" - # - # First "parent of broken" (aka b): - git-diff-tree -p broken^ | git-apply --index - git commit --reedit=broken^ - - # Then "top of broken" (aka c): - git-diff-tree -p broken | git-apply --index - git commit --reedit=broken - -and you've now re-applied (and possibly edited the comments) the two -commits b/c, and commit "a" is basically gone (it still exists in the -"broken" branch, of course). - -Finally, check out the end result again: - - # Look at the new commit history - gitk --all - -to see that everything looks sensible. - -And then, you can just remove the broken branch if you decide you really -don't want it: - - # remove 'broken' branch - git branch -d broken - - # Prune old objects if you're really really sure - git prune - -And yeah, I'm sure there are other ways of doing this. And as usual, the -above is totally untested, and I just wrote it down in this email, so if -I've done something wrong, you'll have to figure it out on your own ;) - - Linus -- -To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe git" in -the body of a message to majordomo@vger.kernel.org -More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html diff --git a/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt b/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt index 7a76045..74a1c0c 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/rebase-from-internal-branch.txt @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -From: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> To: git@vger.kernel.org Cc: Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz>, Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> Subject: Re: sending changesets from the middle of a git tree @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ the kind of task StGIT is designed to do. I just have done a simpler one, this time using only the core GIT tools. -I had a handful commits that were ahead of master in pu, and I +I had a handful of commits that were ahead of master in pu, and I wanted to add some documentation bypassing my usual habit of placing new things in pu first. At the beginning, the commit ancestry graph looked like this: diff --git a/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt b/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt index 8d55dfb..48c6756 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Subject: [HOWTO] Using post-update hook Message-ID: <7vy86o6usx.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net> -From: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Date: Fri, 26 Aug 2005 18:19:10 -0700 Abstract: In this how-to article, JC talks about how he uses the post-update hook to automate git documentation page diff --git a/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt b/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b4a390 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2008 00:45:19 -0800 +From: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>, Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> +Subject: Re: Odd merge behaviour involving reverts +Abstract: Sometimes a branch that was already merged to the mainline + is later found to be faulty. Linus and Junio give guidance on + recovering from such a premature merge and continuing development + after the offending branch is fixed. +Message-ID: <7vocz8a6zk.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org> +References: <alpine.LFD.2.00.0812181949450.14014@localhost.localdomain> + +Alan <alan@clueserver.org> said: + + I have a master branch. We have a branch off of that that some + developers are doing work on. They claim it is ready. We merge it + into the master branch. It breaks something so we revert the merge. + They make changes to the code. they get it to a point where they say + it is ok and we merge again. + + When examined, we find that code changes made before the revert are + not in the master branch, but code changes after are in the master + branch. + +and asked for help recovering from this situation. + +The history immediately after the "revert of the merge" would look like +this: + + ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W + / + ---A---B + +where A and B are on the side development that was not so good, M is the +merge that brings these premature changes into the mainline, x are changes +unrelated to what the side branch did and already made on the mainline, +and W is the "revert of the merge M" (doesn't W look M upside down?). +IOW, "diff W^..W" is similar to "diff -R M^..M". + +Such a "revert" of a merge can be made with: + + $ git revert -m 1 M + +After the developers of the side branch fix their mistakes, the history +may look like this: + + ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x + / + ---A---B-------------------C---D + +where C and D are to fix what was broken in A and B, and you may already +have some other changes on the mainline after W. + +If you merge the updated side branch (with D at its tip), none of the +changes made in A nor B will be in the result, because they were reverted +by W. That is what Alan saw. + +Linus explains the situation: + + Reverting a regular commit just effectively undoes what that commit + did, and is fairly straightforward. But reverting a merge commit also + undoes the _data_ that the commit changed, but it does absolutely + nothing to the effects on _history_ that the merge had. + + So the merge will still exist, and it will still be seen as joining + the two branches together, and future merges will see that merge as + the last shared state - and the revert that reverted the merge brought + in will not affect that at all. + + So a "revert" undoes the data changes, but it's very much _not_ an + "undo" in the sense that it doesn't undo the effects of a commit on + the repository history. + + So if you think of "revert" as "undo", then you're going to always + miss this part of reverts. Yes, it undoes the data, but no, it doesn't + undo history. + +In such a situation, you would want to first revert the previous revert, +which would make the history look like this: + + ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---Y + / + ---A---B-------------------C---D + +where Y is the revert of W. Such a "revert of the revert" can be done +with: + + $ git revert W + +This history would (ignoring possible conflicts between what W and W..Y +changed) be equivalent to not having W nor Y at all in the history: + + ---o---o---o---M---x---x-------x---- + / + ---A---B-------------------C---D + +and merging the side branch again will not have conflict arising from an +earlier revert and revert of the revert. + + ---o---o---o---M---x---x-------x-------* + / / + ---A---B-------------------C---D + +Of course the changes made in C and D still can conflict with what was +done by any of the x, but that is just a normal merge conflict. + +On the other hand, if the developers of the side branch discarded their +faulty A and B, and redone the changes on top of the updated mainline +after the revert, the history would have looked like this: + + ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---x + / \ + ---A---B A'--B'--C' + +If you reverted the revert in such a case as in the previous example: + + ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---x---Y---* + / \ / + ---A---B A'--B'--C' + +where Y is the revert of W, A' and B' are rerolled A and B, and there may +also be a further fix-up C' on the side branch. "diff Y^..Y" is similar +to "diff -R W^..W" (which in turn means it is similar to "diff M^..M"), +and "diff A'^..C'" by definition would be similar but different from that, +because it is a rerolled series of the earlier change. There will be a +lot of overlapping changes that result in conflicts. So do not do "revert +of revert" blindly without thinking.. + + ---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---x + / \ + ---A---B A'--B'--C' + +In the history with rebased side branch, W (and M) are behind the merge +base of the updated branch and the tip of the mainline, and they should +merge without the past faulty merge and its revert getting in the way. + +To recap, these are two very different scenarios, and they want two very +different resolution strategies: + + - If the faulty side branch was fixed by adding corrections on top, then + doing a revert of the previous revert would be the right thing to do. + + - If the faulty side branch whose effects were discarded by an earlier + revert of a merge was rebuilt from scratch (i.e. rebasing and fixing, + as you seem to have interpreted), then re-merging the result without + doing anything else fancy would be the right thing to do. + +However, there are things to keep in mind when reverting a merge (and +reverting such a revert). + +For example, think about what reverting a merge (and then reverting the +revert) does to bisectability. Ignore the fact that the revert of a revert +is undoing it - just think of it as a "single commit that does a lot". +Because that is what it does. + +When you have a problem you are chasing down, and you hit a "revert this +merge", what you're hitting is essentially a single commit that contains +all the changes (but obviously in reverse) of all the commits that got +merged. So it's debugging hell, because now you don't have lots of small +changes that you can try to pinpoint which _part_ of it changes. + +But does it all work? Sure it does. You can revert a merge, and from a +purely technical angle, git did it very naturally and had no real +troubles. It just considered it a change from "state before merge" to +"state after merge", and that was it. Nothing complicated, nothing odd, +nothing really dangerous. Git will do it without even thinking about it. + +So from a technical angle, there's nothing wrong with reverting a merge, +but from a workflow angle it's something that you generally should try to +avoid. + +If at all possible, for example, if you find a problem that got merged +into the main tree, rather than revert the merge, try _really_ hard to +bisect the problem down into the branch you merged, and just fix it, or +try to revert the individual commit that caused it. + +Yes, it's more complex, and no, it's not always going to work (sometimes +the answer is: "oops, I really shouldn't have merged it, because it wasn't +ready yet, and I really need to undo _all_ of the merge"). So then you +really should revert the merge, but when you want to re-do the merge, you +now need to do it by reverting the revert. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt b/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt index 865a666..8c32da6 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/revert-branch-rebase.txt @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -From: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> To: git@vger.kernel.org Subject: [HOWTO] Reverting an existing commit Abstract: In this article, JC gives a small real-life example of using @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Fortunately I did not have to; what I have in the current branch ------------------------------------------------ $ git checkout master -$ git merge revert-c99 ;# this should be a fast forward +$ git merge revert-c99 ;# this should be a fast-forward Updating from 10d781b9caa4f71495c7b34963bef137216f86a8 to e3a693c... cache.h | 8 ++++---- commit.c | 2 +- @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Updating from 10d781b9caa4f71495c7b34963bef137216f86a8 to e3a693c... 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) ------------------------------------------------ -There is no need to redo the test at this point. We fast forwarded +There is no need to redo the test at this point. We fast-forwarded and we know 'master' matches 'revert-c99' exactly. In fact: ------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt b/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt index 0d73b31..6d3eb8e 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/separating-topic-branches.txt @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -From: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> Subject: Separating topic branches Abstract: In this article, JC describes how to separate topic branches. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt b/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt index b7d09c1..622ee5c 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Then, add something like this to your httpd.conf Require valid-user </Location> - Debian automatically reads all files under /etc/apach2/conf.d. + Debian automatically reads all files under /etc/apache2/conf.d. The password file can be somewhere else, but it has to be readable by Apache and preferably not readable by the world. @@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ Step 3: setup the client ------------------------ Make sure that you have HTTP support, i.e. your git was built with -curl (version more recent than 7.10). The command 'git http-push' with +libcurl (version more recent than 7.10). The command 'git http-push' with no argument should display a usage message. Then, add the following to your $HOME/.netrc (you can do without, but will be diff --git a/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt b/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt index 88765b5..b7f8d41 100644 --- a/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt +++ b/Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -From: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> and Carl Baldwin <cnb@fc.hp.com> +From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Carl Baldwin <cnb@fc.hp.com> Subject: control access to branches. Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2005 23:55:32 -0800 Message-ID: <7vfypumlu3.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net> @@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ function info { # Implement generic branch and tag policies. # - Tags should not be updated once created. -# - Branches should only be fast-forwarded. +# - Branches should only be fast-forwarded unless their pattern starts with '+' case "$1" in refs/tags/*) - [ -f "$GIT_DIR/$1" ] && + git rev-parse --verify -q "$1" && deny >/dev/null "You can't overwrite an existing tag" ;; refs/heads/*) @@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ case "$1" in if expr "$2" : '0*$' >/dev/null; then info "The branch '$1' is new..." else - # updating -- make sure it is a fast forward + # updating -- make sure it is a fast-forward mb=$(git-merge-base "$2" "$3") case "$mb,$2" in "$2,$mb") info "Update is fast-forward" ;; - *) deny >/dev/null "This is not a fast-forward update." ;; + *) noff=y; info "This is not a fast-forward update.";; esac fi ;; @@ -95,21 +95,30 @@ allowed_users_file=$GIT_DIR/info/allowed-users username=$(id -u -n) info "The user is: '$username'" -if [ -f "$allowed_users_file" ]; then +if test -f "$allowed_users_file" +then rc=$(cat $allowed_users_file | grep -v '^#' | grep -v '^$' | - while read head_pattern user_patterns; do - matchlen=$(expr "$1" : "$head_pattern") - if [ "$matchlen" == "${#1}" ]; then - info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'" - for user_pattern in $user_patterns; do - info "Checking user: '$username' against pattern: '$user_pattern'" - matchlen=$(expr "$username" : "$user_pattern") - if [ "$matchlen" == "${#username}" ]; then - grant "Allowing user: '$username' with pattern: '$user_pattern'" - fi - done - deny "The user is not in the access list for this branch" - fi + while read heads user_patterns + do + # does this rule apply to us? + head_pattern=${heads#+} + matchlen=$(expr "$1" : "${head_pattern#+}") + test "$matchlen" = ${#1} || continue + + # if non-ff, $heads must be with the '+' prefix + test -n "$noff" && + test "$head_pattern" = "$heads" && continue + + info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'" + for user_pattern in $user_patterns; do + info "Checking user: '$username' against pattern: '$user_pattern'" + matchlen=$(expr "$username" : "$user_pattern") + if test "$matchlen" = "${#username}" + then + grant "Allowing user: '$username' with pattern: '$user_pattern'" + fi + done + deny "The user is not in the access list for this branch" done ) case "$rc" in @@ -124,23 +133,32 @@ groups=$(id -G -n) info "The user belongs to the following groups:" info "'$groups'" -if [ -f "$allowed_groups_file" ]; then +if test -f "$allowed_groups_file" +then rc=$(cat $allowed_groups_file | grep -v '^#' | grep -v '^$' | - while read head_pattern group_patterns; do - matchlen=$(expr "$1" : "$head_pattern") - if [ "$matchlen" == "${#1}" ]; then - info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'" - for group_pattern in $group_patterns; do - for groupname in $groups; do - info "Checking group: '$groupname' against pattern: '$group_pattern'" - matchlen=$(expr "$groupname" : "$group_pattern") - if [ "$matchlen" == "${#groupname}" ]; then - grant "Allowing group: '$groupname' with pattern: '$group_pattern'" - fi - done + while read heads group_patterns + do + # does this rule apply to us? + head_pattern=${heads#+} + matchlen=$(expr "$1" : "${head_pattern#+}") + test "$matchlen" = ${#1} || continue + + # if non-ff, $heads must be with the '+' prefix + test -n "$noff" && + test "$head_pattern" = "$heads" && continue + + info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'" + for group_pattern in $group_patterns; do + for groupname in $groups; do + info "Checking group: '$groupname' against pattern: '$group_pattern'" + matchlen=$(expr "$groupname" : "$group_pattern") + if test "$matchlen" = "${#groupname}" + then + grant "Allowing group: '$groupname' with pattern: '$group_pattern'" + fi done - deny "None of the user's groups are in the access list for this branch" - fi + done + deny "None of the user's groups are in the access list for this branch" done ) case "$rc" in @@ -159,6 +177,7 @@ allowed-groups, to describe which heads can be pushed into by whom. The format of each file would look like this: refs/heads/master junio + +refs/heads/pu junio refs/heads/cogito$ pasky refs/heads/bw/.* linus refs/heads/tmp/.* .* @@ -166,7 +185,8 @@ whom. The format of each file would look like this: With this, Linus can push or create "bw/penguin" or "bw/zebra" or "bw/panda" branches, Pasky can do only "cogito", and JC can -do master branch and make versioned tags. And anybody can do -tmp/blah branches. +do master and pu branches and make versioned tags. And anybody +can do tmp/blah branches. The '+' sign at the pu record means +that JC can make non-fast-forward pushes on it. ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/i18n.txt b/Documentation/i18n.txt index 1e188e6..708da6c 100644 --- a/Documentation/i18n.txt +++ b/Documentation/i18n.txt @@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic. to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding translation. - - The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequence + - The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level. - - The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequence of non-NUL + - The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in mind. -. `git-commit-tree` (hence, `git-commit` which uses it) issues +. 'git-commit' and 'git-commit-tree' issues a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to @@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ of `i18n.commitencoding` in its `encoding` header. This is to help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8. -. `git-log`, `git-show` and friends looks at the `encoding` - header of a commit object, and tries to re-code the log - message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can +. 'git-log', 'git-show', 'git-blame' and friends look at the + `encoding` header of a commit object, and try to re-code the + log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired output encoding with `i18n.logoutputencoding` in `.git/config` file, like this: + diff --git a/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh b/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh index 5433cf8..35f4408 100755 --- a/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh +++ b/Documentation/install-doc-quick.sh @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ head="$1" mandir="$2" SUBDIRECTORY_OK=t USAGE='<refname> <target directory>' -. git-sh-setup +. "$(git --exec-path)"/git-sh-setup cd_to_toplevel test -z "$mandir" && usage diff --git a/Documentation/mailmap.txt b/Documentation/mailmap.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..288f04e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/mailmap.txt @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +If the file `.mailmap` exists at the toplevel of the repository, or at +the location pointed to by the mailmap.file configuration option, it +is used to map author and committer names and email addresses to +canonical real names and email addresses. + +In the simple form, each line in the file consists of the canonical +real name of an author, whitespace, and an email address used in the +commit (enclosed by '<' and '>') to map to the name. For example: +-- + Proper Name <commit@email.xx> +-- + +The more complex forms are: +-- + <proper@email.xx> <commit@email.xx> +-- +which allows mailmap to replace only the email part of a commit, and: +-- + Proper Name <proper@email.xx> <commit@email.xx> +-- +which allows mailmap to replace both the name and the email of a +commit matching the specified commit email address, and: +-- + Proper Name <proper@email.xx> Commit Name <commit@email.xx> +-- +which allows mailmap to replace both the name and the email of a +commit matching both the specified commit name and email address. + +Example 1: Your history contains commits by two authors, Jane +and Joe, whose names appear in the repository under several forms: + +------------ +Joe Developer <joe@example.com> +Joe R. Developer <joe@example.com> +Jane Doe <jane@example.com> +Jane Doe <jane@laptop.(none)> +Jane D. <jane@desktop.(none)> +------------ + +Now suppose that Joe wants his middle name initial used, and Jane +prefers her family name fully spelled out. A proper `.mailmap` file +would look like: + +------------ +Jane Doe <jane@desktop.(none)> +Joe R. Developer <joe@example.com> +------------ + +Note how there is no need for an entry for <jane@laptop.(none)>, because the +real name of that author is already correct. + +Example 2: Your repository contains commits from the following +authors: + +------------ +nick1 <bugs@company.xx> +nick2 <bugs@company.xx> +nick2 <nick2@company.xx> +santa <me@company.xx> +claus <me@company.xx> +CTO <cto@coompany.xx> +------------ + +Then you might want a `.mailmap` file that looks like: +------------ +<cto@company.xx> <cto@coompany.xx> +Some Dude <some@dude.xx> nick1 <bugs@company.xx> +Other Author <other@author.xx> nick2 <bugs@company.xx> +Other Author <other@author.xx> <nick2@company.xx> +Santa Claus <santa.claus@northpole.xx> <me@company.xx> +------------ + +Use hash '#' for comments that are either on their own line, or after +the email address. diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl index 4065a3a..b4d315c 100644 --- a/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl +++ b/Documentation/manpage-1.72.xsl @@ -1,21 +1,14 @@ -<!-- Based on callouts.xsl. Fixes man page callouts for DocBook 1.72 XSL --> -<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0"> +<!-- manpage-1.72.xsl: + special settings for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook + handles peculiarities in docbook-xsl 1.72.0 --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> -<xsl:param name="man.output.quietly" select="1"/> -<xsl:param name="refentry.meta.get.quietly" select="1"/> +<xsl:import href="manpage-base.xsl"/> -<xsl:template match="co"> - <xsl:value-of select="concat('▓fB(',substring-after(@id,'-'),')▓fR')"/> -</xsl:template> -<xsl:template match="calloutlist"> - <xsl:text>⌂sp </xsl:text> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:text> </xsl:text> -</xsl:template> -<xsl:template match="callout"> - <xsl:value-of select="concat('▓fB',substring-after(@arearefs,'-'),'. ▓fR')"/> - <xsl:apply-templates/> - <xsl:text>⌂br </xsl:text> -</xsl:template> +<!-- these are the special values for the roff control characters + needed for docbook-xsl 1.72.0 --> +<xsl:param name="git.docbook.backslash">▓</xsl:param> +<xsl:param name="git.docbook.dot" >⌂</xsl:param> </xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-base-url.xsl.in b/Documentation/manpage-base-url.xsl.in new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e800904 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-base-url.xsl.in @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +<!-- manpage-base-url.xsl: + special settings for manpages rendered from newer docbook --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- set a base URL for relative links --> +<xsl:param name="man.base.url.for.relative.links" + >@@MAN_BASE_URL@@</xsl:param> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-base.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-base.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a264fa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-base.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +<!-- manpage-base.xsl: + special formatting for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- these params silence some output from xmlto --> +<xsl:param name="man.output.quietly" select="1"/> +<xsl:param name="refentry.meta.get.quietly" select="1"/> + +<!-- convert asciidoc callouts to man page format; + git.docbook.backslash and git.docbook.dot params + must be supplied by another XSL file or other means --> +<xsl:template match="co"> + <xsl:value-of select="concat( + $git.docbook.backslash,'fB(', + substring-after(@id,'-'),')', + $git.docbook.backslash,'fR')"/> +</xsl:template> +<xsl:template match="calloutlist"> + <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.dot"/> + <xsl:text>sp </xsl:text> + <xsl:apply-templates/> + <xsl:text> </xsl:text> +</xsl:template> +<xsl:template match="callout"> + <xsl:value-of select="concat( + $git.docbook.backslash,'fB', + substring-after(@arearefs,'-'), + '. ',$git.docbook.backslash,'fR')"/> + <xsl:apply-templates/> + <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.dot"/> + <xsl:text>br </xsl:text> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-bold-literal.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-bold-literal.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..608eb5d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-bold-literal.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +<!-- manpage-bold-literal.xsl: + special formatting for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- render literal text as bold (instead of plain or monospace); + this makes literal text easier to distinguish in manpages + viewed on a tty --> +<xsl:template match="literal"> + <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.backslash"/> + <xsl:text>fB</xsl:text> + <xsl:apply-templates/> + <xsl:value-of select="$git.docbook.backslash"/> + <xsl:text>fR</xsl:text> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a48f5b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +<!-- manpage-normal.xsl: + special settings for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook + handles anything we want to keep away from docbook-xsl 1.72.0 --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<xsl:import href="manpage-base.xsl"/> + +<!-- these are the normal values for the roff control characters --> +<xsl:param name="git.docbook.backslash">\</xsl:param> +<xsl:param name="git.docbook.dot" >.</xsl:param> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-quote-apos.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-quote-apos.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aeb8839 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-quote-apos.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- work around newer groff/man setups using a prettier apostrophe + that unfortunately does not quote anything when cut&pasting + examples to the shell --> +<xsl:template name="escape.apostrophe"> + <xsl:param name="content"/> + <xsl:call-template name="string.subst"> + <xsl:with-param name="string" select="$content"/> + <xsl:with-param name="target">'</xsl:with-param> + <xsl:with-param name="replacement">\(aq</xsl:with-param> + </xsl:call-template> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/manpage-suppress-sp.xsl b/Documentation/manpage-suppress-sp.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a63c763 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/manpage-suppress-sp.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +<!-- manpage-suppress-sp.xsl: + special settings for manpages rendered from asciidoc+docbook + handles erroneous, inline .sp in manpage output of some + versions of docbook-xsl --> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + version="1.0"> + +<!-- attempt to work around spurious .sp at the tail of the line + that some versions of docbook stylesheets seem to add --> +<xsl:template match="simpara"> + <xsl:variable name="content"> + <xsl:apply-templates/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:value-of select="normalize-space($content)"/> + <xsl:if test="not(ancestor::authorblurb) and + not(ancestor::personblurb)"> + <xsl:text> </xsl:text> + </xsl:if> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/Documentation/merge-config.txt b/Documentation/merge-config.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a403155 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/merge-config.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +merge.conflictstyle:: + Specify the style in which conflicted hunks are written out to + working tree files upon merge. The default is "merge", which + shows a `<<<<<<<` conflict marker, changes made by one side, + a `=======` marker, changes made by the other side, and then + a `>>>>>>>` marker. An alternate style, "diff3", adds a `|||||||` + marker and the original text before the `=======` marker. + +merge.log:: + Whether to include summaries of merged commits in newly created + merge commit messages. False by default. + +merge.renameLimit:: + The number of files to consider when performing rename detection + during a merge; if not specified, defaults to the value of + diff.renameLimit. + +merge.stat:: + Whether to print the diffstat between ORIG_HEAD and the merge result + at the end of the merge. True by default. + +merge.tool:: + Controls which merge resolution program is used by + linkgit:git-mergetool[1]. Valid built-in values are: "kdiff3", + "tkdiff", "meld", "xxdiff", "emerge", "vimdiff", "gvimdiff", + "diffuse", "ecmerge", "tortoisemerge", "p4merge", "araxis" and + "opendiff". Any other value is treated is custom merge tool + and there must be a corresponding mergetool.<tool>.cmd option. + +merge.verbosity:: + Controls the amount of output shown by the recursive merge + strategy. Level 0 outputs nothing except a final error + message if conflicts were detected. Level 1 outputs only + conflicts, 2 outputs conflicts and file changes. Level 5 and + above outputs debugging information. The default is level 2. + Can be overridden by the 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY' environment variable. + +merge.<driver>.name:: + Defines a human-readable name for a custom low-level + merge driver. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +merge.<driver>.driver:: + Defines the command that implements a custom low-level + merge driver. See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. + +merge.<driver>.recursive:: + Names a low-level merge driver to be used when + performing an internal merge between common ancestors. + See linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details. diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt index 9f1fc82..fec3394 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt @@ -1,44 +1,76 @@ ---summary:: - Show a diffstat at the end of the merge. The diffstat is also - controlled by the configuration option merge.diffstat. - --n, \--no-summary:: - Do not show diffstat at the end of the merge. - ---no-commit:: - Perform the merge but pretend the merge failed and do - not autocommit, to give the user a chance to inspect and - further tweak the merge result before committing. - --commit:: +--no-commit:: Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can be used to override --no-commit. ++ +With --no-commit perform the merge but pretend the merge +failed and do not autocommit, to give the user a chance to +inspect and further tweak the merge result before committing. + +--ff:: +--no-ff:: + Do not generate a merge commit if the merge resolved as + a fast-forward, only update the branch pointer. This is + the default behavior of git-merge. ++ +With --no-ff Generate a merge commit even if the merge +resolved as a fast-forward. + +--log:: +--no-log:: + In addition to branch names, populate the log message with + one-line descriptions from the actual commits that are being + merged. ++ +With --no-log do not list one-line descriptions from the +actual commits being merged. + + +--stat:: +-n:: +--no-stat:: + Show a diffstat at the end of the merge. The diffstat is also + controlled by the configuration option merge.stat. ++ +With -n or --no-stat do not show a diffstat at the end of the +merge. --squash:: +--no-squash:: Produce the working tree and index state as if a real - merge happened, but do not actually make a commit or + merge happened (except for the merge information), + but do not actually make a commit or move the `HEAD`, nor record `$GIT_DIR/MERGE_HEAD` to cause the next `git commit` command to create a merge commit. This allows you to create a single commit on top of the current branch whose effect is the same as merging another branch (or more in case of an octopus). ++ +With --no-squash perform the merge and commit the result. This +option can be used to override --squash. ---no-squash:: - Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can - be used to override --squash. - ---no-ff:: - Generate a merge commit even if the merge resolved as a - fast-forward. +--ff-only:: + Refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status unless the + current `HEAD` is already up-to-date or the merge can be + resolved as a fast-forward. ---ff:: - Do not generate a merge commit if the merge resolved as - a fast-forward, only update the branch pointer. This is - the default behavior of git-merge. - --s <strategy>, \--strategy=<strategy>:: +-s <strategy>:: +--strategy=<strategy>:: Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than once to specify them in the order they should be tried. If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies - is used instead (`git-merge-recursive` when merging a single - head, `git-merge-octopus` otherwise). + is used instead ('git-merge-recursive' when merging a single + head, 'git-merge-octopus' otherwise). + +--summary:: +--no-summary:: + Synonyms to --stat and --no-stat; these are deprecated and will be + removed in the future. + +-q:: +--quiet:: + Operate quietly. + +-v:: +--verbose:: + Be verbose. diff --git a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt index 1276f85..42910a3 100644 --- a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt +++ b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt @@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ MERGE STRATEGIES resolve:: This can only resolve two heads (i.e. the current branch - and another branch you pulled from) using 3-way merge + and another branch you pulled from) using a 3-way merge algorithm. It tries to carefully detect criss-cross merge ambiguities and is considered generally safe and fast. recursive:: - This can only resolve two heads using 3-way merge - algorithm. When there are more than one common - ancestors that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a + This can only resolve two heads using a 3-way merge + algorithm. When there is more than one common + ancestor that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a merged tree of the common ancestors and uses that as the reference tree for the 3-way merge. This has been reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without @@ -22,15 +22,16 @@ recursive:: pulling or merging one branch. octopus:: - This resolves more than two-head case, but refuses to do - complex merge that needs manual resolution. It is + This resolves cases with more than two heads, but refuses to do + a complex merge that needs manual resolution. It is primarily meant to be used for bundling topic branch heads together. This is the default merge strategy when - pulling or merging more than one branches. + pulling or merging more than one branch. ours:: - This resolves any number of heads, but the result of the - merge is always the current branch head. It is meant to + This resolves any number of heads, but the resulting tree of the + merge is always that of the current branch head, effectively + ignoring all changes from all other branches. It is meant to be used to supersede old development history of side branches. diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index e8bea3e..53a9168 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ This is designed to be as compact as possible. commit <sha1> Author: <author> - Date: <date> + Date: <author date> <title line> @@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ This is designed to be as compact as possible. * 'fuller' commit <sha1> - Author: <author> - AuthorDate: <date & time> - Commit: <committer> - CommitDate: <date & time> + Author: <author> + AuthorDate: <author date> + Commit: <committer> + CommitDate: <committer date> <title line> @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ This is designed to be as compact as possible. From <sha1> <date> From: <author> - Date: <date & time> + Date: <author date> Subject: [PATCH] <title line> <full commit message> @@ -101,26 +101,84 @@ The placeholders are: - '%P': parent hashes - '%p': abbreviated parent hashes - '%an': author name +- '%aN': author name (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) - '%ae': author email -- '%ad': author date +- '%aE': author email (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) +- '%ad': author date (format respects --date= option) - '%aD': author date, RFC2822 style - '%ar': author date, relative - '%at': author date, UNIX timestamp - '%ai': author date, ISO 8601 format - '%cn': committer name +- '%cN': committer name (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) - '%ce': committer email +- '%cE': committer email (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) - '%cd': committer date - '%cD': committer date, RFC2822 style - '%cr': committer date, relative - '%ct': committer date, UNIX timestamp - '%ci': committer date, ISO 8601 format +- '%d': ref names, like the --decorate option of linkgit:git-log[1] - '%e': encoding - '%s': subject +- '%f': sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename - '%b': body +- '%N': commit notes +- '%gD': reflog selector, e.g., `refs/stash@\{1\}` +- '%gd': shortened reflog selector, e.g., `stash@\{1\}` +- '%gs': reflog subject - '%Cred': switch color to red - '%Cgreen': switch color to green - '%Cblue': switch color to blue - '%Creset': reset color +- '%C(...)': color specification, as described in color.branch.* config option - '%m': left, right or boundary mark - '%n': newline - '%x00': print a byte from a hex code +- '%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])': switch line wrapping, like the -w option of + linkgit:git-shortlog[1]. + +NOTE: Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the +revision traversal engine. For example, the `%g*` reflog options will +insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by +`git log -g`). The `%d` placeholder will use the "short" decoration +format if `--decorate` was not already provided on the command line. + +If you add a `{plus}` (plus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, a line-feed +is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the +placeholder expands to a non-empty string. + +If you add a `-` (minus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, line-feeds that +immediately precede the expansion are deleted if and only if the +placeholder expands to an empty string. + +* 'tformat:' ++ +The 'tformat:' format works exactly like 'format:', except that it +provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In +other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a +newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries. +This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly +terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does. +For example: ++ +--------------------- +$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \ + | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/' +4da45be +7134973 -- NO NEWLINE + +$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \ + | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/' +4da45be +7134973 +--------------------- ++ +In addition, any unrecognized string that has a `%` in it is interpreted +as if it has `tformat:` in front of it. For example, these two are +equivalent: ++ +--------------------- +$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef +$ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef +--------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt index 6d66c74..aa96cae 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ --pretty[='<format>']:: +--format[='<format>']:: Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format, where '<format>' can be one of 'oneline', 'short', 'medium', @@ -10,16 +11,28 @@ configuration (see linkgit:git-config[1]). --abbrev-commit:: Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object - name, show only handful hexdigits prefix. Non default number of + name, show only a partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies diff output, if it is displayed). + This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for people using 80-column terminals. +--oneline:: + This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" + used together. + --encoding[=<encoding>]:: The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8. + +--no-notes:: +--show-notes:: + Show the notes (see linkgit:git-notes[1]) that annotate the + commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default + for `git log`, `git show` and `git whatchanged` commands when + there is no `--pretty`, `--format` nor `--oneline` option is + given on the command line. diff --git a/Documentation/pt_BR/gittutorial.txt b/Documentation/pt_BR/gittutorial.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..beba065 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/pt_BR/gittutorial.txt @@ -0,0 +1,675 @@ +gittutorial(7) +============== + +NOME +---- +gittutorial - Um tutorial de introdução ao git (para versão 1.5.1 ou mais nova) + +SINOPSE +-------- +git * + +DESCRIÇÃO +----------- + +Este tutorial explica como importar um novo projeto para o git, +adicionar mudanças a ele, e compartilhar mudanças com outros +desenvolvedores. + +Se, ao invés disso, você está interessado primariamente em usar git para +obter um projeto, por exemplo, para testar a última versão, você pode +preferir começar com os primeiros dois capÃtulos de +link:user-manual.html[O Manual do Usuário Git]. + +Primeiro, note que você pode obter documentação para um comando como +`git log --graph` com: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ man git-log +------------------------------------------------ + +ou: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git help log +------------------------------------------------ + +Com a última forma, você pode usar o visualizador de manual de sua +escolha; veja linkgit:git-help[1] para maior informação. + +É uma boa idéia informar ao git seu nome e endereço público de email +antes de fazer qualquer operação. A maneira mais fácil de fazê-lo é: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git config --global user.name "Seu Nome Vem Aqui" +$ git config --global user.email voce@seudominio.exemplo.com +------------------------------------------------ + + +Importando um novo projeto +----------------------- + +Assuma que você tem um tarball project.tar.gz com seu trabalho inicial. +Você pode colocá-lo sob controle de revisão git da seguinte forma: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ tar xzf project.tar.gz +$ cd project +$ git init +------------------------------------------------ + +Git irá responder + +------------------------------------------------ +Initialized empty Git repository in .git/ +------------------------------------------------ + +Agora que você iniciou seu diretório de trabalho, você deve ter notado que um +novo diretório foi criado com o nome de ".git". + +A seguir, diga ao git para gravar um instantâneo do conteúdo de todos os +arquivos sob o diretório atual (note o '.'), com 'git-add': + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git add . +------------------------------------------------ + +Este instantâneo está agora armazenado em uma área temporária que o git +chama de "index" ou Ãndice. Você pode armazenar permanentemente o +conteúdo do Ãndice no repositório com 'git-commit': + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git commit +------------------------------------------------ + +Isto vai te pedir por uma mensagem de commit. Você agora gravou sua +primeira versão de seu projeto no git. + +Fazendo mudanças +-------------- + +Modifique alguns arquivos, e, então, adicione seu conteúdo atualizado ao +Ãndice: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git add file1 file2 file3 +------------------------------------------------ + +Você está agora pronto para fazer o commit. Você pode ver o que está +para ser gravado usando 'git-diff' com a opção --cached: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git diff --cached +------------------------------------------------ + +(Sem --cached, o comando 'git-diff' irá te mostrar quaisquer mudanças +que você tenha feito mas ainda não adicionou ao Ãndice.) Você também +pode obter um breve sumário da situação com 'git-status': + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git status +# On branch master +# Changes to be committed: +# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) +# +# modified: file1 +# modified: file2 +# modified: file3 +# +------------------------------------------------ + +Se você precisar fazer qualquer outro ajuste, faça-o agora, e, então, +adicione qualquer conteúdo modificado ao Ãndice. Finalmente, grave suas +mudanças com: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git commit +------------------------------------------------ + +Ao executar esse comando, ele irá te pedir uma mensagem descrevendo a mudança, +e, então, irá gravar a nova versão do projeto. + +Alternativamente, ao invés de executar 'git-add' antes, você pode usar + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git commit -a +------------------------------------------------ + +o que irá automaticamente notar quaisquer arquivos modificados (mas não +novos), adicioná-los ao Ãndices, e gravar, tudo em um único passo. + +Uma nota em mensagens de commit: Apesar de não ser exigido, é uma boa +idéia começar a mensagem com uma simples e curta (menos de 50 +caracteres) linha sumarizando a mudança, seguida de uma linha em branco +e, então, uma descrição mais detalhada. Ferramentas que transformam +commits em email, por exemplo, usam a primeira linha no campo de +cabeçalho "Subject:" e o resto no corpo. + +Git rastreia conteúdo, não arquivos +---------------------------- + +Muitos sistemas de controle de revisão provêem um comando `add` que diz +ao sistema para começar a rastrear mudanças em um novo arquivo. O +comando `add` do git faz algo mais simples e mais poderoso: 'git-add' é +usado tanto para arquivos novos e arquivos recentemente modificados, e +em ambos os casos, ele tira o instantâneo dos arquivos dados e armazena +o conteúdo no Ãndice, pronto para inclusão do próximo commit. + +Visualizando a história do projeto +----------------------- + +Em qualquer ponto você pode visualizar a história das suas mudanças +usando + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git log +------------------------------------------------ + +Se você também quiser ver a diferença completa a cada passo, use + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git log -p +------------------------------------------------ + +Geralmente, uma visão geral da mudança é útil para ter a sensação de +cada passo + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git log --stat --summary +------------------------------------------------ + +Gerenciando "branches"/ramos +----------------- + +Um simples repositório git pode manter múltiplos ramos de +desenvolvimento. Para criar um novo ramo chamado "experimental", use + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git branch experimental +------------------------------------------------ + +Se você executar agora + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git branch +------------------------------------------------ + +você vai obter uma lista de todos os ramos existentes: + +------------------------------------------------ + experimental +* master +------------------------------------------------ + +O ramo "experimental" é o que você acaba de criar, e o ramo "master" é o +ramo padrão que foi criado pra você automaticamente. O asterisco marca +o ramo em que você está atualmente; digite + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git checkout experimental +------------------------------------------------ + +para mudar para o ramo experimental. Agora edite um arquivo, grave a +mudança, e mude de volta para o ramo master: + +------------------------------------------------ +(edita arquivo) +$ git commit -a +$ git checkout master +------------------------------------------------ + +Verifique que a mudança que você fez não está mais visÃvel, já que ela +foi feita no ramo experimental e você está de volta ao ramo master. + +Você pode fazer uma mudança diferente no ramo master: + +------------------------------------------------ +(edit file) +$ git commit -a +------------------------------------------------ + +neste ponto, os dois ramos divergiram, com diferentes mudanças feitas em +cada um. Para unificar as mudanças feitas no experimental para o +master, execute + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git merge experimental +------------------------------------------------ + +Se as mudanças não conflitarem, estará pronto. Se existirem conflitos, +marcadores serão deixados nos arquivos problemáticos exibindo o +conflito; + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git diff +------------------------------------------------ + +vai exibir isto. Após você editar os arquivos para resolver os +conflitos, + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git commit -a +------------------------------------------------ + +irá gravar o resultado da unificação. Finalmente, + +------------------------------------------------ +$ gitk +------------------------------------------------ + +vai mostrar uma bela representação gráfica da história resultante. + +Neste ponto você pode remover seu ramo experimental com + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git branch -d experimental +------------------------------------------------ + +Este comando garante que as mudanças no ramo experimental já estão no +ramo atual. + +Se você desenvolve em um ramo ideia-louca, e se arrepende, você pode +sempre remover o ramo com + +------------------------------------- +$ git branch -D ideia-louca +------------------------------------- + +Ramos são baratos e fáceis, então isto é uma boa maneira de experimentar +alguma coisa. + +Usando git para colaboração +--------------------------- + +Suponha que Alice começou um novo projeto com um repositório git em +/home/alice/project, e que Bob, que tem um diretório home na mesma +máquina, quer contribuir. + +Bob começa com: + +------------------------------------------------ +bob$ git clone /home/alice/project myrepo +------------------------------------------------ + +Isso cria um novo diretório "myrepo" contendo um clone do repositório de +Alice. O clone está no mesmo pé que o projeto original, possuindo sua +própria cópia da história do projeto original. + +Bob então faz algumas mudanças e as grava: + +------------------------------------------------ +(editar arquivos) +bob$ git commit -a +(repetir conforme necessário) +------------------------------------------------ + +Quanto está pronto, ele diz a Alice para puxar as mudanças do +repositório em /home/bob/myrepo. Ela o faz com: + +------------------------------------------------ +alice$ cd /home/alice/project +alice$ git pull /home/bob/myrepo master +------------------------------------------------ + +Isto unifica as mudanças do ramo "master" do Bob ao ramo atual de Alice. +Se Alice fez suas próprias mudanças no intervalo, ela, então, pode +precisar corrigir manualmente quaisquer conflitos. (Note que o argumento +"master" no comando acima é, de fato, desnecessário, já que é o padrão.) + +O comando "pull" executa, então, duas operações: ele obtém mudanças de +um ramo remoto, e, então, as unifica no ramo atual. + +Note que, em geral, Alice gostaria que suas mudanças locais fossem +gravadas antes de iniciar este "pull". Se o trabalho de Bob conflita +com o que Alice fez desde que suas histórias se ramificaram, Alice irá +usar seu diretório de trabalho e o Ãndice para resolver conflitos, e +mudanças locais existentes irão interferir com o processo de resolução +de conflitos (git ainda irá realizar a obtenção mas irá se recusar a +unificar --- Alice terá que se livrar de suas mudanças locais de alguma +forma e puxar de novo quando isso acontecer). + +Alice pode espiar o que Bob fez sem unificar primeiro, usando o comando +"fetch"; isto permite Alice inspecionar o que Bob fez, usando um sÃmbolo +especial "FETCH_HEAD", com o fim de determinar se ele tem alguma coisa +que vale puxar, assim: + +------------------------------------------------ +alice$ git fetch /home/bob/myrepo master +alice$ git log -p HEAD..FETCH_HEAD +------------------------------------------------ + +Esta operação é segura mesmo se Alice tem mudanças locais não gravadas. +A notação de intervalo "HEAD..FETCH_HEAD" significa mostrar tudo que é +alcançável de FETCH_HEAD mas exclua tudo o que é alcançável de HEAD. +Alice já sabe tudo que leva a seu estado atual (HEAD), e revisa o que Bob +tem em seu estado (FETCH_HEAD) que ela ainda não viu com esse comando. + +Se Alice quer visualizar o que Bob fez desde que suas histórias se +ramificaram, ela pode disparar o seguinte comando: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ gitk HEAD..FETCH_HEAD +------------------------------------------------ + +Isto usa a mesma notação de intervalo que vimos antes com 'git log'. + +Alice pode querer ver o que ambos fizeram desde que ramificaram. Ela +pode usar a forma com três pontos ao invés da forma com dois pontos: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ gitk HEAD...FETCH_HEAD +------------------------------------------------ + +Isto significa "mostre tudo que é alcançável de qualquer um deles, mas +exclua tudo que é alcançável a partir de ambos". + +Por favor, note que essas notações de intervalo podem ser usadas tanto +com gitk quanto com "git log". + +Após inspecionar o que Bob fez, se não há nada urgente, Alice pode +decidir continuar trabalhando sem puxar de Bob. Se a história de Bob +tem alguma coisa que Alice precisa imediatamente, Alice pode optar por +separar seu trabalho em progresso primeiro, fazer um "pull", e, então, +finalmente, retomar seu trabalho em progresso em cima da história +resultante. + +Quando você está trabalhando em um pequeno grupo unido, não é incomum +interagir com o mesmo repositório várias e várias vezes. Definindo um +repositório remoto antes de tudo, você pode fazê-lo mais facilmente: + +------------------------------------------------ +alice$ git remote add bob /home/bob/myrepo +------------------------------------------------ + +Com isso, Alice pode executar a primeira parte da operação "pull" usando +o comando 'git-fetch' sem unificar suas mudanças com seu próprio ramo, +usando: + +------------------------------------- +alice$ git fetch bob +------------------------------------- + +Diferente da forma longa, quando Alice obteve de Bob usando um +repositório remoto antes definido com 'git-remote', o que foi obtido é +armazenado em um ramo remoto, neste caso `bob/master`. Então, após isso: + +------------------------------------- +alice$ git log -p master..bob/master +------------------------------------- + +mostra uma lista de todas as mudanças que Bob fez desde que ramificou do +ramo master de Alice. + +Após examinar essas mudanças, Alice pode unificá-las em seu ramo master: + +------------------------------------- +alice$ git merge bob/master +------------------------------------- + +Esse `merge` pode também ser feito puxando de seu próprio ramo remoto, +assim: + +------------------------------------- +alice$ git pull . remotes/bob/master +------------------------------------- + +Note que 'git pull' sempre unifica ao ramo atual, independente do que +mais foi passado na linha de comando. + +Depois, Bob pode atualizar seu repositório com as últimas mudanças de +Alice, usando + +------------------------------------- +bob$ git pull +------------------------------------- + +Note que ele não precisa dar o caminho do repositório de Alice; quando +Bob clonou seu repositório, o git armazenou a localização de seu +repositório na configuração do mesmo, e essa localização é usada +para puxar: + +------------------------------------- +bob$ git config --get remote.origin.url +/home/alice/project +------------------------------------- + +(A configuração completa criada por 'git-clone' é visÃvel usando `git +config -l`, e a página de manual linkgit:git-config[1] explica o +significado de cada opção.) + +Git também mantém uma cópia limpa do ramo master de Alice sob o nome +"origin/master": + +------------------------------------- +bob$ git branch -r + origin/master +------------------------------------- + +Se Bob decidir depois em trabalhar em um host diferente, ele ainda pode +executar clones e puxar usando o protocolo ssh: + +------------------------------------- +bob$ git clone alice.org:/home/alice/project myrepo +------------------------------------- + +Alternativamente, o git tem um protocolo nativo, ou pode usar rsync ou +http; veja linkgit:git-pull[1] para detalhes. + +Git pode também ser usado em um modo parecido com CVS, com um +repositório central para o qual vários usuários empurram modificações; +veja linkgit:git-push[1] e linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. + +Explorando história +----------------- + +A história no git é representada como uma série de commits +interrelacionados. Nós já vimos que o comando 'git-log' pode listar +esses commits. Note que a primeira linha de cada entrada no log também +dá o nome para o commit: + +------------------------------------- +$ git log +commit c82a22c39cbc32576f64f5c6b3f24b99ea8149c7 +Author: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> +Date: Tue May 16 17:18:22 2006 -0700 + + merge-base: Clarify the comments on post processing. +------------------------------------- + +Nós podemos dar este nome ao 'git-show' para ver os detalhes sobre este +commit. + +------------------------------------- +$ git show c82a22c39cbc32576f64f5c6b3f24b99ea8149c7 +------------------------------------- + +Mas há outras formas de se referir aos commits. Você pode usar qualquer +parte inicial do nome que seja longo o bastante para identificar +unicamente o commit: + +------------------------------------- +$ git show c82a22c39c # os primeiros caracteres do nome são o bastante + # usualmente +$ git show HEAD # a ponta do ramo atual +$ git show experimental # a ponta do ramo "experimental" +------------------------------------- + +Todo commit normalmente tem um commit "pai" que aponta para o estado +anterior do projeto: + +------------------------------------- +$ git show HEAD^ # para ver o pai de HEAD +$ git show HEAD^^ # para ver o avô de HEAD +$ git show HEAD~4 # para ver o trisavô de HEAD +------------------------------------- + +Note que commits de unificação podem ter mais de um pai: + +------------------------------------- +$ git show HEAD^1 # mostra o primeiro pai de HEAD (o mesmo que HEAD^) +$ git show HEAD^2 # mostra o segundo pai de HEAD +------------------------------------- + +Você também pode dar aos commits nomes à sua escolha; após executar + +------------------------------------- +$ git tag v2.5 1b2e1d63ff +------------------------------------- + +você pode se referir a 1b2e1d63ff pelo nome "v2.5". Se você pretende +compartilhar esse nome com outras pessoas (por exemplo, para identificar +uma versão de lançamento), você deveria criar um objeto "tag", e talvez +assiná-lo; veja linkgit:git-tag[1] para detalhes. + +Qualquer comando git que precise conhecer um commit pode receber +quaisquer desses nomes. Por exemplo: + +------------------------------------- +$ git diff v2.5 HEAD # compara o HEAD atual com v2.5 +$ git branch stable v2.5 # inicia um novo ramo chamado "stable" baseado + # em v2.5 +$ git reset --hard HEAD^ # reseta seu ramo atual e seu diretório de + # trabalho a seu estado em HEAD^ +------------------------------------- + +Seja cuidadoso com o último comando: além de perder quaisquer mudanças +em seu diretório de trabalho, ele também remove todos os commits +posteriores desse ramo. Se esse ramo é o único ramo contendo esses +commits, eles serão perdidos. Também, não use 'git-reset' num ramo +publicamente visÃvel de onde outros desenvolvedores puxam, já que vai +forçar unificações desnecessárias para que outros desenvolvedores limpem +a história. Se você precisa desfazer mudanças que você empurrou, use +'git-revert' no lugar. + +O comando 'git-grep' pode buscar strings em qualquer versão de seu +projeto, então + +------------------------------------- +$ git grep "hello" v2.5 +------------------------------------- + +procura por todas as ocorrências de "hello" em v2.5. + +Se você deixar de fora o nome do commit, 'git-grep' irá procurar +quaisquer dos arquivos que ele gerencia no diretório corrente. Então + +------------------------------------- +$ git grep "hello" +------------------------------------- + +é uma forma rápida de buscar somente os arquivos que são rastreados pelo +git. + +Muitos comandos git também recebem um conjunto de commits, o que pode +ser especificado de várias formas. Aqui estão alguns exemplos com 'git-log': + +------------------------------------- +$ git log v2.5..v2.6 # commits entre v2.5 e v2.6 +$ git log v2.5.. # commits desde v2.5 +$ git log --since="2 weeks ago" # commits das últimas 2 semanas +$ git log v2.5.. Makefile # commits desde v2.5 que modificam + # Makefile +------------------------------------- + +Você também pode dar ao 'git-log' um "intervalo" de commits onde o +primeiro não é necessariamente um ancestral do segundo; por exemplo, se +as pontas dos ramos "stable" e "master" divergiram de um commit +comum algum tempo atrás, então + +------------------------------------- +$ git log stable..master +------------------------------------- + +irá listar os commits feitos no ramo "master" mas não no ramo +"stable", enquanto + +------------------------------------- +$ git log master..stable +------------------------------------- + +irá listar a lista de commits feitos no ramo "stable" mas não no ramo +"master". + +O comando 'git-log' tem uma fraqueza: ele precisa mostrar os commits em +uma lista. Quando a história tem linhas de desenvolvimento que +divergiram e então foram unificadas novamente, a ordem em que 'git-log' +apresenta essas mudanças é irrelevante. + +A maioria dos projetos com múltiplos contribuidores (como o kernel +Linux, ou o próprio git) tem unificações frequentes, e 'gitk' faz um +trabalho melhor de visualizar sua história. Por exemplo, + +------------------------------------- +$ gitk --since="2 weeks ago" drivers/ +------------------------------------- + +permite a você navegar em quaisquer commits desde as últimas duas semanas +de commits que modificaram arquivos sob o diretório "drivers". (Nota: +você pode ajustar as fontes do gitk segurando a tecla control enquanto +pressiona "-" ou "+".) + +Finalmente, a maioria dos comandos que recebem nomes de arquivo permitirão +também, opcionalmente, preceder qualquer nome de arquivo por um +commit, para especificar uma versão particular do arquivo: + +------------------------------------- +$ git diff v2.5:Makefile HEAD:Makefile.in +------------------------------------- + +Você pode usar 'git-show' para ver tal arquivo: + +------------------------------------- +$ git show v2.5:Makefile +------------------------------------- + +Próximos passos +---------- + +Este tutorial deve ser o bastante para operar controle de revisão +distribuÃdo básico para seus projetos. No entanto, para entender +plenamente a profundidade e o poder do git você precisa entender duas +idéias simples nas quais ele se baseia: + + * A base de objetos é um sistema bem elegante usado para armazenar a + história de seu projeto--arquivos, diretórios, e commits. + + * O arquivo de Ãndice é um cache do estado de uma árvore de diretório, + usado para criar commits, restaurar diretórios de trabalho, e + armazenar as várias árvores envolvidas em uma unificação. + +A parte dois deste tutorial explica a base de objetos, o arquivo de +Ãndice, e algumas outras coisinhas que você vai precisar pra usar o +máximo do git. Você pode encontrá-la em linkgit:gittutorial-2[7]. + +Se você não quiser continuar com o tutorial agora nesse momento, algumas +outras digressões que podem ser interessantes neste ponto são: + + * linkgit:git-format-patch[1], linkgit:git-am[1]: Estes convertem + séries de commits em patches para email, e vice-versa, úteis para + projetos como o kernel Linux que dependem fortemente de patches + enviados por email. + + * linkgit:git-bisect[1]: Quando há uma regressão em seu projeto, uma + forma de rastrear um bug é procurando pela história para encontrar o + commit culpado. Git bisect pode ajudar a executar uma busca binária + por esse commit. Ele é inteligente o bastante para executar uma + busca próxima da ótima mesmo no caso de uma história complexa + não-linear com muitos ramos unificados. + + * link:everyday.html[GIT diariamente com 20 e tantos comandos] + + * linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]: Git para usuários de CVS. + +VEJA TAMBÉM +-------- +linkgit:gittutorial-2[7], +linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7], +linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7], +linkgit:gitglossary[7], +linkgit:git-help[1], +link:everyday.html[git diariamente], +link:user-manual.html[O Manual do Usuário git] + +GIT +--- +Parte da suite linkgit:git[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt index b6eb7fc..0551ebd 100644 --- a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt +++ b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt @@ -1,18 +1,26 @@ <repository>:: The "remote" repository that is the source of a fetch - or pull operation. See the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below. + or pull operation. This parameter can be either a URL + (see the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below) or the name + of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below). + +ifndef::git-pull[] +<group>:: + A name referring to a list of repositories as the value + of remotes.<group> in the configuration file. + (See linkgit:git-config[1]). +endif::git-pull[] <refspec>:: - The canonical format of a <refspec> parameter is - `+?<src>:<dst>`; that is, an optional plus `+`, followed - by the source ref, followed by a colon `:`, followed by - the destination ref. + The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus + `{plus}`, followed by the source ref <src>, followed + by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>. + The remote ref that matches <src> is fetched, and if <dst> is not empty string, the local -ref that matches it is fast forwarded using <src>. -Again, if the optional plus `+` is used, the local ref -is updated even if it does not result in a fast forward +ref that matches it is fast-forwarded using <src>. +If the optional plus `+` is used, the local ref +is updated even if it does not result in a fast-forward update. + [NOTE] @@ -30,7 +38,7 @@ must know this is the expected usage pattern for a branch. [NOTE] You never do your own development on branches that appear on the right hand side of a <refspec> colon on `Pull:` lines; -they are to be updated by `git-fetch`. If you intend to do +they are to be updated by 'git-fetch'. If you intend to do development derived from a remote branch `B`, have a `Pull:` line to track it (i.e. `Pull: B:remote-B`), and have a separate branch `my-B` to do your development on top of it. The latter @@ -42,13 +50,13 @@ on the remote branch, merge it into your development branch with + [NOTE] There is a difference between listing multiple <refspec> -directly on `git-pull` command line and having multiple +directly on 'git-pull' command line and having multiple `Pull:` <refspec> lines for a <repository> and running -`git-pull` command without any explicit <refspec> parameters. +'git-pull' command without any explicit <refspec> parameters. <refspec> listed explicitly on the command line are always merged into the current branch after fetching. In other words, if you list more than one remote refs, you would be making -an Octopus. While `git-pull` run without any explicit <refspec> +an Octopus. While 'git-pull' run without any explicit <refspec> parameter takes default <refspec>s from `Pull:` lines, it merges only the first <refspec> found into the current branch, after fetching all the remote refs. This is because making an diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index 2648a55..1f57aed 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ include::pretty-options.txt[] Synonym for `--date=relative`. ---date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc}:: +--date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short,raw}:: Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such - as when using "--pretty". + as when using "--pretty". `log.date` config variable sets a default + value for log command's --date option. + `--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time, e.g. "2 hours ago". @@ -30,20 +31,32 @@ format, often found in E-mail messages. + `--date=short` shows only date but not time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format. + +`--date=raw` shows the date in the internal raw git format `%s %z` format. ++ `--date=default` shows timestamps in the original timezone (either committer's or author's). +ifdef::git-rev-list[] --header:: Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is separated with a NUL character. +endif::git-rev-list[] --parents:: - Print the parents of the commit. + Print the parents of the commit. Also enables parent + rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. + +--children:: + Print the children of the commit. Also enables parent + rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. + +ifdef::git-rev-list[] --timestamp:: Print the raw commit timestamp. +endif::git-rev-list[] --left-right:: @@ -62,7 +75,7 @@ For example, if you have this topology: o---x---a---a branch A ----------------------------------------------------------------------- + -you would get an output line this: +you would get an output like this: + ----------------------------------------------------------------------- $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B @@ -75,6 +88,17 @@ you would get an output line this: -xxxxxxx... 1st on a ----------------------------------------------------------------------- +--graph:: + + Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history + on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines + to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history + to be drawn properly. ++ +This implies the '--topo-order' option by default, but the +'--date-order' option may also be specified. + +ifndef::git-rev-list[] Diff Formatting ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -93,9 +117,9 @@ options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options. --cc:: This flag implies the '-c' options and further compresses the - patch output by omitting hunks that show differences from only - one parent, or show the same change from all but one parent for - an Octopus merge. + patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in + the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks + one of them without modification. -r:: @@ -104,6 +128,7 @@ options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options. -t:: Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies '-r'. +endif::git-rev-list[] Commit Limiting ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -114,48 +139,60 @@ limiting may be applied. -- --n 'number', --max-count='number':: +-n 'number':: +--max-count=<number>:: Limit the number of commits output. ---skip='number':: +--skip=<number>:: Skip 'number' commits before starting to show the commit output. ---since='date', --after='date':: +--since=<date>:: +--after=<date>:: Show commits more recent than a specific date. ---until='date', --before='date':: +--until=<date>:: +--before=<date>:: Show commits older than a specific date. ifdef::git-rev-list[] ---max-age='timestamp', --min-age='timestamp':: +--max-age=<timestamp>:: +--min-age=<timestamp>:: Limit the commits output to specified time range. endif::git-rev-list[] ---author='pattern', --committer='pattern':: +--author=<pattern>:: +--committer=<pattern>:: Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression). ---grep='pattern':: +--grep=<pattern>:: Limit the commits output to ones with log message that matches the specified pattern (regular expression). --i, --regexp-ignore-case:: +--all-match:: + Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep, + --author and --committer instead of ones that match at least one. + +-i:: +--regexp-ignore-case:: Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case. --E, --extended-regexp:: +-E:: +--extended-regexp:: Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions instead of the default basic regular expressions. --F, --fixed-strings:: +-F:: +--fixed-strings:: Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret pattern as a regular expression). @@ -164,13 +201,9 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] Stop when a given path disappears from the tree. ---full-history:: +--merges:: - Show also parts of history irrelevant to current state of a given - path. This turns off history simplification, which removed merges - which didn't change anything at all at some child. It will still actually - simplify away merges that didn't change anything at all into either - child. + Print only merge commits. --no-merges:: @@ -195,11 +228,38 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/` are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. +--branches:: + + Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads` are listed + on the command line as '<commit>'. + +--tags:: + + Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` are listed + on the command line as '<commit>'. + +--remotes:: + + Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes` are listed + on the command line as '<commit>'. + +ifndef::git-rev-list[] +--bisect:: + + Pretend as if the bad bisection ref `$GIT_DIR/refs/bisect/bad` + was listed and as if it was followed by `--not` and the good + bisection refs `$GIT_DIR/refs/bisect/good-*` on the command + line. +endif::git-rev-list[] + --stdin:: In addition to the '<commit>' listed on the command - line, read them from the standard input. + line, read them from the standard input. If a '--' separator is + seen, stop reading commits and start reading paths to limit the + result. +ifdef::git-rev-list[] --quiet:: Don't print anything to standard output. This form @@ -207,6 +267,7 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout to /dev/null as the output does not have to be formatted. +endif::git-rev-list[] --cherry-pick:: @@ -222,7 +283,8 @@ from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are excluded from the output. --g, --walk-reflogs:: +-g:: +--walk-reflogs:: Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones. @@ -234,11 +296,10 @@ With '\--pretty' format other than oneline (for obvious reasons), this causes the output to have two extra lines of information taken from the reflog. By default, 'commit@\{Nth}' notation is used in the output. When the starting commit is specified as -'commit@{now}', output also uses 'commit@\{timestamp}' notation +'commit@\{now}', output also uses 'commit@\{timestamp}' notation instead. Under '\--pretty=oneline', the commit message is prefixed with this information on the same line. - -Cannot be combined with '\--reverse'. +This option cannot be combined with '\--reverse'. See also linkgit:git-reflog[1]. --merge:: @@ -251,31 +312,256 @@ See also linkgit:git-reflog[1]. Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually not shown. ---dense, --sparse:: +-- + +History Simplification +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the +commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of +'History Simplification', one part is selecting the commits and the other +is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history. + +The following options select the commits to be shown: + +<paths>:: + + Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected. + +--simplify-by-decoration:: + + Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected. + +Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history. + +The following options affect the way the simplification is performed: + +Default mode:: + + Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the + final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side + branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches + with the same content) + +--full-history:: + + As the default mode but does not prune some history. + +--dense:: + + Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a + meaningful history. + +--sparse:: + + All commits in the simplified history are shown. + +--simplify-merges:: + + Additional option to '--full-history' to remove some needless + merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected + commits contributing to this merge. + +A more detailed explanation follows. + +Suppose you specified `foo` as the <paths>. We shall call commits +that modify `foo` !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff +filtered for `foo`, they look different and equal, respectively.) + +In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to +illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume +that you are filtering for a file `foo` in this commit graph: +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + .-A---M---N---O---P + / / / / / + I B C D E + \ / / / / + `-------------' +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +The horizontal line of history A--P is taken to be the first parent of +each merge. The commits are: + +* `I` is the initial commit, in which `foo` exists with contents + "asdf", and a file `quux` exists with contents "quux". Initial + commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME. + +* In `A`, `foo` contains just "foo". + +* `B` contains the same change as `A`. Its merge `M` is trivial and + hence TREESAME to all parents. + +* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to "foobar", + so it is not TREESAME to any parent. -When optional paths are given, the default behaviour ('--dense') is to -only output commits that changes at least one of them, and also ignore -merges that do not touch the given paths. +* `D` sets `foo` to "baz". Its merge `O` combines the strings from + `N` and `D` to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent. -Use the '--sparse' flag to makes the command output all eligible commits -(still subject to count and age limitation), but apply merge -simplification nevertheless. +* `E` changes `quux` to "xyzzy", and its merge `P` combines the + strings to "quux xyzzy". Despite appearing interesting, `P` is + TREESAME to all parents. + +'rev-list' walks backwards through history, including or excluding +commits based on whether '\--full-history' and/or parent rewriting +(via '\--parents' or '\--children') are used. The following settings +are available. + +Default mode:: + + Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent + (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below). If the + commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow + only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME + parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all + parents. ++ +This results in: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + .-A---N---O + / / + I---------D +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is +available, removed `B` from consideration entirely. `C` was +considered via `N`, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an +empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME. ++ +Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that does +not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the +parent lines. + +--full-history without parent rewriting:: + + This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow + all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. + Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are + included, this does not imply that the merge itself is! In + the example, we get ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + I A B N D O +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +`P` and `M` were excluded because they are TREESAME to a parent. `E`, +`C` and `B` were all walked, but only `B` was !TREESAME, so the others +do not appear. ++ +Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk +about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show +them disconnected. + +--full-history with parent rewriting:: + + Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME + (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below). ++ +Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten: +Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included +themselves. This results in ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + .-A---M---N---O---P + / / / / / + I B / D / + \ / / / / + `-------------' +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +Compare to '\--full-history' without rewriting above. Note that `E` +was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was +rewritten to contain `E`'s parent `I`. The same happened for `C` and +`N`. Note also that `P` was included despite being TREESAME. + +In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME +affects inclusion: + +--dense:: + + Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME + to any parent. + +--sparse:: + + All commits that are walked are included. ++ +Note that without '\--full-history', this still simplifies merges: if +one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other +sides of the merge are never walked. + +Finally, there is a fourth simplification mode available: + +--simplify-merges:: + + First, build a history graph in the same way that + '\--full-history' with parent rewriting does (see above). ++ +Then simplify each commit `C` to its replacement `C'` in the final +history according to the following rules: ++ +-- +* Set `C'` to `C`. ++ +* Replace each parent `P` of `C'` with its simplification `P'`. In + the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents, and + remove duplicates. ++ +* If after this parent rewriting, `C'` is a root or merge commit (has + zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains. + Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent. +-- ++ +The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to +'\--full-history' with parent rewriting. The example turns into: ++ +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + .-A---M---N---O + / / / + I B D + \ / / + `---------' +----------------------------------------------------------------------- ++ +Note the major differences in `N` and `P` over '\--full-history': ++ +-- +* `N`'s parent list had `I` removed, because it is an ancestor of the + other parent `M`. Still, `N` remained because it is !TREESAME. ++ +* `P`'s parent list similarly had `I` removed. `P` was then + removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME. +-- + +The '\--simplify-by-decoration' option allows you to view only the +big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits +that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME +(in other words, kept after history simplification rules described +above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the +contents of the paths given on the command line. All other +commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away). ifdef::git-rev-list[] +Bisection Helpers +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + --bisect:: Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between -the included and excluded commits. Thus, if +included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref +`$GIT_DIR/refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it +exists) and the good bisection refs `$GIT_DIR/refs/bisect/good-*` are +added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there +are no refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/bisect/`, if ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - $ git-rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz + $ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz ----------------------------------------------------------------------- outputs 'midpoint', the output of the two commands ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - $ git-rev-list foo ^midpoint - $ git-rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz + $ git rev-list foo ^midpoint + $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz ----------------------------------------------------------------------- would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which @@ -285,33 +571,34 @@ one. --bisect-vars:: -This calculates the same as `--bisect`, but outputs text ready -to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of -the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the -expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is -tested to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be -tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, -the expected number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` -turns out to be bad to `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits -we are bisecting right now to `bisect_all`. +This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in +`$GIT_DIR/refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs +text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the +name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the +expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested +to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if +`bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected +number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to +`bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to +`bisect_all`. --bisect-all:: This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded -commits. The farthest from them is displayed first. (This is the only -one displayed by `--bisect`.) - +commits. Refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest +from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by +`--bisect`.) ++ This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they may not compile for example). - ++ This option can be used along with `--bisect-vars`, in this case, after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if `--bisect-vars` had been used alone. endif::git-rev-list[] --- Commit Ordering ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt index 52cdb4c..5cb2b05 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ builtin API Adding a new built-in --------------------- -There are 4 things to do to add a bulit-in command implementation to +There are 4 things to do to add a built-in command implementation to git: . Define the implementation of the built-in command `foo` with @@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ git: defined in `git.c`. The entry should look like: { "foo", cmd_foo, <options> }, - - where options is the bitwise-or of: ++ +where options is the bitwise-or of: `RUN_SETUP`:: @@ -33,6 +33,12 @@ git: If the standard output is connected to a tty, spawn a pager and feed our output to it. +`NEED_WORK_TREE`:: + + Make sure there is a work tree, i.e. the command cannot act + on bare repositories. + This only makes sense when `RUN_SETUP` is also set. + . Add `builtin-foo.o` to `BUILTIN_OBJS` in `Makefile`. Additionally, if `foo` is a new command, there are 3 more things to do: @@ -41,8 +47,7 @@ Additionally, if `foo` is a new command, there are 3 more things to do: . Write documentation in `Documentation/git-foo.txt`. -. Add an entry for `git-foo` to the list at the end of - `Documentation/cmd-list.perl`. +. Add an entry for `git-foo` to `command-list.txt`. How a built-in is called diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt index c784d3e..e5061e0 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-hash.txt @@ -1,6 +1,52 @@ hash API ======== -Talk about <hash.h> +The hash API is a collection of simple hash table functions. Users are expected +to implement their own hashing. -(Linus) +Data Structures +--------------- + +`struct hash_table`:: + + The hash table structure. The `array` member points to the hash table + entries. The `size` member counts the total number of valid and invalid + entries in the table. The `nr` member keeps track of the number of + valid entries. + +`struct hash_table_entry`:: + + An opaque structure representing an entry in the hash table. The `hash` + member is the entry's hash key and the `ptr` member is the entry's + value. + +Functions +--------- + +`init_hash`:: + + Initialize the hash table. + +`free_hash`:: + + Release memory associated with the hash table. + +`insert_hash`:: + + Insert a pointer into the hash table. If an entry with that hash + already exists, a pointer to the existing entry's value is returned. + Otherwise NULL is returned. This allows callers to implement + chaining, etc. + +`lookup_hash`:: + + Lookup an entry in the hash table. If an entry with that hash exists + the entry's value is returned. Otherwise NULL is returned. + +`for_each_hash`:: + + Call a function for each entry in the hash table. The function is + expected to take the entry's value as its only argument and return an + int. If the function returns a negative int the loop is aborted + immediately. Otherwise, the return value is accumulated and the sum + returned upon completion of the loop. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6fc90a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-history-graph.txt @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +history graph API +================= + +The graph API is used to draw a text-based representation of the commit +history. The API generates the graph in a line-by-line fashion. + +Functions +--------- + +Core functions: + +* `graph_init()` creates a new `struct git_graph` + +* `graph_update()` moves the graph to a new commit. + +* `graph_next_line()` outputs the next line of the graph into a strbuf. It + does not add a terminating newline. + +* `graph_padding_line()` outputs a line of vertical padding in the graph. It + is similar to `graph_next_line()`, but is guaranteed to never print the line + containing the current commit. Where `graph_next_line()` would print the + commit line next, `graph_padding_line()` prints a line that simply extends + all branch lines downwards one row, leaving their positions unchanged. + +* `graph_is_commit_finished()` determines if the graph has output all lines + necessary for the current commit. If `graph_update()` is called before all + lines for the current commit have been printed, the next call to + `graph_next_line()` will output an ellipsis, to indicate that a portion of + the graph was omitted. + +The following utility functions are wrappers around `graph_next_line()` and +`graph_is_commit_finished()`. They always print the output to stdout. +They can all be called with a NULL graph argument, in which case no graph +output will be printed. + +* `graph_show_commit()` calls `graph_next_line()` until it returns non-zero. + This prints all graph lines up to, and including, the line containing this + commit. Output is printed to stdout. The last line printed does not contain + a terminating newline. This should not be called if the commit line has + already been printed, or it will loop forever. + +* `graph_show_oneline()` calls `graph_next_line()` and prints the result to + stdout. The line printed does not contain a terminating newline. + +* `graph_show_padding()` calls `graph_padding_line()` and prints the result to + stdout. The line printed does not contain a terminating newline. + +* `graph_show_remainder()` calls `graph_next_line()` until + `graph_is_commit_finished()` returns non-zero. Output is printed to stdout. + The last line printed does not contain a terminating newline. Returns 1 if + output was printed, and 0 if no output was necessary. + +* `graph_show_strbuf()` prints the specified strbuf to stdout, prefixing all + lines but the first with a graph line. The caller is responsible for + ensuring graph output for the first line has already been printed to stdout. + (This can be done with `graph_show_commit()` or `graph_show_oneline()`.) If + a NULL graph is supplied, the strbuf is printed as-is. + +* `graph_show_commit_msg()` is similar to `graph_show_strbuf()`, but it also + prints the remainder of the graph, if more lines are needed after the strbuf + ends. It is better than directly calling `graph_show_strbuf()` followed by + `graph_show_remainder()` since it properly handles buffers that do not end in + a terminating newline. The output printed by `graph_show_commit_msg()` will + end in a newline if and only if the strbuf ends in a newline. + +Data structure +-------------- +`struct git_graph` is an opaque data type used to store the current graph +state. + +Calling sequence +---------------- + +* Create a `struct git_graph` by calling `graph_init()`. When using the + revision walking API, this is done automatically by `setup_revisions()` if + the '--graph' option is supplied. + +* Use the revision walking API to walk through a group of contiguous commits. + The `get_revision()` function automatically calls `graph_update()` each time + it is invoked. + +* For each commit, call `graph_next_line()` repeatedly, until + `graph_is_commit_finished()` returns non-zero. Each call go + `graph_next_line()` will output a single line of the graph. The resulting + lines will not contain any newlines. `graph_next_line()` returns 1 if the + resulting line contains the current commit, or 0 if this is merely a line + needed to adjust the graph before or after the current commit. This return + value can be used to determine where to print the commit summary information + alongside the graph output. + +Limitations +----------- + +* `graph_update()` must be called with commits in topological order. It should + not be called on a commit if it has already been invoked with an ancestor of + that commit, or the graph output will be incorrect. + +* `graph_update()` must be called on a contiguous group of commits. If + `graph_update()` is called on a particular commit, it should later be called + on all parents of that commit. Parents must not be skipped, or the graph + output will appear incorrect. ++ +`graph_update()` may be used on a pruned set of commits only if the parent list +has been rewritten so as to include only ancestors from the pruned set. + +* The graph API does not currently support reverse commit ordering. In + order to implement reverse ordering, the graphing API needs an + (efficient) mechanism to find the children of a commit. + +Sample usage +------------ + +------------ +struct commit *commit; +struct git_graph *graph = graph_init(opts); + +while ((commit = get_revision(opts)) != NULL) { + graph_update(graph, commit); + while (!graph_is_commit_finished(graph)) + { + struct strbuf sb; + int is_commit_line; + + strbuf_init(&sb, 0); + is_commit_line = graph_next_line(graph, &sb); + fputs(sb.buf, stdout); + + if (is_commit_line) + log_tree_commit(opts, commit); + else + putchar(opts->diffopt.line_termination); + } +} +------------ + +Sample output +------------- + +The following is an example of the output from the graph API. This output does +not include any commit summary information--callers are responsible for +outputting that information, if desired. + +------------ +* +* +* +|\ +* | +| | * +| \ \ +| \ \ +*-. \ \ +|\ \ \ \ +| | * | | +| | | | | * +| | | | | * +| | | | | * +| | | | | |\ +| | | | | | * +| * | | | | | +| | | | | * \ +| | | | | |\ | +| | | | * | | | +| | | | * | | | +* | | | | | | | +| |/ / / / / / +|/| / / / / / +* | | | | | | +|/ / / / / / +* | | | | | +| | | | | * +| | | | |/ +| | | | * +------------ diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt index b7cda94..50f9e9a 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt @@ -1,6 +1,251 @@ parse-options API ================= -Talk about <parse-options.h> +The parse-options API is used to parse and massage options in git +and to provide a usage help with consistent look. -(Pierre) +Basics +------ + +The argument vector `argv[]` may usually contain mandatory or optional +'non-option arguments', e.g. a filename or a branch, and 'options'. +Options are optional arguments that start with a dash and +that allow to change the behavior of a command. + +* There are basically three types of options: + 'boolean' options, + options with (mandatory) 'arguments' and + options with 'optional arguments' + (i.e. a boolean option that can be adjusted). + +* There are basically two forms of options: + 'Short options' consist of one dash (`-`) and one alphanumeric + character. + 'Long options' begin with two dashes (`\--`) and some + alphanumeric characters. + +* Options are case-sensitive. + Please define 'lower-case long options' only. + +The parse-options API allows: + +* 'sticked' and 'separate form' of options with arguments. + `-oArg` is sticked, `-o Arg` is separate form. + `\--option=Arg` is sticked, `\--option Arg` is separate form. + +* Long options may be 'abbreviated', as long as the abbreviation + is unambiguous. + +* Short options may be bundled, e.g. `-a -b` can be specified as `-ab`. + +* Boolean long options can be 'negated' (or 'unset') by prepending + `no-`, e.g. `\--no-abbrev` instead of `\--abbrev`. + +* Options and non-option arguments can clearly be separated using the `\--` + option, e.g. `-a -b \--option \-- \--this-is-a-file` indicates that + `\--this-is-a-file` must not be processed as an option. + +Steps to parse options +---------------------- + +. `#include "parse-options.h"` + +. define a NULL-terminated + `static const char * const builtin_foo_usage[]` array + containing alternative usage strings + +. define `builtin_foo_options` array as described below + in section 'Data Structure'. + +. in `cmd_foo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)` + call + + argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags); ++ +`parse_options()` will filter out the processed options of `argv[]` and leave the +non-option arguments in `argv[]`. +`argc` is updated appropriately because of the assignment. ++ +You can also pass NULL instead of a usage array as the fifth parameter of +parse_options(), to avoid displaying a help screen with usage info and +option list. This should only be done if necessary, e.g. to implement +a limited parser for only a subset of the options that needs to be run +before the full parser, which in turn shows the full help message. ++ +Flags are the bitwise-or of: + +`PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH`:: + Keep the `\--` that usually separates options from + non-option arguments. + +`PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION`:: + Usually the whole argument vector is massaged and reordered. + Using this flag, processing is stopped at the first non-option + argument. + +`PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0`:: + Keep the first argument, which contains the program name. It's + removed from argv[] by default. + +`PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN`:: + Keep unknown arguments instead of erroring out. This doesn't + work for all combinations of arguments as users might expect + it to do. E.g. if the first argument in `--unknown --known` + takes a value (which we can't know), the second one is + mistakenly interpreted as a known option. Similarly, if + `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION` is set, the second argument in + `--unknown value` will be mistakenly interpreted as a + non-option, not as a value belonging to the unknown option, + the parser early. That's why parse_options() errors out if + both options are set. + +`PARSE_OPT_NO_INTERNAL_HELP`:: + By default, parse_options() handles `-h`, `--help` and + `--help-all` internally, by showing a help screen. This option + turns it off and allows one to add custom handlers for these + options, or to just leave them unknown. + +Data Structure +-------------- + +The main data structure is an array of the `option` struct, +say `static struct option builtin_add_options[]`. +There are some macros to easily define options: + +`OPT__ABBREV(&int_var)`:: + Add `\--abbrev[=<n>]`. + +`OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var)`:: + Add `-n, \--dry-run`. + +`OPT__QUIET(&int_var)`:: + Add `-q, \--quiet`. + +`OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var)`:: + Add `-v, \--verbose`. + +`OPT_GROUP(description)`:: + Start an option group. `description` is a short string that + describes the group or an empty string. + Start the description with an upper-case letter. + +`OPT_BOOLEAN(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: + Introduce a boolean option. + `int_var` is incremented on each use. + +`OPT_BIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`:: + Introduce a boolean option. + If used, `int_var` is bitwise-ored with `mask`. + +`OPT_NEGBIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`:: + Introduce a boolean option. + If used, `int_var` is bitwise-anded with the inverted `mask`. + +`OPT_SET_INT(short, long, &int_var, description, integer)`:: + Introduce a boolean option. + If used, set `int_var` to `integer`. + +`OPT_SET_PTR(short, long, &ptr_var, description, ptr)`:: + Introduce a boolean option. + If used, set `ptr_var` to `ptr`. + +`OPT_STRING(short, long, &str_var, arg_str, description)`:: + Introduce an option with string argument. + The string argument is put into `str_var`. + +`OPT_INTEGER(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: + Introduce an option with integer argument. + The integer is put into `int_var`. + +`OPT_DATE(short, long, &int_var, description)`:: + Introduce an option with date argument, see `approxidate()`. + The timestamp is put into `int_var`. + +`OPT_CALLBACK(short, long, &var, arg_str, description, func_ptr)`:: + Introduce an option with argument. + The argument will be fed into the function given by `func_ptr` + and the result will be put into `var`. + See 'Option Callbacks' below for a more elaborate description. + +`OPT_FILENAME(short, long, &var, description)`:: + Introduce an option with a filename argument. + The filename will be prefixed by passing the filename along with + the prefix argument of `parse_options()` to `prefix_filename()`. + +`OPT_ARGUMENT(long, description)`:: + Introduce a long-option argument that will be kept in `argv[]`. + +`OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&var, description, func_ptr)`:: + Recognize numerical options like -123 and feed the integer as + if it was an argument to the function given by `func_ptr`. + The result will be put into `var`. There can be only one such + option definition. It cannot be negated and it takes no + arguments. Short options that happen to be digits take + precedence over it. + + +The last element of the array must be `OPT_END()`. + +If not stated otherwise, interpret the arguments as follows: + +* `short` is a character for the short option + (e.g. `\'e\'` for `-e`, use `0` to omit), + +* `long` is a string for the long option + (e.g. `"example"` for `\--example`, use `NULL` to omit), + +* `int_var` is an integer variable, + +* `str_var` is a string variable (`char *`), + +* `arg_str` is the string that is shown as argument + (e.g. `"branch"` will result in `<branch>`). + If set to `NULL`, three dots (`...`) will be displayed. + +* `description` is a short string to describe the effect of the option. + It shall begin with a lower-case letter and a full stop (`.`) shall be + omitted at the end. + +Option Callbacks +---------------- + +The function must be defined in this form: + + int func(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset) + +The callback mechanism is as follows: + +* Inside `func`, the only interesting member of the structure + given by `opt` is the void pointer `opt->value`. + `\*opt->value` will be the value that is saved into `var`, if you + use `OPT_CALLBACK()`. + For example, do `*(unsigned long *)opt->value = 42;` to get 42 + into an `unsigned long` variable. + +* Return value `0` indicates success and non-zero return + value will invoke `usage_with_options()` and, thus, die. + +* If the user negates the option, `arg` is `NULL` and `unset` is 1. + +Sophisticated option parsing +---------------------------- + +If you need, for example, option callbacks with optional arguments +or without arguments at all, or if you need other special cases, +that are not handled by the macros above, you need to specify the +members of the `option` structure manually. + +This is not covered in this document, but well documented +in `parse-options.h` itself. + +Examples +-------- + +See `test-parse-options.c` and +`builtin-add.c`, +`builtin-clone.c`, +`builtin-commit.c`, +`builtin-fetch.c`, +`builtin-fsck.c`, +`builtin-rm.c` +for real-world examples. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-path-list.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-path-list.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d077683..0000000 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-path-list.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ -path-list API -============= - -Talk about <path-list.h>, things like - -* it is not just paths but strings in general; -* the calling sequence. - -(Dscho) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt index 073b22b..c54b17d 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-remote.txt @@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ struct remote An array of all of the url_nr URLs configured for the remote +`pushurl`:: + + An array of all of the pushurl_nr push URLs configured for the remote + `push`:: An array of refspecs configured for pushing, with diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt index 01a2455..996da05 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-revision-walking.txt @@ -1,9 +1,67 @@ revision walking API ==================== +The revision walking API offers functions to build a list of revisions +and then iterate over that list. + +Calling sequence +---------------- + +The walking API has a given calling sequence: first you need to +initialize a rev_info structure, then add revisions to control what kind +of revision list do you want to get, finally you can iterate over the +revision list. + +Functions +--------- + +`init_revisions`:: + + Initialize a rev_info structure with default values. The second + parameter may be NULL or can be prefix path, and then the `.prefix` + variable will be set to it. This is typically the first function you + want to call when you want to deal with a revision list. After calling + this function, you are free to customize options, like set + `.ignore_merges` to 0 if you don't want to ignore merges, and so on. See + `revision.h` for a complete list of available options. + +`add_pending_object`:: + + This function can be used if you want to add commit objects as revision + information. You can use the `UNINTERESTING` object flag to indicate if + you want to include or exclude the given commit (and commits reachable + from the given commit) from the revision list. ++ +NOTE: If you have the commits as a string list then you probably want to +use setup_revisions(), instead of parsing each string and using this +function. + +`setup_revisions`:: + + Parse revision information, filling in the `rev_info` structure, and + removing the used arguments from the argument list. Returns the number + of arguments left that weren't recognized, which are also moved to the + head of the argument list. The last parameter is used in case no + parameter given by the first two arguments. + +`prepare_revision_walk`:: + + Prepares the rev_info structure for a walk. You should check if it + returns any error (non-zero return code) and if it does not, you can + start using get_revision() to do the iteration. + +`get_revision`:: + + Takes a pointer to a `rev_info` structure and iterates over it, + returning a `struct commit *` each time you call it. The end of the + revision list is indicated by returning a NULL pointer. + +Data structures +--------------- + Talk about <revision.h>, things like: * two diff_options, one for path limiting, another for output; -* calling sequence: init_revisions(), setup_revsions(), get_revision(); +* remaining functions; (Linus, JC, Dscho) diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt index c364a22..b26c281 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-run-command.txt @@ -30,17 +30,37 @@ Functions start_command() followed by finish_command(). Takes a pointer to a `struct child_process` that specifies the details. -`run_command_v_opt`, `run_command_v_opt_dir`, `run_command_v_opt_cd_env`:: +`run_command_v_opt`, `run_command_v_opt_cd_env`:: Convenience functions that encapsulate a sequence of start_command() followed by finish_command(). The argument argv specifies the program and its arguments. The argument opt is zero - or more of the flags `RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN`, `RUN_GIT_CMD`, or - `RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR` that correspond to the members - .no_stdin, .git_cmd, .stdout_to_stderr of `struct child_process`. + or more of the flags `RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN`, `RUN_GIT_CMD`, + `RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR`, or `RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE` + that correspond to the members .no_stdin, .git_cmd, + .stdout_to_stderr, .silent_exec_failure of `struct child_process`. The argument dir corresponds the member .dir. The argument env corresponds to the member .env. +The functions above do the following: + +. If a system call failed, errno is set and -1 is returned. A diagnostic + is printed. + +. If the program was not found, then -1 is returned and errno is set to + ENOENT; a diagnostic is printed only if .silent_exec_failure is 0. + +. Otherwise, the program is run. If it terminates regularly, its exit + code is returned. No diagnistic is printed, even if the exit code is + non-zero. + +. If the program terminated due to a signal, then the return value is the + signal number - 128, ie. it is negative and so indicates an unusual + condition; a diagnostic is printed. This return value can be passed to + exit(2), which will report the same code to the parent process that a + POSIX shell's $? would report for a program that died from the signal. + + `start_async`:: Run a function asynchronously. Takes a pointer to a `struct @@ -52,6 +72,21 @@ Functions Wait for the completion of an asynchronous function that was started with start_async(). +`run_hook`:: + + Run a hook. + The first argument is a pathname to an index file, or NULL + if the hook uses the default index file or no index is needed. + The second argument is the name of the hook. + The further arguments correspond to the hook arguments. + The last argument has to be NULL to terminate the arguments list. + If the hook does not exist or is not executable, the return + value will be zero. + If it is executable, the hook will be executed and the exit + status of the hook is returned. + On execution, .stdout_to_stderr and .no_stdin will be set. + (See below.) + Data structures --------------- @@ -63,7 +98,7 @@ command to run in a sub-process. The caller: -1. allocates and clears (memset(&chld, '0', sizeof(chld));) a +1. allocates and clears (memset(&chld, 0, sizeof(chld));) a struct child_process variable; 2. initializes the members; 3. calls start_command(); @@ -128,6 +163,11 @@ string pointers (NULL terminated) in .env: To specify a new initial working directory for the sub-process, specify it in the .dir member. +If the program cannot be found, the functions return -1 and set +errno to ENOENT. Normally, an error message is printed, but if +.silent_exec_failure is set to 1, no message is printed for this +special error condition. + * `struct async` @@ -136,7 +176,7 @@ to produce output that the caller reads. The caller: -1. allocates and clears (memset(&asy, '0', sizeof(asy));) a +1. allocates and clears (memset(&asy, 0, sizeof(asy));) a struct async variable; 2. initializes .proc and .data; 3. calls start_async(); diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt index a52e4f3..a0e0f85 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt @@ -1,6 +1,261 @@ strbuf API ========== -Talk about <strbuf.h> +strbuf's are meant to be used with all the usual C string and memory +APIs. Given that the length of the buffer is known, it's often better to +use the mem* functions than a str* one (memchr vs. strchr e.g.). +Though, one has to be careful about the fact that str* functions often +stop on NULs and that strbufs may have embedded NULs. -(Pierre, JC) +An strbuf is NUL terminated for convenience, but no function in the +strbuf API actually relies on the string being free of NULs. + +strbufs has some invariants that are very important to keep in mind: + +. The `buf` member is never NULL, so it can be used in any usual C +string operations safely. strbuf's _have_ to be initialized either by +`strbuf_init()` or by `= STRBUF_INIT` before the invariants, though. ++ +Do *not* assume anything on what `buf` really is (e.g. if it is +allocated memory or not), use `strbuf_detach()` to unwrap a memory +buffer from its strbuf shell in a safe way. That is the sole supported +way. This will give you a malloced buffer that you can later `free()`. ++ +However, it is totally safe to modify anything in the string pointed by +the `buf` member, between the indices `0` and `len-1` (inclusive). + +. The `buf` member is a byte array that has at least `len + 1` bytes + allocated. The extra byte is used to store a `'\0'`, allowing the + `buf` member to be a valid C-string. Every strbuf function ensure this + invariant is preserved. ++ +NOTE: It is OK to "play" with the buffer directly if you work it this + way: ++ +---- +strbuf_grow(sb, SOME_SIZE); <1> +strbuf_setlen(sb, sb->len + SOME_OTHER_SIZE); +---- +<1> Here, the memory array starting at `sb->buf`, and of length +`strbuf_avail(sb)` is all yours, and you can be sure that +`strbuf_avail(sb)` is at least `SOME_SIZE`. ++ +NOTE: `SOME_OTHER_SIZE` must be smaller or equal to `strbuf_avail(sb)`. ++ +Doing so is safe, though if it has to be done in many places, adding the +missing API to the strbuf module is the way to go. ++ +WARNING: Do _not_ assume that the area that is yours is of size `alloc +- 1` even if it's true in the current implementation. Alloc is somehow a +"private" member that should not be messed with. Use `strbuf_avail()` +instead. + +Data structures +--------------- + +* `struct strbuf` + +This is the string buffer structure. The `len` member can be used to +determine the current length of the string, and `buf` member provides access to +the string itself. + +Functions +--------- + +* Life cycle + +`strbuf_init`:: + + Initialize the structure. The second parameter can be zero or a bigger + number to allocate memory, in case you want to prevent further reallocs. + +`strbuf_release`:: + + Release a string buffer and the memory it used. You should not use the + string buffer after using this function, unless you initialize it again. + +`strbuf_detach`:: + + Detach the string from the strbuf and returns it; you now own the + storage the string occupies and it is your responsibility from then on + to release it with `free(3)` when you are done with it. + +`strbuf_attach`:: + + Attach a string to a buffer. You should specify the string to attach, + the current length of the string and the amount of allocated memory. + The amount must be larger than the string length, because the string you + pass is supposed to be a NUL-terminated string. This string _must_ be + malloc()ed, and after attaching, the pointer cannot be relied upon + anymore, and neither be free()d directly. + +`strbuf_swap`:: + + Swap the contents of two string buffers. + +* Related to the size of the buffer + +`strbuf_avail`:: + + Determine the amount of allocated but unused memory. + +`strbuf_grow`:: + + Ensure that at least this amount of unused memory is available after + `len`. This is used when you know a typical size for what you will add + and want to avoid repetitive automatic resizing of the underlying buffer. + This is never a needed operation, but can be critical for performance in + some cases. + +`strbuf_setlen`:: + + Set the length of the buffer to a given value. This function does *not* + allocate new memory, so you should not perform a `strbuf_setlen()` to a + length that is larger than `len + strbuf_avail()`. `strbuf_setlen()` is + just meant as a 'please fix invariants from this strbuf I just messed + with'. + +`strbuf_reset`:: + + Empty the buffer by setting the size of it to zero. + +* Related to the contents of the buffer + +`strbuf_rtrim`:: + + Strip whitespace from the end of a string. + +`strbuf_cmp`:: + + Compare two buffers. Returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater + than zero if the first buffer is found, respectively, to be less than, + to match, or be greater than the second buffer. + +* Adding data to the buffer + +NOTE: All of the functions in this section will grow the buffer as necessary. +If they fail for some reason other than memory shortage and the buffer hadn't +been allocated before (i.e. the `struct strbuf` was set to `STRBUF_INIT`), +then they will free() it. + +`strbuf_addch`:: + + Add a single character to the buffer. + +`strbuf_insert`:: + + Insert data to the given position of the buffer. The remaining contents + will be shifted, not overwritten. + +`strbuf_remove`:: + + Remove given amount of data from a given position of the buffer. + +`strbuf_splice`:: + + Remove the bytes between `pos..pos+len` and replace it with the given + data. + +`strbuf_add`:: + + Add data of given length to the buffer. + +`strbuf_addstr`:: + +Add a NUL-terminated string to the buffer. ++ +NOTE: This function will *always* be implemented as an inline or a macro +that expands to: ++ +---- +strbuf_add(..., s, strlen(s)); +---- ++ +Meaning that this is efficient to write things like: ++ +---- +strbuf_addstr(sb, "immediate string"); +---- + +`strbuf_addbuf`:: + + Copy the contents of an other buffer at the end of the current one. + +`strbuf_adddup`:: + + Copy part of the buffer from a given position till a given length to the + end of the buffer. + +`strbuf_expand`:: + + This function can be used to expand a format string containing + placeholders. To that end, it parses the string and calls the specified + function for every percent sign found. ++ +The callback function is given a pointer to the character after the `%` +and a pointer to the struct strbuf. It is expected to add the expanded +version of the placeholder to the strbuf, e.g. to add a newline +character if the letter `n` appears after a `%`. The function returns +the length of the placeholder recognized and `strbuf_expand()` skips +over it. ++ +All other characters (non-percent and not skipped ones) are copied +verbatim to the strbuf. If the callback returned zero, meaning that the +placeholder is unknown, then the percent sign is copied, too. ++ +In order to facilitate caching and to make it possible to give +parameters to the callback, `strbuf_expand()` passes a context pointer, +which can be used by the programmer of the callback as she sees fit. + +`strbuf_expand_dict_cb`:: + + Used as callback for `strbuf_expand()`, expects an array of + struct strbuf_expand_dict_entry as context, i.e. pairs of + placeholder and replacement string. The array needs to be + terminated by an entry with placeholder set to NULL. + +`strbuf_addf`:: + + Add a formatted string to the buffer. + +`strbuf_fread`:: + + Read a given size of data from a FILE* pointer to the buffer. ++ +NOTE: The buffer is rewound if the read fails. If -1 is returned, +`errno` must be consulted, like you would do for `read(3)`. +`strbuf_read()`, `strbuf_read_file()` and `strbuf_getline()` has the +same behaviour as well. + +`strbuf_read`:: + + Read the contents of a given file descriptor. The third argument can be + used to give a hint about the file size, to avoid reallocs. + +`strbuf_read_file`:: + + Read the contents of a file, specified by its path. The third argument + can be used to give a hint about the file size, to avoid reallocs. + +`strbuf_readlink`:: + + Read the target of a symbolic link, specified by its path. The third + argument can be used to give a hint about the size, to avoid reallocs. + +`strbuf_getline`:: + + Read a line from a FILE* pointer. The second argument specifies the line + terminator character, typically `'\n'`. + +`stripspace`:: + + Strip whitespace from a buffer. The second parameter controls if + comments are considered contents to be removed or not. + +`launch_editor`:: + + Launch the user preferred editor to edit a file and fill the buffer + with the file's contents upon the user completing their editing. The + third argument can be used to set the environment which the editor is + run in. If the buffer is NULL the editor is launched as usual but the + file's contents are not read into the buffer upon completion. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..293bb15 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-string-list.txt @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +string-list API +=============== + +The string_list API offers a data structure and functions to handle sorted +and unsorted string lists. + +The 'string_list' struct used to be called 'path_list', but was renamed +because it is not specific to paths. + +The caller: + +. Allocates and clears a `struct string_list` variable. + +. Initializes the members. You might want to set the flag `strdup_strings` + if the strings should be strdup()ed. For example, this is necessary + when you add something like git_path("..."), since that function returns + a static buffer that will change with the next call to git_path(). ++ +If you need something advanced, you can manually malloc() the `items` +member (you need this if you add things later) and you should set the +`nr` and `alloc` members in that case, too. + +. Adds new items to the list, using `string_list_append` or + `string_list_insert`. + +. Can check if a string is in the list using `string_list_has_string` or + `unsorted_string_list_has_string` and get it from the list using + `string_list_lookup` for sorted lists. + +. Can sort an unsorted list using `sort_string_list`. + +. Finally it should free the list using `string_list_clear`. + +Example: + +---- +struct string_list list; +int i; + +memset(&list, 0, sizeof(struct string_list)); +string_list_append("foo", &list); +string_list_append("bar", &list); +for (i = 0; i < list.nr; i++) + printf("%s\n", list.items[i].string) +---- + +NOTE: It is more efficient to build an unsorted list and sort it +afterwards, instead of building a sorted list (`O(n log n)` instead of +`O(n^2)`). ++ +However, if you use the list to check if a certain string was added +already, you should not do that (using unsorted_string_list_has_string()), +because the complexity would be quadratic again (but with a worse factor). + +Functions +--------- + +* General ones (works with sorted and unsorted lists as well) + +`print_string_list`:: + + Dump a string_list to stdout, useful mainly for debugging purposes. It + can take an optional header argument and it writes out the + string-pointer pairs of the string_list, each one in its own line. + +`string_list_clear`:: + + Free a string_list. The `string` pointer of the items will be freed in + case the `strdup_strings` member of the string_list is set. The second + parameter controls if the `util` pointer of the items should be freed + or not. + +* Functions for sorted lists only + +`string_list_has_string`:: + + Determine if the string_list has a given string or not. + +`string_list_insert`:: + + Insert a new element to the string_list. The returned pointer can be + handy if you want to write something to the `util` pointer of the + string_list_item containing the just added string. ++ +Since this function uses xrealloc() (which die()s if it fails) if the +list needs to grow, it is safe not to check the pointer. I.e. you may +write `string_list_insert(...)->util = ...;`. + +`string_list_lookup`:: + + Look up a given string in the string_list, returning the containing + string_list_item. If the string is not found, NULL is returned. + +* Functions for unsorted lists only + +`string_list_append`:: + + Append a new string to the end of the string_list. + +`sort_string_list`:: + + Make an unsorted list sorted. + +`unsorted_string_list_has_string`:: + + It's like `string_list_has_string()` but for unsorted lists. ++ +This function needs to look through all items, as opposed to its +counterpart for sorted lists, which performs a binary search. + +Data structures +--------------- + +* `struct string_list_item` + +Represents an item of the list. The `string` member is a pointer to the +string, and you may use the `util` member for any purpose, if you want. + +* `struct string_list` + +Represents the list itself. + +. The array of items are available via the `items` member. +. The `nr` member contains the number of items stored in the list. +. The `alloc` member is used to avoid reallocating at every insertion. + You should not tamper with it. +. Setting the `strdup_strings` member to 1 will strdup() the strings + before adding them, see above. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt index e3ddf91..55b7286 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt @@ -1,12 +1,145 @@ tree walking API ================ -Talk about <tree-walk.h>, things like +The tree walking API is used to traverse and inspect trees. -* struct tree_desc -* init_tree_desc -* tree_entry_extract -* update_tree_entry -* get_tree_entry +Data Structures +--------------- -(JC, Linus) +`struct name_entry`:: + + An entry in a tree. Each entry has a sha1 identifier, pathname, and + mode. + +`struct tree_desc`:: + + A semi-opaque data structure used to maintain the current state of the + walk. ++ +* `buffer` is a pointer into the memory representation of the tree. It always +points at the current entry being visited. + +* `size` counts the number of bytes left in the `buffer`. + +* `entry` points to the current entry being visited. + +`struct traverse_info`:: + + A structure used to maintain the state of a traversal. ++ +* `prev` points to the traverse_info which was used to descend into the +current tree. If this is the top-level tree `prev` will point to +a dummy traverse_info. + +* `name` is the entry for the current tree (if the tree is a subtree). + +* `pathlen` is the length of the full path for the current tree. + +* `conflicts` can be used by callbacks to maintain directory-file conflicts. + +* `fn` is a callback called for each entry in the tree. See Traversing for more +information. + +* `data` can be anything the `fn` callback would want to use. + +Initializing +------------ + +`init_tree_desc`:: + + Initialize a `tree_desc` and decode its first entry. The buffer and + size parameters are assumed to be the same as the buffer and size + members of `struct tree`. + +`fill_tree_descriptor`:: + + Initialize a `tree_desc` and decode its first entry given the sha1 of + a tree. Returns the `buffer` member if the sha1 is a valid tree + identifier and NULL otherwise. + +`setup_traverse_info`:: + + Initialize a `traverse_info` given the pathname of the tree to start + traversing from. The `base` argument is assumed to be the `path` + member of the `name_entry` being recursed into unless the tree is a + top-level tree in which case the empty string ("") is used. + +Walking +------- + +`tree_entry`:: + + Visit the next entry in a tree. Returns 1 when there are more entries + left to visit and 0 when all entries have been visited. This is + commonly used in the test of a while loop. + +`tree_entry_len`:: + + Calculate the length of a tree entry's pathname. This utilizes the + memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the overhead of using a + generic strlen(). + +`update_tree_entry`:: + + Walk to the next entry in a tree. This is commonly used in conjunction + with `tree_entry_extract` to inspect the current entry. + +`tree_entry_extract`:: + + Decode the entry currently being visited (the one pointed to by + `tree_desc's` `entry` member) and return the sha1 of the entry. The + `pathp` and `modep` arguments are set to the entry's pathname and mode + respectively. + +`get_tree_entry`:: + + Find an entry in a tree given a pathname and the sha1 of a tree to + search. Returns 0 if the entry is found and -1 otherwise. The third + and fourth parameters are set to the entry's sha1 and mode + respectively. + +Traversing +---------- + +`traverse_trees`:: + + Traverse `n` number of trees in parallel. The `fn` callback member of + `traverse_info` is called once for each tree entry. + +`traverse_callback_t`:: + The arguments passed to the traverse callback are as follows: ++ +* `n` counts the number of trees being traversed. + +* `mask` has its nth bit set if something exists in the nth entry. + +* `dirmask` has its nth bit set if the nth tree's entry is a directory. + +* `entry` is an array of size `n` where the nth entry is from the nth tree. + +* `info` maintains the state of the traversal. + ++ +Returning a negative value will terminate the traversal. Otherwise the +return value is treated as an update mask. If the nth bit is set the nth tree +will be updated and if the bit is not set the nth tree entry will be the +same in the next callback invocation. + +`make_traverse_path`:: + + Generate the full pathname of a tree entry based from the root of the + traversal. For example, if the traversal has recursed into another + tree named "bar" the pathname of an entry "baz" in the "bar" + tree would be "bar/baz". + +`traverse_path_len`:: + + Calculate the length of a pathname returned by `make_traverse_path`. + This utilizes the memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the + overhead of using a generic strlen(). + +Authors +------- + +Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and Linus Torvalds +<torvalds@linux-foundation.org> diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt index 9cd48b4..7950eee 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt @@ -1,41 +1,494 @@ -Pack transfer protocols -======================= - -There are two Pack push-pull protocols. - -upload-pack (S) | fetch/clone-pack (C) protocol: - - # Tell the puller what commits we have and what their names are - S: SHA1 name - S: ... - S: SHA1 name - S: # flush -- it's your turn - # Tell the pusher what commits we want, and what we have - C: want name - C: .. - C: want name - C: have SHA1 - C: have SHA1 - C: ... - C: # flush -- occasionally ask "had enough?" - S: NAK - C: have SHA1 - C: ... - C: have SHA1 - S: ACK - C: done - S: XXXXXXX -- packfile contents. - -send-pack | receive-pack protocol. - - # Tell the pusher what commits we have and what their names are - C: SHA1 name - C: ... - C: SHA1 name - C: # flush -- it's your turn - # Tell the puller what the pusher has - S: old-SHA1 new-SHA1 name - S: old-SHA1 new-SHA1 name - S: ... - S: # flush -- done with the list - S: XXXXXXX --- packfile contents. +Packfile transfer protocols +=========================== + +Git supports transferring data in packfiles over the ssh://, git:// and +file:// transports. There exist two sets of protocols, one for pushing +data from a client to a server and another for fetching data from a +server to a client. All three transports (ssh, git, file) use the same +protocol to transfer data. + +The processes invoked in the canonical Git implementation are 'upload-pack' +on the server side and 'fetch-pack' on the client side for fetching data; +then 'receive-pack' on the server and 'send-pack' on the client for pushing +data. The protocol functions to have a server tell a client what is +currently on the server, then for the two to negotiate the smallest amount +of data to send in order to fully update one or the other. + +Transports +---------- +There are three transports over which the packfile protocol is +initiated. The Git transport is a simple, unauthenticated server that +takes the command (almost always 'upload-pack', though Git +servers can be configured to be globally writable, in which 'receive- +pack' initiation is also allowed) with which the client wishes to +communicate and executes it and connects it to the requesting +process. + +In the SSH transport, the client just runs the 'upload-pack' +or 'receive-pack' process on the server over the SSH protocol and then +communicates with that invoked process over the SSH connection. + +The file:// transport runs the 'upload-pack' or 'receive-pack' +process locally and communicates with it over a pipe. + +Git Transport +------------- + +The Git transport starts off by sending the command and repository +on the wire using the pkt-line format, followed by a NUL byte and a +hostname paramater, terminated by a NUL byte. + + 0032git-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0 + +-- + git-proto-request = request-command SP pathname NUL [ host-parameter NUL ] + request-command = "git-upload-pack" / "git-receive-pack" / + "git-upload-archive" ; case sensitive + pathname = *( %x01-ff ) ; exclude NUL + host-parameter = "host=" hostname [ ":" port ] +-- + +Only host-parameter is allowed in the git-proto-request. Clients +MUST NOT attempt to send additional parameters. It is used for the +git-daemon name based virtual hosting. See --interpolated-path +option to git daemon, with the %H/%CH format characters. + +Basically what the Git client is doing to connect to an 'upload-pack' +process on the server side over the Git protocol is this: + + $ echo -e -n \ + "0039git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" | + nc -v example.com 9418 + + +SSH Transport +------------- + +Initiating the upload-pack or receive-pack processes over SSH is +executing the binary on the server via SSH remote execution. +It is basically equivalent to running this: + + $ ssh git.example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'" + +For a server to support Git pushing and pulling for a given user over +SSH, that user needs to be able to execute one or both of those +commands via the SSH shell that they are provided on login. On some +systems, that shell access is limited to only being able to run those +two commands, or even just one of them. + +In an ssh:// format URI, it's absolute in the URI, so the '/' after +the host name (or port number) is sent as an argument, which is then +read by the remote git-upload-pack exactly as is, so it's effectively +an absolute path in the remote filesystem. + + git clone ssh://user@example.com/project.git + | + v + ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'" + +In a "user@host:path" format URI, its relative to the user's home +directory, because the Git client will run: + + git clone user@example.com:project.git + | + v + ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack 'project.git'" + +The exception is if a '~' is used, in which case +we execute it without the leading '/'. + + ssh://user@example.com/~alice/project.git, + | + v + ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '~alice/project.git'" + +A few things to remember here: + +- The "command name" is spelled with dash (e.g. git-upload-pack), but + this can be overridden by the client; + +- The repository path is always quoted with single quotes. + +Fetching Data From a Server +=========================== + +When one Git repository wants to get data that a second repository +has, the first can 'fetch' from the second. This operation determines +what data the server has that the client does not then streams that +data down to the client in packfile format. + + +Reference Discovery +------------------- + +When the client initially connects the server will immediately respond +with a listing of each reference it has (all branches and tags) along +with the object name that each reference currently points to. + + $ echo -e -n "0039git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" | + nc -v example.com 9418 + 00887217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag + 00441d3fcd5ced445d1abc402225c0b8a1299641f497 refs/heads/integration + 003f7217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 refs/heads/master + 003cb88d2441cac0977faf98efc80305012112238d9d refs/tags/v0.9 + 003c525128480b96c89e6418b1e40909bf6c5b2d580f refs/tags/v1.0 + 003fe92df48743b7bc7d26bcaabfddde0a1e20cae47c refs/tags/v1.0^{} + 0000 + +Server SHOULD terminate each non-flush line using LF ("\n") terminator; +client MUST NOT complain if there is no terminator. + +The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and +its current value. The stream MUST be sorted by name according to +the C locale ordering. + +If HEAD is a valid ref, HEAD MUST appear as the first advertised +ref. If HEAD is not a valid ref, HEAD MUST NOT appear in the +advertisement list at all, but other refs may still appear. + +The stream MUST include capability declarations behind a NUL on the +first ref. The peeled value of a ref (that is "ref^{}") MUST be +immediately after the ref itself, if presented. A conforming server +MUST peel the ref if its an annotated tag. + +---- + advertised-refs = (no-refs / list-of-refs) + flush-pkt + + no-refs = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}" + NUL capability-list LF) + + list-of-refs = first-ref *other-ref + first-ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP refname + NUL capability-list LF) + + other-ref = PKT-LINE(other-tip / other-peeled) + other-tip = obj-id SP refname LF + other-peeled = obj-id SP refname "^{}" LF + + capability-list = capability *(SP capability) + capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_") + LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A +---- + +Server and client MUST use lowercase for obj-id, both MUST treat obj-id +as case-insensitive. + +See protocol-capabilities.txt for a list of allowed server capabilities +and descriptions. + +Packfile Negotiation +-------------------- +After reference and capabilities discovery, the client can decide +to terminate the connection by sending a flush-pkt, telling the +server it can now gracefully terminate (as happens with the ls-remote +command) or it can enter the negotiation phase, where the client and +server determine what the minimal packfile necessary for transport is. + +Once the client has the initial list of references that the server +has, as well as the list of capabilities, it will begin telling the +server what objects it wants and what objects it has, so the server +can make a packfile that only contains the objects that the client needs. +The client will also send a list of the capabilities it wants to be in +effect, out of what the server said it could do with the first 'want' line. + +---- + upload-request = want-list + have-list + compute-end + + want-list = first-want + *additional-want + flush-pkt + + first-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id SP capability-list LF) + additional-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id LF) + + have-list = *have-line + have-line = PKT-LINE("have" SP obj-id LF) + compute-end = flush-pkt / PKT-LINE("done") +---- + +Clients MUST send all the obj-ids it wants from the reference +discovery phase as 'want' lines. Clients MUST send at least one +'want' command in the request body. Clients MUST NOT mention an +obj-id in a 'want' command which did not appear in the response +obtained through ref discovery. + +If client is requesting a shallow clone, it will now send a 'deepen' +line with the depth it is requesting. + +Once all the "want"s (and optional 'deepen') are transferred, +clients MUST send a flush-pkt. If the client has all the references +on the server, client flushes and disconnects. + +TODO: shallow/unshallow response and document the deepen command in the ABNF. + +Now the client will send a list of the obj-ids it has using 'have' +lines. In multi_ack mode, the canonical implementation will send up +to 32 of these at a time, then will send a flush-pkt. The canonical +implementation will skip ahead and send the next 32 immediately, +so that there is always a block of 32 "in-flight on the wire" at a +time. + +If the server reads 'have' lines, it then will respond by ACKing any +of the obj-ids the client said it had that the server also has. The +server will ACK obj-ids differently depending on which ack mode is +chosen by the client. + +In multi_ack mode: + + * the server will respond with 'ACK obj-id continue' for any common + commits. + + * once the server has found an acceptable common base commit and is + ready to make a packfile, it will blindly ACK all 'have' obj-ids + back to the client. + + * the server will then send a 'NACK' and then wait for another response + from the client - either a 'done' or another list of 'have' lines. + +In multi_ack_detailed mode: + + * the server will differentiate the ACKs where it is signaling + that it is ready to send data with 'ACK obj-id ready' lines, and + signals the identified common commits with 'ACK obj-id common' lines. + +Without either multi_ack or multi_ack_detailed: + + * upload-pack sends "ACK obj-id" on the first common object it finds. + After that it says nothing until the client gives it a "done". + + * upload-pack sends "NAK" on a flush-pkt if no common object + has been found yet. If one has been found, and thus an ACK + was already sent, its silent on the flush-pkt. + +After the client has gotten enough ACK responses that it can determine +that the server has enough information to send an efficient packfile +(in the canonical implementation, this is determined when it has received +enough ACKs that it can color everything left in the --date-order queue +as common with the server, or the --date-order queue is empty), or the +client determines that it wants to give up (in the canonical implementation, +this is determined when the client sends 256 'have' lines without getting +any of them ACKed by the server - meaning there is nothing in common and +the server should just send all it's objects), then the client will send +a 'done' command. The 'done' command signals to the server that the client +is ready to receive it's packfile data. + +However, the 256 limit *only* turns on in the canonical client +implementation if we have received at least one "ACK %s continue" +during a prior round. This helps to ensure that at least one common +ancestor is found before we give up entirely. + +Once the 'done' line is read from the client, the server will either +send a final 'ACK obj-id' or it will send a 'NAK'. The server only sends +ACK after 'done' if there is at least one common base and multi_ack or +multi_ack_detailed is enabled. The server always sends NAK after 'done' +if there is no common base found. + +Then the server will start sending it's packfile data. + +---- + server-response = *ack_multi ack / nak + ack_multi = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id ack_status LF) + ack_status = "continue" / "common" / "ready" + ack = PKT-LINE("ACK SP obj-id LF) + nak = PKT-LINE("NAK" LF) +---- + +A simple clone may look like this (with no 'have' lines): + +---- + C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\0multi_ack \ + side-band-64k ofs-delta\n + C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n + C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n + C: 0032want 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n + C: 0032want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n + C: 0000 + C: 0009done\n + + S: 0008NAK\n + S: [PACKFILE] +---- + +An incremental update (fetch) response might look like this: + +---- + C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\0multi_ack \ + side-band-64k ofs-delta\n + C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n + C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n + C: 0000 + C: 0032have 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n + C: [30 more have lines] + C: 0032have 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n + C: 0000 + + S: 003aACK 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01 continue\n + S: 003aACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d continue\n + S: 0008NAK\n + + C: 0009done\n + + S: 003aACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n + S: [PACKFILE] +---- + + +Packfile Data +------------- + +Now that the client and server have finished negotiation about what +the minimal amount of data that needs to be sent to the client is, the server +will construct and send the required data in packfile format. + +See pack-format.txt for what the packfile itself actually looks like. + +If 'side-band' or 'side-band-64k' capabilities have been specified by +the client, the server will send the packfile data multiplexed. + +Each packet starting with the packet-line length of the amount of data +that follows, followed by a single byte specifying the sideband the +following data is coming in on. + +In 'side-band' mode, it will send up to 999 data bytes plus 1 control +code, for a total of up to 1000 bytes in a pkt-line. In 'side-band-64k' +mode it will send up to 65519 data bytes plus 1 control code, for a +total of up to 65520 bytes in a pkt-line. + +The sideband byte will be a '1', '2' or a '3'. Sideband '1' will contain +packfile data, sideband '2' will be used for progress information that the +client will generally print to stderr and sideband '3' is used for error +information. + +If no 'side-band' capability was specified, the server will stream the +entire packfile without multiplexing. + + +Pushing Data To a Server +======================== + +Pushing data to a server will invoke the 'receive-pack' process on the +server, which will allow the client to tell it which references it should +update and then send all the data the server will need for those new +references to be complete. Once all the data is received and validated, +the server will then update its references to what the client specified. + +Authentication +-------------- + +The protocol itself contains no authentication mechanisms. That is to be +handled by the transport, such as SSH, before the 'receive-pack' process is +invoked. If 'receive-pack' is configured over the Git transport, those +repositories will be writable by anyone who can access that port (9418) as +that transport is unauthenticated. + +Reference Discovery +------------------- + +The reference discovery phase is done nearly the same way as it is in the +fetching protocol. Each reference obj-id and name on the server is sent +in packet-line format to the client, followed by a flush-pkt. The only +real difference is that the capability listing is different - the only +possible values are 'report-status', 'delete-refs' and 'ofs-delta'. + +Reference Update Request and Packfile Transfer +---------------------------------------------- + +Once the client knows what references the server is at, it can send a +list of reference update requests. For each reference on the server +that it wants to update, it sends a line listing the obj-id currently on +the server, the obj-id the client would like to update it to and the name +of the reference. + +This list is followed by a flush-pkt and then the packfile that should +contain all the objects that the server will need to complete the new +references. + +---- + update-request = command-list [pack-file] + + command-list = PKT-LINE(command NUL capability-list LF) + *PKT-LINE(command LF) + flush-pkt + + command = create / delete / update + create = zero-id SP new-id SP name + delete = old-id SP zero-id SP name + update = old-id SP new-id SP name + + old-id = obj-id + new-id = obj-id + + pack-file = "PACK" 28*(OCTET) +---- + +If the receiving end does not support delete-refs, the sending end MUST +NOT ask for delete command. + +The pack-file MUST NOT be sent if the only command used is 'delete'. + +A pack-file MUST be sent if either create or update command is used, +even if the server already has all the necessary objects. In this +case the client MUST send an empty pack-file. The only time this +is likely to happen is if the client is creating +a new branch or a tag that points to an existing obj-id. + +The server will receive the packfile, unpack it, then validate each +reference that is being updated that it hasn't changed while the request +was being processed (the obj-id is still the same as the old-id), and +it will run any update hooks to make sure that the update is acceptable. +If all of that is fine, the server will then update the references. + +Report Status +------------- + +After receiving the pack data from the sender, the receiver sends a +report if 'report-status' capability is in effect. +It is a short listing of what happened in that update. It will first +list the status of the packfile unpacking as either 'unpack ok' or +'unpack [error]'. Then it will list the status for each of the references +that it tried to update. Each line is either 'ok [refname]' if the +update was successful, or 'ng [refname] [error]' if the update was not. + +---- + report-status = unpack-status + 1*(command-status) + flush-pkt + + unpack-status = PKT-LINE("unpack" SP unpack-result LF) + unpack-result = "ok" / error-msg + + command-status = command-ok / command-fail + command-ok = PKT-LINE("ok" SP refname LF) + command-fail = PKT-LINE("ng" SP refname SP error-msg LF) + + error-msg = 1*(OCTECT) ; where not "ok" +---- + +Updates can be unsuccessful for a number of reasons. The reference can have +changed since the reference discovery phase was originally sent, meaning +someone pushed in the meantime. The reference being pushed could be a +non-fast-forward reference and the update hooks or configuration could be +set to not allow that, etc. Also, some references can be updated while others +can be rejected. + +An example client/server communication might look like this: + +---- + S: 007c74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/local\0report-status delete-refs ofs-delta\n + S: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe refs/heads/debug\n + S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/master\n + S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/team\n + S: 0000 + + C: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/debug\n + C: 003e74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a refs/heads/master\n + C: 0000 + C: [PACKDATA] + + S: 000aunpack ok\n + S: 0014ok refs/heads/debug\n + S: 0026ng refs/heads/master non-fast-forward\n +---- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1892d3e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-capabilities.txt @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +Git Protocol Capabilities +========================= + +Servers SHOULD support all capabilities defined in this document. + +On the very first line of the initial server response of either +receive-pack and upload-pack the first reference is followed by +a NUL byte and then a list of space delimited server capabilities. +These allow the server to declare what it can and cannot support +to the client. + +Client will then send a space separated list of capabilities it wants +to be in effect. The client MUST NOT ask for capabilities the server +did not say it supports. + +Server MUST diagnose and abort if capabilities it does not understand +was sent. Server MUST NOT ignore capabilities that client requested +and server advertised. As a consequence of these rules, server MUST +NOT advertise capabilities it does not understand. + +The 'report-status' and 'delete-refs' capabilities are sent and +recognized by the receive-pack (push to server) process. + +The 'ofs-delta' capability is sent and recognized by both upload-pack +and receive-pack protocols. + +All other capabilities are only recognized by the upload-pack (fetch +from server) process. + +multi_ack +--------- + +The 'multi_ack' capability allows the server to return "ACK obj-id +continue" as soon as it finds a commit that it can use as a common +base, between the client's wants and the client's have set. + +By sending this early, the server can potentially head off the client +from walking any further down that particular branch of the client's +repository history. The client may still need to walk down other +branches, sending have lines for those, until the server has a +complete cut across the DAG, or the client has said "done". + +Without multi_ack, a client sends have lines in --date-order until +the server has found a common base. That means the client will send +have lines that are already known by the server to be common, because +they overlap in time with another branch that the server hasn't found +a common base on yet. + +For example suppose the client has commits in caps that the server +doesn't and the server has commits in lower case that the client +doesn't, as in the following diagram: + + +---- u ---------------------- x + / +----- y + / / + a -- b -- c -- d -- E -- F + \ + +--- Q -- R -- S + +If the client wants x,y and starts out by saying have F,S, the server +doesn't know what F,S is. Eventually the client says "have d" and +the server sends "ACK d continue" to let the client know to stop +walking down that line (so don't send c-b-a), but its not done yet, +it needs a base for x. The client keeps going with S-R-Q, until a +gets reached, at which point the server has a clear base and it all +ends. + +Without multi_ack the client would have sent that c-b-a chain anyway, +interleaved with S-R-Q. + +thin-pack +--------- + +This capability means that the server can send a 'thin' pack, a pack +which does not contain base objects; if those base objects are available +on client side. Client requests 'thin-pack' capability when it +understands how to "thicken" it by adding required delta bases making +it self-contained. + +Client MUST NOT request 'thin-pack' capability if it cannot turn a thin +pack into a self-contained pack. + + +side-band, side-band-64k +------------------------ + +This capability means that server can send, and client understand multiplexed +progress reports and error info interleaved with the packfile itself. + +These two options are mutually exclusive. A modern client always +favors 'side-band-64k'. + +Either mode indicates that the packfile data will be streamed broken +up into packets of up to either 1000 bytes in the case of 'side_band', +or 65520 bytes in the case of 'side_band_64k'. Each packet is made up +of a leading 4-byte pkt-line length of how much data is in the packet, +followed by a 1-byte stream code, followed by the actual data. + +The stream code can be one of: + + 1 - pack data + 2 - progress messages + 3 - fatal error message just before stream aborts + +The "side-band-64k" capability came about as a way for newer clients +that can handle much larger packets to request packets that are +actually crammed nearly full, while maintaining backward compatibility +for the older clients. + +Further, with side-band and its up to 1000-byte messages, it's actually +999 bytes of payload and 1 byte for the stream code. With side-band-64k, +same deal, you have up to 65519 bytes of data and 1 byte for the stream +code. + +The client MUST send only maximum of one of "side-band" and "side- +band-64k". Server MUST diagnose it as an error if client requests +both. + +ofs-delta +--------- + +Server can send, and client understand PACKv2 with delta refering to +its base by position in pack rather than by an obj-id. That is, they can +send/read OBJ_OFS_DELTA (aka type 6) in a packfile. + +shallow +------- + +This capability adds "deepen", "shallow" and "unshallow" commands to +the fetch-pack/upload-pack protocol so clients can request shallow +clones. + +no-progress +----------- + +The client was started with "git clone -q" or something, and doesn't +want that side band 2. Basically the client just says "I do not +wish to receive stream 2 on sideband, so do not send it to me, and if +you did, I will drop it on the floor anyway". However, the sideband +channel 3 is still used for error responses. + +include-tag +----------- + +The 'include-tag' capability is about sending annotated tags if we are +sending objects they point to. If we pack an object to the client, and +a tag object points exactly at that object, we pack the tag object too. +In general this allows a client to get all new annotated tags when it +fetches a branch, in a single network connection. + +Clients MAY always send include-tag, hardcoding it into a request when +the server advertises this capability. The decision for a client to +request include-tag only has to do with the client's desires for tag +data, whether or not a server had advertised objects in the +refs/tags/* namespace. + +Servers MUST pack the tags if their referrant is packed and the client +has requested include-tags. + +Clients MUST be prepared for the case where a server has ignored +include-tag and has not actually sent tags in the pack. In such +cases the client SHOULD issue a subsequent fetch to acquire the tags +that include-tag would have otherwise given the client. + +The server SHOULD send include-tag, if it supports it, regardless +of whether or not there are tags available. + +report-status +------------- + +The upload-pack process can receive a 'report-status' capability, +which tells it that the client wants a report of what happened after +a packfile upload and reference update. If the pushing client requests +this capability, after unpacking and updating references the server +will respond with whether the packfile unpacked successfully and if +each reference was updated successfully. If any of those were not +successful, it will send back an error message. See pack-protocol.txt +for example messages. + +delete-refs +----------- + +If the server sends back the 'delete-refs' capability, it means that +it is capable of accepting an zero-id value as the target +value of a reference update. It is not sent back by the client, it +simply informs the client that it can be sent zero-id values +to delete references. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d30a1b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +Documentation Common to Pack and Http Protocols +=============================================== + +ABNF Notation +------------- + +ABNF notation as described by RFC 5234 is used within the protocol documents, +except the following replacement core rules are used: +---- + HEXDIG = DIGIT / "a" / "b" / "c" / "d" / "e" / "f" +---- + +We also define the following common rules: +---- + NUL = %x00 + zero-id = 40*"0" + obj-id = 40*(HEXDIGIT) + + refname = "HEAD" + refname /= "refs/" <see discussion below> +---- + +A refname is a hierarchical octet string beginning with "refs/" and +not violating the 'git-check-ref-format' command's validation rules. +More specifically, they: + +. They can include slash `/` for hierarchical (directory) + grouping, but no slash-separated component can begin with a + dot `.`. + +. They must contain at least one `/`. This enforces the presence of a + category like `heads/`, `tags/` etc. but the actual names are not + restricted. + +. They cannot have two consecutive dots `..` anywhere. + +. They cannot have ASCII control characters (i.e. bytes whose + values are lower than \040, or \177 `DEL`), space, tilde `~`, + caret `{caret}`, colon `:`, question-mark `?`, asterisk `*`, + or open bracket `[` anywhere. + +. They cannot end with a slash `/` nor a dot `.`. + +. They cannot end with the sequence `.lock`. + +. They cannot contain a sequence `@{`. + +. They cannot contain a `\\`. + + +pkt-line Format +--------------- + +Much (but not all) of the payload is described around pkt-lines. + +A pkt-line is a variable length binary string. The first four bytes +of the line, the pkt-len, indicates the total length of the line, +in hexadecimal. The pkt-len includes the 4 bytes used to contain +the length's hexadecimal representation. + +A pkt-line MAY contain binary data, so implementors MUST ensure +pkt-line parsing/formatting routines are 8-bit clean. + +A non-binary line SHOULD BE terminated by an LF, which if present +MUST be included in the total length. + +The maximum length of a pkt-line's data component is 65520 bytes. +Implementations MUST NOT send pkt-line whose length exceeds 65524 +(65520 bytes of payload + 4 bytes of length data). + +Implementations SHOULD NOT send an empty pkt-line ("0004"). + +A pkt-line with a length field of 0 ("0000"), called a flush-pkt, +is a special case and MUST be handled differently than an empty +pkt-line ("0004"). + +---- + pkt-line = data-pkt / flush-pkt + + data-pkt = pkt-len pkt-payload + pkt-len = 4*(HEXDIG) + pkt-payload = (pkt-len - 4)*(OCTET) + + flush-pkt = "0000" +---- + +Examples (as C-style strings): + +---- + pkt-line actual value + --------------------------------- + "0006a\n" "a\n" + "0005a" "a" + "000bfoobar\n" "foobar\n" + "0004" "" +---- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt b/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt index 6bdf034..53aa0c8 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt @@ -42,10 +42,12 @@ compared, but this is not enabled by default because this member is not stable on network filesystems. With `USE_NSEC` compile-time option, `st_mtim.tv_nsec` and `st_ctim.tv_nsec` members are also compared, but this is not enabled by default -because the value of this member becomes meaningless once the -inode is evicted from the inode cache on filesystems that do not -store it on disk. - +because in-core timestamps can have finer granularity than +on-disk timestamps, resulting in meaningless changes when an +inode is evicted from the inode cache. See commit 8ce13b0 +of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tglx/history.git +([PATCH] Sync in core time granuality with filesystems, +2005-01-04). Racy git -------- @@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ them, and give the same timestamp to the index file: This will make all index entries racily clean. The linux-2.6 project, for example, there are over 20,000 files in the working -tree. On my Athron 64X2 3800+, after the above: +tree. On my Athlon 64 X2 3800+, after the above: $ /usr/bin/time git diff-files 1.68user 0.54system 0:02.22elapsed 100%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k diff --git a/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt b/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt index 5dd1f83..2a0e7b8 100644 --- a/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt +++ b/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt @@ -1,11 +1,49 @@ include::urls.txt[] -REMOTES -------- +REMOTES[[REMOTES]] +------------------ -In addition to the above, as a short-hand, the name of a -file in `$GIT_DIR/remotes` directory can be given; the -named file should be in the following format: +The name of one of the following can be used instead +of a URL as `<repository>` argument: + +* a remote in the git configuration file: `$GIT_DIR/config`, +* a file in the `$GIT_DIR/remotes` directory, or +* a file in the `$GIT_DIR/branches` directory. + +All of these also allow you to omit the refspec from the command line +because they each contain a refspec which git will use by default. + +Named remote in configuration file +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +You can choose to provide the name of a remote which you had previously +configured using linkgit:git-remote[1], linkgit:git-config[1] +or even by a manual edit to the `$GIT_DIR/config` file. The URL of +this remote will be used to access the repository. The refspec +of this remote will be used by default when you do +not provide a refspec on the command line. The entry in the +config file would appear like this: + +------------ + [remote "<name>"] + url = <url> + pushurl = <pushurl> + push = <refspec> + fetch = <refspec> +------------ + +The `<pushurl>` is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults +to `<url>`. + +Named file in `$GIT_DIR/remotes` +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +You can choose to provide the name of a +file in `$GIT_DIR/remotes`. The URL +in this file will be used to access the repository. The refspec +in this file will be used as default when you do not +provide a refspec on the command line. This file should have the +following format: ------------ URL: one of the above URL format @@ -14,42 +52,43 @@ named file should be in the following format: ------------ -Then such a short-hand is specified in place of -<repository> without <refspec> parameters on the command -line, <refspec> specified on `Push:` lines or `Pull:` -lines are used for `git-push` and `git-fetch`/`git-pull`, -respectively. Multiple `Push:` and `Pull:` lines may +`Push:` lines are used by 'git-push' and +`Pull:` lines are used by 'git-pull' and 'git-fetch'. +Multiple `Push:` and `Pull:` lines may be specified for additional branch mappings. -Or, equivalently, in the `$GIT_DIR/config` (note the use -of `fetch` instead of `Pull:`): +Named file in `$GIT_DIR/branches` +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ------------- - [remote "<remote>"] - url = <url> - push = <refspec> - fetch = <refspec> +You can choose to provide the name of a +file in `$GIT_DIR/branches`. +The URL in this file will be used to access the repository. +This file should have the following format: + +------------ + <url>#<head> ------------ -The name of a file in `$GIT_DIR/branches` directory can be -specified as an older notation short-hand; the named -file should contain a single line, a URL in one of the -above formats, optionally followed by a hash `#` and the -name of remote head (URL fragment notation). -`$GIT_DIR/branches/<remote>` file that stores a <url> -without the fragment is equivalent to have this in the -corresponding file in the `$GIT_DIR/remotes/` directory. +`<url>` is required; `#<head>` is optional. ------------- - URL: <url> - Pull: refs/heads/master:<remote> +Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following +refspecs, if you don't provide one on the command line. +`<branch>` is the name of this file in `$GIT_DIR/branches` and +`<head>` defaults to `master`. +git fetch uses: + +------------ + refs/heads/<head>:refs/heads/<branch> ------------ -while having `<url>#<head>` is equivalent to +git push uses: ------------ - URL: <url> - Pull: refs/heads/<head>:<remote> + HEAD:refs/heads/<head> ------------ + + + + diff --git a/Documentation/urls.txt b/Documentation/urls.txt index fa34c67..d813ceb 100644 --- a/Documentation/urls.txt +++ b/Documentation/urls.txt @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ to name the remote repository: =============================================================== - rsync://host.xz/path/to/repo.git/ -- http://host.xz/path/to/repo.git/ -- https://host.xz/path/to/repo.git/ -- git://host.xz/path/to/repo.git/ -- git://host.xz/~user/path/to/repo.git/ +- http://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ +- https://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ +- git://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ +- git://host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/~user/path/to/repo.git/ - ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz{startsb}:port{endsb}/path/to/repo.git/ - ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz/path/to/repo.git/ - ssh://{startsb}user@{endsb}host.xz/~user/path/to/repo.git/ @@ -67,3 +67,21 @@ For example, with this: a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be "git://git.host.xz/repo.git". +If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a +configuration section of the form: + +------------ + [url "<actual url base>"] + pushInsteadOf = <other url base> +------------ + +For example, with this: + +------------ + [url "ssh://example.org/"] + pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/ +------------ + +a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to +"ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still +use the original URL. diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index 86b91a5..b169836 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -13,17 +13,27 @@ to build and test a particular version of a software project, search for regressions, and so on. People needing to do actual development will also want to read -<<Developing-with-git>> and <<sharing-development>>. +<<Developing-With-git>> and <<sharing-development>>. Further chapters cover more specialized topics. Comprehensive reference documentation is available through the man -pages. For a command such as "git clone", just use +pages, or linkgit:git-help[1] command. For example, for the command +"git clone <repo>", you can either use: ------------------------------------------------ $ man git-clone ------------------------------------------------ +or: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git help clone +------------------------------------------------ + +With the latter, you can use the manual viewer of your choice; see +linkgit:git-help[1] for more information. + See also <<git-quick-start>> for a brief overview of git commands, without any explanation. @@ -49,7 +59,7 @@ project in mind, here are some interesting examples: ------------------------------------------------ # git itself (approx. 10MB download): $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git - # the linux kernel (approx. 150MB download): + # the Linux kernel (approx. 150MB download): $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git ------------------------------------------------ @@ -178,7 +188,7 @@ As you can see, a commit shows who made the latest change, what they did, and why. Every commit has a 40-hexdigit id, sometimes called the "object name" or the -"SHA1 id", shown on the first line of the "git show" output. You can usually +"SHA-1 id", shown on the first line of the "git show" output. You can usually refer to a commit by a shorter name, such as a tag or a branch name, but this longer name can also be useful. Most importantly, it is a globally unique name for this commit: so if you tell somebody else the object name (for @@ -297,7 +307,7 @@ ref: refs/heads/master Examining an old version without creating a new branch ------------------------------------------------------ -The git-checkout command normally expects a branch head, but will also +The `git checkout` command normally expects a branch head, but will also accept an arbitrary commit; for example, you can check out the commit referenced by a tag: @@ -310,7 +320,7 @@ If you want to create a new branch from this checkout, you may do so HEAD is now at 427abfa... Linux v2.6.17 ------------------------------------------------ -The HEAD then refers to the SHA1 of the commit instead of to a branch, +The HEAD then refers to the SHA-1 of the commit instead of to a branch, and git branch shows that you are no longer on a branch: ------------------------------------------------ @@ -389,7 +399,7 @@ the order it uses to decide which to choose when there are multiple references with the same shorthand name, see the "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section of linkgit:git-rev-parse[1]. -[[Updating-a-repository-with-git-fetch]] +[[Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch]] Updating a repository with git fetch ------------------------------------ @@ -479,10 +489,10 @@ Bisecting: 3537 revisions left to test after this ------------------------------------------------- If you run "git branch" at this point, you'll see that git has -temporarily moved you to a new branch named "bisect". This branch -points to a commit (with commit id 65934...) that is reachable from -"master" but not from v2.6.18. Compile and test it, and see whether -it crashes. Assume it does crash. Then: +temporarily moved you in "(no branch)". HEAD is now detached from any +branch and points directly to a commit (with commit id 65934...) that +is reachable from "master" but not from v2.6.18. Compile and test it, +and see whether it crashes. Assume it does crash. Then: ------------------------------------------------- $ git bisect bad @@ -504,10 +514,9 @@ report with the commit id. Finally, run $ git bisect reset ------------------------------------------------- -to return you to the branch you were on before and delete the -temporary "bisect" branch. +to return you to the branch you were on before. -Note that the version which git-bisect checks out for you at each +Note that the version which `git bisect` checks out for you at each point is just a suggestion, and you're free to try a different version if you think it would be a good idea. For example, occasionally you may land on a commit that broke something unrelated; @@ -518,7 +527,7 @@ $ git bisect visualize ------------------------------------------------- which will run gitk and label the commit it chose with a marker that -says "bisect". Chose a safe-looking commit nearby, note its commit +says "bisect". Choose a safe-looking commit nearby, note its commit id, and check it out with: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -528,6 +537,22 @@ $ git reset --hard fb47ddb2db... then test, run "bisect good" or "bisect bad" as appropriate, and continue. +Instead of "git bisect visualize" and then "git reset --hard +fb47ddb2db...", you might just want to tell git that you want to skip +the current commit: + +------------------------------------------------- +$ git bisect skip +------------------------------------------------- + +In this case, though, git may not eventually be able to tell the first +bad one between some first skipped commits and a later bad commit. + +There are also ways to automate the bisecting process if you have a +test script that can tell a good from a bad commit. See +linkgit:git-bisect[1] for more information about this and other "git +bisect" features. + [[naming-commits]] Naming commits -------------- @@ -567,11 +592,11 @@ In addition to HEAD, there are several other special names for commits: Merges (to be discussed later), as well as operations such as -git-reset, which change the currently checked-out commit, generally +`git reset`, which change the currently checked-out commit, generally set ORIG_HEAD to the value HEAD had before the current operation. -The git-fetch operation always stores the head of the last fetched -branch in FETCH_HEAD. For example, if you run git fetch without +The `git fetch` operation always stores the head of the last fetched +branch in FETCH_HEAD. For example, if you run `git fetch` without specifying a local branch as the target of the operation ------------------------------------------------- @@ -714,7 +739,7 @@ $ git log --pretty=oneline origin..mybranch | wc -l ------------------------------------------------- Alternatively, you may often see this sort of thing done with the -lower-level command linkgit:git-rev-list[1], which just lists the SHA1's +lower-level command linkgit:git-rev-list[1], which just lists the SHA-1's of all the given commits: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -930,7 +955,7 @@ echo "git diff --stat --summary -M v$last v$new > ../diffstat-$new" and then he just cut-and-pastes the output commands after verifying that they look OK. -[[Finding-comments-with-given-content]] +[[Finding-comments-With-given-Content]] Finding commits referencing a file with given content ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -947,7 +972,7 @@ Figuring out why this works is left as an exercise to the (advanced) student. The linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-diff-tree[1], and linkgit:git-hash-object[1] man pages may prove helpful. -[[Developing-with-git]] +[[Developing-With-git]] Developing with git =================== @@ -984,7 +1009,7 @@ $ git init If you have some initial content (say, a tarball): ------------------------------------------------- -$ tar -xzvf project.tar.gz +$ tar xzvf project.tar.gz $ cd project $ git init $ git add . # include everything below ./ in the first commit: @@ -1050,7 +1075,7 @@ shows the difference between the working tree and the index file. Note that "git add" always adds just the current contents of a file to the index; further changes to the same file will be ignored unless -you run git-add on the file again. +you run `git add` on the file again. When you're ready, just run @@ -1111,10 +1136,10 @@ Ignoring files A project will often generate files that you do 'not' want to track with git. This typically includes files generated by a build process or temporary backup files made by your editor. Of course, 'not' tracking files with git -is just a matter of 'not' calling "`git add`" on them. But it quickly becomes +is just a matter of 'not' calling `git add` on them. But it quickly becomes annoying to have these untracked files lying around; e.g. they make -"`git add .`" and "`git commit -a`" practically useless, and they keep -showing up in the output of "`git status`". +`git add .` practically useless, and they keep showing up in the output of +`git status`. You can tell git to ignore certain files by creating a file called .gitignore in the top level of your working directory, with contents such as: @@ -1158,7 +1183,23 @@ $ git merge branchname ------------------------------------------------- merges the development in the branch "branchname" into the current -branch. If there are conflicts--for example, if the same file is +branch. + +A merge is made by combining the changes made in "branchname" and the +changes made up to the latest commit in your current branch since +their histories forked. The work tree is overwritten by the result of +the merge when this combining is done cleanly, or overwritten by a +half-merged results when this combining results in conflicts. +Therefore, if you have uncommitted changes touching the same files as +the ones impacted by the merge, Git will refuse to proceed. Most of +the time, you will want to commit your changes before you can merge, +and if you don't, then linkgit:git-stash[1] can take these changes +away while you're doing the merge, and reapply them afterwards. + +If the changes are independant enough, Git will automatically complete +the merge and commit the result (or reuse an existing commit in case +of <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>, see below). On the other hand, +if there are conflicts--for example, if the same file is modified in two different ways in the remote branch and the local branch--then you are warned; the output may look something like this: @@ -1254,16 +1295,15 @@ these three "file stages" represents a different version of the file: ------------------------------------------------- $ git show :1:file.txt # the file in a common ancestor of both branches -$ git show :2:file.txt # the version from HEAD, but including any - # nonconflicting changes from MERGE_HEAD -$ git show :3:file.txt # the version from MERGE_HEAD, but including any - # nonconflicting changes from HEAD. +$ git show :2:file.txt # the version from HEAD. +$ git show :3:file.txt # the version from MERGE_HEAD. ------------------------------------------------- -Since the stage 2 and stage 3 versions have already been updated with -nonconflicting changes, the only remaining differences between them are -the important ones; thus linkgit:git-diff[1] can use the information in -the index to show only those conflicts. +When you ask linkgit:git-diff[1] to show the conflicts, it runs a +three-way diff between the conflicted merge results in the work tree with +stages 2 and 3 to show only hunks whose contents come from both sides, +mixed (in other words, when a hunk's merge results come only from stage 2, +that part is not conflicting and is not shown. Same for stage 3). The diff above shows the differences between the working-tree version of file.txt and the stage 2 and stage 3 versions. So instead of preceding @@ -1304,7 +1344,7 @@ $ git diff -3 file.txt # diff against stage 3 $ git diff --theirs file.txt # same as the above. ------------------------------------------------- -The linkgit:git-log[1] and gitk[1] commands also provide special help +The linkgit:git-log[1] and linkgit:gitk[1] commands also provide special help for merges: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1316,7 +1356,7 @@ These will display all commits which exist only on HEAD or on MERGE_HEAD, and which touch an unmerged file. You may also use linkgit:git-mergetool[1], which lets you merge the -unmerged files using external tools such as emacs or kdiff3. +unmerged files using external tools such as Emacs or kdiff3. Each time you resolve the conflicts in a file and update the index: @@ -1325,7 +1365,7 @@ $ git add file.txt ------------------------------------------------- the different stages of that file will be "collapsed", after which -git-diff will (by default) no longer show diffs for that file. +`git diff` will (by default) no longer show diffs for that file. [[undoing-a-merge]] Undoing a merge @@ -1360,7 +1400,7 @@ were merged. However, if the current branch is a descendant of the other--so every commit present in the one is already contained in the other--then git -just performs a "fast forward"; the head of the current branch is moved +just performs a "fast-forward"; the head of the current branch is moved forward to point at the head of the merged-in branch, without any new commits being created. @@ -1422,7 +1462,7 @@ Fixing a mistake by rewriting history If the problematic commit is the most recent commit, and you have not yet made that commit public, then you may just -<<undoing-a-merge,destroy it using git-reset>>. +<<undoing-a-merge,destroy it using `git reset`>>. Alternatively, you can edit the working directory and update the index to fix your @@ -1450,7 +1490,7 @@ Checking out an old version of a file In the process of undoing a previous bad change, you may find it useful to check out an older version of a particular file using -linkgit:git-checkout[1]. We've used git checkout before to switch +linkgit:git-checkout[1]. We've used `git checkout` before to switch branches, but it has quite different behavior if it is given a path name: the command @@ -1483,7 +1523,7 @@ so on a different branch and then coming back), unstash the work-in-progress changes. ------------------------------------------------ -$ git stash "work in progress for foo feature" +$ git stash save "work in progress for foo feature" ------------------------------------------------ This command will save your changes away to the `stash`, and @@ -1496,10 +1536,10 @@ $ git commit -a -m "blorpl: typofix" ------------------------------------------------ After that, you can go back to what you were working on with -`git stash apply`: +`git stash pop`: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git stash apply +$ git stash pop ------------------------------------------------ @@ -1518,7 +1558,7 @@ $ git gc ------------------------------------------------- to recompress the archive. This can be very time-consuming, so -you may prefer to run git-gc when you are not doing other work. +you may prefer to run `git gc` when you are not doing other work. [[ensuring-reliability]] @@ -1610,7 +1650,7 @@ In some situations the reflog may not be able to save you. For example, suppose you delete a branch, then realize you need the history it contained. The reflog is also deleted; however, if you have not yet pruned the repository, then you may still be able to find the lost -commits in the dangling objects that git-fsck reports. See +commits in the dangling objects that `git fsck` reports. See <<dangling-objects>> for the details. ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1651,15 +1691,15 @@ dangling objects can arise in other situations. Sharing development with others =============================== -[[getting-updates-with-git-pull]] +[[getting-updates-With-git-pull]] Getting updates with git pull ----------------------------- -After you clone a repository and make a few changes of your own, you +After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you may wish to check the original repository for updates and merge them into your own work. -We have already seen <<Updating-a-repository-with-git-fetch,how to +We have already seen <<Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch,how to keep remote tracking branches up to date>> with linkgit:git-fetch[1], and how to merge two branches. So you can merge in changes from the original repository's master branch with: @@ -1695,10 +1735,10 @@ producing a default commit message documenting the branch and repository that you pulled from. (But note that no such commit will be created in the case of a -<<fast-forwards,fast forward>>; instead, your branch will just be +<<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>; instead, your branch will just be updated to point to the latest commit from the upstream branch.) -The git-pull command can also be given "." as the "remote" repository, +The `git pull` command can also be given "." as the "remote" repository, in which case it just merges in a branch from the current repository; so the commands @@ -1770,8 +1810,8 @@ Public git repositories Another way to submit changes to a project is to tell the maintainer of that project to pull the changes from your repository using -linkgit:git-pull[1]. In the section "<<getting-updates-with-git-pull, -Getting updates with git pull>>" we described this as a way to get +linkgit:git-pull[1]. In the section "<<getting-updates-With-git-pull, +Getting updates with `git pull`>>" we described this as a way to get updates from the "main" repository, but it works just as well in the other direction. @@ -1823,7 +1863,7 @@ Setting up a public repository ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Assume your personal repository is in the directory ~/proj. We -first create a new clone of the repository and tell git-daemon that it +first create a new clone of the repository and tell `git daemon` that it is meant to be public: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1854,10 +1894,10 @@ repository>>", below. Otherwise, all you need to do is start linkgit:git-daemon[1]; it will listen on port 9418. By default, it will allow access to any directory that looks like a git directory and contains the magic file -git-daemon-export-ok. Passing some directory paths as git-daemon +git-daemon-export-ok. Passing some directory paths as `git daemon` arguments will further restrict the exports to those paths. -You can also run git-daemon as an inetd service; see the +You can also run `git daemon` as an inetd service; see the linkgit:git-daemon[1] man page for details. (See especially the examples section.) @@ -1876,12 +1916,11 @@ adjustments to give web clients some extra information they need: $ mv proj.git /home/you/public_html/proj.git $ cd proj.git $ git --bare update-server-info -$ chmod a+x hooks/post-update +$ mv hooks/post-update.sample hooks/post-update ------------------------------------------------- (For an explanation of the last two lines, see -linkgit:git-update-server-info[1], and the documentation -link:hooks.html[Hooks used by git].) +linkgit:git-update-server-info[1] and linkgit:githooks[5].) Advertise the URL of proj.git. Anybody else should then be able to clone or pull from that URL, for example with a command line like: @@ -1919,8 +1958,8 @@ or just $ git push ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git master ------------------------------------------------- -As with git-fetch, git-push will complain if this does not result in a -<<fast-forwards,fast forward>>; see the following section for details on +As with `git fetch`, `git push` will complain if this does not result in a +<<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>; see the following section for details on handling this case. Note that the target of a "push" is normally a @@ -1929,7 +1968,7 @@ repository that has a checked-out working tree, but the working tree will not be updated by the push. This may lead to unexpected results if the branch you push to is the currently checked-out branch! -As with git-fetch, you may also set up configuration options to +As with `git fetch`, you may also set up configuration options to save typing; so, for example, after ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1953,7 +1992,7 @@ details. What to do when a push fails ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -If a push would not result in a <<fast-forwards,fast forward>> of the +If a push would not result in a <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>> of the remote branch, then it will fail with an error like: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1971,7 +2010,7 @@ This can happen, for example, if you: - use `git rebase` to rebase any already-published commits (as in <<using-git-rebase>>). -You may force git-push to perform the update anyway by preceding the +You may force `git push` to perform the update anyway by preceding the branch name with a plus sign: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -1981,7 +2020,7 @@ $ git push ssh://yourserver.com/~you/proj.git +master Normally whenever a branch head in a public repository is modified, it is modified to point to a descendant of the commit that it pointed to before. By forcing a push in this situation, you break that convention. -(See <<problems-with-rewriting-history>>.) +(See <<problems-With-rewriting-history>>.) Nevertheless, this is a common practice for people that need a simple way to publish a work-in-progress patch series, and it is an acceptable @@ -1990,10 +2029,10 @@ intend to manage the branch. It's also possible for a push to fail in this way when other people have the right to push to the same repository. In that case, the correct -solution is to retry the push after first updating your work by either a -pull or a fetch followed by a rebase; see the +solution is to retry the push after first updating your work: either by a +pull, or by a fetch followed by a rebase; see the <<setting-up-a-shared-repository,next section>> and -link:cvs-migration.html[git for CVS users] for more. +linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7] for more. [[setting-up-a-shared-repository]] Setting up a shared repository @@ -2002,7 +2041,7 @@ Setting up a shared repository Another way to collaborate is by using a model similar to that commonly used in CVS, where several developers with special rights all push to and pull from a single shared repository. See -link:cvs-migration.html[git for CVS users] for instructions on how to +linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7] for instructions on how to set this up. However, while there is nothing wrong with git's support for shared @@ -2013,7 +2052,7 @@ advantages over the central shared repository: - Git's ability to quickly import and merge patches allows a single maintainer to process incoming changes even at very - high rates. And when that becomes too much, git-pull provides + high rates. And when that becomes too much, `git pull` provides an easy way for that maintainer to delegate this job to other maintainers while still allowing optional review of incoming changes. @@ -2092,7 +2131,7 @@ $ git checkout release && git pull Important note! If you have any local changes in these branches, then this merge will create a commit object in the history (with no local -changes git will simply do a "Fast forward" merge). Many people dislike +changes git will simply do a "fast-forward" merge). Many people dislike the "noise" that this creates in the Linux history, so you should avoid doing this capriciously in the "release" branch, as these noisy commits will become part of the permanent history when you ask Linus to pull @@ -2172,7 +2211,7 @@ they are for, or what status they are in. To get a reminder of what changes are in a specific branch, use: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git log linux..branchname | git-shortlog +$ git log linux..branchname | git shortlog ------------------------------------------------- To see whether it has already been merged into the test or release branches, @@ -2381,7 +2420,7 @@ use them, and then explain some of the problems that can arise because you are rewriting history. [[using-git-rebase]] -Keeping a patch series up to date using git-rebase +Keeping a patch series up to date using git rebase -------------------------------------------------- Suppose that you create a branch "mywork" on a remote-tracking branch @@ -2433,7 +2472,7 @@ $ git rebase origin ------------------------------------------------- This will remove each of your commits from mywork, temporarily saving -them as patches (in a directory named ".dotest"), update mywork to +them as patches (in a directory named ".git/rebase-apply"), update mywork to point at the latest version of origin, then apply each of the saved patches to the new mywork. The result will look like: @@ -2445,9 +2484,9 @@ patches to the new mywork. The result will look like: ................................................ In the process, it may discover conflicts. In that case it will stop -and allow you to fix the conflicts; after fixing conflicts, use "git -add" to update the index with those contents, and then, instead of -running git-commit, just run +and allow you to fix the conflicts; after fixing conflicts, use `git add` +to update the index with those contents, and then, instead of +running `git commit`, just run ------------------------------------------------- $ git rebase --continue @@ -2485,7 +2524,7 @@ with $ git tag bad mywork~5 ------------------------------------------------- -(Either gitk or git-log may be useful for finding the commit.) +(Either gitk or `git log` may be useful for finding the commit.) Then check out that commit, edit it, and rebase the rest of the series on top of it (note that we could check out the commit on a temporary @@ -2526,12 +2565,12 @@ $ gitk origin..mywork & and browse through the list of patches in the mywork branch using gitk, applying them (possibly in a different order) to mywork-new using -cherry-pick, and possibly modifying them as you go using `commit --amend`. +cherry-pick, and possibly modifying them as you go using `git commit --amend`. The linkgit:git-gui[1] command may also help as it allows you to individually select diff hunks for inclusion in the index (by right-clicking on the diff hunk and choosing "Stage Hunk for Commit"). -Another technique is to use git-format-patch to create a series of +Another technique is to use `git format-patch` to create a series of patches, then reset the state to before the patches: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -2546,11 +2585,11 @@ them again with linkgit:git-am[1]. Other tools ----------- -There are numerous other tools, such as StGIT, which exist for the +There are numerous other tools, such as StGit, which exist for the purpose of maintaining a patch series. These are outside of the scope of this manual. -[[problems-with-rewriting-history]] +[[problems-With-rewriting-history]] Problems with rewriting history ------------------------------- @@ -2639,7 +2678,7 @@ you know is that D is bad, that Z is good, and that linkgit:git-bisect[1] identifies C as the culprit, how will you figure out that the problem is due to this change in semantics? -When the result of a git-bisect is a non-merge commit, you should +When the result of a `git bisect` is a non-merge commit, you should normally be able to discover the problem by examining just that commit. Developers can make this easy by breaking their changes into small self-contained commits. That won't help in the case above, however, @@ -2702,13 +2741,13 @@ master branch. In more detail: git fetch and fast-forwards --------------------------- -In the previous example, when updating an existing branch, "git -fetch" checks to make sure that the most recent commit on the remote +In the previous example, when updating an existing branch, "git fetch" +checks to make sure that the most recent commit on the remote branch is a descendant of the most recent commit on your copy of the branch before updating your copy of the branch to point at the new -commit. Git calls this process a <<fast-forwards,fast forward>>. +commit. Git calls this process a <<fast-forwards,fast-forward>>. -A fast forward looks something like this: +A fast-forward looks something like this: ................................................ o--o--o--o <-- old head of the branch @@ -2813,7 +2852,7 @@ $ git config remote.example.fetch +master:ref/remotes/example/master ------------------------------------------------- Don't do this unless you're sure you won't mind "git fetch" possibly -throwing away commits on mybranch. +throwing away commits on 'example/master'. Also note that all of the above configuration can be performed by directly editing the file .git/config instead of using @@ -2842,8 +2881,8 @@ The Object Database We already saw in <<understanding-commits>> that all commits are stored under a 40-digit "object name". In fact, all the information needed to represent the history of a project is stored in objects with such names. -In each case the name is calculated by taking the SHA1 hash of the -contents of the object. The SHA1 hash is a cryptographic hash function. +In each case the name is calculated by taking the SHA-1 hash of the +contents of the object. The SHA-1 hash is a cryptographic hash function. What that means to us is that it is impossible to find two different objects with the same name. This has a number of advantages; among others: @@ -2854,16 +2893,16 @@ others: same content stored in two repositories will always be stored under the same name. - Git can detect errors when it reads an object, by checking that the - object's name is still the SHA1 hash of its contents. + object's name is still the SHA-1 hash of its contents. (See <<object-details>> for the details of the object formatting and -SHA1 calculation.) +SHA-1 calculation.) There are four different types of objects: "blob", "tree", "commit", and "tag". - A <<def_blob_object,"blob" object>> is used to store file data. -- A <<def_tree_object,"tree" object>> is an object that ties one or more +- A <<def_tree_object,"tree" object>> ties one or more "blob" objects into a directory structure. In addition, a tree object can refer to other tree objects, thus creating a directory hierarchy. - A <<def_commit_object,"commit" object>> ties such directory hierarchies @@ -2903,9 +2942,9 @@ committer Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> 1187591163 -0700 As you can see, a commit is defined by: -- a tree: The SHA1 name of a tree object (as defined below), representing +- a tree: The SHA-1 name of a tree object (as defined below), representing the contents of a directory at a certain point in time. -- parent(s): The SHA1 name of some number of commits which represent the +- parent(s): The SHA-1 name of some number of commits which represent the immediately previous step(s) in the history of the project. The example above has one parent; merge commits may have more than one. A commit with no parents is called a "root" commit, and @@ -2954,13 +2993,13 @@ $ git ls-tree fb3a8bdd0ce ------------------------------------------------ As you can see, a tree object contains a list of entries, each with a -mode, object type, SHA1 name, and name, sorted by name. It represents +mode, object type, SHA-1 name, and name, sorted by name. It represents the contents of a single directory tree. The object type may be a blob, representing the contents of a file, or another tree, representing the contents of a subdirectory. Since trees -and blobs, like all other objects, are named by the SHA1 hash of their -contents, two trees have the same SHA1 name if and only if their +and blobs, like all other objects, are named by the SHA-1 hash of their +contents, two trees have the same SHA-1 name if and only if their contents (including, recursively, the contents of all subdirectories) are identical. This allows git to quickly determine the differences between two related tree objects, since it can ignore any entries with @@ -3006,15 +3045,15 @@ currently checked out. Trust ~~~~~ -If you receive the SHA1 name of a blob from one source, and its contents +If you receive the SHA-1 name of a blob from one source, and its contents from another (possibly untrusted) source, you can still trust that those -contents are correct as long as the SHA1 name agrees. This is because -the SHA1 is designed so that it is infeasible to find different contents +contents are correct as long as the SHA-1 name agrees. This is because +the SHA-1 is designed so that it is infeasible to find different contents that produce the same hash. -Similarly, you need only trust the SHA1 name of a top-level tree object +Similarly, you need only trust the SHA-1 name of a top-level tree object to trust the contents of the entire directory that it refers to, and if -you receive the SHA1 name of a commit from a trusted source, then you +you receive the SHA-1 name of a commit from a trusted source, then you can easily verify the entire history of commits reachable through parents of that commit, and all of those contents of the trees referred to by those commits. @@ -3026,7 +3065,7 @@ that you trust that commit, and the immutability of the history of commits tells others that they can trust the whole history. In other words, you can easily validate a whole archive by just -sending out a single email that tells the people the name (SHA1 hash) +sending out a single email that tells the people the name (SHA-1 hash) of the top commit, and digitally sign that email using something like GPG/PGP. @@ -3038,7 +3077,7 @@ Tag Object A tag object contains an object, object type, tag name, the name of the person ("tagger") who created the tag, and a message, which may contain -a signature, as can be seen using the linkgit:git-cat-file[1]: +a signature, as can be seen using linkgit:git-cat-file[1]: ------------------------------------------------ $ git cat-file tag v1.5.0 @@ -3067,7 +3106,7 @@ How git stores objects efficiently: pack files ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Newly created objects are initially created in a file named after the -object's SHA1 hash (stored in .git/objects). +object's SHA-1 hash (stored in .git/objects). Unfortunately this system becomes inefficient once a project has a lot of objects. Try this on an old project: @@ -3202,9 +3241,9 @@ and they'll be gone. But you should only run "git prune" on a quiescent repository--it's kind of like doing a filesystem fsck recovery: you don't want to do that while the filesystem is mounted. -(The same is true of "git-fsck" itself, btw, but since -git-fsck never actually *changes* the repository, it just reports -on what it found, git-fsck itself is never "dangerous" to run. +(The same is true of "git fsck" itself, btw, but since +`git fsck` never actually *changes* the repository, it just reports +on what it found, `git fsck` itself is never 'dangerous' to run. Running it while somebody is actually changing the repository can cause confusing and scary messages, but it won't actually do anything bad. In contrast, running "git prune" while somebody is actively changing the @@ -3236,7 +3275,7 @@ it is with linkgit:git-fsck[1]; this may be time-consuming. Assume the output looks like this: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git-fsck --full +$ git fsck --full broken link from tree 2d9263c6d23595e7cb2a21e5ebbb53655278dff8 to blob 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200 missing blob 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200 @@ -3274,7 +3313,7 @@ $ git hash-object -w somedirectory/myfile ------------------------------------------------ which will create and store a blob object with the contents of -somedirectory/myfile, and output the sha1 of that object. if you're +somedirectory/myfile, and output the SHA-1 of that object. if you're extremely lucky it might be 4b9458b3786228369c63936db65827de3cc06200, in which case you've guessed right, and the corruption is fixed! @@ -3336,7 +3375,7 @@ The index ----------- The index is a binary file (generally kept in .git/index) containing a -sorted list of path names, each with permissions and the SHA1 of a blob +sorted list of path names, each with permissions and the SHA-1 of a blob object; linkgit:git-ls-files[1] can show you the contents of the index: ------------------------------------------------- @@ -3460,7 +3499,7 @@ $ cd super $ git init $ for i in a b c d do - git submodule add ~/git/$i + git submodule add ~/git/$i $i done ------------------------------------------------- @@ -3473,10 +3512,10 @@ $ ls -a . .. .git .gitmodules a b c d ------------------------------------------------- -The `git submodule add` command does a couple of things: +The `git submodule add <repo> <path>` command does a couple of things: -- It clones the submodule under the current directory and by default checks out - the master branch. +- It clones the submodule from <repo> to the given <path> under the + current directory and by default checks out the master branch. - It adds the submodule's clone path to the linkgit:gitmodules[5] file and adds this file to the index, ready to be committed. - It adds the submodule's current commit ID to the index, ready to be @@ -3696,7 +3735,7 @@ removed. The only thing `--remove` means is that update-index will be considering a removed file to be a valid thing, and if the file really does not exist any more, it will update the index accordingly. -As a special case, you can also do `git-update-index --refresh`, which +As a special case, you can also do `git update-index --refresh`, which will refresh the "stat" information of each index to match the current stat information. It will 'not' update the object status itself, and it will only update the fields that are used to quickly test whether @@ -3731,7 +3770,7 @@ unsaved state that you might want to restore later!) your current index. Normal operation is just ------------------------------------------------- -$ git-read-tree <sha1 of tree> +$ git read-tree <SHA-1 of tree> ------------------------------------------------- and your index file will now be equivalent to the tree that you saved @@ -3746,7 +3785,7 @@ You update your working directory from the index by "checking out" files. This is not a very common operation, since normally you'd just keep your files updated, and rather than write to your working directory, you'd tell the index files about the changes in your -working directory (i.e. `git-update-index`). +working directory (i.e. `git update-index`). However, if you decide to jump to a new version, or check out somebody else's version, or just restore a previous tree, you'd populate your @@ -3754,12 +3793,12 @@ index file with read-tree, and then you need to check out the result with ------------------------------------------------- -$ git-checkout-index filename +$ git checkout-index filename ------------------------------------------------- or, if you want to check out all of the index, use `-a`. -NOTE! git-checkout-index normally refuses to overwrite old files, so +NOTE! `git checkout-index` normally refuses to overwrite old files, so if you have an old version of the tree already checked out, you will need to use the "-f" flag ('before' the "-a" flag or the filename) to 'force' the checkout. @@ -3772,7 +3811,7 @@ from one representation to the other: Tying it all together ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -To commit a tree you have instantiated with "git-write-tree", you'd +To commit a tree you have instantiated with "git write-tree", you'd create a "commit" object that refers to that tree and the history behind it--most notably the "parent" commits that preceded it in history. @@ -3791,13 +3830,13 @@ You create a commit object by giving it the tree that describes the state at the time of the commit, and a list of parents: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git-commit-tree <tree> -p <parent> [-p <parent2> ..] +$ git commit-tree <tree> -p <parent> [-p <parent2> ..] ------------------------------------------------- and then giving the reason for the commit on stdin (either through redirection from a pipe or file, or by just typing it at the tty). -git-commit-tree will return the name of the object that represents +`git commit-tree` will return the name of the object that represents that commit, and you should save it away for later use. Normally, you'd commit a new `HEAD` state, and while git doesn't care where you save the note about that state, in practice we tend to just write the @@ -3854,19 +3893,19 @@ linkgit:git-cat-file[1] to examine details about the object: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git-cat-file -t <objectname> +$ git cat-file -t <objectname> ------------------------------------------------- shows the type of the object, and once you have the type (which is usually implicit in where you find the object), you can use ------------------------------------------------- -$ git-cat-file blob|tree|commit|tag <objectname> +$ git cat-file blob|tree|commit|tag <objectname> ------------------------------------------------- to show its contents. NOTE! Trees have binary content, and as a result there is a special helper for showing that content, called -`git-ls-tree`, which turns the binary content into a more easily +`git ls-tree`, which turns the binary content into a more easily readable form. It's especially instructive to look at "commit" objects, since those @@ -3875,7 +3914,7 @@ follow the convention of having the top commit name in `.git/HEAD`, you can do ------------------------------------------------- -$ git-cat-file commit HEAD +$ git cat-file commit HEAD ------------------------------------------------- to see what the top commit was. @@ -3899,7 +3938,7 @@ To get the "base" for the merge, you first look up the common parent of two commits with ------------------------------------------------- -$ git-merge-base <commit1> <commit2> +$ git merge-base <commit1> <commit2> ------------------------------------------------- which will return you the commit they are both based on. You should @@ -3907,7 +3946,7 @@ now look up the "tree" objects of those commits, which you can easily do with (for example) ------------------------------------------------- -$ git-cat-file commit <commitname> | head -1 +$ git cat-file commit <commitname> | head -1 ------------------------------------------------- since the tree object information is always the first line in a commit @@ -3924,12 +3963,12 @@ you have in your current index anyway). To do the merge, do ------------------------------------------------- -$ git-read-tree -m -u <origtree> <yourtree> <targettree> +$ git read-tree -m -u <origtree> <yourtree> <targettree> ------------------------------------------------- which will do all trivial merge operations for you directly in the index file, and you can just write the result out with -`git-write-tree`. +`git write-tree`. [[merging-multiple-trees-2]] @@ -3943,25 +3982,25 @@ entries" in it. Such an index tree can 'NOT' be written out to a tree object, and you will have to resolve any such merge clashes using other tools before you can write out the result. -You can examine such index state with `git-ls-files --unmerged` +You can examine such index state with `git ls-files --unmerged` command. An example: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git-read-tree -m $orig HEAD $target -$ git-ls-files --unmerged +$ git read-tree -m $orig HEAD $target +$ git ls-files --unmerged 100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1 hello.c 100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2 hello.c 100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3 hello.c ------------------------------------------------ -Each line of the `git-ls-files --unmerged` output begins with -the blob mode bits, blob SHA1, 'stage number', and the +Each line of the `git ls-files --unmerged` output begins with +the blob mode bits, blob SHA-1, 'stage number', and the filename. The 'stage number' is git's way to say which tree it came from: stage 1 corresponds to `$orig` tree, stage 2 `HEAD` tree, and stage3 `$target` tree. Earlier we said that trivial merges are done inside -`git-read-tree -m`. For example, if the file did not change +`git read-tree -m`. For example, if the file did not change from `$orig` to `HEAD` nor `$target`, or if the file changed from `$orig` to `HEAD` and `$orig` to `$target` the same way, obviously the final outcome is what is in `HEAD`. What the @@ -3972,9 +4011,9 @@ program, e.g. `diff3`, `merge`, or git's own merge-file, on the blob objects from these three stages yourself, like this: ------------------------------------------------ -$ git-cat-file blob 263414f... >hello.c~1 -$ git-cat-file blob 06fa6a2... >hello.c~2 -$ git-cat-file blob cc44c73... >hello.c~3 +$ git cat-file blob 263414f... >hello.c~1 +$ git cat-file blob 06fa6a2... >hello.c~2 +$ git cat-file blob cc44c73... >hello.c~3 $ git merge-file hello.c~2 hello.c~1 hello.c~3 ------------------------------------------------ @@ -3985,20 +4024,20 @@ merge result for this file is by: ------------------------------------------------- $ mv -f hello.c~2 hello.c -$ git-update-index hello.c +$ git update-index hello.c ------------------------------------------------- -When a path is in unmerged state, running `git-update-index` for +When a path is in the "unmerged" state, running `git update-index` for that path tells git to mark the path resolved. The above is the description of a git merge at the lowest level, to help you understand what conceptually happens under the hood. -In practice, nobody, not even git itself, uses three `git-cat-file` -for this. There is `git-merge-index` program that extracts the +In practice, nobody, not even git itself, runs `git cat-file` three times +for this. There is a `git merge-index` program that extracts the stages to temporary files and calls a "merge" script on it: ------------------------------------------------- -$ git-merge-index git-merge-one-file hello.c +$ git merge-index git-merge-one-file hello.c ------------------------------------------------- and that is what higher level `git merge -s resolve` is implemented with. @@ -4022,12 +4061,12 @@ objects). There are currently four different object types: "blob", Regardless of object type, all objects share the following characteristics: they are all deflated with zlib, and have a header that not only specifies their type, but also provides size information -about the data in the object. It's worth noting that the SHA1 hash +about the data in the object. It's worth noting that the SHA-1 hash that is used to name the object is the hash of the original data plus this header, so `sha1sum` 'file' does not match the object name for 'file'. (Historical note: in the dawn of the age of git the hash -was the sha1 of the 'compressed' object.) +was the SHA-1 of the 'compressed' object.) As a result, the general consistency of an object can always be tested independently of the contents or the type of the object: all objects can @@ -4038,7 +4077,7 @@ size> {plus} <byte\0> {plus} <binary object data>. The structured objects can further have their structure and connectivity to other objects verified. This is generally done with -the `git-fsck` program, which generates a full dependency graph +the `git fsck` program, which generates a full dependency graph of all objects, and verifies their internal consistency (in addition to just verifying their superficial consistency through the hash). @@ -4063,7 +4102,7 @@ Note that terminology has changed since that revision. For example, the README in that revision uses the word "changeset" to describe what we now call a <<def_commit_object,commit>>. -Also, we do not call it "cache" any more, but "index", however, the +Also, we do not call it "cache" any more, but rather "index"; however, the file is still called `cache.h`. Remark: Not much reason to change it now, especially since there is no good single name for it anyway, because it is basically _the_ header file which is included by _all_ of Git's C sources. @@ -4106,20 +4145,20 @@ $ git-rev-list --pretty $(git-rev-parse --default HEAD "$@") | \ What does this mean? -`git-rev-list` is the original version of the revision walker, which +`git rev-list` is the original version of the revision walker, which _always_ printed a list of revisions to stdout. It is still functional, -and needs to, since most new Git programs start out as scripts using -`git-rev-list`. +and needs to, since most new Git commands start out as scripts using +`git rev-list`. -`git-rev-parse` is not as important any more; it was only used to filter out +`git rev-parse` is not as important any more; it was only used to filter out options that were relevant for the different plumbing commands that were called by the script. -Most of what `git-rev-list` did is contained in `revision.c` and +Most of what `git rev-list` did is contained in `revision.c` and `revision.h`. It wraps the options in a struct named `rev_info`, which controls how and what revisions are walked, and more. -The original job of `git-rev-parse` is now taken by the function +The original job of `git rev-parse` is now taken by the function `setup_revisions()`, which parses the revisions and the common command line options for the revision walker. This information is stored in the struct `rev_info` for later consumption. You can do your own command line option @@ -4129,7 +4168,7 @@ commits one by one with the function `get_revision()`. If you are interested in more details of the revision walking process, just have a look at the first implementation of `cmd_log()`; call -`git-show v1.3.0{tilde}155^2{tilde}4` and scroll down to that function (note that you +`git show v1.3.0{tilde}155^2{tilde}4` and scroll down to that function (note that you no longer need to call `setup_pager()` directly). Nowadays, `git log` is a builtin, which means that it is _contained_ in the @@ -4175,7 +4214,7 @@ it does. ------------------------------------------------------------------ git_config(git_default_config); if (argc != 3) - usage("git-cat-file [-t|-s|-e|-p|<type>] <sha1>"); + usage("git cat-file [-t|-s|-e|-p|<type>] <sha1>"); if (get_sha1(argv[2], sha1)) die("Not a valid object name %s", argv[2]); ------------------------------------------------------------------ @@ -4252,7 +4291,10 @@ You see, Git is actually the best tool to find out about the source of Git itself! [[glossary]] -include::glossary.txt[] +Git Glossary +============ + +include::glossary-content.txt[] [[git-quick-start]] Appendix A: Git Quick Reference @@ -4340,7 +4382,9 @@ $ git remote show example # get details * remote example URL: git://example.com/project.git Tracked remote branches - master next ... + master + next + ... $ git fetch example # update branches from example $ git branch -r # list all remote branches ----------------------------------------------- @@ -4502,7 +4546,7 @@ The basic requirements: - Whenever possible, section headings should clearly describe the task they explain how to do, in language that requires no more knowledge than necessary: for example, "importing patches into a project" rather - than "the git-am command" + than "the `git am` command" Think about how to create a clear chapter dependency graph that will allow people to get to important topics without necessarily reading @@ -4544,4 +4588,3 @@ Alternates, clone -reference, etc. More on recovery from repository corruption. See: http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=git&m=117263864820799&w=2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=git&m=117147855503798&w=2 - http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=git&m=117147855503798&w=2 |