diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
90 files changed, 3218 insertions, 402 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines index b1f199b..711cb91 100644 --- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines +++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines @@ -175,6 +175,11 @@ For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive): does not have such a problem. + - Even though "local" is not part of POSIX, we make heavy use of it + in our test suite. We do not use it in scripted Porcelains, and + hopefully nobody starts using "local" before they are reimplemented + in C ;-) + For C programs: @@ -498,7 +503,12 @@ Error Messages - Do not end error messages with a full stop. - - Do not capitalize ("unable to open %s", not "Unable to open %s") + - Do not capitalize the first word, only because it is the first word + in the message ("unable to open %s", not "Unable to open %s"). But + "SHA-3 not supported" is fine, because the reason the first word is + capitalized is not because it is at the beginning of the sentence, + but because the word would be spelled in capital letters even when + it appeared in the middle of the sentence. - Say what the error is first ("cannot open %s", not "%s: cannot open") diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile index 81d1bf7..f5605b7 100644 --- a/Documentation/Makefile +++ b/Documentation/Makefile @@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ MAN1_TXT = MAN5_TXT = MAN7_TXT = +HOWTO_TXT = +DOC_DEP_TXT = TECH_DOCS = ARTICLES = SP_ARTICLES = @@ -42,6 +44,11 @@ MAN7_TXT += gittutorial-2.txt MAN7_TXT += gittutorial.txt MAN7_TXT += gitworkflows.txt +HOWTO_TXT += $(wildcard howto/*.txt) + +DOC_DEP_TXT += $(wildcard *.txt) +DOC_DEP_TXT += $(wildcard config/*.txt) + ifdef MAN_FILTER MAN_TXT = $(filter $(MAN_FILTER),$(MAN1_TXT) $(MAN5_TXT) $(MAN7_TXT)) else @@ -76,6 +83,7 @@ SP_ARTICLES += howto/rebuild-from-update-hook SP_ARTICLES += howto/rebase-from-internal-branch SP_ARTICLES += howto/keep-canonical-history-correct SP_ARTICLES += howto/maintain-git +SP_ARTICLES += howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases API_DOCS = $(patsubst %.txt,%,$(filter-out technical/api-index-skel.txt technical/api-index.txt, $(wildcard technical/api-*.txt))) SP_ARTICLES += $(API_DOCS) @@ -90,6 +98,7 @@ TECH_DOCS += technical/multi-pack-index TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-format TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-heuristics TECH_DOCS += technical/pack-protocol +TECH_DOCS += technical/parallel-checkout TECH_DOCS += technical/partial-clone TECH_DOCS += technical/protocol-capabilities TECH_DOCS += technical/protocol-common @@ -130,6 +139,7 @@ ASCIIDOC_CONF = -f asciidoc.conf ASCIIDOC_COMMON = $(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) $(ASCIIDOC_CONF) \ -amanversion=$(GIT_VERSION) \ -amanmanual='Git Manual' -amansource='Git' +ASCIIDOC_DEPS = asciidoc.conf GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS TXT_TO_HTML = $(ASCIIDOC_COMMON) -b $(ASCIIDOC_HTML) TXT_TO_XML = $(ASCIIDOC_COMMON) -b $(ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK) MANPAGE_XSL = manpage-normal.xsl @@ -184,6 +194,7 @@ ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook5 ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -acompat-mode -atabsize=8 ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -I. -rasciidoctor-extensions ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -alitdd='&\#x2d;&\#x2d;' +ASCIIDOC_DEPS = asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS DBLATEX_COMMON = XMLTO_EXTRA += --skip-validation XMLTO_EXTRA += -x manpage.xsl @@ -284,10 +295,8 @@ docdep_prereqs = \ mergetools-list.made $(mergetools_txt) \ cmd-list.made $(cmds_txt) -doc.dep : $(docdep_prereqs) $(wildcard *.txt) $(wildcard config/*.txt) build-docdep.perl - $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - $(PERL_PATH) ./build-docdep.perl >$@+ $(QUIET_STDERR) && \ - mv $@+ $@ +doc.dep : $(docdep_prereqs) $(DOC_DEP_TXT) build-docdep.perl + $(QUIET_GEN)$(PERL_PATH) ./build-docdep.perl >$@ $(QUIET_STDERR) ifneq ($(MAKECMDGOALS),clean) -include doc.dep @@ -307,8 +316,7 @@ cmds_txt = cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt \ $(cmds_txt): cmd-list.made cmd-list.made: cmd-list.perl ../command-list.txt $(MAN1_TXT) - $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@ && \ - $(PERL_PATH) ./cmd-list.perl ../command-list.txt $(cmds_txt) $(QUIET_STDERR) && \ + $(QUIET_GEN)$(PERL_PATH) ./cmd-list.perl ../command-list.txt $(cmds_txt) $(QUIET_STDERR) && \ date >$@ mergetools_txt = mergetools-diff.txt mergetools-merge.txt @@ -316,7 +324,7 @@ mergetools_txt = mergetools-diff.txt mergetools-merge.txt $(mergetools_txt): mergetools-list.made mergetools-list.made: ../git-mergetool--lib.sh $(wildcard ../mergetools/*) - $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@ && \ + $(QUIET_GEN) \ $(SHELL_PATH) -c 'MERGE_TOOLS_DIR=../mergetools && \ . ../git-mergetool--lib.sh && \ show_tool_names can_diff "* " || :' >mergetools-diff.txt && \ @@ -345,32 +353,23 @@ clean: $(RM) manpage-base-url.xsl $(RM) GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS -$(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS - $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - $(TXT_TO_HTML) -d manpage -o $@+ $< && \ - mv $@+ $@ +$(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt $(ASCIIDOC_DEPS) + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(TXT_TO_HTML) -d manpage -o $@ $< -$(OBSOLETE_HTML): %.html : %.txto asciidoc.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS - $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - $(TXT_TO_HTML) -o $@+ $< && \ - mv $@+ $@ +$(OBSOLETE_HTML): %.html : %.txto $(ASCIIDOC_DEPS) + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(TXT_TO_HTML) -o $@ $< manpage-base-url.xsl: manpage-base-url.xsl.in $(QUIET_GEN)sed "s|@@MAN_BASE_URL@@|$(MAN_BASE_URL)|" $< > $@ %.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml manpage-base-url.xsl $(wildcard manpage*.xsl) - $(QUIET_XMLTO)$(RM) $@ && \ - $(XMLTO) -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) $(XMLTO_EXTRA) man $< + $(QUIET_XMLTO)$(XMLTO) -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) $(XMLTO_EXTRA) man $< -%.xml : %.txt asciidoc.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS - $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - $(TXT_TO_XML) -d manpage -o $@+ $< && \ - mv $@+ $@ +%.xml : %.txt $(ASCIIDOC_DEPS) + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(TXT_TO_XML) -d manpage -o $@ $< user-manual.xml: user-manual.txt user-manual.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS - $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - $(TXT_TO_XML) -d book -o $@+ $< && \ - mv $@+ $@ + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(TXT_TO_XML) -d book -o $@ $< technical/api-index.txt: technical/api-index-skel.txt \ technical/api-index.sh $(patsubst %,%.txt,$(API_DOCS)) @@ -391,46 +390,35 @@ XSLTOPTS += --stringparam html.stylesheet docbook-xsl.css XSLTOPTS += --param generate.consistent.ids 1 user-manual.html: user-manual.xml $(XSLT) - $(QUIET_XSLTPROC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - xsltproc $(XSLTOPTS) -o $@+ $(XSLT) $< && \ - mv $@+ $@ + $(QUIET_XSLTPROC)xsltproc $(XSLTOPTS) -o $@ $(XSLT) $< git.info: user-manual.texi $(QUIET_MAKEINFO)$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -o $@ user-manual.texi user-manual.texi: user-manual.xml - $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) user-manual.xml --encoding=UTF-8 --to-stdout >$@++ && \ - $(PERL_PATH) fix-texi.perl <$@++ >$@+ && \ - rm $@++ && \ - mv $@+ $@ + $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) user-manual.xml --encoding=UTF-8 --to-stdout >$@+ && \ + $(PERL_PATH) fix-texi.perl <$@+ >$@ && \ + $(RM) $@+ user-manual.pdf: user-manual.xml - $(QUIET_DBLATEX)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - $(DBLATEX) -o $@+ $(DBLATEX_COMMON) $< && \ - mv $@+ $@ + $(QUIET_DBLATEX)$(DBLATEX) -o $@ $(DBLATEX_COMMON) $< gitman.texi: $(MAN_XML) cat-texi.perl texi.xsl - $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ + $(QUIET_DB2TEXI) \ ($(foreach xml,$(sort $(MAN_XML)),xsltproc -o $(xml)+ texi.xsl $(xml) && \ $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --encoding=UTF-8 --to-stdout $(xml)+ && \ - rm $(xml)+ &&) true) > $@++ && \ - $(PERL_PATH) cat-texi.perl $@ <$@++ >$@+ && \ - rm $@++ && \ - mv $@+ $@ + $(RM) $(xml)+ &&) true) > $@+ && \ + $(PERL_PATH) cat-texi.perl $@ <$@+ >$@ && \ + $(RM) $@+ gitman.info: gitman.texi $(QUIET_MAKEINFO)$(MAKEINFO) --no-split --no-validate $*.texi $(patsubst %.txt,%.texi,$(MAN_TXT)): %.texi : %.xml - $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - $(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --to-stdout $*.xml >$@+ && \ - mv $@+ $@ + $(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --to-stdout $*.xml >$@ -howto-index.txt: howto-index.sh $(wildcard howto/*.txt) - $(QUIET_GEN)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ - '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./howto-index.sh $(sort $(wildcard howto/*.txt)) >$@+ && \ - mv $@+ $@ +howto-index.txt: howto-index.sh $(HOWTO_TXT) + $(QUIET_GEN)'$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./howto-index.sh $(sort $(HOWTO_TXT)) >$@ $(patsubst %,%.html,$(ARTICLES)) : %.html : %.txt $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(TXT_TO_HTML) $*.txt @@ -438,11 +426,10 @@ $(patsubst %,%.html,$(ARTICLES)) : %.html : %.txt WEBDOC_DEST = /pub/software/scm/git/docs howto/%.html: ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-relative-html-prefix=../ -$(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(wildcard howto/*.txt)): %.html : %.txt GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS - $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \ +$(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(HOWTO_TXT)): %.html : %.txt GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS + $(QUIET_ASCIIDOC) \ sed -e '1,/^$$/d' $< | \ - $(TXT_TO_HTML) - >$@+ && \ - mv $@+ $@ + $(TXT_TO_HTML) - >$@ install-webdoc : html '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./install-webdoc.sh $(WEBDOC_DEST) @@ -470,11 +457,20 @@ print-man1: @for i in $(MAN1_TXT); do echo $$i; done lint-docs:: - $(QUIET_LINT)$(PERL_PATH) lint-gitlink.perl + $(QUIET_LINT)$(PERL_PATH) lint-gitlink.perl \ + $(HOWTO_TXT) $(DOC_DEP_TXT) \ + --section=1 $(MAN1_TXT) \ + --section=5 $(MAN5_TXT) \ + --section=7 $(MAN7_TXT); \ + $(PERL_PATH) lint-man-end-blurb.perl $(MAN_TXT); \ + $(PERL_PATH) lint-man-section-order.perl $(MAN_TXT); ifeq ($(wildcard po/Makefile),po/Makefile) doc-l10n install-l10n:: $(MAKE) -C po $@ endif +# Delete the target file on error +.DELETE_ON_ERROR: + .PHONY: FORCE diff --git a/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt index af0a9da..015cf24 100644 --- a/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt +++ b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Veteran contributors who are especially interested in helping mentor newcomers are present on the list. In order to avoid search indexers, group membership is required to view messages; anyone can join and no approval is required. -==== https://webchat.freenode.net/#git-devel[#git-devel] on Freenode +==== https://web.libera.chat/#git-devel[#git-devel] on Libera Chat This IRC channel is for conversations between Git contributors. If someone is currently online and knows the answer to your question, you can receive help @@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ either examining recent pull requests where someone has been granted `/allow` (https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git/pulls?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+%22%2Fallow%22[Search: is:pr is:open "/allow"]), in which case both the author and the person who granted the `/allow` can now `/allow` you, or by inquiring on the -https://webchat.freenode.net/#git-devel[#git-devel] IRC channel on Freenode +https://web.libera.chat/#git-devel[#git-devel] IRC channel on Libera Chat linking your pull request and asking for someone to `/allow` you. If the CI fails, you can update your changes with `git rebase -i` and push your diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt index ae05778..ad36c0f 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Fixes since v1.6.0.2 if the working tree is currently dirty. * "git for-each-ref --format=%(subject)" fixed for commits with no - no newline in the message body. + newline in the message body. * "git remote" fixed to protect printf from user input. diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt index 255e185..2e75299 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.8.4.txt @@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ details). (merge 2fbd4f9 mh/maint-lockfile-overflow later to maint). * Invocations of "git checkout" used internally by "git rebase" were - counted as "checkout", and affected later "git checkout -" to the + counted as "checkout", and affected later "git checkout -", which took the user to an unexpected place. (merge 3bed291 rr/rebase-checkout-reflog later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.29.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.29.0.txt index 06ba2f8..1f41302 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.29.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.29.0.txt @@ -184,8 +184,8 @@ Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. the ref backend in use, as its format is much richer than the normal refs, and written directly by "git fetch" as a plain file.. - * An unused binary has been discarded, and and a bunch of commands - have been turned into into built-in. + * An unused binary has been discarded, and a bunch of commands + have been turned into built-in. * A handful of places in in-tree code still relied on being able to execute the git subcommands, especially built-ins, in "git-foo" diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.32.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.32.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87d56fa --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.32.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,416 @@ +Git 2.32 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + + * ".gitattributes", ".gitignore", and ".mailmap" files that are + symbolic links are ignored. + + * "git apply --3way" used to first attempt a straight application, + and only fell back to the 3-way merge algorithm when the stright + application failed. Starting with this version, the command will + first try the 3-way merge algorithm and only when it fails (either + resulting with conflict or the base versions of blobs are missing), + falls back to the usual patch application. + + +Updates since v2.31 +------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * It does not make sense to make ".gitattributes", ".gitignore" and + ".mailmap" symlinks, as they are supposed to be usable from the + object store (think: bare repositories where HEAD:.mailmap etc. are + used). When these files are symbolic links, we used to read the + contents of the files pointed by them by mistake, which has been + corrected. + + * "git stash show" learned to optionally show untracked part of the + stash. + + * "git log --format='...'" learned "%(describe)" placeholder. + + * "git repack" so far has been only capable of repacking everything + under the sun into a single pack (or split by size). A cleverer + strategy to reduce the cost of repacking a repository has been + introduced. + + * The http codepath learned to let the credential layer to cache the + password used to unlock a certificate that has successfully been + used. + + * "git commit --fixup=<commit>", which was to tweak the changes made + to the contents while keeping the original log message intact, + learned "--fixup=(amend|reword):<commit>", that can be used to + tweak both the message and the contents, and only the message, + respectively. + + * "git send-email" learned to honor the core.hooksPath configuration. + + * "git format-patch -v<n>" learned to allow a reroll count that is + not an integer. + + * "git commit" learned "--trailer <key>[=<value>]" option; together + with the interpret-trailers command, this will make it easier to + support custom trailers. + + * "git clone --reject-shallow" option fails the clone as soon as we + notice that we are cloning from a shallow repository. + + * A configuration variable has been added to force tips of certain + refs to be given a reachability bitmap. + + * "gitweb" learned "e-mail privacy" feature to redact strings that + look like e-mail addresses on various pages. + + * "git apply --3way" has always been "to fall back to 3-way merge + only when straight application fails". Swap the order of falling + back so that 3-way is always attempted first (only when the option + is given, of course) and then straight patch application is used as + a fallback when it fails. + + * "git apply" now takes "--3way" and "--cached" at the same time, and + work and record results only in the index. + + * The command line completion (in contrib/) has learned that + CHERRY_PICK_HEAD is a possible pseudo-ref. + + * Userdiff patterns for "Scheme" has been added. + + * "git log" learned "--diff-merges=<style>" option, with an + associated configuration variable log.diffMerges. + + * "git log --format=..." placeholders learned %ah/%ch placeholders to + request the --date=human output. + + * Replace GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM mechanism to decline from reading the + system-wide configuration file with GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM that lets + users specify from which file to read the system-wide configuration + (setting it to an empty file would essentially be the same as + setting NOSYSTEM), and introduce GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL to override the + per-user configuration in $HOME/.gitconfig. + + * "git add" and "git rm" learned not to touch those paths that are + outside of sparse checkout. + + * "git rev-list" learns the "--filter=object:type=<type>" option, + which can be used to exclude objects of the given kind from the + packfile generated by pack-objects. + + * The command line completion (in contrib/) for "git stash" has been + updated. + + * "git subtree" updates. + + * It is now documented that "format-patch" skips merges. + + * Options to "git pack-objects" that take numeric values like + --window and --depth should not accept negative values; the input + validation has been tightened. + + * The way the command line specified by the trailer.<token>.command + configuration variable receives the end-user supplied value was + both error prone and misleading. An alternative to achieve the + same goal in a safer and more intuitive way has been added, as + the trailer.<token>.cmd configuration variable, to replace it. + + * "git add -i --dry-run" does not dry-run, which was surprising. The + combination of options has taught to error out. + + * "git push" learns to discover common ancestor with the receiving + end over protocol v2. This will hopefully make "git push" as + efficient as "git fetch" in avoiding objects from getting + transferred unnecessarily. + + * "git mailinfo" (hence "git am") learned the "--quoted-cr" option to + control how lines ending with CRLF wrapped in base64 or qp are + handled. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * Rename detection rework continues. + + * GIT_TEST_FAIL_PREREQS is a mechanism to skip test pieces with + prerequisites to catch broken tests that depend on the side effects + of optional pieces, but did not work at all when negative + prerequisites were involved. + (merge 27d578d904 jk/fail-prereq-testfix later to maint). + + * "git diff-index" codepath has been taught to trust fsmonitor status + to reduce number of lstat() calls. + (merge 7e5aa13d2c nk/diff-index-fsmonitor later to maint). + + * Reorganize Makefile to allow building git.o and other essential + objects without extra stuff needed only for testing. + + * Preparatory API changes for parallel checkout. + + * A simple IPC interface gets introduced to build services like + fsmonitor on top. + + * Fsck API clean-up. + + * SECURITY.md that is facing individual contributors and end users + has been introduced. Also a procedure to follow when preparing + embargoed releases has been spelled out. + (merge 09420b7648 js/security-md later to maint). + + * Optimize "rev-list --use-bitmap-index --objects" corner case that + uses negative tags as the stopping points. + + * CMake update for vsbuild. + + * An on-disk reverse-index to map the in-pack location of an object + back to its object name across multiple packfiles is introduced. + + * Generate [ec]tags under $(QUIET_GEN). + + * Clean-up codepaths that implements "git send-email --validate" + option and improves the message from it. + + * The last remnant of gettext-poison has been removed. + + * The test framework has been taught to optionally turn the default + merge strategy to "ort" throughout the system where we use + three-way merges internally, like cherry-pick, rebase etc., + primarily to enhance its test coverage (the strategy has been + available as an explicit "-s ort" choice). + + * A bit of code clean-up and a lot of test clean-up around userdiff + area. + + * Handling of "promisor packs" that allows certain objects to be + missing and lazily retrievable has been optimized (a bit). + + * When packet_write() fails, we gave an extra error message + unnecessarily, which has been corrected. + + * The checkout machinery has been taught to perform the actual + write-out of the files in parallel when able. + + * Show errno in the trace output in the error codepath that calls + read_raw_ref method. + + * Effort to make the command line completion (in contrib/) safe with + "set -u" continues. + + * Tweak a few tests for "log --format=..." that show timestamps in + various formats. + + * The reflog expiry machinery has been taught to emit trace events. + + * Over-the-wire protocol learns a new request type to ask for object + sizes given a list of object names. + + +Fixes since v2.31 +----------------- + + * The fsmonitor interface read from its input without making sure + there is something to read from. This bug is new in 2.31 + timeframe. + + * The data structure used by fsmonitor interface was not properly + duplicated during an in-core merge, leading to use-after-free etc. + + * "git bisect" reimplemented more in C during 2.30 timeframe did not + take an annotated tag as a good/bad endpoint well. This regression + has been corrected. + + * Fix macros that can silently inject unintended null-statements. + + * CALLOC_ARRAY() macro replaces many uses of xcalloc(). + + * Update insn in Makefile comments to run fuzz-all target. + + * Fix a corner case bug in "git mv" on case insensitive systems, + which was introduced in 2.29 timeframe. + + * We had a code to diagnose and die cleanly when a required + clean/smudge filter is missing, but an assert before that + unnecessarily fired, hiding the end-user facing die() message. + (merge 6fab35f748 mt/cleanly-die-upon-missing-required-filter later to maint). + + * Update C code that sets a few configuration variables when a remote + is configured so that it spells configuration variable names in the + canonical camelCase. + (merge 0f1da600e6 ab/remote-write-config-in-camel-case later to maint). + + * A new configuration variable has been introduced to allow choosing + which version of the generation number gets used in the + commit-graph file. + (merge 702110aac6 ds/commit-graph-generation-config later to maint). + + * Perf test update to work better in secondary worktrees. + (merge 36e834abc1 jk/perf-in-worktrees later to maint). + + * Updates to memory allocation code around the use of pcre2 library. + (merge c1760352e0 ab/grep-pcre2-allocfix later to maint). + + * "git -c core.bare=false clone --bare ..." would have segfaulted, + which has been corrected. + (merge 75555676ad bc/clone-bare-with-conflicting-config later to maint). + + * When "git checkout" removes a path that does not exist in the + commit it is checking out, it wasn't careful enough not to follow + symbolic links, which has been corrected. + (merge fab78a0c3d mt/checkout-remove-nofollow later to maint). + + * A few option description strings started with capital letters, + which were corrected. + (merge 5ee90326dc cc/downcase-opt-help later to maint). + + * Plug or annotate remaining leaks that trigger while running the + very basic set of tests. + (merge 68ffe095a2 ah/plugleaks later to maint). + + * The hashwrite() API uses a buffering mechanism to avoid calling + write(2) too frequently. This logic has been refactored to be + easier to understand. + (merge ddaf1f62e3 ds/clarify-hashwrite later to maint). + + * "git cherry-pick/revert" with or without "--[no-]edit" did not spawn + the editor as expected (e.g. "revert --no-edit" after a conflict + still asked to edit the message), which has been corrected. + (merge 39edfd5cbc en/sequencer-edit-upon-conflict-fix later to maint). + + * "git daemon" has been tightened against systems that take backslash + as directory separator. + (merge 9a7f1ce8b7 rs/daemon-sanitize-dir-sep later to maint). + + * A NULL-dereference bug has been corrected in an error codepath in + "git for-each-ref", "git branch --list" etc. + (merge c685450880 jk/ref-filter-segfault-fix later to maint). + + * Streamline the codepath to fix the UTF-8 encoding issues in the + argv[] and the prefix on macOS. + (merge c7d0e61016 tb/precompose-prefix-simplify later to maint). + + * The command-line completion script (in contrib/) had a couple of + references that would have given a warning under the "-u" (nounset) + option. + (merge c5c0548d79 vs/completion-with-set-u later to maint). + + * When "git pack-objects" makes a literal copy of a part of existing + packfile using the reachability bitmaps, its update to the progress + meter was broken. + (merge 8e118e8490 jk/pack-objects-bitmap-progress-fix later to maint). + + * The dependencies for config-list.h and command-list.h were broken + when the former was split out of the latter, which has been + corrected. + (merge 56550ea718 sg/bugreport-fixes later to maint). + + * "git push --quiet --set-upstream" was not quiet when setting the + upstream branch configuration, which has been corrected. + (merge f3cce896a8 ow/push-quiet-set-upstream later to maint). + + * The prefetch task in "git maintenance" assumed that "git fetch" + from any remote would fetch all its local branches, which would + fetch too much if the user is interested in only a subset of + branches there. + (merge 32f67888d8 ds/maintenance-prefetch-fix later to maint). + + * Clarify that pathnames recorded in Git trees are most often (but + not necessarily) encoded in UTF-8. + (merge 9364bf465d ab/pathname-encoding-doc later to maint). + + * "git --config-env var=val cmd" weren't accepted (only + --config-env=var=val was). + (merge c331551ccf ps/config-env-option-with-separate-value later to maint). + + * When the reachability bitmap is in effect, the "do not lose + recently created objects and those that are reachable from them" + safety to protect us from races were disabled by mistake, which has + been corrected. + (merge 2ba582ba4c jk/prune-with-bitmap-fix later to maint). + + * Cygwin pathname handling fix. + (merge bccc37fdc7 ad/cygwin-no-backslashes-in-paths later to maint). + + * "git rebase --[no-]reschedule-failed-exec" did not work well with + its configuration variable, which has been corrected. + (merge e5b32bffd1 ab/rebase-no-reschedule-failed-exec later to maint). + + * Portability fix for command line completion script (in contrib/). + (merge f2acf763e2 si/zsh-complete-comment-fix later to maint). + + * "git repack -A -d" in a partial clone unnecessarily loosened + objects in promisor pack. + + * "git bisect skip" when custom words are used for new/old did not + work, which has been corrected. + + * A few variants of informational message "Already up-to-date" has + been rephrased. + (merge ad9322da03 js/merge-already-up-to-date-message-reword later to maint). + + * "git submodule update --quiet" did not propagate the quiet option + down to underlying "git fetch", which has been corrected. + (merge 62af4bdd42 nc/submodule-update-quiet later to maint). + + * Document that our test can use "local" keyword. + (merge a84fd3bcc6 jc/test-allows-local later to maint). + + * The word-diff mode has been taught to work better with a word + regexp that can match an empty string. + (merge 0324e8fc6b pw/word-diff-zero-width-matches later to maint). + + * "git p4" learned to find branch points more efficiently. + (merge 6b79818bfb jk/p4-locate-branch-point-optim later to maint). + + * When "git update-ref -d" removes a ref that is packed, it left + empty directories under $GIT_DIR/refs/ for + (merge 5f03e5126d wc/packed-ref-removal-cleanup later to maint). + + * "git clean" and "git ls-files -i" had confusion around working on + or showing ignored paths inside an ignored directory, which has + been corrected. + (merge b548f0f156 en/dir-traversal later to maint). + + * The handling of "%(push)" formatting element of "for-each-ref" and + friends was broken when the same codepath started handling + "%(push:<what>)", which has been corrected. + (merge 1e1c4c5eac zh/ref-filter-push-remote-fix later to maint). + + * The bash prompt script (in contrib/) did not work under "set -u". + (merge 5c0cbdb107 en/prompt-under-set-u later to maint). + + * The "chainlint" feature in the test framework is a handy way to + catch common mistakes in writing new tests, but tends to get + expensive. An knob to selectively disable it has been introduced + to help running tests that the developer has not modified. + (merge 2d86a96220 jk/test-chainlint-softer later to maint). + + * The "rev-parse" command did not diagnose the lack of argument to + "--path-format" option, which was introduced in v2.31 era, which + has been corrected. + (merge 99fc555188 wm/rev-parse-path-format-wo-arg later to maint). + + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge f451960708 dl/cat-file-doc-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 12604a8d0c sv/t9801-test-path-is-file-cleanup later to maint). + (merge ea7e63921c jr/doc-ignore-typofix later to maint). + (merge 23c781f173 ps/update-ref-trans-hook-doc later to maint). + (merge 42efa1231a jk/filter-branch-sha256 later to maint). + (merge 4c8e3dca6e tb/push-simple-uses-branch-merge-config later to maint). + (merge 6534d436a2 bs/asciidoctor-installation-hints later to maint). + (merge 47957485b3 ab/read-tree later to maint). + (merge 2be927f3d1 ab/diff-no-index-tests later to maint). + (merge 76593c09bb ab/detox-gettext-tests later to maint). + (merge 28e29ee38b jc/doc-format-patch-clarify later to maint). + (merge fc12b6fdde fm/user-manual-use-preface later to maint). + (merge dba94e3a85 cc/test-helper-bloom-usage-fix later to maint). + (merge 61a7660516 hn/reftable-tables-doc-update later to maint). + (merge 81ed96a9b2 jt/fetch-pack-request-fix later to maint). + (merge 151b6c2dd7 jc/doc-do-not-capitalize-clarification later to maint). + (merge 9160068ac6 js/access-nul-emulation-on-windows later to maint). + (merge 7a14acdbe6 po/diff-patch-doc later to maint). + (merge f91371b948 pw/patience-diff-clean-up later to maint). + (merge 3a7f0908b6 mt/clean-clean later to maint). + (merge d4e2d15a8b ab/streaming-simplify later to maint). + (merge 0e59f7ad67 ah/merge-ort-i18n later to maint). + (merge e6f68f62e0 ls/typofix later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.33.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.33.0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a69531c --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.33.0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ +Git 2.33 Release Notes +====================== + +Backward compatibility notes +---------------------------- + + * The "-m" option in "git log -m" that does not specify which format, + if any, of diff is desired did not have any visible effect; it now + implies some form of diff (by default "--patch") is produced. + + You can disable the diff output with "git log -m --no-patch", but + then there probably isn't much point in passing "-m" in the first + place ;-). + + +Updates since Git 2.32 +---------------------- + +UI, Workflows & Features + + * "git send-email" learned the "--sendmail-cmd" command line option + and the "sendemail.sendmailCmd" configuration variable, which is a + more sensible approach than the current way of repurposing the + "smtp-server" that is meant to name the server to instead name the + command to talk to the server. + + * The "-m" option in "git log -m" that does not specify which format, + if any, of diff is desired did not have any visible effect; it now + implies some form of diff (by default "--patch") is produced. + + * The userdiff pattern for C# learned the token "record". + + * "git rev-list" learns to omit the "commit <object-name>" header + lines from the output with the `--no-commit-header` option. + + +Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc. + + * The code to handle the "--format" option in "for-each-ref" and + friends made too many string comparisons on %(atom)s used in the + format string, which has been corrected by converting them into + enum when the format string is parsed. + + * Use the hashfile API in the codepath that writes the index file to + reduce code duplication. + + * Repeated rename detections in a sequence of mergy operations have + been optimize out. + + * Preliminary clean-up of tests before the main reftable changes + hits the codebase. + + * The backend for "diff -G/-S" has been updated to use pcre2 engine + when available. + + * Use ".DELETE_ON_ERROR" pseudo target to simplify our Makefile. + + * Code cleanup around struct_type_init() functions. + + * "git send-email" optimization. + + * GitHub Actions / CI update. + (merge 0dc787a9f2 js/ci-windows-update later to maint). + + +Fixes since v2.32 +----------------- + + * We historically rejected a very short string as an author name + while accepting a patch e-mail, which has been loosened. + (merge 72ee47ceeb ef/mailinfo-short-name later to maint). + + * The parallel checkout codepath did not initialize object ID field + used to talk to the worker processes in a futureproof way. + + * Rewrite code that triggers undefined behaviour warning. + (merge aafa5df0df jn/size-t-casted-to-off-t-fix later to maint). + + * The description of "fast-forward" in the glossary has been updated. + (merge e22f2daed0 ry/clarify-fast-forward-in-glossary later to maint). + + * Recent "git clone" left a temporary directory behind when the + transport layer returned an failure. + (merge 6aacb7d861 jk/clone-clean-upon-transport-error later to maint). + + * "git fetch" over protocol v2 left its side of the socket open after + it finished speaking, which unnecessarily wasted the resource on + the other side. + (merge ae1a7eefff jk/fetch-pack-v2-half-close-early later to maint). + + * The command line completion (in contrib/) learned that "git diff" + takes the "--anchored" option. + (merge d1e7c2cac9 tb/complete-diff-anchored later to maint). + + * "git-svn" tests assumed that "locale -a", which is used to pick an + available UTF-8 locale, is available everywhere. A knob has been + introduced to allow testers to specify a suitable locale to use. + (merge 482c962de4 dd/svn-test-wo-locale-a later to maint). + + * Update "git subtree" to work better on Windows. + (merge 77f37de39f js/subtree-on-windows-fix later to maint). + + * Remove multimail from contrib/ + (merge f74d11471f js/no-more-multimail later to maint). + + * Make the codebase MSAN clean. + (merge 4dbc55e87d ah/uninitialized-reads-fix later to maint). + + * Work around inefficient glob substitution in older versions of bash + by rewriting parts of a test. + (merge eb87c6f559 jx/t6020-with-older-bash later to maint). + + * Avoid duplicated work while building reachability bitmaps. + (merge aa9ad6fee5 jk/bitmap-tree-optim later to maint). + + * We broke "GIT_SKIP_TESTS=t?000" to skip certain tests in recent + update, which got fixed. + + * The side-band demultiplexer that is used to display progress output + from the remote end did not clear the line properly when the end of + line hits at a packet boundary, which has been corrected. + + * Some test scripts assumed that readlink(1) was universally + installed and available, which is not the case. + (merge 7c0afdf23c jk/test-without-readlink-1 later to maint). + + * Recent update to completion script (in contrib/) broke those who + use the __git_complete helper to define completion to their custom + command. + (merge cea232194d fw/complete-cmd-idx-fix later to maint). + + * Output from some of our tests were affected by the width of the + terminal that they were run in, which has been corrected by + exporting a fixed value in the COLUMNS environment. + (merge c49a177bec ab/fix-columns-to-80-during-tests later to maint). + + * On Windows, mergetool has been taught to find kdiff3.exe just like + it finds winmerge.exe. + (merge 47eb4c6890 ms/mergetools-kdiff3-on-windows later to maint). + + * When we cannot figure out how wide the terminal is, we use a + fallback value of 80 ourselves (which cannot be avoided), but when + we run the pager, we export it in COLUMNS, which forces the pager + to use the hardcoded value, even when the pager is perfectly + capable to figure it out itself. Stop exporting COLUMNS when we + fall back on the hardcoded default value for our own use. + (merge 9b6e2c8b98 js/stop-exporting-bogus-columns later to maint). + + * "git cat-file --batch-all-objects"" misbehaved when "--batch" is in + use and did not ask for certain object traits. + (merge ee02ac6164 zh/cat-file-batch-fix later to maint). + + * Some code and doc clarification around "git push". + + * The "union" conflict resultion variant misbehaved when used with + binary merge driver. + (merge 382b601acd jk/union-merge-binary later to maint). + + * Prevent "git p4" from failing to submit changes to binary file. + (merge 54662d5958 dc/p4-binary-submit-fix later to maint). + + * "git grep --and -e foo" ought to have been diagnosed as an error + but instead segfaulted, which has been corrected. + (merge fe7fe62d8d rs/grep-parser-fix later to maint). + + * The merge code had funny interactions between content based rename + detection and directory rename detection. + (merge 3585d0ea23 en/merge-dir-rename-corner-case-fix later to maint). + + * When rebuilding the multi-pack index file reusing an existing one, + we used to blindly trust the existing file and ended up carrying + corrupted data into the updated file, which has been corrected. + (merge f89ecf7988 tb/midx-use-checksum later to maint). + + * Update the location of system-side configuration file on Windows. + (merge e355307692 js/gfw-system-config-loc-fix later to maint). + + * Code recently added to support common ancestry negotiation during + "git push" did not sanity check its arguments carefully enough. + (merge eff40457a4 ab/fetch-negotiate-segv-fix later to maint). + + * Update the documentation not to assume users are of certain gender + and adds to guidelines to do so. + (merge 46a237f42f ds/gender-neutral-doc later to maint). + + * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc. + (merge bfe35a6165 ah/doc-describe later to maint). + (merge f302c1e4aa jc/clarify-revision-range later to maint). + (merge 3127ff90ea tl/fix-packfile-uri-doc later to maint). + (merge a84216c684 jk/doc-color-pager later to maint). + (merge 4e0a64a713 ab/trace2-squelch-gcc-warning later to maint). + (merge 225f7fa847 ps/rev-list-object-type-filter later to maint). + (merge 5317dfeaed dd/honor-users-tar-in-tests later to maint). + (merge ace6d8e3d6 tk/partial-clone-repack-doc later to maint). + (merge 7ba68e0cf1 js/trace2-discard-event-docfix later to maint). + (merge 8603c419d3 fc/doc-default-to-upstream-config later to maint). + (merge 1d72b604ef jk/revision-squelch-gcc-warning later to maint). + (merge abcb66c614 ar/typofix later to maint). + (merge 9853830787 ah/graph-typofix later to maint). + (merge aac578492d ab/config-hooks-path-testfix later to maint). + (merge 98c7656a18 ar/more-typofix later to maint). + (merge 6fb9195f6c jk/doc-max-pack-size later to maint). + (merge 4184cbd635 ar/mailinfo-memcmp-to-skip-prefix later to maint). + (merge 91d2347033 ar/doc-libera-chat-in-my-first-contrib later to maint). + (merge 338abb0f04 ab/cmd-foo-should-return later to maint). + (merge 546096a5cb ab/xdiff-bug-cleanup later to maint). + (merge b7b793d1e7 ab/progress-cleanup later to maint). + (merge d94f9b8e90 ba/object-info later to maint). + (merge 52ff891c03 ar/test-code-cleanup later to maint). + (merge a0538e5c8b dd/document-log-decorate-default later to maint). + (merge ce24797d38 mr/cmake later to maint). + (merge 9eb542f2ee ab/pre-auto-gc-hook-test later to maint). + (merge 9fffc38583 bk/doc-commit-typofix later to maint). + (merge 1cf823d8f0 ks/submodule-cleanup later to maint). + (merge ebbf5d2b70 js/config-mak-windows-pcre-fix later to maint). + (merge 617480d75b hn/refs-iterator-peel-returns-boolean later to maint). + (merge 6a24cc71ed ar/submodule-helper-include-cleanup later to maint). + (merge 5632e838f8 rs/khash-alloc-cleanup later to maint). + (merge b1d87fbaf1 jk/typofix later to maint). + (merge e04170697a ab/gitignore-discovery-doc later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt index 27320b6..3845328 100644 --- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt +++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt @@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ notes for details). on that order. * "git show 'HEAD:Foo[BAR]Baz'" did not interpret the argument as a - rev, i.e. the object named by the the pathname with wildcard + rev, i.e. the object named by the pathname with wildcard characters in a tree object. (merge aac4fac nd/dwim-wildcards-as-pathspecs later to maint). diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches index 1d9f06b..3e215f4 100644 --- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches @@ -117,10 +117,13 @@ If in doubt which identifier to use, run `git log --no-merges` on the files you are modifying to see the current conventions. [[summary-section]] -It's customary to start the remainder of the first line after "area: " -with a lower-case letter. E.g. "doc: clarify...", not "doc: -Clarify...", or "githooks.txt: improve...", not "githooks.txt: -Improve...". +The title sentence after the "area:" prefix omits the full stop at the +end, and its first word is not capitalized unless there is a reason to +capitalize it other than because it is the first word in the sentence. +E.g. "doc: clarify...", not "doc: Clarify...", or "githooks.txt: +improve...", not "githooks.txt: Improve...". But "refs: HEAD is also +treated as a ref" is correct, as we spell `HEAD` in all caps even when +it appears in the middle of a sentence. [[meaningful-message]] The body should provide a meaningful commit message, which: diff --git a/Documentation/config/advice.txt b/Documentation/config/advice.txt index acbd0c0..8b2849f 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/advice.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/advice.txt @@ -119,4 +119,8 @@ advice.*:: addEmptyPathspec:: Advice shown if a user runs the add command without providing the pathspec parameter. + updateSparsePath:: + Advice shown when either linkgit:git-add[1] or linkgit:git-rm[1] + is asked to update index entries outside the current sparse + checkout. -- diff --git a/Documentation/config/blame.txt b/Documentation/config/blame.txt index 9468e85..4d047c1 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/blame.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/blame.txt @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ blame.ignoreRevsFile:: file names will reset the list of ignored revisions. This option will be handled before the command line option `--ignore-revs-file`. -blame.markUnblamables:: +blame.markUnblamableLines:: Mark lines that were changed by an ignored revision that we could not attribute to another commit with a '*' in the output of linkgit:git-blame[1]. diff --git a/Documentation/config/checkout.txt b/Documentation/config/checkout.txt index 2cddf7b..bfbca90 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/checkout.txt @@ -21,3 +21,24 @@ checkout.guess:: Provides the default value for the `--guess` or `--no-guess` option in `git checkout` and `git switch`. See linkgit:git-switch[1] and linkgit:git-checkout[1]. + +checkout.workers:: + The number of parallel workers to use when updating the working tree. + The default is one, i.e. sequential execution. If set to a value less + than one, Git will use as many workers as the number of logical cores + available. This setting and `checkout.thresholdForParallelism` affect + all commands that perform checkout. E.g. checkout, clone, reset, + sparse-checkout, etc. ++ +Note: parallel checkout usually delivers better performance for repositories +located on SSDs or over NFS. For repositories on spinning disks and/or machines +with a small number of cores, the default sequential checkout often performs +better. The size and compression level of a repository might also influence how +well the parallel version performs. + +checkout.thresholdForParallelism:: + When running parallel checkout with a small number of files, the cost + of subprocess spawning and inter-process communication might outweigh + the parallelization gains. This setting allows to define the minimum + number of files for which parallel checkout should be attempted. The + default is 100. diff --git a/Documentation/config/clone.txt b/Documentation/config/clone.txt index 47de36a..7bcfbd1 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/clone.txt @@ -2,3 +2,7 @@ clone.defaultRemoteName:: The name of the remote to create when cloning a repository. Defaults to `origin`, and can be overridden by passing the `--origin` command-line option to linkgit:git-clone[1]. + +clone.rejectShallow:: + Reject to clone a repository if it is a shallow one, can be overridden by + passing option `--reject-shallow` in command line. See linkgit:git-clone[1] diff --git a/Documentation/config/color.txt b/Documentation/config/color.txt index d5daacb..e05d520 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/color.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/color.txt @@ -127,8 +127,9 @@ color.interactive.<slot>:: interactive commands. color.pager:: - A boolean to enable/disable colored output when the pager is in - use (default is true). + A boolean to specify whether `auto` color modes should colorize + output going to the pager. Defaults to true; set this to false + if your pager does not understand ANSI color codes. color.push:: A boolean to enable/disable color in push errors. May be set to diff --git a/Documentation/config/commitgraph.txt b/Documentation/config/commitgraph.txt index 4582c39..30604e4 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/commitgraph.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/commitgraph.txt @@ -1,3 +1,9 @@ +commitGraph.generationVersion:: + Specifies the type of generation number version to use when writing + or reading the commit-graph file. If version 1 is specified, then + the corrected commit dates will not be written or read. Defaults to + 2. + commitGraph.maxNewFilters:: Specifies the default value for the `--max-new-filters` option of `git commit-graph write` (c.f., linkgit:git-commit-graph[1]). diff --git a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt index 6af6f5e..63748c0 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt @@ -69,7 +69,8 @@ fetch.negotiationAlgorithm:: setting defaults to "skipping". Unknown values will cause 'git fetch' to error out. + -See also the `--negotiation-tip` option for linkgit:git-fetch[1]. +See also the `--negotiate-only` and `--negotiation-tip` options to +linkgit:git-fetch[1]. fetch.showForcedUpdates:: Set to false to enable `--no-show-forced-updates` in diff --git a/Documentation/config/index.txt b/Documentation/config/index.txt index 7cb50b3..75f3a2d 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/index.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/index.txt @@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ index.recordOffsetTable:: Defaults to 'true' if index.threads has been explicitly enabled, 'false' otherwise. +index.sparse:: + When enabled, write the index using sparse-directory entries. This + has no effect unless `core.sparseCheckout` and + `core.sparseCheckoutCone` are both enabled. Defaults to 'false'. + index.threads:: Specifies the number of threads to spawn when loading the index. This is meant to reduce index load time on multiprocessor machines. diff --git a/Documentation/config/log.txt b/Documentation/config/log.txt index 208d5fd..456eb07 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/log.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/log.txt @@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ log.excludeDecoration:: the config option can be overridden by the `--decorate-refs` option. +log.diffMerges:: + Set default diff format to be used for merge commits. See + `--diff-merges` in linkgit:git-log[1] for details. + Defaults to `separate`. + log.follow:: If `true`, `git log` will act as if the `--follow` option was used when a single <path> is given. This has the same limitations as `--follow`, diff --git a/Documentation/config/merge.txt b/Documentation/config/merge.txt index cb2ed58..6b66c83 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/merge.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/merge.txt @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ merge.defaultToUpstream:: branches at the remote named by `branch.<current branch>.remote` are consulted, and then they are mapped via `remote.<remote>.fetch` to their corresponding remote-tracking branches, and the tips of - these tracking branches are merged. + these tracking branches are merged. Defaults to true. merge.ff:: By default, Git does not create an extra merge commit when merging diff --git a/Documentation/config/pack.txt b/Documentation/config/pack.txt index 3da4ea9..763f7af 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/pack.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/pack.txt @@ -99,12 +99,23 @@ pack.packSizeLimit:: packing to a file when repacking, i.e. the git:// protocol is unaffected. It can be overridden by the `--max-pack-size` option of linkgit:git-repack[1]. Reaching this limit results - in the creation of multiple packfiles; which in turn prevents - bitmaps from being created. - The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB. - The default is unlimited. - Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are - supported. + in the creation of multiple packfiles. ++ +Note that this option is rarely useful, and may result in a larger total +on-disk size (because Git will not store deltas between packs), as well +as worse runtime performance (object lookup within multiple packs is +slower than a single pack, and optimizations like reachability bitmaps +cannot cope with multiple packs). ++ +If you need to actively run Git using smaller packfiles (e.g., because your +filesystem does not support large files), this option may help. But if +your goal is to transmit a packfile over a medium that supports limited +sizes (e.g., removable media that cannot store the whole repository), +you are likely better off creating a single large packfile and splitting +it using a generic multi-volume archive tool (e.g., Unix `split`). ++ +The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB. The default is unlimited. +Common unit suffixes of 'k', 'm', or 'g' are supported. pack.useBitmaps:: When true, git will use pack bitmaps (if available) when packing @@ -122,6 +133,21 @@ pack.useSparse:: commits contain certain types of direct renames. Default is `true`. +pack.preferBitmapTips:: + When selecting which commits will receive bitmaps, prefer a + commit at the tip of any reference that is a suffix of any value + of this configuration over any other commits in the "selection + window". ++ +Note that setting this configuration to `refs/foo` does not mean that +the commits at the tips of `refs/foo/bar` and `refs/foo/baz` will +necessarily be selected. This is because commits are selected for +bitmaps from within a series of windows of variable length. ++ +If a commit at the tip of any reference which is a suffix of any value +of this configuration is seen in a window, it is immediately given +preference over any other commit in that window. + pack.writeBitmaps (deprecated):: This is a deprecated synonym for `repack.writeBitmaps`. diff --git a/Documentation/config/push.txt b/Documentation/config/push.txt index 21b256e..6320336 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/push.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/push.txt @@ -24,15 +24,14 @@ push.default:: * `tracking` - This is a deprecated synonym for `upstream`. -* `simple` - in centralized workflow, work like `upstream` with an - added safety to refuse to push if the upstream branch's name is - different from the local one. +* `simple` - pushes the current branch with the same name on the remote. + -When pushing to a remote that is different from the remote you normally -pull from, work as `current`. This is the safest option and is suited -for beginners. +If you are working on a centralized workflow (pushing to the same repository you +pull from, which is typically `origin`), then you need to configure an upstream +branch with the same name. + -This mode has become the default in Git 2.0. +This mode is the default since Git 2.0, and is the safest option suited for +beginners. * `matching` - push all branches having the same name on both ends. This makes the repository you are pushing to remember the set of @@ -120,3 +119,10 @@ push.useForceIfIncludes:: `--force-if-includes` as an option to linkgit:git-push[1] in the command line. Adding `--no-force-if-includes` at the time of push overrides this configuration setting. + +push.negotiate:: + If set to "true", attempt to reduce the size of the packfile + sent by rounds of negotiation in which the client and the + server attempt to find commits in common. If "false", Git will + rely solely on the server's ref advertisement to find commits + in common. diff --git a/Documentation/config/rebase.txt b/Documentation/config/rebase.txt index 214f31b..8c979cb 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/rebase.txt @@ -1,10 +1,3 @@ -rebase.useBuiltin:: - Unused configuration variable. Used in Git versions 2.20 and - 2.21 as an escape hatch to enable the legacy shellscript - implementation of rebase. Now the built-in rewrite of it in C - is always used. Setting this will emit a warning, to alert any - remaining users that setting this now does nothing. - rebase.backend:: Default backend to use for rebasing. Possible choices are 'apply' or 'merge'. In the future, if the merge backend gains diff --git a/Documentation/config/sendemail.txt b/Documentation/config/sendemail.txt index cbc5af4..50baa5d 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/sendemail.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/sendemail.txt @@ -8,9 +8,6 @@ sendemail.smtpEncryption:: See linkgit:git-send-email[1] for description. Note that this setting is not subject to the 'identity' mechanism. -sendemail.smtpssl (deprecated):: - Deprecated alias for 'sendemail.smtpEncryption = ssl'. - sendemail.smtpsslcertpath:: Path to ca-certificates (either a directory or a single file). Set it to an empty string to disable certificate verification. diff --git a/Documentation/config/stash.txt b/Documentation/config/stash.txt index 00eb354..9ed7752 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/stash.txt @@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ stash.useBuiltin:: is always used. Setting this will emit a warning, to alert any remaining users that setting this now does nothing. +stash.showIncludeUntracked:: + If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command will show + the untracked files of a stash entry. Defaults to false. See + description of 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1]. + stash.showPatch:: If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command without an option will show the stash entry in patch form. Defaults to false. diff --git a/Documentation/config/uploadpack.txt b/Documentation/config/uploadpack.txt index b0d7612..32fad5b 100644 --- a/Documentation/config/uploadpack.txt +++ b/Documentation/config/uploadpack.txt @@ -59,15 +59,16 @@ uploadpack.allowFilter:: uploadpackfilter.allow:: Provides a default value for unspecified object filters (see: the - below configuration variable). + below configuration variable). If set to `true`, this will also + enable all filters which get added in the future. Defaults to `true`. uploadpackfilter.<filter>.allow:: Explicitly allow or ban the object filter corresponding to `<filter>`, where `<filter>` may be one of: `blob:none`, - `blob:limit`, `tree`, `sparse:oid`, or `combine`. If using - combined filters, both `combine` and all of the nested filter - kinds must be allowed. Defaults to `uploadpackfilter.allow`. + `blob:limit`, `object:type`, `tree`, `sparse:oid`, or `combine`. + If using combined filters, both `combine` and all of the nested + filter kinds must be allowed. Defaults to `uploadpackfilter.allow`. uploadpackfilter.tree.maxDepth:: Only allow `--filter=tree:<n>` when `<n>` is no more than the value of diff --git a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt index 2db8eac..c78063d 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ linkgit:git-diff-files[1] with the `-p` option produces patch text. You can customize the creation of patch text via the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` and the `GIT_DIFF_OPTS` environment variables -(see linkgit:git[1]). +(see linkgit:git[1]), and the `diff` attribute (see linkgit:gitattributes[5]). What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional diff format: @@ -74,6 +74,11 @@ separate lines indicate the old and the new mode. rename from b rename to a +5. Hunk headers mention the name of the function to which the hunk + applies. See "Defining a custom hunk-header" in + linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details of how to tailor to this to + specific languages. + Combined diff format -------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt index aa2b5c1..32e6dee 100644 --- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ endif::git-diff[] endif::git-format-patch[] ifdef::git-log[] ---diff-merges=(off|none|first-parent|1|separate|m|combined|c|dense-combined|cc):: +--diff-merges=(off|none|on|first-parent|1|separate|m|combined|c|dense-combined|cc):: --no-diff-merges:: Specify diff format to be used for merge commits. Default is {diff-merges-default} unless `--first-parent` is in use, in which case @@ -45,17 +45,24 @@ ifdef::git-log[] Disable output of diffs for merge commits. Useful to override implied value. + +--diff-merges=on::: +--diff-merges=m::: +-m::: + This option makes diff output for merge commits to be shown in + the default format. The default format could be changed using + `log.diffMerges` configuration parameter, which default value + is `separate`. `-m` implies `-p`. ++ --diff-merges=first-parent::: --diff-merges=1::: This option makes merge commits show the full diff with respect to the first parent only. + --diff-merges=separate::: ---diff-merges=m::: --m::: This makes merge commits show the full diff with respect to each of the parents. Separate log entry and diff is generated - for each parent. `-m` doesn't produce any output without `-p`. + for each parent. This is the format that `-m` produced + historically. + --diff-merges=combined::: --diff-merges=c::: @@ -293,11 +300,14 @@ explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath` (see linkgit:git-config[1]). --name-only:: - Show only names of changed files. + Show only names of changed files. The file names are often encoded in UTF-8. + For more information see the discussion about encoding in the linkgit:git-log[1] + manual page. --name-status:: Show only names and status of changed files. See the description of the `--diff-filter` option on what the status letters mean. + Just like `--name-only` the file names are often encoded in UTF-8. --submodule[=<format>]:: Specify how differences in submodules are shown. When specifying diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt index 07783de..e967ff1 100644 --- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt @@ -62,8 +62,17 @@ The argument to this option may be a glob on ref names, a ref, or the (possibly abbreviated) SHA-1 of a commit. Specifying a glob is equivalent to specifying this option multiple times, one for each matching ref name. + -See also the `fetch.negotiationAlgorithm` configuration variable -documented in linkgit:git-config[1]. +See also the `fetch.negotiationAlgorithm` and `push.negotiate` +configuration variables documented in linkgit:git-config[1], and the +`--negotiate-only` option below. + +--negotiate-only:: + Do not fetch anything from the server, and instead print the + ancestors of the provided `--negotiation-tip=*` arguments, + which we have in common with the server. ++ +Internally this is used to implement the `push.negotiate` option, see +linkgit:git-config[1]. --dry-run:: Show what would be done, without making any changes. @@ -110,6 +119,11 @@ ifndef::git-pull[] setting `fetch.writeCommitGraph`. endif::git-pull[] +--prefetch:: + Modify the configured refspec to place all refs into the + `refs/prefetch/` namespace. See the `prefetch` task in + linkgit:git-maintenance[1]. + -p:: --prune:: Before fetching, remove any remote-tracking references that no diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt index decd8ae..8714dfc 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-am.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--whitespace=<option>] [-C<n>] [-p<n>] [--directory=<dir>] [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--reject] [-q | --quiet] [--[no-]scissors] [-S[<keyid>]] [--patch-format=<format>] + [--quoted-cr=<action>] [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...] 'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --show-current-patch[=(diff|raw)]) @@ -59,6 +60,9 @@ OPTIONS --no-scissors:: Ignore scissors lines (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). +--quoted-cr=<action>:: + This flag will be passed down to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]). + -m:: --message-id:: Pass the `-m` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]), diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt index 91d9a86..aa1ae56 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt @@ -84,12 +84,13 @@ OPTIONS -3:: --3way:: - When the patch does not apply cleanly, fall back on 3-way merge if - the patch records the identity of blobs it is supposed to apply to, - and we have those blobs available locally, possibly leaving the + Attempt 3-way merge if the patch records the identity of blobs it is supposed + to apply to and we have those blobs available locally, possibly leaving the conflict markers in the files in the working tree for the user to - resolve. This option implies the `--index` option, and is incompatible - with the `--reject` and the `--cached` options. + resolve. This option implies the `--index` option unless the + `--cached` option is used, and is incompatible with the `--reject` option. + When used with the `--cached` option, any conflicts are left at higher stages + in the cache. --build-fake-ancestor=<file>:: Newer 'git diff' output has embedded 'index information' diff --git a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt index 8e192d8..4eb0421 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt @@ -35,42 +35,42 @@ OPTIONS -t:: Instead of the content, show the object type identified by - <object>. + `<object>`. -s:: Instead of the content, show the object size identified by - <object>. + `<object>`. -e:: - Exit with zero status if <object> exists and is a valid - object. If <object> is of an invalid format exit with non-zero and + Exit with zero status if `<object>` exists and is a valid + object. If `<object>` is of an invalid format exit with non-zero and emits an error on stderr. -p:: - Pretty-print the contents of <object> based on its type. + Pretty-print the contents of `<object>` based on its type. <type>:: - Typically this matches the real type of <object> but asking + Typically this matches the real type of `<object>` but asking for a type that can trivially be dereferenced from the given - <object> is also permitted. An example is to ask for a - "tree" with <object> being a commit object that contains it, - or to ask for a "blob" with <object> being a tag object that + `<object>` is also permitted. An example is to ask for a + "tree" with `<object>` being a commit object that contains it, + or to ask for a "blob" with `<object>` being a tag object that points at it. --textconv:: Show the content as transformed by a textconv filter. In this case, - <object> has to be of the form <tree-ish>:<path>, or :<path> in + `<object>` has to be of the form `<tree-ish>:<path>`, or `:<path>` in order to apply the filter to the content recorded in the index at - <path>. + `<path>`. --filters:: Show the content as converted by the filters configured in - the current working tree for the given <path> (i.e. smudge filters, - end-of-line conversion, etc). In this case, <object> has to be of - the form <tree-ish>:<path>, or :<path>. + the current working tree for the given `<path>` (i.e. smudge filters, + end-of-line conversion, etc). In this case, `<object>` has to be of + the form `<tree-ish>:<path>`, or `:<path>`. --path=<path>:: - For use with --textconv or --filters, to allow specifying an object + For use with `--textconv` or `--filters`, to allow specifying an object name and a path separately, e.g. when it is difficult to figure out the revision from which the blob came. @@ -115,15 +115,15 @@ OPTIONS repository. --allow-unknown-type:: - Allow -s or -t to query broken/corrupt objects of unknown type. + Allow `-s` or `-t` to query broken/corrupt objects of unknown type. --follow-symlinks:: - With --batch or --batch-check, follow symlinks inside the + With `--batch` or `--batch-check`, follow symlinks inside the repository when requesting objects with extended SHA-1 expressions of the form tree-ish:path-in-tree. Instead of providing output about the link itself, provide output about the linked-to object. If a symlink points outside the - tree-ish (e.g. a link to /foo or a root-level link to ../foo), + tree-ish (e.g. a link to `/foo` or a root-level link to `../foo`), the portion of the link which is outside the tree will be printed. + @@ -175,15 +175,15 @@ respectively print: OUTPUT ------ -If `-t` is specified, one of the <type>. +If `-t` is specified, one of the `<type>`. -If `-s` is specified, the size of the <object> in bytes. +If `-s` is specified, the size of the `<object>` in bytes. -If `-e` is specified, no output, unless the <object> is malformed. +If `-e` is specified, no output, unless the `<object>` is malformed. -If `-p` is specified, the contents of <object> are pretty-printed. +If `-p` is specified, the contents of `<object>` are pretty-printed. -If <type> is specified, the raw (though uncompressed) contents of the <object> +If `<type>` is specified, the raw (though uncompressed) contents of the `<object>` will be returned. BATCH OUTPUT @@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ object, with placeholders of the form `%(atom)` expanded, followed by a newline. The available atoms are: `objectname`:: - The 40-hex object name of the object. + The full hex representation of the object name. `objecttype`:: The type of the object (the same as `cat-file -t` reports). @@ -215,8 +215,9 @@ newline. The available atoms are: `deltabase`:: If the object is stored as a delta on-disk, this expands to the - 40-hex sha1 of the delta base object. Otherwise, expands to the - null sha1 (40 zeroes). See `CAVEATS` below. + full hex representation of the delta base object name. + Otherwise, expands to the null OID (all zeroes). See `CAVEATS` + below. `rest`:: If this atom is used in the output string, input lines are split @@ -235,14 +236,14 @@ newline. For example, `--batch` without a custom format would produce: ------------ -<sha1> SP <type> SP <size> LF +<oid> SP <type> SP <size> LF <contents> LF ------------ Whereas `--batch-check='%(objectname) %(objecttype)'` would produce: ------------ -<sha1> SP <type> LF +<oid> SP <type> LF ------------ If a name is specified on stdin that cannot be resolved to an object in @@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ If a name is specified that might refer to more than one object (an ambiguous sh <object> SP ambiguous LF ------------ -If --follow-symlinks is used, and a symlink in the repository points +If `--follow-symlinks` is used, and a symlink in the repository points outside the repository, then `cat-file` will ignore any custom format and print: @@ -267,11 +268,11 @@ symlink SP <size> LF <symlink> LF ------------ -The symlink will either be absolute (beginning with a /), or relative -to the tree root. For instance, if dir/link points to ../../foo, then -<symlink> will be ../foo. <size> is the size of the symlink in bytes. +The symlink will either be absolute (beginning with a `/`), or relative +to the tree root. For instance, if dir/link points to `../../foo`, then +`<symlink>` will be `../foo`. `<size>` is the size of the symlink in bytes. -If --follow-symlinks is used, the following error messages will be +If `--follow-symlinks` is used, the following error messages will be displayed: ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt index 02d9c19..3fe3810 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--dissociate] [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] [--depth <depth>] [--[no-]single-branch] [--no-tags] [--recurse-submodules[=<pathspec>]] [--[no-]shallow-submodules] - [--[no-]remote-submodules] [--jobs <n>] [--sparse] + [--[no-]remote-submodules] [--jobs <n>] [--sparse] [--[no-]reject-shallow] [--filter=<filter>] [--] <repository> [<directory>] @@ -149,6 +149,11 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository. --no-checkout:: No checkout of HEAD is performed after the clone is complete. +--[no-]reject-shallow:: + Fail if the source repository is a shallow repository. + The 'clone.rejectShallow' configuration variable can be used to + specify the default. + --bare:: Make a 'bare' Git repository. That is, instead of creating `<directory>` and placing the administrative diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt index 17150fa..95fec5f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt @@ -9,12 +9,13 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git commit' [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend] - [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --fixup | --squash) <commit>] + [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|reword):]<commit>)] [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty] [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>] [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status] [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] - [-S[<keyid>]] [--] [<pathspec>...] + [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]] + [--] [<pathspec>...] DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ OPTIONS -p:: --patch:: - Use the interactive patch selection interface to chose + Use the interactive patch selection interface to choose which changes to commit. See linkgit:git-add[1] for details. @@ -86,11 +87,44 @@ OPTIONS Like '-C', but with `-c` the editor is invoked, so that the user can further edit the commit message. ---fixup=<commit>:: - Construct a commit message for use with `rebase --autosquash`. - The commit message will be the subject line from the specified - commit with a prefix of "fixup! ". See linkgit:git-rebase[1] - for details. +--fixup=[(amend|reword):]<commit>:: + Create a new commit which "fixes up" `<commit>` when applied with + `git rebase --autosquash`. Plain `--fixup=<commit>` creates a + "fixup!" commit which changes the content of `<commit>` but leaves + its log message untouched. `--fixup=amend:<commit>` is similar but + creates an "amend!" commit which also replaces the log message of + `<commit>` with the log message of the "amend!" commit. + `--fixup=reword:<commit>` creates an "amend!" commit which + replaces the log message of `<commit>` with its own log message + but makes no changes to the content of `<commit>`. ++ +The commit created by plain `--fixup=<commit>` has a subject +composed of "fixup!" followed by the subject line from <commit>, +and is recognized specially by `git rebase --autosquash`. The `-m` +option may be used to supplement the log message of the created +commit, but the additional commentary will be thrown away once the +"fixup!" commit is squashed into `<commit>` by +`git rebase --autosquash`. ++ +The commit created by `--fixup=amend:<commit>` is similar but its +subject is instead prefixed with "amend!". The log message of +<commit> is copied into the log message of the "amend!" commit and +opened in an editor so it can be refined. When `git rebase +--autosquash` squashes the "amend!" commit into `<commit>`, the +log message of `<commit>` is replaced by the refined log message +from the "amend!" commit. It is an error for the "amend!" commit's +log message to be empty unless `--allow-empty-message` is +specified. ++ +`--fixup=reword:<commit>` is shorthand for `--fixup=amend:<commit> +--only`. It creates an "amend!" commit with only a log message +(ignoring any changes staged in the index). When squashed by `git +rebase --autosquash`, it replaces the log message of `<commit>` +without making any other changes. ++ +Neither "fixup!" nor "amend!" commits change authorship of +`<commit>` when applied by `git rebase --autosquash`. +See linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details. --squash=<commit>:: Construct a commit message for use with `rebase --autosquash`. @@ -166,6 +200,17 @@ The `-m` option is mutually exclusive with `-c`, `-C`, and `-F`. include::signoff-option.txt[] +--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>]:: + Specify a (<token>, <value>) pair that should be applied as a + trailer. (e.g. `git commit --trailer "Signed-off-by:C O Mitter \ + <committer@example.com>" --trailer "Helped-by:C O Mitter \ + <committer@example.com>"` will add the "Signed-off-by" trailer + and the "Helped-by" trailer to the commit message.) + The `trailer.*` configuration variables + (linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1]) can be used to define if + a duplicated trailer is omitted, where in the run of trailers + each trailer would appear, and other details. + -n:: --no-verify:: This option bypasses the pre-commit and commit-msg hooks. diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt index 4b4cc5c..5cddada 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-config.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt @@ -340,6 +340,11 @@ GIT_CONFIG:: Using the "--global" option forces this to ~/.gitconfig. Using the "--system" option forces this to $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig. +GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL:: +GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM:: + Take the configuration from the given files instead from global or + system-level configuration. See linkgit:git[1] for details. + GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM:: Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig file. See linkgit:git[1] for details. diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential.txt b/Documentation/git-credential.txt index 31c81c4..206e3c5 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-credential.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-credential.txt @@ -159,3 +159,7 @@ empty string. + Components which are missing from the URL (e.g., there is no username in the example above) will be left unset. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt index 1b1c71a..f2e4a47 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-cvsserver.txt @@ -24,6 +24,18 @@ Usage: [verse] 'git-cvsserver' [<options>] [pserver|server] [<directory> ...] +DESCRIPTION +----------- + +This application is a CVS emulation layer for Git. + +It is highly functional. However, not all methods are implemented, +and for those methods that are implemented, +not all switches are implemented. + +Testing has been done using both the CLI CVS client, and the Eclipse CVS +plugin. Most functionality works fine with both of these clients. + OPTIONS ------- @@ -57,18 +69,6 @@ access still needs to be enabled by the `gitcvs.enabled` config option unless `--export-all` was given, too. -DESCRIPTION ------------ - -This application is a CVS emulation layer for Git. - -It is highly functional. However, not all methods are implemented, -and for those methods that are implemented, -not all switches are implemented. - -Testing has been done using both the CLI CVS client, and the Eclipse CVS -plugin. Most functionality works fine with both of these clients. - LIMITATIONS ----------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-describe.txt b/Documentation/git-describe.txt index a88f6ae..c6a79c2 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-describe.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-describe.txt @@ -63,9 +63,10 @@ OPTIONS Automatically implies --tags. --abbrev=<n>:: - Instead of using the default 7 hexadecimal digits as the - abbreviated object name, use <n> digits, or as many digits - as needed to form a unique object name. An <n> of 0 + Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits (which + will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with + a default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use <n> digits, or + as many digits as needed to form a unique object name. An <n> of 0 will suppress long format, only showing the closest tag. --candidates=<n>:: @@ -139,8 +140,11 @@ at the end. The number of additional commits is the number of commits which would be displayed by "git log v1.0.4..parent". -The hash suffix is "-g" + unambiguous abbreviation for the tip commit -of parent (which was `2414721b194453f058079d897d13c4e377f92dc6`). +The hash suffix is "-g" + an unambigous abbreviation for the tip commit +of parent (which was `2414721b194453f058079d897d13c4e377f92dc6`). The +length of the abbreviation scales as the repository grows, using the +approximate number of objects in the repository and a bit of math +around the birthday paradox, and defaults to a minimum of 7. The "g" prefix stands for "git" and is used to allow describing the version of a software depending on the SCM the software is managed with. This is useful in an environment where people may use different SCMs. diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt index 7f4c8a8..6236c75 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt @@ -51,16 +51,20 @@ files on disk. --staged is a synonym of --cached. + If --merge-base is given, instead of using <commit>, use the merge base -of <commit> and HEAD. `git diff --merge-base A` is equivalent to -`git diff $(git merge-base A HEAD)`. +of <commit> and HEAD. `git diff --cached --merge-base A` is equivalent to +`git diff --cached $(git merge-base A HEAD)`. -'git diff' [<options>] <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: +'git diff' [<options>] [--merge-base] <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: This form is to view the changes you have in your working tree relative to the named <commit>. You can use HEAD to compare it with the latest commit, or a branch name to compare with the tip of a different branch. ++ +If --merge-base is given, instead of using <commit>, use the merge base +of <commit> and HEAD. `git diff --merge-base A` is equivalent to +`git diff $(git merge-base A HEAD)`. 'git diff' [<options>] [--merge-base] <commit> <commit> [--] [<path>...]:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt index 3e49bf2..fe2f69d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt @@ -36,11 +36,28 @@ SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION ----------- -Prepare each commit with its patch in -one file per commit, formatted to resemble UNIX mailbox format. +Prepare each non-merge commit with its "patch" in +one "message" per commit, formatted to resemble a UNIX mailbox. The output of this command is convenient for e-mail submission or for use with 'git am'. +A "message" generated by the command consists of three parts: + +* A brief metadata header that begins with `From <commit>` + with a fixed `Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001` datestamp to help programs + like "file(1)" to recognize that the file is an output from this + command, fields that record the author identity, the author date, + and the title of the change (taken from the first paragraph of the + commit log message). + +* The second and subsequent paragraphs of the commit log message. + +* The "patch", which is the "diff -p --stat" output (see + linkgit:git-diff[1]) between the commit and its parent. + +The log message and the patch is separated by a line with a +three-dash line. + There are two ways to specify which commits to operate on. 1. A single commit, <since>, specifies that the commits leading @@ -221,6 +238,11 @@ populated with placeholder text. `--subject-prefix` option) has ` v<n>` appended to it. E.g. `--reroll-count=4` may produce `v4-0001-add-makefile.patch` file that has "Subject: [PATCH v4 1/20] Add makefile" in it. + `<n>` does not have to be an integer (e.g. "--reroll-count=4.4", + or "--reroll-count=4rev2" are allowed), but the downside of + using such a reroll-count is that the range-diff/interdiff + with the previous version does not state exactly which + version the new interation is compared against. --to=<email>:: Add a `To:` header to the email headers. This is in addition @@ -718,6 +740,14 @@ use it only when you know the recipient uses Git to apply your patch. $ git format-patch -3 ------------ +CAVEATS +------- + +Note that `format-patch` will omit merge commits from the output, even +if they are part of the requested range. A simple "patch" does not +include enough information for the receiving end to reproduce the same +merge commit. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-am[1], linkgit:git-send-email[1] diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt index 4e0ba82..3d393fb 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt @@ -38,38 +38,6 @@ are lists of one or more search expressions separated by newline characters. An empty string as search expression matches all lines. -CONFIGURATION -------------- - -grep.lineNumber:: - If set to true, enable `-n` option by default. - -grep.column:: - If set to true, enable the `--column` option by default. - -grep.patternType:: - Set the default matching behavior. Using a value of 'basic', 'extended', - 'fixed', or 'perl' will enable the `--basic-regexp`, `--extended-regexp`, - `--fixed-strings`, or `--perl-regexp` option accordingly, while the - value 'default' will return to the default matching behavior. - -grep.extendedRegexp:: - If set to true, enable `--extended-regexp` option by default. This - option is ignored when the `grep.patternType` option is set to a value - other than 'default'. - -grep.threads:: - Number of grep worker threads to use. If unset (or set to 0), Git will - use as many threads as the number of logical cores available. - -grep.fullName:: - If set to true, enable `--full-name` option by default. - -grep.fallbackToNoIndex:: - If set to true, fall back to git grep --no-index if git grep - is executed outside of a git repository. Defaults to false. - - OPTIONS ------- --cached:: @@ -363,6 +331,38 @@ with multiple threads might perform slower than single threaded if `--textconv` is given and there're too many text conversions. So if you experience low performance in this case, it might be desirable to use `--threads=1`. +CONFIGURATION +------------- + +grep.lineNumber:: + If set to true, enable `-n` option by default. + +grep.column:: + If set to true, enable the `--column` option by default. + +grep.patternType:: + Set the default matching behavior. Using a value of 'basic', 'extended', + 'fixed', or 'perl' will enable the `--basic-regexp`, `--extended-regexp`, + `--fixed-strings`, or `--perl-regexp` option accordingly, while the + value 'default' will return to the default matching behavior. + +grep.extendedRegexp:: + If set to true, enable `--extended-regexp` option by default. This + option is ignored when the `grep.patternType` option is set to a value + other than 'default'. + +grep.threads:: + Number of grep worker threads to use. If unset (or set to 0), Git will + use as many threads as the number of logical cores available. + +grep.fullName:: + If set to true, enable `--full-name` option by default. + +grep.fallbackToNoIndex:: + If set to true, fall back to git grep --no-index if git grep + is executed outside of a git repository. Defaults to false. + + GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt index 96ec649..956a01d 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt @@ -232,25 +232,38 @@ trailer.<token>.ifmissing:: that option for trailers with the specified <token>. trailer.<token>.command:: - This option can be used to specify a shell command that will - be called to automatically add or modify a trailer with the - specified <token>. + This option behaves in the same way as 'trailer.<token>.cmd', except + that it doesn't pass anything as argument to the specified command. + Instead the first occurrence of substring $ARG is replaced by the + value that would be passed as argument. + -When this option is specified, the behavior is as if a special -'<token>=<value>' argument were added at the beginning of the command -line, where <value> is taken to be the standard output of the -specified command with any leading and trailing whitespace trimmed -off. +The 'trailer.<token>.command' option has been deprecated in favor of +'trailer.<token>.cmd' due to the fact that $ARG in the user's command is +only replaced once and that the original way of replacing $ARG is not safe. + -If the command contains the `$ARG` string, this string will be -replaced with the <value> part of an existing trailer with the same -<token>, if any, before the command is launched. +When both 'trailer.<token>.cmd' and 'trailer.<token>.command' are given +for the same <token>, 'trailer.<token>.cmd' is used and +'trailer.<token>.command' is ignored. + +trailer.<token>.cmd:: + This option can be used to specify a shell command that will be called: + once to automatically add a trailer with the specified <token>, and then + each time a '--trailer <token>=<value>' argument to modify the <value> of + the trailer that this option would produce. + -If some '<token>=<value>' arguments are also passed on the command -line, when a 'trailer.<token>.command' is configured, the command will -also be executed for each of these arguments. And the <value> part of -these arguments, if any, will be used to replace the `$ARG` string in -the command. +When the specified command is first called to add a trailer +with the specified <token>, the behavior is as if a special +'--trailer <token>=<value>' argument was added at the beginning +of the "git interpret-trailers" command, where <value> +is taken to be the standard output of the command with any +leading and trailing whitespace trimmed off. ++ +If some '--trailer <token>=<value>' arguments are also passed +on the command line, the command is called again once for each +of these arguments with the same <token>. And the <value> part +of these arguments, if any, will be passed to the command as its +first argument. This way the command can produce a <value> computed +from the <value> passed in the '--trailer <token>=<value>' argument. EXAMPLES -------- @@ -333,6 +346,55 @@ subject Fix #42 ------------ +* Configure a 'help' trailer with a cmd use a script `glog-find-author` + which search specified author identity from git log in git repository + and show how it works: ++ +------------ +$ cat ~/bin/glog-find-author +#!/bin/sh +test -n "$1" && git log --author="$1" --pretty="%an <%ae>" -1 || true +$ git config trailer.help.key "Helped-by: " +$ git config trailer.help.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" +$ git config trailer.help.cmd "~/bin/glog-find-author" +$ git interpret-trailers --trailer="help:Junio" --trailer="help:Couder" <<EOF +> subject +> +> message +> +> EOF +subject + +message + +Helped-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> +Helped-by: Christian Couder <christian.couder@gmail.com> +------------ + +* Configure a 'ref' trailer with a cmd use a script `glog-grep` + to grep last relevant commit from git log in the git repository + and show how it works: ++ +------------ +$ cat ~/bin/glog-grep +#!/bin/sh +test -n "$1" && git log --grep "$1" --pretty=reference -1 || true +$ git config trailer.ref.key "Reference-to: " +$ git config trailer.ref.ifExists "replace" +$ git config trailer.ref.cmd "~/bin/glog-grep" +$ git interpret-trailers --trailer="ref:Add copyright notices." <<EOF +> subject +> +> message +> +> EOF +subject + +message + +Reference-to: 8bc9a0c769 (Add copyright notices., 2005-04-07) +------------ + * Configure a 'see' trailer with a command to show the subject of a commit that is related, and show how it works: + diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt index 1bbf865..0498e7b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-log.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt @@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ OPTIONS full ref name (including prefix) will be printed. If 'auto' is specified, then if the output is going to a terminal, the ref names are shown as if 'short' were given, otherwise no ref names are - shown. The default option is 'short'. + shown. The option `--decorate` is short-hand for `--decorate=short`. + Default to configuration value of `log.decorate` if configured, + otherwise, `auto`. --decorate-refs=<pattern>:: --decorate-refs-exclude=<pattern>:: diff --git a/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt b/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt index d343f04..3fcfd96 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt @@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ git-mailinfo - Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git mailinfo' [-k|-b] [-u | --encoding=<encoding> | -n] [--[no-]scissors] <msg> <patch> +'git mailinfo' [-k|-b] [-u | --encoding=<encoding> | -n] + [--[no-]scissors] [--quoted-cr=<action>] + <msg> <patch> DESCRIPTION @@ -89,6 +91,23 @@ This can be enabled by default with the configuration option mailinfo.scissors. --no-scissors:: Ignore scissors lines. Useful for overriding mailinfo.scissors settings. +--quoted-cr=<action>:: + Action when processes email messages sent with base64 or + quoted-printable encoding, and the decoded lines end with a CRLF + instead of a simple LF. ++ +The valid actions are: ++ +-- +* `nowarn`: Git will do nothing when such a CRLF is found. +* `warn`: Git will issue a warning for each message if such a CRLF is + found. +* `strip`: Git will convert those CRLF to LF. +-- ++ +The default action could be set by configuration option `mailinfo.quotedCR`. +If no such configuration option has been set, `warn` will be used. + <msg>:: The commit log message extracted from e-mail, usually except the title line which comes from e-mail Subject. diff --git a/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt b/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt index 80ddd33..1e738ad 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt @@ -92,10 +92,8 @@ commit-graph:: prefetch:: The `prefetch` task updates the object directory with the latest objects from all registered remotes. For each remote, a `git fetch` - command is run. The refmap is custom to avoid updating local or remote - branches (those in `refs/heads` or `refs/remotes`). Instead, the - remote refs are stored in `refs/prefetch/<remote>/`. Also, tags are - not updated. + command is run. The configured refspec is modified to place all + requested refs within `refs/prefetch/`. Also, tags are not updated. + This is done to avoid disrupting the remote-tracking branches. The end users expect these refs to stay unmoved unless they initiate a fetch. With prefetch diff --git a/Documentation/git-mktag.txt b/Documentation/git-mktag.txt index 17a2603..466a697 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-mktag.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-mktag.txt @@ -11,14 +11,6 @@ SYNOPSIS [verse] 'git mktag' -OPTIONS -------- - ---strict:: - By default mktag turns on the equivalent of - linkgit:git-fsck[1] `--strict` mode. Use `--no-strict` to - disable it. - DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -45,6 +37,14 @@ the appropriate `fsck.<msg-id>` varible: git -c fsck.extraHeaderEntry=ignore mktag <my-tag-with-headers +OPTIONS +------- + +--strict:: + By default mktag turns on the equivalent of + linkgit:git-fsck[1] `--strict` mode. Use `--no-strict` to + disable it. + Tag Format ---------- A tag signature file, to be fed to this command's standard input, diff --git a/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt b/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt index eb0caa0..ffd601b 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-multi-pack-index.txt @@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ git-multi-pack-index - Write and verify multi-pack-indexes SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git multi-pack-index' [--object-dir=<dir>] [--[no-]progress] <subcommand> +'git multi-pack-index' [--object-dir=<dir>] [--[no-]progress] + [--preferred-pack=<pack>] <subcommand> DESCRIPTION ----------- @@ -30,7 +31,16 @@ OPTIONS The following subcommands are available: write:: - Write a new MIDX file. + Write a new MIDX file. The following options are available for + the `write` sub-command: ++ +-- + --preferred-pack=<pack>:: + Optionally specify the tie-breaking pack used when + multiple packs contain the same object. If not given, + ties are broken in favor of the pack with the lowest + mtime. +-- verify:: Verify the contents of the MIDX file. diff --git a/Documentation/git-p4.txt b/Documentation/git-p4.txt index f89e68b..38e5257 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-p4.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-p4.txt @@ -762,3 +762,7 @@ IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS message indicating the p4 depot location and change number. This line is used by later 'git p4 sync' operations to know which p4 changes are new. + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt index f85cb7e..dbfd1f9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt @@ -85,6 +85,16 @@ base-name:: reference was included in the resulting packfile. This can be useful to send new tags to native Git clients. +--stdin-packs:: + Read the basenames of packfiles (e.g., `pack-1234abcd.pack`) + from the standard input, instead of object names or revision + arguments. The resulting pack contains all objects listed in the + included packs (those not beginning with `^`), excluding any + objects listed in the excluded packs (beginning with `^`). ++ +Incompatible with `--revs`, or options that imply `--revs` (such as +`--all`), with the exception of `--unpacked`, which is compatible. + --window=<n>:: --depth=<n>:: These two options affect how the objects contained in @@ -118,10 +128,10 @@ depth is 4095. into multiple independent packfiles, each not larger than the given size. The size can be suffixed with "k", "m", or "g". The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB. - This option - prevents the creation of a bitmap index. The default is unlimited, unless the config variable - `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. + `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. Note that this option may result in + a larger and slower repository; see the discussion in + `pack.packSizeLimit`. --honor-pack-keep:: This flag causes an object already in a local pack that diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt index 48cf37b..2f25aa3 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-push.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt @@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ EXAMPLES `git push origin`:: Without additional configuration, pushes the current branch to - the configured upstream (`remote.origin.merge` configuration + the configured upstream (`branch.<name>.merge` configuration variable) if it has the same name as the current branch, and errors out without pushing otherwise. + diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt index a0487b5..55af6fd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt @@ -200,12 +200,6 @@ Alternatively, you can undo the 'git rebase' with git rebase --abort -CONFIGURATION -------------- - -include::config/rebase.txt[] -include::config/sequencer.txt[] - OPTIONS ------- --onto <newbase>:: @@ -593,16 +587,17 @@ See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --autosquash:: --no-autosquash:: - When the commit log message begins with "squash! ..." (or - "fixup! ..."), and there is already a commit in the todo list that - matches the same `...`, automatically modify the todo list of rebase - -i so that the commit marked for squashing comes right after the - commit to be modified, and change the action of the moved commit - from `pick` to `squash` (or `fixup`). A commit matches the `...` if - the commit subject matches, or if the `...` refers to the commit's - hash. As a fall-back, partial matches of the commit subject work, - too. The recommended way to create fixup/squash commits is by using - the `--fixup`/`--squash` options of linkgit:git-commit[1]. + When the commit log message begins with "squash! ..." or "fixup! ..." + or "amend! ...", and there is already a commit in the todo list that + matches the same `...`, automatically modify the todo list of + `rebase -i`, so that the commit marked for squashing comes right after + the commit to be modified, and change the action of the moved commit + from `pick` to `squash` or `fixup` or `fixup -C` respectively. A commit + matches the `...` if the commit subject matches, or if the `...` refers + to the commit's hash. As a fall-back, partial matches of the commit + subject work, too. The recommended way to create fixup/amend/squash + commits is by using the `--fixup`, `--fixup=amend:` or `--fixup=reword:` + and `--squash` options respectively of linkgit:git-commit[1]. + If the `--autosquash` option is enabled by default using the configuration variable `rebase.autoSquash`, this option can be @@ -622,6 +617,14 @@ See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below. --no-reschedule-failed-exec:: Automatically reschedule `exec` commands that failed. This only makes sense in interactive mode (or when an `--exec` option was provided). ++ +Even though this option applies once a rebase is started, it's set for +the whole rebase at the start based on either the +`rebase.rescheduleFailedExec` configuration (see linkgit:git-config[1] +or "CONFIGURATION" below) or whether this option is +provided. Otherwise an explicit `--no-reschedule-failed-exec` at the +start would be overridden by the presence of +`rebase.rescheduleFailedExec=true` configuration. INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS -------------------- @@ -887,9 +890,17 @@ If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command "pick" for the second and subsequent commits with "squash" or "fixup". If the commits had different authors, the folded commit will be attributed to the author of the first commit. The suggested commit -message for the folded commit is the concatenation of the commit -messages of the first commit and of those with the "squash" command, -but omits the commit messages of commits with the "fixup" command. +message for the folded commit is the concatenation of the first +commit's message with those identified by "squash" commands, omitting the +messages of commits identified by "fixup" commands, unless "fixup -c" +is used. In that case the suggested commit message is only the message +of the "fixup -c" commit, and an editor is opened allowing you to edit +the message. The contents (patch) of the "fixup -c" commit are still +incorporated into the folded commit. If there is more than one "fixup -c" +commit, the message from the final one is used. You can also use +"fixup -C" to get the same behavior as "fixup -c" except without opening +an editor. + 'git rebase' will stop when "pick" has been replaced with "edit" or when a command fails due to merge errors. When you are done editing @@ -1257,6 +1268,12 @@ merge tlsv1.3 merge cmake ------------ +CONFIGURATION +------------- + +include::config/rebase.txt[] +include::config/sequencer.txt[] + BUGS ---- The todo list presented by the deprecated `--preserve-merges --interactive` diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt index fbd4b4a..24c00c9 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt @@ -121,7 +121,9 @@ depth is 4095. If specified, multiple packfiles may be created, which also prevents the creation of a bitmap index. The default is unlimited, unless the config variable - `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. + `pack.packSizeLimit` is set. Note that this option may result in + a larger and slower repository; see the discussion in + `pack.packSizeLimit`. -b:: --write-bitmap-index:: @@ -165,6 +167,29 @@ depth is 4095. Pass the `--delta-islands` option to `git-pack-objects`, see linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]. +-g=<factor>:: +--geometric=<factor>:: + Arrange resulting pack structure so that each successive pack + contains at least `<factor>` times the number of objects as the + next-largest pack. ++ +`git repack` ensures this by determining a "cut" of packfiles that need +to be repacked into one in order to ensure a geometric progression. It +picks the smallest set of packfiles such that as many of the larger +packfiles (by count of objects contained in that pack) may be left +intact. ++ +Unlike other repack modes, the set of objects to pack is determined +uniquely by the set of packs being "rolled-up"; in other words, the +packs determined to need to be combined in order to restore a geometric +progression. ++ +When `--unpacked` is specified, loose objects are implicitly included in +this "roll-up", without respect to their reachability. This is subject +to change in the future. This option (implying a drastically different +repack mode) is not guaranteed to work with all other combinations of +option to `git repack`. + CONFIGURATION ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt index ab75036..26e9b28 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt @@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ branch, and no updates to their contents can be staged in the index, though that default behavior can be overridden with the `-f` option. When `--cached` is given, the staged content has to match either the tip of the branch or the file on disk, -allowing the file to be removed from just the index. +allowing the file to be removed from just the index. When +sparse-checkouts are in use (see linkgit:git-sparse-checkout[1]), +`git rm` will only remove paths within the sparse-checkout patterns. OPTIONS diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt index 93708ae..3db4eab 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt @@ -167,6 +167,14 @@ Sending `sendemail.envelopeSender` configuration variable; if that is unspecified, choosing the envelope sender is left to your MTA. +--sendmail-cmd=<command>:: + Specify a command to run to send the email. The command should + be sendmail-like; specifically, it must support the `-i` option. + The command will be executed in the shell if necessary. Default + is the value of `sendemail.sendmailcmd`. If unspecified, and if + --smtp-server is also unspecified, git-send-email will search + for `sendmail` in `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/lib` and $PATH. + --smtp-encryption=<encryption>:: Specify the encryption to use, either 'ssl' or 'tls'. Any other value reverts to plain SMTP. Default is the value of @@ -211,13 +219,16 @@ a password is obtained using 'git-credential'. --smtp-server=<host>:: If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server to use (e.g. - `smtp.example.com` or a raw IP address). Alternatively it can - specify a full pathname of a sendmail-like program instead; - the program must support the `-i` option. Default value can - be specified by the `sendemail.smtpServer` configuration - option; the built-in default is to search for `sendmail` in - `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/lib` and $PATH if such program is - available, falling back to `localhost` otherwise. + `smtp.example.com` or a raw IP address). If unspecified, and if + `--sendmail-cmd` is also unspecified, the default is to search + for `sendmail` in `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/lib` and $PATH if such a + program is available, falling back to `localhost` otherwise. ++ +For backward compatibility, this option can also specify a full pathname +of a sendmail-like program instead; the program must support the `-i` +option. This method does not support passing arguments or using plain +command names. For those use cases, consider using `--sendmail-cmd` +instead. --smtp-server-port=<port>:: Specifies a port different from the default port (SMTP diff --git a/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt index a0eeaeb..fdcf43f 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt @@ -45,6 +45,20 @@ To avoid interfering with other worktrees, it first enables the When `--cone` is provided, the `core.sparseCheckoutCone` setting is also set, allowing for better performance with a limited set of patterns (see 'CONE PATTERN SET' below). ++ +Use the `--[no-]sparse-index` option to toggle the use of the sparse +index format. This reduces the size of the index to be more closely +aligned with your sparse-checkout definition. This can have significant +performance advantages for commands such as `git status` or `git add`. +This feature is still experimental. Some commands might be slower with +a sparse index until they are properly integrated with the feature. ++ +**WARNING:** Using a sparse index requires modifying the index in a way +that is not completely understood by external tools. If you have trouble +with this compatibility, then run `git sparse-checkout init --no-sparse-index` +to rewrite your index to not be sparse. Older versions of Git will not +understand the sparse directory entries index extension and may fail to +interact with your repository until it is disabled. 'set':: Write a set of patterns to the sparse-checkout file, as given as diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt index f1197d6..be6084c 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git stash' list [<log-options>] -'git stash' show [<diff-options>] [<stash>] +'git stash' show [-u|--include-untracked|--only-untracked] [<diff-options>] [<stash>] 'git stash' drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] 'git stash' ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>] 'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>] @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ stash@{1}: On master: 9cc0589... Add git-stash The command takes options applicable to the 'git log' command to control what is shown and how. See linkgit:git-log[1]. -show [<diff-options>] [<stash>]:: +show [-u|--include-untracked|--only-untracked] [<diff-options>] [<stash>]:: Show the changes recorded in the stash entry as a diff between the stashed contents and the commit back when the stash entry was first @@ -91,8 +91,10 @@ show [<diff-options>] [<stash>]:: By default, the command shows the diffstat, but it will accept any format known to 'git diff' (e.g., `git stash show -p stash@{1}` to view the second most recent entry in patch form). - You can use stash.showStat and/or stash.showPatch config variables - to change the default behavior. + If no `<diff-option>` is provided, the default behavior will be given + by the `stash.showStat`, and `stash.showPatch` config variables. You + can also use `stash.showIncludeUntracked` to set whether + `--include-untracked` is enabled by default. pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]:: @@ -160,10 +162,18 @@ up with `git clean`. -u:: --include-untracked:: - This option is only valid for `push` and `save` commands. +--no-include-untracked:: + When used with the `push` and `save` commands, + all untracked files are also stashed and then cleaned up with + `git clean`. ++ +When used with the `show` command, show the untracked files in the stash +entry as part of the diff. + +--only-untracked:: + This option is only valid for the `show` command. + -All untracked files are also stashed and then cleaned up with -`git clean`. +Show only the untracked files in the stash entry as part of the diff. --index:: This option is only valid for `pop` and `apply` commands. diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt index 67b143c..d5776ff 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt @@ -1061,25 +1061,6 @@ with different name spaces. For example: branches = stable/*:refs/remotes/svn/stable/* branches = debug/*:refs/remotes/svn/debug/* -BUGS ----- - -We ignore all SVN properties except svn:executable. Any unhandled -properties are logged to $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log - -Renamed and copied directories are not detected by Git and hence not -tracked when committing to SVN. I do not plan on adding support for -this as it's quite difficult and time-consuming to get working for all -the possible corner cases (Git doesn't do it, either). Committing -renamed and copied files is fully supported if they're similar enough -for Git to detect them. - -In SVN, it is possible (though discouraged) to commit changes to a tag -(because a tag is just a directory copy, thus technically the same as a -branch). When cloning an SVN repository, 'git svn' cannot know if such a -commit to a tag will happen in the future. Thus it acts conservatively -and imports all SVN tags as branches, prefixing the tag name with 'tags/'. - CONFIGURATION ------------- @@ -1166,6 +1147,25 @@ $GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*:: if it is missing or not up to date. 'git svn reset' automatically rewinds it. +BUGS +---- + +We ignore all SVN properties except svn:executable. Any unhandled +properties are logged to $GIT_DIR/svn/<refname>/unhandled.log + +Renamed and copied directories are not detected by Git and hence not +tracked when committing to SVN. I do not plan on adding support for +this as it's quite difficult and time-consuming to get working for all +the possible corner cases (Git doesn't do it, either). Committing +renamed and copied files is fully supported if they're similar enough +for Git to detect them. + +In SVN, it is possible (though discouraged) to commit changes to a tag +(because a tag is just a directory copy, thus technically the same as a +branch). When cloning an SVN repository, 'git svn' cannot know if such a +commit to a tag will happen in the future. Thus it acts conservatively +and imports all SVN tags as branches, prefixing the tag name with 'tags/'. + SEE ALSO -------- linkgit:git-rebase[1] diff --git a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt index f1bb1fa..8a7cbdd 100644 --- a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt +++ b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-worktree - Manage multiple working trees SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] -'git worktree add' [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock] [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>] +'git worktree add' [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]] [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>] 'git worktree list' [--porcelain] 'git worktree lock' [--reason <string>] <worktree> 'git worktree move' <worktree> <new-path> @@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ With `list`, annotate missing working trees as prunable if they are older than `<time>`. --reason <string>:: - With `lock`, an explanation why the working tree is locked. + With `lock` or with `add --lock`, an explanation why the working tree is locked. <worktree>:: Working trees can be identified by path, either relative or @@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ These annotations are: ------------ $ git worktree list /path/to/linked-worktree abcd1234 [master] -/path/to/locked-worktreee acbd5678 (brancha) locked +/path/to/locked-worktree acbd5678 (brancha) locked /path/to/prunable-worktree 5678abc (detached HEAD) prunable ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt index 3a9c449..6dd241e 100644 --- a/Documentation/git.txt +++ b/Documentation/git.txt @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] [-p|--paginate|-P|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] - [--super-prefix=<path>] [--config-env <name>=<envvar>] + [--super-prefix=<path>] [--config-env=<name>=<envvar>] <command> [<args>] DESCRIPTION @@ -670,6 +670,16 @@ for further details. If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication). +`GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL`:: +`GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM`:: + Take the configuration from the given files instead from global or + system-level configuration files. If `GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM` is set, the + system config file defined at build time (usually `/etc/gitconfig`) + will not be read. Likewise, if `GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL` is set, neither + `$HOME/.gitconfig` nor `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config` will be read. Can + be set to `/dev/null` to skip reading configuration files of the + respective level. + `GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`:: Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt index e84e104..83fd4e1 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt @@ -845,6 +845,8 @@ patterns are available: - `rust` suitable for source code in the Rust language. +- `scheme` suitable for source code in the Scheme language. + - `tex` suitable for source code for LaTeX documents. @@ -1174,7 +1176,8 @@ tag then no replacement will be done. The placeholders are the same as those for the option `--pretty=format:` of linkgit:git-log[1], except that they need to be wrapped like this: `$Format:PLACEHOLDERS$` in the file. E.g. the string `$Format:%H$` will be replaced by the -commit hash. +commit hash. However, only one `%(describe)` placeholder is expanded +per archive to avoid denial-of-service attacks. Packing objects @@ -1244,6 +1247,12 @@ to: [attr]binary -diff -merge -text ------------ +NOTES +----- + +Git does not follow symbolic links when accessing a `.gitattributes` +file in the working tree. This keeps behavior consistent when the file +is accessed from the index or a tree versus from the filesystem. EXAMPLES -------- diff --git a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt index 1c72696..0d57f86 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt @@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ mark a file pair as a rename and stop considering other candidates for better matches. At most, one comparison is done per file in this preliminary pass; so if there are several remaining ext.txt files throughout the directory hierarchy after exact rename detection, this -preliminary step will be skipped for those files. +preliminary step may be skipped for those files. Note. When the "-C" option is used with `--find-copies-harder` option, 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands feed unmodified filepairs to diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt index 1f3b57d..b51959f 100644 --- a/Documentation/githooks.txt +++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ given); `template` (if a `-t` option was given or the configuration option `commit.template` is set); `merge` (if the commit is a merge or a `.git/MERGE_MSG` file exists); `squash` (if a `.git/SQUASH_MSG` file exists); or `commit`, followed by -a commit SHA-1 (if a `-c`, `-C` or `--amend` option was given). +a commit object name (if a `-c`, `-C` or `--amend` option was given). If the exit status is non-zero, `git commit` will abort. @@ -231,19 +231,19 @@ named remote is not being used both values will be the same. Information about what is to be pushed is provided on the hook's standard input with lines of the form: - <local ref> SP <local sha1> SP <remote ref> SP <remote sha1> LF + <local ref> SP <local object name> SP <remote ref> SP <remote object name> LF For instance, if the command +git push origin master:foreign+ were run the hook would receive a line like the following: refs/heads/master 67890 refs/heads/foreign 12345 -although the full, 40-character SHA-1s would be supplied. If the foreign ref -does not yet exist the `<remote SHA-1>` will be 40 `0`. If a ref is to be -deleted, the `<local ref>` will be supplied as `(delete)` and the `<local -SHA-1>` will be 40 `0`. If the local commit was specified by something other -than a name which could be expanded (such as `HEAD~`, or a SHA-1) it will be -supplied as it was originally given. +although the full object name would be supplied. If the foreign ref does not +yet exist the `<remote object name>` will be the all-zeroes object name. If a +ref is to be deleted, the `<local ref>` will be supplied as `(delete)` and the +`<local object name>` will be the all-zeroes object name. If the local commit +was specified by something other than a name which could be expanded (such as +`HEAD~`, or an object name) it will be supplied as it was originally given. If this hook exits with a non-zero status, `git push` will abort without pushing anything. Information about why the push is rejected may be sent @@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ input a line of the format: where `<old-value>` is the old object name stored in the ref, `<new-value>` is the new object name to be stored in the ref and `<ref-name>` is the full name of the ref. -When creating a new ref, `<old-value>` is 40 `0`. +When creating a new ref, `<old-value>` is the all-zeroes object name. If the hook exits with non-zero status, none of the refs will be updated. If the hook exits with zero, updating of individual refs can @@ -473,7 +473,8 @@ reference-transaction This hook is invoked by any Git command that performs reference updates. It executes whenever a reference transaction is prepared, -committed or aborted and may thus get called multiple times. +committed or aborted and may thus get called multiple times. The hook +does not cover symbolic references (but that may change in the future). The hook takes exactly one argument, which is the current state the given reference transaction is in: @@ -492,6 +493,14 @@ receives on standard input a line of the format: <old-value> SP <new-value> SP <ref-name> LF +where `<old-value>` is the old object name passed into the reference +transaction, `<new-value>` is the new object name to be stored in the +ref and `<ref-name>` is the full name of the ref. When force updating +the reference regardless of its current value or when the reference is +to be created anew, `<old-value>` is the all-zeroes object name. To +distinguish these cases, you can inspect the current value of +`<ref-name>` via `git rev-parse`. + The exit status of the hook is ignored for any state except for the "prepared" state. In the "prepared" state, a non-zero exit status will cause the transaction to be aborted. The hook will not be called with @@ -550,7 +559,7 @@ command-dependent arguments may be passed in the future. The hook receives a list of the rewritten commits on stdin, in the format - <old-sha1> SP <new-sha1> [ SP <extra-info> ] LF + <old-object-name> SP <new-object-name> [ SP <extra-info> ] LF The 'extra-info' is again command-dependent. If it is empty, the preceding SP is also omitted. Currently, no commands pass any @@ -566,7 +575,7 @@ rebase:: For the 'squash' and 'fixup' operation, all commits that were squashed are listed as being rewritten to the squashed commit. This means that there will be several lines sharing the same - 'new-sha1'. + 'new-object-name'. + The commits are guaranteed to be listed in the order that they were processed by rebase. diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt index d47b1ae..f8a1fc2 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt @@ -27,12 +27,11 @@ precedence, the last matching pattern decides the outcome): them. * Patterns read from a `.gitignore` file in the same directory - as the path, or in any parent directory, with patterns in the - higher level files (up to the toplevel of the work tree) being overridden - by those in lower level files down to the directory containing the file. - These patterns match relative to the location of the - `.gitignore` file. A project normally includes such - `.gitignore` files in its repository, containing patterns for + as the path, or in any parent directory (up to the top-level of the working + tree), with patterns in the higher level files being overridden by those in + lower level files down to the directory containing the file. These patterns + match relative to the location of the `.gitignore` file. A project normally + includes such `.gitignore` files in its repository, containing patterns for files generated as part of the project build. * Patterns read from `$GIT_DIR/info/exclude`. @@ -149,11 +148,15 @@ not tracked by Git remain untracked. To stop tracking a file that is currently tracked, use 'git rm --cached'. +Git does not follow symbolic links when accessing a `.gitignore` file in +the working tree. This keeps behavior consistent when the file is +accessed from the index or a tree versus from the filesystem. + EXAMPLES -------- - The pattern `hello.*` matches any file or folder - whose name begins with `hello`. If one wants to restrict + whose name begins with `hello.`. If one wants to restrict this only to the directory and not in its subdirectories, one can prepend the pattern with a slash, i.e. `/hello.*`; the pattern now matches `hello.txt`, `hello.c` but not diff --git a/Documentation/gitmailmap.txt b/Documentation/gitmailmap.txt index 3fb39f8..06f4af9 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmailmap.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmailmap.txt @@ -55,6 +55,13 @@ this would also match the 'Commit Name <commit@email.xx>' above: Proper Name <proper@email.xx> CoMmIt NaMe <CoMmIt@EmAiL.xX> -- +NOTES +----- + +Git does not follow symbolic links when accessing a `.mailmap` file in +the working tree. This keeps behavior consistent when the file is +accessed from the index or a tree versus from the filesystem. + EXAMPLES -------- diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt index 8e333dd..dcee09b 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt @@ -98,6 +98,14 @@ submodule.<name>.shallow:: shallow clone (with a history depth of 1) unless the user explicitly asks for a non-shallow clone. +NOTES +----- + +Git does not allow the `.gitmodules` file within a working tree to be a +symbolic link, and will refuse to check out such a tree entry. This +keeps behavior consistent when the file is accessed from the index or a +tree versus from the filesystem, and helps Git reliably enforce security +checks of the file contents. EXAMPLES -------- diff --git a/Documentation/gitnamespaces.txt b/Documentation/gitnamespaces.txt index b614969..1c8d2ec 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitnamespaces.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitnamespaces.txt @@ -62,3 +62,7 @@ git clone ext::'git --namespace=foo %s /tmp/prefixed.git' ---------- include::transfer-data-leaks.txt[] + +GIT +--- +Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt index 7963a79..34b1d6e 100644 --- a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt +++ b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt @@ -751,6 +751,17 @@ default font sizes or lineheights are changed (e.g. via adding extra CSS stylesheet in `@stylesheets`), it may be appropriate to change these values. +email-privacy:: + Redact e-mail addresses from the generated HTML, etc. content. + This obscures e-mail addresses retrieved from the author/committer + and comment sections of the Git log. + It is meant to hinder web crawlers that harvest and abuse addresses. + Such crawlers may not respect robots.txt. + Note that users and user tools also see the addresses as redacted. + If Gitweb is not the final step in a workflow then subsequent steps + may misbehave because of the redacted information they receive. + Disabled by default. + highlight:: Server-side syntax highlight support in "blob" view. It requires `$highlight_bin` program to be available (see the description of diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt index 67c7a50..c077971 100644 --- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt +++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt @@ -146,8 +146,8 @@ current branch integrates with) obviously do not work, as there is no <<def_revision,revision>> and you are "merging" another <<def_branch,branch>>'s changes that happen to be a descendant of what you have. In such a case, you do not make a new <<def_merge,merge>> - <<def_commit,commit>> but instead just update to his - revision. This will happen frequently on a + <<def_commit,commit>> but instead just update your branch to point at the same + revision as the branch you are merging. This will happen frequently on a <<def_remote_tracking_branch,remote-tracking branch>> of a remote <<def_repository,repository>>. diff --git a/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt b/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..601aae8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +Content-type: text/asciidoc +Abstract: When a critical vulnerability is discovered and fixed, we follow this + script to coordinate a public release. + +How we coordinate embargoed releases +==================================== + +To protect Git users from critical vulnerabilities, we do not just release +fixed versions like regular maintenance releases. Instead, we coordinate +releases with packagers, keeping the fixes under an embargo until the release +date. That way, users will have a chance to upgrade on that date, no matter +what Operating System or distribution they run. + +Open a Security Advisory draft +------------------------------ + +The first step is to https://github.com/git/git/security/advisories/new[open an +advisory]. Technically, it is not necessary, but it is convenient and saves a +bit of hassle. This advisory can also be used to obtain the CVE number and it +will give us a private fork associated with it that can be used to collaborate +on a fix. + +Release date of the embargoed version +------------------------------------- + +If the vulnerability affects Windows users, we want to have our friends over at +Visual Studio on board. This means we need to target a "Patch Tuesday" (i.e. a +second Tuesday of the month), at the minimum three weeks from heads-up to +coordinated release. + +If the vulnerability affects the server side, or can benefit from scans on the +server side (i.e. if `git fsck` can detect an attack), it is important to give +all involved Git repository hosting sites enough time to scan all of those +repositories. + +Notifying the Linux distributions +--------------------------------- + +At most two weeks before release date, we need to send a notification to +distros@vs.openwall.org, preferably less than 7 days before the release date. +This will reach most (all?) Linux distributions. See an example below, and the +guidelines for this mailing list at +https://oss-security.openwall.org/wiki/mailing-lists/distros#how-to-use-the-lists[here]. + +Once the version has been published, we send a note about that to oss-security. +As an example, see https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2019/12/13/1[the +v2.24.1 mail]; +https://oss-security.openwall.org/wiki/mailing-lists/oss-security[Here] are +their guidelines. + +The mail to oss-security should also describe the exploit, and give credit to +the reporter(s): security researchers still receive too little respect for the +invaluable service they provide, and public credit goes a long way to keep them +paid by their respective organizations. + +Technically, describing any exploit can be delayed up to 7 days, but we usually +refrain from doing that, including it right away. + +As a courtesy we typically attach a Git bundle (as `.tar.xz` because the list +will drop `.bundle` attachments) in the mail to distros@ so that the involved +parties can take care of integrating/backporting them. This bundle is typically +created using a command like this: + + git bundle create cve-xxx.bundle ^origin/master vA.B.C vD.E.F + tar cJvf cve-xxx.bundle.tar.xz cve-xxx.bundle + +Example mail to distros@vs.openwall.org +--------------------------------------- + +.... +To: distros@vs.openwall.org +Cc: git-security@googlegroups.com, <other people involved in the report/fix> +Subject: [vs] Upcoming Git security fix release + +Team, + +The Git project will release new versions on <date> at 10am Pacific Time or +soon thereafter. I have attached a Git bundle (embedded in a `.tar.xz` to avoid +it being dropped) which you can fetch into a clone of +https://github.com/git/git via `git fetch --tags /path/to/cve-xxx.bundle`, +containing the tags for versions <versions>. + +You can verify with `git tag -v <tag>` that the versions were signed by +the Git maintainer, using the same GPG key as e.g. v2.24.0. + +Please use these tags to prepare `git` packages for your various +distributions, using the appropriate tagged versions. The added test cases +help verify the correctness. + +The addressed issues are: + +<list of CVEs with a short description, typically copy/pasted from Git's +release notes, usually demo exploit(s), too> + +Credit for finding the vulnerability goes to <reporter>, credit for fixing +it goes to <developer>. + +Thanks, +<name> + +.... + +Example mail to oss-security@lists.openwall.com +----------------------------------------------- + +.... +To: oss-security@lists.openwall.com +Cc: git-security@googlegroups.com, <other people involved in the report/fix> +Subject: git: <copy from security advisory> + +Team, + +The Git project released new versions on <date>, addressing <CVE>. + +All supported platforms are affected in one way or another, and all Git +versions all the way back to <version> are affected. The fixed versions are: +<versions>. + +Link to the announcement: <link to lore.kernel.org/git> + +We highly recommend to upgrade. + +The addressed issues are: +* <list of CVEs and their explanations, along with demo exploits> + +Credit for finding the vulnerability goes to <reporter>, credit for fixing +it goes to <developer>. + +Thanks, +<name> +.... diff --git a/Documentation/lint-gitlink.perl b/Documentation/lint-gitlink.perl index 476cc30..b22a367 100755 --- a/Documentation/lint-gitlink.perl +++ b/Documentation/lint-gitlink.perl @@ -1,71 +1,67 @@ #!/usr/bin/perl -use File::Find; -use Getopt::Long; +use strict; +use warnings; -my $basedir = "."; -GetOptions("basedir=s" => \$basedir) - or die("Cannot parse command line arguments\n"); +# Parse arguments, a simple state machine for input like: +# +# howto/*.txt config/*.txt --section=1 git.txt git-add.txt [...] --to-lint git-add.txt a-file.txt [...] +my %TXT; +my %SECTION; +my $section; +my $lint_these = 0; +for my $arg (@ARGV) { + if (my ($sec) = $arg =~ /^--section=(\d+)$/s) { + $section = $sec; + next; + } -my $found_errors = 0; + my ($name) = $arg =~ /^(.*?)\.txt$/s; + unless (defined $section) { + $TXT{$name} = $arg; + next; + } -sub report { - my ($where, $what, $error) = @_; - print "$where: $error: $what\n"; - $found_errors = 1; + $SECTION{$name} = $section; } -sub grab_section { - my ($page) = @_; - open my $fh, "<", "$basedir/$page.txt"; - my $firstline = <$fh>; - chomp $firstline; - close $fh; - my ($section) = ($firstline =~ /.*\((\d)\)$/); - return $section; +my $exit_code = 0; +sub report { + my ($pos, $line, $target, $msg) = @_; + substr($line, $pos) = "' <-- HERE"; + $line =~ s/^\s+//; + print "$ARGV:$.: error: $target: $msg, shown with 'HERE' below:\n"; + print "$ARGV:$.:\t'$line\n"; + $exit_code = 1; } -sub lint { - my ($file) = @_; - open my $fh, "<", $file - or return; - while (<$fh>) { - my $where = "$file:$."; - while (s/linkgit:((.*?)\[(\d)\])//) { - my ($target, $page, $section) = ($1, $2, $3); +@ARGV = sort values %TXT; +die "BUG: Nothing to process!" unless @ARGV; +while (<>) { + my $line = $_; + while ($line =~ m/linkgit:((.*?)\[(\d)\])/g) { + my $pos = pos $line; + my ($target, $page, $section) = ($1, $2, $3); - # De-AsciiDoc - $page =~ s/{litdd}/--/g; + # De-AsciiDoc + $page =~ s/{litdd}/--/g; - if ($page !~ /^git/) { - report($where, $target, "nongit link"); - next; - } - if (! -f "$basedir/$page.txt") { - report($where, $target, "no such source"); - next; - } - $real_section = grab_section($page); - if ($real_section != $section) { - report($where, $target, - "wrong section (should be $real_section)"); - next; - } + if (!exists $TXT{$page}) { + report($pos, $line, $target, "link outside of our own docs"); + next; + } + if (!exists $SECTION{$page}) { + report($pos, $line, $target, "link outside of our sectioned docs"); + next; + } + my $real_section = $SECTION{$page}; + if ($section != $SECTION{$page}) { + report($pos, $line, $target, "wrong section (should be $real_section)"); + next; } } - close $fh; -} - -sub lint_it { - lint($File::Find::name) if -f && /\.txt$/; -} - -if (!@ARGV) { - find({ wanted => \&lint_it, no_chdir => 1 }, $basedir); -} else { - for (@ARGV) { - lint($_); - } + # this resets our $. for each file + close ARGV if eof; } -exit $found_errors; +exit $exit_code; diff --git a/Documentation/lint-man-end-blurb.perl b/Documentation/lint-man-end-blurb.perl new file mode 100755 index 0000000..d69312e --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/lint-man-end-blurb.perl @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +#!/usr/bin/perl + +use strict; +use warnings; + +my $exit_code = 0; +sub report { + my ($target, $msg) = @_; + print "error: $target: $msg\n"; + $exit_code = 1; +} + +local $/; +while (my $slurp = <>) { + report($ARGV, "has no 'Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite' end blurb") + unless $slurp =~ m[ + ^GIT\n + ---\n + \QPart of the linkgit:git[1] suite\E \n + \z + ]mx; +} + +exit $exit_code; diff --git a/Documentation/lint-man-section-order.perl b/Documentation/lint-man-section-order.perl new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b05f915 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/lint-man-section-order.perl @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +#!/usr/bin/perl + +use strict; +use warnings; + +my %SECTIONS; +{ + my $order = 0; + %SECTIONS = ( + 'NAME' => { + required => 1, + order => $order++, + }, + 'SYNOPSIS' => { + required => 1, + order => $order++, + }, + 'DESCRIPTION' => { + required => 1, + order => $order++, + }, + 'OPTIONS' => { + order => $order++, + required => 0, + }, + 'CONFIGURATION' => { + order => $order++, + }, + 'BUGS' => { + order => $order++, + }, + 'SEE ALSO' => { + order => $order++, + }, + 'GIT' => { + required => 1, + order => $order++, + }, + ); +} +my $SECTION_RX = do { + my ($names) = join "|", keys %SECTIONS; + qr/^($names)$/s; +}; + +my $exit_code = 0; +sub report { + my ($msg) = @_; + print "$ARGV:$.: $msg\n"; + $exit_code = 1; +} + +my $last_was_section; +my @actual_order; +while (my $line = <>) { + chomp $line; + if ($line =~ $SECTION_RX) { + push @actual_order => $line; + $last_was_section = 1; + # Have no "last" section yet, processing NAME + next if @actual_order == 1; + + my @expected_order = sort { + $SECTIONS{$a}->{order} <=> $SECTIONS{$b}->{order} + } @actual_order; + + my $expected_last = $expected_order[-2]; + my $actual_last = $actual_order[-2]; + if ($actual_last ne $expected_last) { + report("section '$line' incorrectly ordered, comes after '$actual_last'"); + } + next; + } + if ($last_was_section) { + my $last_section = $actual_order[-1]; + if (length $last_section ne length $line) { + report("dashes under '$last_section' should match its length!"); + } + if ($line !~ /^-+$/) { + report("dashes under '$last_section' should be '-' dashes!"); + } + $last_was_section = 0; + } + + if (eof) { + # We have both a hash and an array to consider, for + # convenience + my %actual_sections; + @actual_sections{@actual_order} = (); + + for my $section (sort keys %SECTIONS) { + next if !$SECTIONS{$section}->{required} or exists $actual_sections{$section}; + report("has no required '$section' section!"); + } + + # Reset per-file state + { + @actual_order = (); + # this resets our $. for each file + close ARGV; + } + } +} + +exit $exit_code; diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt index 6b59e28..ef6bd42 100644 --- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt +++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt @@ -190,6 +190,8 @@ The placeholders are: '%ai':: author date, ISO 8601-like format '%aI':: author date, strict ISO 8601 format '%as':: author date, short format (`YYYY-MM-DD`) +'%ah':: author date, human style (like the `--date=human` option of + linkgit:git-rev-list[1]) '%cn':: committer name '%cN':: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1]) @@ -206,8 +208,23 @@ The placeholders are: '%ci':: committer date, ISO 8601-like format '%cI':: committer date, strict ISO 8601 format '%cs':: committer date, short format (`YYYY-MM-DD`) +'%ch':: committer date, human style (like the `--date=human` option of + linkgit:git-rev-list[1]) '%d':: ref names, like the --decorate option of linkgit:git-log[1] '%D':: ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping. +'%(describe[:options])':: human-readable name, like + linkgit:git-describe[1]; empty string for + undescribable commits. The `describe` string + may be followed by a colon and zero or more + comma-separated options. Descriptions can be + inconsistent when tags are added or removed at + the same time. ++ +** 'match=<pattern>': Only consider tags matching the given + `glob(7)` pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix. +** 'exclude=<pattern>': Do not consider tags matching the given + `glob(7)` pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix. + '%S':: ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached (like `git log --source`), only works with `git log` '%e':: encoding @@ -254,7 +271,7 @@ endif::git-rev-list[] `trailers` string may be followed by a colon and zero or more comma-separated options. If any option is provided multiple times the - last occurance wins. + last occurrence wins. + The boolean options accept an optional value `[=<BOOL>]`. The values `true`, `false`, `on`, `off` etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean" diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt index b1c8f86..24569b0 100644 --- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt +++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt @@ -892,9 +892,12 @@ or units. n may be zero. The suffixes k, m, and g can be used to name units in KiB, MiB, or GiB. For example, 'blob:limit=1k' is the same as 'blob:limit=1024'. + +The form '--filter=object:type=(tag|commit|tree|blob)' omits all objects +which are not of the requested type. ++ The form '--filter=sparse:oid=<blob-ish>' uses a sparse-checkout specification contained in the blob (or blob-expression) '<blob-ish>' -to omit blobs that would not be not required for a sparse checkout on +to omit blobs that would not be required for a sparse checkout on the requested refs. + The form '--filter=tree:<depth>' omits all blobs and trees whose depth @@ -930,6 +933,11 @@ equivalent. --no-filter:: Turn off any previous `--filter=` argument. +--filter-provided-objects:: + Filter the list of explicitly provided objects, which would otherwise + always be printed even if they did not match any of the filters. Only + useful with `--filter=`. + --filter-print-omitted:: Only useful with `--filter=`; prints a list of the objects omitted by the filter. Object IDs are prefixed with a ``~'' character. @@ -1056,6 +1064,14 @@ ifdef::git-rev-list[] --header:: Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is separated with a NUL character. + +--no-commit-header:: + Suppress the header line containing "commit" and the object ID printed before + the specified format. This has no effect on the built-in formats; only custom + formats are affected. + +--commit-header:: + Overrides a previous `--no-commit-header`. endif::git-rev-list[] --parents:: diff --git a/Documentation/revisions.txt b/Documentation/revisions.txt index d9169c0..f5f17b6 100644 --- a/Documentation/revisions.txt +++ b/Documentation/revisions.txt @@ -260,6 +260,9 @@ any of the given commits. A commit's reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in its ancestry chain. +There are several notations to specify a set of connected commits +(called a "revision range"), illustrated below. + Commit Exclusions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -294,6 +297,26 @@ is a shorthand for 'HEAD..origin' and asks "What did the origin do since I forked from them?" Note that '..' would mean 'HEAD..HEAD' which is an empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD. +Commands that are specifically designed to take two distinct ranges +(e.g. "git range-diff R1 R2" to compare two ranges) do exist, but +they are exceptions. Unless otherwise noted, all "git" commands +that operate on a set of commits work on a single revision range. +In other words, writing two "two-dot range notation" next to each +other, e.g. + + $ git log A..B C..D + +does *not* specify two revision ranges for most commands. Instead +it will name a single connected set of commits, i.e. those that are +reachable from either B or D but are reachable from neither A or C. +In a linear history like this: + + ---A---B---o---o---C---D + +because A and B are reachable from C, the revision range specified +by these two dotted ranges is a single commit D. + + Other <rev>{caret} Parent Shorthand Notations ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits, diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-error-handling.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-error-handling.txt index ceeedd4..8be4f4d 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-error-handling.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-error-handling.txt @@ -1,8 +1,11 @@ Error reporting in git ====================== -`die`, `usage`, `error`, and `warning` report errors of various -kinds. +`BUG`, `die`, `usage`, `error`, and `warning` report errors of +various kinds. + +- `BUG` is for failed internal assertions that should never happen, + i.e. a bug in git itself. - `die` is for fatal application errors. It prints a message to the user and exits with status 128. @@ -20,6 +23,9 @@ kinds. without running into too many problems. Like `error`, it returns -1 after reporting the situation to the caller. +These reports will be logged via the trace2 facility. See the "error" +event in link:api-trace2.txt[trace2 API]. + Customizable error handlers --------------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-simple-ipc.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-simple-ipc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d79ad32 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-simple-ipc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +Simple-IPC API +============== + +The Simple-IPC API is a collection of `ipc_` prefixed library routines +and a basic communication protocol that allow an IPC-client process to +send an application-specific IPC-request message to an IPC-server +process and receive an application-specific IPC-response message. + +Communication occurs over a named pipe on Windows and a Unix domain +socket on other platforms. IPC-clients and IPC-servers rendezvous at +a previously agreed-to application-specific pathname (which is outside +the scope of this design) that is local to the computer system. + +The IPC-server routines within the server application process create a +thread pool to listen for connections and receive request messages +from multiple concurrent IPC-clients. When received, these messages +are dispatched up to the server application callbacks for handling. +IPC-server routines then incrementally relay responses back to the +IPC-client. + +The IPC-client routines within a client application process connect +to the IPC-server and send a request message and wait for a response. +When received, the response is returned back the caller. + +For example, the `fsmonitor--daemon` feature will be built as a server +application on top of the IPC-server library routines. It will have +threads watching for file system events and a thread pool waiting for +client connections. Clients, such as `git status` will request a list +of file system events since a point in time and the server will +respond with a list of changed files and directories. The formats of +the request and response are application-specific; the IPC-client and +IPC-server routines treat them as opaque byte streams. + + +Comparison with sub-process model +--------------------------------- + +The Simple-IPC mechanism differs from the existing `sub-process.c` +model (Documentation/technical/long-running-process-protocol.txt) and +used by applications like Git-LFS. In the LFS-style sub-process model +the helper is started by the foreground process, communication happens +via a pair of file descriptors bound to the stdin/stdout of the +sub-process, the sub-process only serves the current foreground +process, and the sub-process exits when the foreground process +terminates. + +In the Simple-IPC model the server is a very long-running service. It +can service many clients at the same time and has a private socket or +named pipe connection to each active client. It might be started +(on-demand) by the current client process or it might have been +started by a previous client or by the OS at boot time. The server +process is not associated with a terminal and it persists after +clients terminate. Clients do not have access to the stdin/stdout of +the server process and therefore must communicate over sockets or +named pipes. + + +Server startup and shutdown +--------------------------- + +How an application server based upon IPC-server is started is also +outside the scope of the Simple-IPC design and is a property of the +application using it. For example, the server might be started or +restarted during routine maintenance operations, or it might be +started as a system service during the system boot-up sequence, or it +might be started on-demand by a foreground Git command when needed. + +Similarly, server shutdown is a property of the application using +the simple-ipc routines. For example, the server might decide to +shutdown when idle or only upon explicit request. + + +Simple-IPC protocol +------------------- + +The Simple-IPC protocol consists of a single request message from the +client and an optional response message from the server. Both the +client and server messages are unlimited in length and are terminated +with a flush packet. + +The pkt-line routines (Documentation/technical/protocol-common.txt) +are used to simplify buffer management during message generation, +transmission, and reception. A flush packet is used to mark the end +of the message. This allows the sender to incrementally generate and +transmit the message. It allows the receiver to incrementally receive +the message in chunks and to know when they have received the entire +message. + +The actual byte format of the client request and server response +messages are application specific. The IPC layer transmits and +receives them as opaque byte buffers without any concern for the +content within. It is the job of the calling application layer to +understand the contents of the request and response messages. + + +Summary +------- + +Conceptually, the Simple-IPC protocol is similar to an HTTP REST +request. Clients connect, make an application-specific and +stateless request, receive an application-specific +response, and disconnect. It is a one round trip facility for +querying the server. The Simple-IPC routines hide the socket, +named pipe, and thread pool details and allow the application +layer to focus on the application at hand. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt index c65ffaf..037a91c 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt @@ -396,14 +396,14 @@ only present on the "start" and "atexit" events. } ------------ -`"discard"`:: +`"too_many_files"`:: This event is written to the git-trace2-discard sentinel file if there are too many files in the target trace directory (see the trace2.maxFiles config option). + ------------ { - "event":"discard", + "event":"too_many_files", ... } ------------ @@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ completed.) ------------ `"error"`:: - This event is emitted when one of the `error()`, `die()`, + This event is emitted when one of the `BUG()`, `error()`, `die()`, `warning()`, or `usage()` functions are called. + ------------ diff --git a/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt b/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt index 7c1630b..260224b 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/hash-function-transition.txt @@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ supports four different modes of operation: convert any object names written to output to SHA-1, but store objects using SHA-256. This allows users to test the code with no visible behavior change except for performance. This allows - allows running even tests that assume the SHA-1 hash function, to + running even tests that assume the SHA-1 hash function, to sanity-check the behavior of the new mode. 2. ("early transition") Allow both SHA-1 and SHA-256 object names in diff --git a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt index d363a71..65da0da 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt @@ -44,6 +44,13 @@ Git index format localization, no special casing of directory separator '/'). Entries with the same name are sorted by their stage field. + An index entry typically represents a file. However, if sparse-checkout + is enabled in cone mode (`core.sparseCheckoutCone` is enabled) and the + `extensions.sparseIndex` extension is enabled, then the index may + contain entries for directories outside of the sparse-checkout definition. + These entries have mode `040000`, include the `SKIP_WORKTREE` bit, and + the path ends in a directory separator. + 32-bit ctime seconds, the last time a file's metadata changed this is stat(2) data @@ -385,3 +392,15 @@ The remaining data of each directory block is grouped by type: in this block of entries. - 32-bit count of cache entries in this block + +== Sparse Directory Entries + + When using sparse-checkout in cone mode, some entire directories within + the index can be summarized by pointing to a tree object instead of the + entire expanded list of paths within that tree. An index containing such + entries is a "sparse index". Index format versions 4 and less were not + implemented with such entries in mind. Thus, for these versions, an + index containing sparse directory entries will include this extension + with signature { 's', 'd', 'i', 'r' }. Like the split-index extension, + tools should avoid interacting with a sparse index unless they understand + this extension. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt b/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt index e8e377a..fb68897 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt @@ -43,8 +43,9 @@ Design Details a change in format. - The MIDX keeps only one record per object ID. If an object appears - in multiple packfiles, then the MIDX selects the copy in the most- - recently modified packfile. + in multiple packfiles, then the MIDX selects the copy in the + preferred packfile, otherwise selecting from the most-recently + modified packfile. - If there exist packfiles in the pack directory not registered in the MIDX, then those packfiles are loaded into the `packed_git` diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt index 1faa949..8d2f42f 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt @@ -379,3 +379,86 @@ CHUNK DATA: TRAILER: Index checksum of the above contents. + +== multi-pack-index reverse indexes + +Similar to the pack-based reverse index, the multi-pack index can also +be used to generate a reverse index. + +Instead of mapping between offset, pack-, and index position, this +reverse index maps between an object's position within the MIDX, and +that object's position within a pseudo-pack that the MIDX describes +(i.e., the ith entry of the multi-pack reverse index holds the MIDX +position of ith object in pseudo-pack order). + +To clarify the difference between these orderings, consider a multi-pack +reachability bitmap (which does not yet exist, but is what we are +building towards here). Each bit needs to correspond to an object in the +MIDX, and so we need an efficient mapping from bit position to MIDX +position. + +One solution is to let bits occupy the same position in the oid-sorted +index stored by the MIDX. But because oids are effectively random, their +resulting reachability bitmaps would have no locality, and thus compress +poorly. (This is the reason that single-pack bitmaps use the pack +ordering, and not the .idx ordering, for the same purpose.) + +So we'd like to define an ordering for the whole MIDX based around +pack ordering, which has far better locality (and thus compresses more +efficiently). We can think of a pseudo-pack created by the concatenation +of all of the packs in the MIDX. E.g., if we had a MIDX with three packs +(a, b, c), with 10, 15, and 20 objects respectively, we can imagine an +ordering of the objects like: + + |a,0|a,1|...|a,9|b,0|b,1|...|b,14|c,0|c,1|...|c,19| + +where the ordering of the packs is defined by the MIDX's pack list, +and then the ordering of objects within each pack is the same as the +order in the actual packfile. + +Given the list of packs and their counts of objects, you can +naïvely reconstruct that pseudo-pack ordering (e.g., the object at +position 27 must be (c,1) because packs "a" and "b" consumed 25 of the +slots). But there's a catch. Objects may be duplicated between packs, in +which case the MIDX only stores one pointer to the object (and thus we'd +want only one slot in the bitmap). + +Callers could handle duplicates themselves by reading objects in order +of their bit-position, but that's linear in the number of objects, and +much too expensive for ordinary bitmap lookups. Building a reverse index +solves this, since it is the logical inverse of the index, and that +index has already removed duplicates. But, building a reverse index on +the fly can be expensive. Since we already have an on-disk format for +pack-based reverse indexes, let's reuse it for the MIDX's pseudo-pack, +too. + +Objects from the MIDX are ordered as follows to string together the +pseudo-pack. Let `pack(o)` return the pack from which `o` was selected +by the MIDX, and define an ordering of packs based on their numeric ID +(as stored by the MIDX). Let `offset(o)` return the object offset of `o` +within `pack(o)`. Then, compare `o1` and `o2` as follows: + + - If one of `pack(o1)` and `pack(o2)` is preferred and the other + is not, then the preferred one sorts first. ++ +(This is a detail that allows the MIDX bitmap to determine which +pack should be used by the pack-reuse mechanism, since it can ask +the MIDX for the pack containing the object at bit position 0). + + - If `pack(o1) ≠pack(o2)`, then sort the two objects in descending + order based on the pack ID. + + - Otherwise, `pack(o1) = pack(o2)`, and the objects are sorted in + pack-order (i.e., `o1` sorts ahead of `o2` exactly when `offset(o1) + < offset(o2)`). + +In short, a MIDX's pseudo-pack is the de-duplicated concatenation of +objects in packs stored by the MIDX, laid out in pack order, and the +packs arranged in MIDX order (with the preferred pack coming first). + +Finally, note that the MIDX's reverse index is not stored as a chunk in +the multi-pack-index itself. This is done because the reverse index +includes the checksum of the pack or MIDX to which it belongs, which +makes it impossible to write in the MIDX. To avoid races when rewriting +the MIDX, a MIDX reverse index includes the MIDX's checksum in its +filename (e.g., `multi-pack-index-xyz.rev`). diff --git a/Documentation/technical/packfile-uri.txt b/Documentation/technical/packfile-uri.txt index f7eabc6..1eb525f 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/packfile-uri.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/packfile-uri.txt @@ -35,13 +35,14 @@ include some sort of non-trivial implementation in the Minimum Viable Product, at least so that we can test the client. This is the implementation: a feature, marked experimental, that allows the -server to be configured by one or more `uploadpack.blobPackfileUri=<sha1> -<uri>` entries. Whenever the list of objects to be sent is assembled, all such -blobs are excluded, replaced with URIs. As noted in "Future work" below, the -server can evolve in the future to support excluding other objects (or other -implementations of servers could be made that support excluding other objects) -without needing a protocol change, so clients should not expect that packfiles -downloaded in this way only contain single blobs. +server to be configured by one or more `uploadpack.blobPackfileUri= +<object-hash> <pack-hash> <uri>` entries. Whenever the list of objects to be +sent is assembled, all such blobs are excluded, replaced with URIs. As noted +in "Future work" below, the server can evolve in the future to support +excluding other objects (or other implementations of servers could be made +that support excluding other objects) without needing a protocol change, so +clients should not expect that packfiles downloaded in this way only contain +single blobs. Client design ------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt b/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e790258 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ +Parallel Checkout Design Notes +============================== + +The "Parallel Checkout" feature attempts to use multiple processes to +parallelize the work of uncompressing the blobs, applying in-core +filters, and writing the resulting contents to the working tree during a +checkout operation. It can be used by all checkout-related commands, +such as `clone`, `checkout`, `reset`, `sparse-checkout`, and others. + +These commands share the following basic structure: + +* Step 1: Read the current index file into memory. + +* Step 2: Modify the in-memory index based upon the command, and + temporarily mark all cache entries that need to be updated. + +* Step 3: Populate the working tree to match the new candidate index. + This includes iterating over all of the to-be-updated cache entries + and delete, create, or overwrite the associated files in the working + tree. + +* Step 4: Write the new index to disk. + +Step 3 is the focus of the "parallel checkout" effort described here. + +Sequential Implementation +------------------------- + +For the purposes of discussion here, the current sequential +implementation of Step 3 is divided in 3 parts, each one implemented in +its own function: + +* Step 3a: `unpack-trees.c:check_updates()` contains a series of + sequential loops iterating over the `cache_entry`'s array. The main + loop in this function calls the Step 3b function for each of the + to-be-updated entries. + +* Step 3b: `entry.c:checkout_entry()` examines the existing working tree + for file conflicts, collisions, and unsaved changes. It removes files + and creates leading directories as necessary. It calls the Step 3c + function for each entry to be written. + +* Step 3c: `entry.c:write_entry()` loads the blob into memory, smudges + it if necessary, creates the file in the working tree, writes the + smudged contents, calls `fstat()` or `lstat()`, and updates the + associated `cache_entry` struct with the stat information gathered. + +It wouldn't be safe to perform Step 3b in parallel, as there could be +race conditions between file creations and removals. Instead, the +parallel checkout framework lets the sequential code handle Step 3b, +and uses parallel workers to replace the sequential +`entry.c:write_entry()` calls from Step 3c. + +Rejected Multi-Threaded Solution +-------------------------------- + +The most "straightforward" implementation would be to spread the set of +to-be-updated cache entries across multiple threads. But due to the +thread-unsafe functions in the ODB code, we would have to use locks to +coordinate the parallel operation. An early prototype of this solution +showed that the multi-threaded checkout would bring performance +improvements over the sequential code, but there was still too much lock +contention. A `perf` profiling indicated that around 20% of the runtime +during a local Linux clone (on an SSD) was spent in locking functions. +For this reason this approach was rejected in favor of using multiple +child processes, which led to a better performance. + +Multi-Process Solution +---------------------- + +Parallel checkout alters the aforementioned Step 3 to use multiple +`checkout--worker` background processes to distribute the work. The +long-running worker processes are controlled by the foreground Git +command using the existing run-command API. + +Overview +~~~~~~~~ + +Step 3b is only slightly altered; for each entry to be checked out, the +main process performs the following steps: + +* M1: Check whether there is any untracked or unclean file in the + working tree which would be overwritten by this entry, and decide + whether to proceed (removing the file(s)) or not. + +* M2: Create the leading directories. + +* M3: Load the conversion attributes for the entry's path. + +* M4: Check, based on the entry's type and conversion attributes, + whether the entry is eligible for parallel checkout (more on this + later). If it is eligible, enqueue the entry and the loaded + attributes to later write the entry in parallel. If not, write the + entry right away, using the default sequential code. + +Note: we save the conversion attributes associated with each entry +because the workers don't have access to the main process' index state, +so they can't load the attributes by themselves (and the attributes are +needed to properly smudge the entry). Additionally, this has a positive +impact on performance as (1) we don't need to load the attributes twice +and (2) the attributes machinery is optimized to handle paths in +sequential order. + +After all entries have passed through the above steps, the main process +checks if the number of enqueued entries is sufficient to spread among +the workers. If not, it just writes them sequentially. Otherwise, it +spawns the workers and distributes the queued entries uniformly in +continuous chunks. This aims to minimize the chances of two workers +writing to the same directory simultaneously, which could increase lock +contention in the kernel. + +Then, for each assigned item, each worker: + +* W1: Checks if there is any non-directory file in the leading part of + the entry's path or if there already exists a file at the entry' path. + If so, mark the entry with `PC_ITEM_COLLIDED` and skip it (more on + this later). + +* W2: Creates the file (with O_CREAT and O_EXCL). + +* W3: Loads the blob into memory (inflating and delta reconstructing + it). + +* W4: Applies any required in-process filter, like end-of-line + conversion and re-encoding. + +* W5: Writes the result to the file descriptor opened at W2. + +* W6: Calls `fstat()` or lstat()` on the just-written path, and sends + the result back to the main process, together with the end status of + the operation and the item's identification number. + +Note that, when possible, steps W3 to W5 are delegated to the streaming +machinery, removing the need to keep the entire blob in memory. + +If the worker fails to read the blob or to write it to the working tree, +it removes the created file to avoid leaving empty files behind. This is +the *only* time a worker is allowed to remove a file. + +As mentioned earlier, it is the responsibility of the main process to +remove any file that blocks the checkout operation (or abort if the +removal(s) would cause data loss and the user didn't ask to `--force`). +This is crucial to avoid race conditions and also to properly detect +path collisions at Step W1. + +After the workers finish writing the items and sending back the required +information, the main process handles the results in two steps: + +- First, it updates the in-memory index with the `lstat()` information + sent by the workers. (This must be done first as this information + might me required in the following step.) + +- Then it writes the items which collided on disk (i.e. items marked + with `PC_ITEM_COLLIDED`). More on this below. + +Path Collisions +--------------- + +Path collisions happen when two different paths correspond to the same +entry in the file system. E.g. the paths 'a' and 'A' would collide in a +case-insensitive file system. + +The sequential checkout deals with collisions in the same way that it +deals with files that were already present in the working tree before +checkout. Basically, it checks if the path that it wants to write +already exists on disk, makes sure the existing file doesn't have +unsaved data, and then overwrites it. (To be more pedantic: it deletes +the existing file and creates the new one.) So, if there are multiple +colliding files to be checked out, the sequential code will write each +one of them but only the last will actually survive on disk. + +Parallel checkout aims to reproduce the same behavior. However, we +cannot let the workers racily write to the same file on disk. Instead, +the workers detect when the entry that they want to check out would +collide with an existing file, and mark it with `PC_ITEM_COLLIDED`. +Later, the main process can sequentially feed these entries back to +`checkout_entry()` without the risk of race conditions. On clone, this +also has the effect of marking the colliding entries to later emit a +warning for the user, like the classic sequential checkout does. + +The workers are able to detect both collisions among the entries being +concurrently written and collisions between a parallel-eligible entry +and an ineligible entry. The general idea for collision detection is +quite straightforward: for each parallel-eligible entry, the main +process must remove all files that prevent this entry from being written +(before enqueueing it). This includes any non-directory file in the +leading path of the entry. Later, when a worker gets assigned the entry, +it looks again for the non-directories files and for an already existing +file at the entry's path. If any of these checks finds something, the +worker knows that there was a path collision. + +Because parallel checkout can distinguish path collisions from the case +where the file was already present in the working tree before checkout, +we could alternatively choose to skip the checkout of colliding entries. +However, each entry that doesn't get written would have NULL `lstat()` +fields on the index. This could cause performance penalties for +subsequent commands that need to refresh the index, as they would have +to go to the file system to see if the entry is dirty. Thus, if we have +N entries in a colliding group and we decide to write and `lstat()` only +one of them, every subsequent `git-status` will have to read, convert, +and hash the written file N - 1 times. By checking out all colliding +entries (like the sequential code does), we only pay the overhead once, +during checkout. + +Eligible Entries for Parallel Checkout +-------------------------------------- + +As previously mentioned, not all entries passed to `checkout_entry()` +will be considered eligible for parallel checkout. More specifically, we +exclude: + +- Symbolic links; to avoid race conditions that, in combination with + path collisions, could cause workers to write files at the wrong + place. For example, if we were to concurrently check out a symlink + 'a' -> 'b' and a regular file 'A/f' in a case-insensitive file system, + we could potentially end up writing the file 'A/f' at 'a/f', due to a + race condition. + +- Regular files that require external filters (either "one shot" filters + or long-running process filters). These filters are black-boxes to Git + and may have their own internal locking or non-concurrent assumptions. + So it might not be safe to run multiple instances in parallel. ++ +Besides, long-running filters may use the delayed checkout feature to +postpone the return of some filtered blobs. The delayed checkout queue +and the parallel checkout queue are not compatible and should remain +separate. ++ +Note: regular files that only require internal filters, like end-of-line +conversion and re-encoding, are eligible for parallel checkout. + +Ineligible entries are checked out by the classic sequential codepath +*before* spawning workers. + +Note: submodules's files are also eligible for parallel checkout (as +long as they don't fall into any of the excluding categories mentioned +above). But since each submodule is checked out in its own child +process, we don't mix the superproject's and the submodules' files in +the same parallel checkout process or queue. + +The API +------- + +The parallel checkout API was designed with the goal of minimizing +changes to the current users of the checkout machinery. This means that +they don't have to call a different function for sequential or parallel +checkout. As already mentioned, `checkout_entry()` will automatically +insert the given entry in the parallel checkout queue when this feature +is enabled and the entry is eligible; otherwise, it will just write the +entry right away, using the sequential code. In general, callers of the +parallel checkout API should look similar to this: + +---------------------------------------------- +int pc_workers, pc_threshold, err = 0; +struct checkout state; + +get_parallel_checkout_configs(&pc_workers, &pc_threshold); + +/* + * This check is not strictly required, but it + * should save some time in sequential mode. + */ +if (pc_workers > 1) + init_parallel_checkout(); + +for (each cache_entry ce to-be-updated) + err |= checkout_entry(ce, &state, NULL, NULL); + +err |= run_parallel_checkout(&state, pc_workers, pc_threshold, NULL, NULL); +---------------------------------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt index 0780d30..a0dd7c6 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt @@ -242,8 +242,7 @@ remote in a specific order. repository and can satisfy all such requests. - Repack essentially treats promisor and non-promisor packfiles as 2 - distinct partitions and does not mix them. Repack currently only works - on non-promisor packfiles and loose objects. + distinct partitions and does not mix them. - Dynamic object fetching invokes fetch-pack once *for each item* because most algorithms stumble upon a missing object and need to have @@ -273,9 +272,6 @@ to use those promisor remotes in that order." The user might want to work in a triangular work flow with multiple promisor remotes that each have an incomplete view of the repository. -- Allow repack to work on promisor packfiles (while keeping them distinct - from non-promisor packfiles). - - Allow non-pathname-based filters to make use of packfile bitmaps (when present). This was just an omission during the initial implementation. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt index a7c806a..1040d85 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt @@ -346,6 +346,14 @@ explained below. client should download from all given URIs. Currently, the protocols supported are "http" and "https". +If the 'wait-for-done' feature is advertised, the following argument +can be included in the client's request. + + wait-for-done + Indicates to the server that it should never send "ready", but + should wait for the client to say "done" before sending the + packfile. + The response of `fetch` is broken into a number of sections separated by delimiter packets (0001), with each section beginning with its section header. Most sections are sent only when the packfile is sent. @@ -514,3 +522,34 @@ packet-line, and must not contain non-printable or whitespace characters. The current implementation uses trace2 session IDs (see link:api-trace2.html[api-trace2] for details), but this may change and users of the session ID should not rely on this fact. + +object-info +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +`object-info` is the command to retrieve information about one or more objects. +Its main purpose is to allow a client to make decisions based on this +information without having to fully fetch objects. Object size is the only +information that is currently supported. + +An `object-info` request takes the following arguments: + + size + Requests size information to be returned for each listed object id. + + oid <oid> + Indicates to the server an object which the client wants to obtain + information for. + +The response of `object-info` is a list of the requested object ids +and associated requested information, each separated by a single space. + + output = info flush-pkt + + info = PKT-LINE(attrs) LF) + *PKT-LINE(obj-info LF) + + attrs = attr | attrs SP attrs + + attr = "size" + + obj-info = obj-id SP obj-size diff --git a/Documentation/technical/reftable.txt b/Documentation/technical/reftable.txt index 3ef169a..d7c3b64 100644 --- a/Documentation/technical/reftable.txt +++ b/Documentation/technical/reftable.txt @@ -1011,8 +1011,13 @@ reftable stack, reload `tables.list`, and delete any tables no longer mentioned in `tables.list`. Irregular program exit may still leave about unused files. In this case, a -cleanup operation can read `tables.list`, note its modification timestamp, and -delete any unreferenced `*.ref` files that are older. +cleanup operation should proceed as follows: + +* take a lock `tables.list.lock` to prevent concurrent modifications +* refresh the reftable stack, by reading `tables.list` +* for each `*.ref` file, remove it if +** it is not mentioned in `tables.list`, and +** its max update_index is not beyond the max update_index of the stack Alternatives considered diff --git a/Documentation/technical/remembering-renames.txt b/Documentation/technical/remembering-renames.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fd5cc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/remembering-renames.txt @@ -0,0 +1,671 @@ +Rebases and cherry-picks involve a sequence of merges whose results are +recorded as new single-parent commits. The first parent side of those +merges represent the "upstream" side, and often include a far larger set of +changes than the second parent side. Traditionally, the renames on the +first-parent side of that sequence of merges were repeatedly re-detected +for every merge. This file explains why it is safe and effective during +rebases and cherry-picks to remember renames on the upstream side of +history as an optimization, assuming all merges are automatic and clean +(i.e. no conflicts and not interrupted for user input or editing). + +Outline: + + 0. Assumptions + + 1. How rebasing and cherry-picking work + + 2. Why the renames on MERGE_SIDE1 in any given pick are *always* a + superset of the renames on MERGE_SIDE1 for the next pick. + + 3. Why any rename on MERGE_SIDE1 in any given pick is _almost_ always also + a rename on MERGE_SIDE1 for the next pick + + 4. A detailed description of the the counter-examples to #3. + + 5. Why the special cases in #4 are still fully reasonable to use to pair + up files for three-way content merging in the merge machinery, and why + they do not affect the correctness of the merge. + + 6. Interaction with skipping of "irrelevant" renames + + 7. Additional items that need to be cached + + 8. How directory rename detection interacts with the above and why this + optimization is still safe even if merge.directoryRenames is set to + "true". + + +=== 0. Assumptions === + +There are two assumptions that will hold throughout this document: + + * The upstream side where commits are transplanted to is treated as the + first parent side when rebase/cherry-pick call the merge machinery + + * All merges are fully automatic + +and a third that will hold in sections 2-5 for simplicity, that I'll later +address in section 8: + + * No directory renames occur + + +Let me explain more about each assumption and why I include it: + + +The first assumption is merely for the purposes of making this document +clearer; the optimization implementation does not actually depend upon it. +However, the assumption does hold in all cases because it reflects the way +that both rebase and cherry-pick were implemented; and the implementation +of cherry-pick and rebase are not readily changeable for backwards +compatibility reasons (see for example the discussion of the --ours and +--theirs flag in the documentation of `git checkout`, particularly the +comments about how they behave with rebase). The optimization avoids +checking first-parent-ness, though. It checks the conditions that make the +optimization valid instead, so it would still continue working if someone +changed the parent ordering that cherry-pick and rebase use. But making +this assumption does make this document much clearer and prevents me from +having to repeat every example twice. + +If the second assumption is violated, then the optimization simply is +turned off and thus isn't relevant to consider. The second assumption can +also be stated as "there is no interruption for a user to resolve conflicts +or to just further edit or tweak files". While real rebases and +cherry-picks are often interrupted (either because it's an interactive +rebase where the user requested to stop and edit, or because there were +conflicts that the user needs to resolve), the cache of renames is not +stored on disk, and thus is thrown away as soon as the rebase or cherry +pick stops for the user to resolve the operation. + +The third assumption makes sections 2-5 simpler, and allows people to +understand the basics of why this optimization is safe and effective, and +then I can go back and address the specifics in section 8. It is probably +also worth noting that if directory renames do occur, then the default of +merge.directoryRenames being set to "conflict" means that the operation +will stop for users to resolve the conflicts and the cache will be thrown +away, and thus that there won't be an optimization to apply. So, the only +reason we need to address directory renames specifically, is that some +users will have set merge.directoryRenames to "true" to allow the merges to +continue to proceed automatically. The optimization is still safe with +this config setting, but we have to discuss a few more cases to show why; +this discussion is deferred until section 8. + + +=== 1. How rebasing and cherry-picking work === + +Consider the following setup (from the git-rebase manpage): + + A---B---C topic + / + D---E---F---G main + +After rebasing or cherry-picking topic onto main, this will appear as: + + A'--B'--C' topic + / + D---E---F---G main + +The way the commits A', B', and C' are created is through a series of +merges, where rebase or cherry-pick sequentially uses each of the three +A-B-C commits in a special merge operation. Let's label the three commits +in the merge operation as MERGE_BASE, MERGE_SIDE1, and MERGE_SIDE2. For +this picture, the three commits for each of the three merges would be: + +To create A': + MERGE_BASE: E + MERGE_SIDE1: G + MERGE_SIDE2: A + +To create B': + MERGE_BASE: A + MERGE_SIDE1: A' + MERGE_SIDE2: B + +To create C': + MERGE_BASE: B + MERGE_SIDE1: B' + MERGE_SIDE2: C + +Sometimes, folks are surprised that these three-way merges are done. It +can be useful in understanding these three-way merges to view them in a +slightly different light. For example, in creating C', you can view it as +either: + + * Apply the changes between B & C to B' + * Apply the changes between B & B' to C + +Conceptually the two statements above are the same as a three-way merge of +B, B', and C, at least the parts before you decide to record a commit. + + +=== 2. Why the renames on MERGE_SIDE1 in any given pick are always a === +=== superset of the renames on MERGE_SIDE1 for the next pick. === + +The merge machinery uses the filenames it is fed from MERGE_BASE, +MERGE_SIDE1, and MERGE_SIDE2. It will only move content to a different +filename under one of three conditions: + + * To make both pieces of a conflict available to a user during conflict + resolution (examples: directory/file conflict, add/add type conflict + such as symlink vs. regular file) + + * When MERGE_SIDE1 renames the file. + + * When MERGE_SIDE2 renames the file. + +First, let's remember what commits are involved in the first and second +picks of the cherry-pick or rebase sequence: + +To create A': + MERGE_BASE: E + MERGE_SIDE1: G + MERGE_SIDE2: A + +To create B': + MERGE_BASE: A + MERGE_SIDE1: A' + MERGE_SIDE2: B + +So, in particular, we need to show that the renames between E and G are a +superset of those between A and A'. + +A' is created by the first merge. A' will only have renames for one of the +three reasons listed above. The first case, a conflict, results in a +situation where the cache is dropped and thus this optimization doesn't +take effect, so we need not consider that case. The third case, a rename +on MERGE_SIDE2 (i.e. from G to A), will show up in A' but it also shows up +in A -- therefore when diffing A and A' that path does not show up as a +rename. The only remaining way for renames to show up in A' is for the +rename to come from MERGE_SIDE1. Therefore, all renames between A and A' +are a subset of those between E and G. Equivalently, all renames between E +and G are a superset of those between A and A'. + + +=== 3. Why any rename on MERGE_SIDE1 in any given pick is _almost_ === +=== always also a rename on MERGE_SIDE1 for the next pick. === + +Let's again look at the first two picks: + +To create A': + MERGE_BASE: E + MERGE_SIDE1: G + MERGE_SIDE2: A + +To create B': + MERGE_BASE: A + MERGE_SIDE1: A' + MERGE_SIDE2: B + +Now let's look at any given rename from MERGE_SIDE1 of the first pick, i.e. +any given rename from E to G. Let's use the filenames 'oldfile' and +'newfile' for demonstration purposes. That first pick will function as +follows; when the rename is detected, the merge machinery will do a +three-way content merge of the following: + E:oldfile + G:newfile + A:oldfile +and produce a new result: + A':newfile + +Note above that I've assumed that E->A did not rename oldfile. If that +side did rename, then we most likely have a rename/rename(1to2) conflict +that will cause the rebase or cherry-pick operation to halt and drop the +in-memory cache of renames and thus doesn't need to be considered further. +In the special case that E->A does rename the file but also renames it to +newfile, then there is no conflict from the renaming and the merge can +succeed. In this special case, the rename is not valid to cache because +the second merge will find A:newfile in the MERGE_BASE (see also the new +testcases in t6429 with "rename same file identically" in their +description). So a rename/rename(1to1) needs to be specially handled by +pruning renames from the cache and decrementing the dir_rename_counts in +the current and leading directories associated with those renames. Or, +since these are really rare, one could just take the easy way out and +disable the remembering renames optimization when a rename/rename(1to1) +happens. + +The previous paragraph handled the cases for E->A renaming oldfile, let's +continue assuming that oldfile is not renamed in A. + +As per the diagram for creating B', MERGE_SIDE1 involves the changes from A +to A'. So, we are curious whether A:oldfile and A':newfile will be viewed +as renames. Note that: + + * There will be no A':oldfile (because there could not have been a + G:oldfile as we do not do break detection in the merge machinery and + G:newfile was detected as a rename, and by the construction of the + rename above that merged cleanly, the merge machinery will ensure there + is no 'oldfile' in the result). + + * There will be no A:newfile (if there had been, we would have had a + rename/add conflict). + + * Clearly A:oldfile and A':newfile are "related" (A':newfile came from a + clean three-way content merge involving A:oldfile). + +We can also expound on the third point above, by noting that three-way +content merges can also be viewed as applying the differences between the +base and one side to the other side. Thus we can view A':newfile as +having been created by taking the changes between E:oldfile and G:newfile +(which were detected as being related, i.e. <50% changed) to A:oldfile. + +Thus A:oldfile and A':newfile are just as related as E:oldfile and +G:newfile are -- they have exactly identical differences. Since the latter +were detected as renames, A:oldfile and A':newfile should also be +detectable as renames almost always. + + +=== 4. A detailed description of the counter-examples to #3. === + +We already noted in section 3 that rename/rename(1to1) (i.e. both sides +renaming a file the same way) was one counter-example. The more +interesting bit, though, is why did we need to use the "almost" qualifier +when stating that A:oldfile and A':newfile are "almost" always detectable +as renames? + +Let's repeat an earlier point that section 3 made: + + A':newfile was created by applying the changes between E:oldfile and + G:newfile to A:oldfile. The changes between E:oldfile and G:newfile were + <50% of the size of E:oldfile. + +If those changes that were <50% of the size of E:oldfile are also <50% of +the size of A:oldfile, then A:oldfile and A':newfile will be detectable as +renames. However, if there is a dramatic size reduction between E:oldfile +and A:oldfile (but the changes between E:oldfile, G:newfile, and A:oldfile +still somehow merge cleanly), then traditional rename detection would not +detect A:oldfile and A':newfile as renames. + +Here's an example where that can happen: + * E:oldfile had 20 lines + * G:newfile added 10 new lines at the beginning of the file + * A:oldfile kept the first 3 lines of the file, and deleted all the rest +then + => A':newfile would have 13 lines, 3 of which matches those in A:oldfile. +E:oldfile -> G:newfile would be detected as a rename, but A:oldfile and +A':newfile would not be. + + +=== 5. Why the special cases in #4 are still fully reasonable to use to === +=== pair up files for three-way content merging in the merge machinery, === +=== and why they do not affect the correctness of the merge. === + +In the rename/rename(1to1) case, A:newfile and A':newfile are not renames +since they use the *same* filename. However, files with the same filename +are obviously fine to pair up for three-way content merging (the merge +machinery has never employed break detection). The interesting +counter-example case is thus not the rename/rename(1to1) case, but the case +where A did not rename oldfile. That was the case that we spent most of +the time discussing in sections 3 and 4. The remainder of this section +will be devoted to that case as well. + +So, even if A:oldfile and A':newfile aren't detectable as renames, why is +it still reasonable to pair them up for three-way content merging in the +merge machinery? There are multiple reasons: + + * As noted in sections 3 and 4, the diff between A:oldfile and A':newfile + is *exactly* the same as the diff between E:oldfile and G:newfile. The + latter pair were detected as renames, so it seems unlikely to surprise + users for us to treat A:oldfile and A':newfile as renames. + + * In fact, "oldfile" and "newfile" were at one point detected as renames + due to how they were constructed in the E..G chain. And we used that + information once already in this rebase/cherry-pick. I think users + would be unlikely to be surprised at us continuing to treat the files + as renames and would quickly understand why we had done so. + + * Marking or declaring files as renames is *not* the end goal for merges. + Merges use renames to determine which files make sense to be paired up + for three-way content merges. + + * A:oldfile and A':newfile were _already_ paired up in a three-way + content merge; that is how A':newfile was created. In fact, that + three-way content merge was clean. So using them again in a later + three-way content merge seems very reasonable. + +However, the above is focusing on the common scenarios. Let's try to look +at all possible unusual scenarios and compare without the optimization to +with the optimization. Consider the following theoretical cases; we will +then dive into each to determine which of them are possible, +and if so, what they mean: + + 1. Without the optimization, the second merge results in a conflict. + With the optimization, the second merge also results in a conflict. + Questions: Are the conflicts confusingly different? Better in one case? + + 2. Without the optimization, the second merge results in NO conflict. + With the optimization, the second merge also results in NO conflict. + Questions: Are the merges the same? + + 3. Without the optimization, the second merge results in a conflict. + With the optimization, the second merge results in NO conflict. + Questions: Possible? Bug, bugfix, or something else? + + 4. Without the optimization, the second merge results in NO conflict. + With the optimization, the second merge results in a conflict. + Questions: Possible? Bug, bugfix, or something else? + +I'll consider all four cases, but out of order. + +The fourth case is impossible. For the code without the remembering +renames optimization to not get a conflict, B:oldfile would need to exactly +match A:oldfile -- if it doesn't, there would be a modify/delete conflict. +If A:oldfile matches B:oldfile exactly, then a three-way content merge +between A:oldfile, A':newfile, and B:oldfile would have no conflict and +just give us the version of newfile from A' as the result. + +From the same logic as the above paragraph, the second case would indeed +result in identical merges. When A:oldfile exactly matches B:oldfile, an +undetected rename would say, "Oh, I see one side didn't modify 'oldfile' +and the other side deleted it. I'll delete it. And I see you have this +brand new file named 'newfile' in A', so I'll keep it." That gives the +same results as three-way content merging A:oldfile, A':newfile, and +B:oldfile -- a removal of oldfile with the version of newfile from A' +showing up in the result. + +The third case is interesting. It means that A:oldfile and A':newfile were +not just similar enough, but that the changes between them did not conflict +with the changes between A:oldfile and B:oldfile. This would validate our +hunch that the files were similar enough to be used in a three-way content +merge, and thus seems entirely correct for us to have used them that way. +(Sidenote: One particular example here may be enlightening. Let's say that +B was an immediate revert of A. B clearly would have been a clean revert +of A, since A was B's immediate parent. One would assume that if you can +pick a commit, you should also be able to cherry-pick its immediate revert. +However, this is one of those funny corner cases; without this +optimization, we just successfully picked a commit cleanly, but we are +unable to cherry-pick its immediate revert due to the size differences +between E:oldfile and A:oldfile.) + +That leaves only the first case to consider -- when we get conflicts both +with or without the optimization. Without the optimization, we'll have a +modify/delete conflict, where both A':newfile and B:oldfile are left in the +tree for the user to deal with and no hints about the potential similarity +between the two. With the optimization, we'll have a three-way content +merged A:oldfile, A':newfile, and B:oldfile with conflict markers +suggesting we thought the files were related but giving the user the chance +to resolve. As noted above, I don't think users will find us treating +'oldfile' and 'newfile' as related as a surprise since they were between E +and G. In any event, though, this case shouldn't be concerning since we +hit a conflict in both cases, told the user what we know, and asked them to +resolve it. + +So, in summary, case 4 is impossible, case 2 yields the same behavior, and +cases 1 and 3 seem to provide as good or better behavior with the +optimization than without. + + +=== 6. Interaction with skipping of "irrelevant" renames === + +Previous optimizations involved skipping rename detection for paths +considered to be "irrelevant". See for example the following commits: + + * 32a56dfb99 ("merge-ort: precompute subset of sources for which we + need rename detection", 2021-03-11) + * 2fd9eda462 ("merge-ort: precompute whether directory rename + detection is needed", 2021-03-11) + * 9bd342137e ("diffcore-rename: determine which relevant_sources are + no longer relevant", 2021-03-13) + +Relevance is always determined by what the _other_ side of history has +done, in terms of modifing a file that our side renamed, or adding a +file to a directory which our side renamed. This means that a path +that is "irrelevant" when picking the first commit of a series in a +rebase or cherry-pick, may suddenly become "relevant" when picking the +next commit. + +The upshot of this is that we can only cache rename detection results +for relevant paths, and need to re-check relevance in subsequent +commits. If those subsequent commits have additional paths that are +relevant for rename detection, then we will need to redo rename +detection -- though we can limit it to the paths for which we have not +already detected renames. + + +=== 7. Additional items that need to be cached === + +It turns out we have to cache more than just renames; we also cache: + + A) non-renames (i.e. unpaired deletes) + B) counts of renames within directories + C) sources that were marked as RELEVANT_LOCATION, but which were + downgraded to RELEVANT_NO_MORE + D) the toplevel trees involved in the merge + +These are all stored in struct rename_info, and respectively appear in + * cached_pairs (along side actual renames, just with a value of NULL) + * dir_rename_counts + * cached_irrelevant + * merge_trees + +The reason for (A) comes from the irrelevant renames skipping +optimization discussed in section 6. The fact that irrelevant renames +are skipped means we only get a subset of the potential renames +detected and subsequent commits may need to run rename detection on +the upstream side on a subset of the remaining renames (to get the +renames that are relevant for that later commit). Since unpaired +deletes are involved in rename detection too, we don't want to +repeatedly check that those paths remain unpaired on the upstream side +with every commit we are transplanting. + +The reason for (B) is that diffcore_rename_extended() is what +generates the counts of renames by directory which is needed in +directory rename detection, and if we don't run +diffcore_rename_extended() again then we need to have the output from +it, including dir_rename_counts, from the previous run. + +The reason for (C) is that merge-ort's tree traversal will again think +those paths are relevant (marking them as RELEVANT_LOCATION), but the +fact that they were downgraded to RELEVANT_NO_MORE means that +dir_rename_counts already has the information we need for directory +rename detection. (A path which becomes RELEVANT_CONTENT in a +subsequent commit will be removed from cached_irrelevant.) + +The reason for (D) is that is how we determine whether the remember +renames optimization can be used. In particular, remembering that our +sequence of merges looks like: + + Merge 1: + MERGE_BASE: E + MERGE_SIDE1: G + MERGE_SIDE2: A + => Creates A' + + Merge 2: + MERGE_BASE: A + MERGE_SIDE1: A' + MERGE_SIDE2: B + => Creates B' + +It is the fact that the trees A and A' appear both in Merge 1 and in +Merge 2, with A as a parent of A' that allows this optimization. So +we store the trees to compare with what we are asked to merge next +time. + + +=== 8. How directory rename detection interacts with the above and === +=== why this optimization is still safe even if === +=== merge.directoryRenames is set to "true". === + +As noted in the assumptions section: + + """ + ...if directory renames do occur, then the default of + merge.directoryRenames being set to "conflict" means that the operation + will stop for users to resolve the conflicts and the cache will be + thrown away, and thus that there won't be an optimization to apply. + So, the only reason we need to address directory renames specifically, + is that some users will have set merge.directoryRenames to "true" to + allow the merges to continue to proceed automatically. + """ + +Let's remember that we need to look at how any given pick affects the next +one. So let's again use the first two picks from the diagram in section +one: + + First pick does this three-way merge: + MERGE_BASE: E + MERGE_SIDE1: G + MERGE_SIDE2: A + => creates A' + + Second pick does this three-way merge: + MERGE_BASE: A + MERGE_SIDE1: A' + MERGE_SIDE2: B + => creates B' + +Now, directory rename detection exists so that if one side of history +renames a directory, and the other side adds a new file to the old +directory, then the merge (with merge.directoryRenames=true) can move the +file into the new directory. There are two qualitatively different ways to +add a new file to an old directory: create a new file, or rename a file +into that directory. Also, directory renames can be done on either side of +history, so there are four cases to consider: + + * MERGE_SIDE1 renames old dir, MERGE_SIDE2 adds new file to old dir + * MERGE_SIDE1 renames old dir, MERGE_SIDE2 renames file into old dir + * MERGE_SIDE1 adds new file to old dir, MERGE_SIDE2 renames old dir + * MERGE_SIDE1 renames file into old dir, MERGE_SIDE2 renames old dir + +One last note before we consider these four cases: There are some +important properties about how we implement this optimization with +respect to directory rename detection that we need to bear in mind +while considering all of these cases: + + * rename caching occurs *after* applying directory renames + + * a rename created by directory rename detection is recorded for the side + of history that did the directory rename. + + * dir_rename_counts, the nested map of + {oldname => {newname => count}}, + is cached between runs as well. This basically means that directory + rename detection is also cached, though only on the side of history + that we cache renames for (MERGE_SIDE1 as far as this document is + concerned; see the assumptions section). Two interesting sub-notes + about these counts: + + * If we need to perform rename-detection again on the given side (e.g. + some paths are relevant for rename detection that weren't before), + then we clear dir_rename_counts and recompute it, making use of + cached_pairs. The reason it is important to do this is optimizations + around RELEVANT_LOCATION exist to prevent us from computing + unnecessary renames for directory rename detection and from computing + dir_rename_counts for irrelevant directories; but those same renames + or directories may become necessary for subsequent merges. The + easiest way to "fix up" dir_rename_counts in such cases is to just + recompute it. + + * If we prune rename/rename(1to1) entries from the cache, then we also + need to update dir_rename_counts to decrement the counts for the + involved directory and any relevant parent directories (to undo what + update_dir_rename_counts() in diffcore-rename.c incremented when the + rename was initially found). If we instead just disable the + remembering renames optimization when the exceedingly rare + rename/rename(1to1) cases occur, then dir_rename_counts will get + re-computed the next time rename detection occurs, as noted above. + + * the side with multiple commits to pick, is the side of history that we + do NOT cache renames for. Thus, there are no additional commits to + change the number of renames in a directory, except for those done by + directory rename detection (which always pad the majority). + + * the "renames" we cache are modified slightly by any directory rename, + as noted below. + +Now, with those notes out of the way, let's go through the four cases +in order: + +Case 1: MERGE_SIDE1 renames old dir, MERGE_SIDE2 adds new file to old dir + + This case looks like this: + + MERGE_BASE: E, Has olddir/ + MERGE_SIDE1: G, Renames olddir/ -> newdir/ + MERGE_SIDE2: A, Adds olddir/newfile + => creates A', With newdir/newfile + + MERGE_BASE: A, Has olddir/newfile + MERGE_SIDE1: A', Has newdir/newfile + MERGE_SIDE2: B, Modifies olddir/newfile + => expected B', with threeway-merged newdir/newfile from above + + In this case, with the optimization, note that after the first commit: + * MERGE_SIDE1 remembers olddir/ -> newdir/ + * MERGE_SIDE1 has cached olddir/newfile -> newdir/newfile + Given the cached rename noted above, the second merge can proceed as + expected without needing to perform rename detection from A -> A'. + +Case 2: MERGE_SIDE1 renames old dir, MERGE_SIDE2 renames file into old dir + + This case looks like this: + MERGE_BASE: E oldfile, olddir/ + MERGE_SIDE1: G oldfile, olddir/ -> newdir/ + MERGE_SIDE2: A oldfile -> olddir/newfile + => creates A', With newdir/newfile representing original oldfile + + MERGE_BASE: A olddir/newfile + MERGE_SIDE1: A' newdir/newfile + MERGE_SIDE2: B modify olddir/newfile + => expected B', with threeway-merged newdir/newfile from above + + In this case, with the optimization, note that after the first commit: + * MERGE_SIDE1 remembers olddir/ -> newdir/ + * MERGE_SIDE1 has cached olddir/newfile -> newdir/newfile + (NOT oldfile -> newdir/newfile; compare to case with + (p->status == 'R' && new_path) in possibly_cache_new_pair()) + + Given the cached rename noted above, the second merge can proceed as + expected without needing to perform rename detection from A -> A'. + +Case 3: MERGE_SIDE1 adds new file to old dir, MERGE_SIDE2 renames old dir + + This case looks like this: + + MERGE_BASE: E, Has olddir/ + MERGE_SIDE1: G, Adds olddir/newfile + MERGE_SIDE2: A, Renames olddir/ -> newdir/ + => creates A', With newdir/newfile + + MERGE_BASE: A, Has newdir/, but no notion of newdir/newfile + MERGE_SIDE1: A', Has newdir/newfile + MERGE_SIDE2: B, Has newdir/, but no notion of newdir/newfile + => expected B', with newdir/newfile from A' + + In this case, with the optimization, note that after the first commit there + were no renames on MERGE_SIDE1, and any renames on MERGE_SIDE2 are tossed. + But the second merge didn't need any renames so this is fine. + +Case 4: MERGE_SIDE1 renames file into old dir, MERGE_SIDE2 renames old dir + + This case looks like this: + + MERGE_BASE: E, Has olddir/ + MERGE_SIDE1: G, Renames oldfile -> olddir/newfile + MERGE_SIDE2: A, Renames olddir/ -> newdir/ + => creates A', With newdir/newfile representing original oldfile + + MERGE_BASE: A, Has oldfile + MERGE_SIDE1: A', Has newdir/newfile + MERGE_SIDE2: B, Modifies oldfile + => expected B', with threeway-merged newdir/newfile from above + + In this case, with the optimization, note that after the first commit: + * MERGE_SIDE1 remembers oldfile -> newdir/newfile + (NOT oldfile -> olddir/newfile; compare to case of second + block under p->status == 'R' in possibly_cache_new_pair()) + * MERGE_SIDE2 renames are tossed because only MERGE_SIDE1 is remembered + + Given the cached rename noted above, the second merge can proceed as + expected without needing to perform rename detection from A -> A'. + +Finally, I'll just note here that interactions with the +skip-irrelevant-renames optimization means we sometimes don't detect +renames for any files within a directory that was renamed, in which +case we will not have been able to detect any rename for the directory +itself. In such a case, we do not know whether the directory was +renamed; we want to be careful to avoid cacheing some kind of "this +directory was not renamed" statement. If we did, then a subsequent +commit being rebased could add a file to the old directory, and the +user would expect it to end up in the correct directory -- something +our erroneous "this directory was not renamed" cache would preclude. diff --git a/Documentation/technical/sparse-index.txt b/Documentation/technical/sparse-index.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b24c1a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/technical/sparse-index.txt @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +Git Sparse-Index Design Document +================================ + +The sparse-checkout feature allows users to focus a working directory on +a subset of the files at HEAD. The cone mode patterns, enabled by +`core.sparseCheckoutCone`, allow for very fast pattern matching to +discover which files at HEAD belong in the sparse-checkout cone. + +Three important scale dimensions for a Git working directory are: + +* `HEAD`: How many files are present at `HEAD`? + +* Populated: How many files are within the sparse-checkout cone. + +* Modified: How many files has the user modified in the working directory? + +We will use big-O notation -- O(X) -- to denote how expensive certain +operations are in terms of these dimensions. + +These dimensions are ordered by their magnitude: users (typically) modify +fewer files than are populated, and we can only populate files at `HEAD`. + +Problems occur if there is an extreme imbalance in these dimensions. For +example, if `HEAD` contains millions of paths but the populated set has +only tens of thousands, then commands like `git status` and `git add` can +be dominated by operations that require O(`HEAD`) operations instead of +O(Populated). Primarily, the cost is in parsing and rewriting the index, +which is filled primarily with files at `HEAD` that are marked with the +`SKIP_WORKTREE` bit. + +The sparse-index intends to take these commands that read and modify the +index from O(`HEAD`) to O(Populated). To do this, we need to modify the +index format in a significant way: add "sparse directory" entries. + +With cone mode patterns, it is possible to detect when an entire +directory will have its contents outside of the sparse-checkout definition. +Instead of listing all of the files it contains as individual entries, a +sparse-index contains an entry with the directory name, referencing the +object ID of the tree at `HEAD` and marked with the `SKIP_WORKTREE` bit. +If we need to discover the details for paths within that directory, we +can parse trees to find that list. + +At time of writing, sparse-directory entries violate expectations about the +index format and its in-memory data structure. There are many consumers in +the codebase that expect to iterate through all of the index entries and +see only files. In fact, these loops expect to see a reference to every +staged file. One way to handle this is to parse trees to replace a +sparse-directory entry with all of the files within that tree as the index +is loaded. However, parsing trees is slower than parsing the index format, +so that is a slower operation than if we left the index alone. The plan is +to make all of these integrations "sparse aware" so this expansion through +tree parsing is unnecessary and they use fewer resources than when using a +full index. + +The implementation plan below follows four phases to slowly integrate with +the sparse-index. The intention is to incrementally update Git commands to +interact safely with the sparse-index without significant slowdowns. This +may not always be possible, but the hope is that the primary commands that +users need in their daily work are dramatically improved. + +Phase I: Format and initial speedups +------------------------------------ + +During this phase, Git learns to enable the sparse-index and safely parse +one. Protections are put in place so that every consumer of the in-memory +data structure can operate with its current assumption of every file at +`HEAD`. + +At first, every index parse will call a helper method, +`ensure_full_index()`, which scans the index for sparse-directory entries +(pointing to trees) and replaces them with the full list of paths (with +blob contents) by parsing tree objects. This will be slower in all cases. +The only noticeable change in behavior will be that the serialized index +file contains sparse-directory entries. + +To start, we use a new required index extension, `sdir`, to allow +inserting sparse-directory entries into indexes with file format +versions 2, 3, and 4. This prevents Git versions that do not understand +the sparse-index from operating on one, while allowing tools that do not +understand the sparse-index to operate on repositories as long as they do +not interact with the index. A new format, index v5, will be introduced +that includes sparse-directory entries by default. It might also +introduce other features that have been considered for improving the +index, as well. + +Next, consumers of the index will be guarded against operating on a +sparse-index by inserting calls to `ensure_full_index()` or +`expand_index_to_path()`. If a specific path is requested, then those will +be protected from within the `index_file_exists()` and `index_name_pos()` +API calls: they will call `ensure_full_index()` if necessary. The +intention here is to preserve existing behavior when interacting with a +sparse-checkout. We don't want a change to happen by accident, without +tests. Many of these locations may not need any change before removing the +guards, but we should not do so without tests to ensure the expected +behavior happens. + +It may be desirable to _change_ the behavior of some commands in the +presence of a sparse index or more generally in any sparse-checkout +scenario. In such cases, these should be carefully communicated and +tested. No such behavior changes are intended during this phase. + +During a scan of the codebase, not every iteration of the cache entries +needs an `ensure_full_index()` check. The basic reasons include: + +1. The loop is scanning for entries with non-zero stage. These entries + are not collapsed into a sparse-directory entry. + +2. The loop is scanning for submodules. These entries are not collapsed + into a sparse-directory entry. + +3. The loop is part of the index API, especially around reading or + writing the format. + +4. The loop is checking for correct order of cache entries and that is + correct if and only if the sparse-directory entries are in the correct + location. + +5. The loop ignores entries with the `SKIP_WORKTREE` bit set, or is + otherwise already aware of sparse directory entries. + +6. The sparse-index is disabled at this point when using the split-index + feature, so no effort is made to protect the split-index API. + +Even after inserting these guards, we will keep expanding sparse-indexes +for most Git commands using the `command_requires_full_index` repository +setting. This setting will be on by default and disabled one builtin at a +time until we have sufficient confidence that all of the index operations +are properly guarded. + +To complete this phase, the commands `git status` and `git add` will be +integrated with the sparse-index so that they operate with O(Populated) +performance. They will be carefully tested for operations within and +outside the sparse-checkout definition. + +Phase II: Careful integrations +------------------------------ + +This phase focuses on ensuring that all index extensions and APIs work +well with a sparse-index. This requires significant increases to our test +coverage, especially for operations that interact with the working +directory outside of the sparse-checkout definition. Some of these +behaviors may not be the desirable ones, such as some tests already +marked for failure in `t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh`. + +The index extensions that may require special integrations are: + +* FS Monitor +* Untracked cache + +While integrating with these features, we should look for patterns that +might lead to better APIs for interacting with the index. Coalescing +common usage patterns into an API call can reduce the number of places +where sparse-directories need to be handled carefully. + +Phase III: Important command speedups +------------------------------------- + +At this point, the patterns for testing and implementing sparse-directory +logic should be relatively stable. This phase focuses on updating some of +the most common builtins that use the index to operate as O(Populated). +Here is a potential list of commands that could be valuable to integrate +at this point: + +* `git commit` +* `git checkout` +* `git merge` +* `git rebase` + +Hopefully, commands such as `git merge` and `git rebase` can benefit +instead from merge algorithms that do not use the index as a data +structure, such as the merge-ORT strategy. As these topics mature, we +may enable the ORT strategy by default for repositories using the +sparse-index feature. + +Along with `git status` and `git add`, these commands cover the majority +of users' interactions with the working directory. In addition, we can +integrate with these commands: + +* `git grep` +* `git rm` + +These have been proposed as some whose behavior could change when in a +repo with a sparse-checkout definition. It would be good to include this +behavior automatically when using a sparse-index. Some clarity is needed +to make the behavior switch clear to the user. + +This phase is the first where parallel work might be possible without too +much conflicts between topics. + +Phase IV: The long tail +----------------------- + +This last phase is less a "phase" and more "the new normal" after all of +the previous work. + +To start, the `command_requires_full_index` option could be removed in +favor of expanding only when hitting an API guard. + +There are many Git commands that could use special attention to operate as +O(Populated), while some might be so rare that it is acceptable to leave +them with additional overhead when a sparse-index is present. + +Here are some commands that might be useful to update: + +* `git sparse-checkout set` +* `git am` +* `git clean` +* `git stash` diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index 2983e3b..9624059 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -1,5 +1,8 @@ = Git User Manual +[preface] +== Introduction + Git is a fast distributed revision control system. This manual is designed to be readable by someone with basic UNIX |