diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/user-manual.txt | 295 |
1 files changed, 147 insertions, 148 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt index 4fb2f30..4a0fa7e 100644 --- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt +++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt @@ -2948,6 +2948,153 @@ objects. (Note that gitlink:git-tag[1] can also be used to create "lightweight tags", which are not tag objects at all, but just simple references in .git/refs/tags/). +[[pack-files]] +How git stores objects efficiently: pack files +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +We've seen how git stores each object in a file named after the +object's SHA1 hash. + +Unfortunately this system becomes inefficient once a project has a +lot of objects. Try this on an old project: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git count-objects +6930 objects, 47620 kilobytes +------------------------------------------------ + +The first number is the number of objects which are kept in +individual files. The second is the amount of space taken up by +those "loose" objects. + +You can save space and make git faster by moving these loose objects in +to a "pack file", which stores a group of objects in an efficient +compressed format; the details of how pack files are formatted can be +found in link:technical/pack-format.txt[technical/pack-format.txt]. + +To put the loose objects into a pack, just run git repack: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git repack +Generating pack... +Done counting 6020 objects. +Deltifying 6020 objects. + 100% (6020/6020) done +Writing 6020 objects. + 100% (6020/6020) done +Total 6020, written 6020 (delta 4070), reused 0 (delta 0) +Pack pack-3e54ad29d5b2e05838c75df582c65257b8d08e1c created. +------------------------------------------------ + +You can then run + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git prune +------------------------------------------------ + +to remove any of the "loose" objects that are now contained in the +pack. This will also remove any unreferenced objects (which may be +created when, for example, you use "git reset" to remove a commit). +You can verify that the loose objects are gone by looking at the +.git/objects directory or by running + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git count-objects +0 objects, 0 kilobytes +------------------------------------------------ + +Although the object files are gone, any commands that refer to those +objects will work exactly as they did before. + +The gitlink:git-gc[1] command performs packing, pruning, and more for +you, so is normally the only high-level command you need. + +[[dangling-objects]] +Dangling objects +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The gitlink:git-fsck[1] command will sometimes complain about dangling +objects. They are not a problem. + +The most common cause of dangling objects is that you've rebased a +branch, or you have pulled from somebody else who rebased a branch--see +<<cleaning-up-history>>. In that case, the old head of the original +branch still exists, as does everything it pointed to. The branch +pointer itself just doesn't, since you replaced it with another one. + +There are also other situations that cause dangling objects. For +example, a "dangling blob" may arise because you did a "git add" of a +file, but then, before you actually committed it and made it part of the +bigger picture, you changed something else in that file and committed +that *updated* thing - the old state that you added originally ends up +not being pointed to by any commit or tree, so it's now a dangling blob +object. + +Similarly, when the "recursive" merge strategy runs, and finds that +there are criss-cross merges and thus more than one merge base (which is +fairly unusual, but it does happen), it will generate one temporary +midway tree (or possibly even more, if you had lots of criss-crossing +merges and more than two merge bases) as a temporary internal merge +base, and again, those are real objects, but the end result will not end +up pointing to them, so they end up "dangling" in your repository. + +Generally, dangling objects aren't anything to worry about. They can +even be very useful: if you screw something up, the dangling objects can +be how you recover your old tree (say, you did a rebase, and realized +that you really didn't want to - you can look at what dangling objects +you have, and decide to reset your head to some old dangling state). + +For commits, you can just use: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ gitk <dangling-commit-sha-goes-here> --not --all +------------------------------------------------ + +This asks for all the history reachable from the given commit but not +from any branch, tag, or other reference. If you decide it's something +you want, you can always create a new reference to it, e.g., + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git branch recovered-branch <dangling-commit-sha-goes-here> +------------------------------------------------ + +For blobs and trees, you can't do the same, but you can still examine +them. You can just do + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git show <dangling-blob/tree-sha-goes-here> +------------------------------------------------ + +to show what the contents of the blob were (or, for a tree, basically +what the "ls" for that directory was), and that may give you some idea +of what the operation was that left that dangling object. + +Usually, dangling blobs and trees aren't very interesting. They're +almost always the result of either being a half-way mergebase (the blob +will often even have the conflict markers from a merge in it, if you +have had conflicting merges that you fixed up by hand), or simply +because you interrupted a "git fetch" with ^C or something like that, +leaving _some_ of the new objects in the object database, but just +dangling and useless. + +Anyway, once you are sure that you're not interested in any dangling +state, you can just prune all unreachable objects: + +------------------------------------------------ +$ git prune +------------------------------------------------ + +and they'll be gone. But you should only run "git prune" on a quiescent +repository - it's kind of like doing a filesystem fsck recovery: you +don't want to do that while the filesystem is mounted. + +(The same is true of "git-fsck" itself, btw - but since +git-fsck never actually *changes* the repository, it just reports +on what it found, git-fsck itself is never "dangerous" to run. +Running it while somebody is actually changing the repository can cause +confusing and scary messages, but it won't actually do anything bad. In +contrast, running "git prune" while somebody is actively changing the +repository is a *BAD* idea). [[the-index]] The index @@ -3385,154 +3532,6 @@ $ git-merge-index git-merge-one-file hello.c and that is what higher level `git merge -s resolve` is implemented with. -[[pack-files]] -How git stores objects efficiently: pack files ----------------------------------------------- - -We've seen how git stores each object in a file named after the -object's SHA1 hash. - -Unfortunately this system becomes inefficient once a project has a -lot of objects. Try this on an old project: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git count-objects -6930 objects, 47620 kilobytes ------------------------------------------------- - -The first number is the number of objects which are kept in -individual files. The second is the amount of space taken up by -those "loose" objects. - -You can save space and make git faster by moving these loose objects in -to a "pack file", which stores a group of objects in an efficient -compressed format; the details of how pack files are formatted can be -found in link:technical/pack-format.txt[technical/pack-format.txt]. - -To put the loose objects into a pack, just run git repack: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git repack -Generating pack... -Done counting 6020 objects. -Deltifying 6020 objects. - 100% (6020/6020) done -Writing 6020 objects. - 100% (6020/6020) done -Total 6020, written 6020 (delta 4070), reused 0 (delta 0) -Pack pack-3e54ad29d5b2e05838c75df582c65257b8d08e1c created. ------------------------------------------------- - -You can then run - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git prune ------------------------------------------------- - -to remove any of the "loose" objects that are now contained in the -pack. This will also remove any unreferenced objects (which may be -created when, for example, you use "git reset" to remove a commit). -You can verify that the loose objects are gone by looking at the -.git/objects directory or by running - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git count-objects -0 objects, 0 kilobytes ------------------------------------------------- - -Although the object files are gone, any commands that refer to those -objects will work exactly as they did before. - -The gitlink:git-gc[1] command performs packing, pruning, and more for -you, so is normally the only high-level command you need. - -[[dangling-objects]] -Dangling objects ----------------- - -The gitlink:git-fsck[1] command will sometimes complain about dangling -objects. They are not a problem. - -The most common cause of dangling objects is that you've rebased a -branch, or you have pulled from somebody else who rebased a branch--see -<<cleaning-up-history>>. In that case, the old head of the original -branch still exists, as does everything it pointed to. The branch -pointer itself just doesn't, since you replaced it with another one. - -There are also other situations that cause dangling objects. For -example, a "dangling blob" may arise because you did a "git add" of a -file, but then, before you actually committed it and made it part of the -bigger picture, you changed something else in that file and committed -that *updated* thing - the old state that you added originally ends up -not being pointed to by any commit or tree, so it's now a dangling blob -object. - -Similarly, when the "recursive" merge strategy runs, and finds that -there are criss-cross merges and thus more than one merge base (which is -fairly unusual, but it does happen), it will generate one temporary -midway tree (or possibly even more, if you had lots of criss-crossing -merges and more than two merge bases) as a temporary internal merge -base, and again, those are real objects, but the end result will not end -up pointing to them, so they end up "dangling" in your repository. - -Generally, dangling objects aren't anything to worry about. They can -even be very useful: if you screw something up, the dangling objects can -be how you recover your old tree (say, you did a rebase, and realized -that you really didn't want to - you can look at what dangling objects -you have, and decide to reset your head to some old dangling state). - -For commits, you can just use: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ gitk <dangling-commit-sha-goes-here> --not --all ------------------------------------------------- - -This asks for all the history reachable from the given commit but not -from any branch, tag, or other reference. If you decide it's something -you want, you can always create a new reference to it, e.g., - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git branch recovered-branch <dangling-commit-sha-goes-here> ------------------------------------------------- - -For blobs and trees, you can't do the same, but you can still examine -them. You can just do - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git show <dangling-blob/tree-sha-goes-here> ------------------------------------------------- - -to show what the contents of the blob were (or, for a tree, basically -what the "ls" for that directory was), and that may give you some idea -of what the operation was that left that dangling object. - -Usually, dangling blobs and trees aren't very interesting. They're -almost always the result of either being a half-way mergebase (the blob -will often even have the conflict markers from a merge in it, if you -have had conflicting merges that you fixed up by hand), or simply -because you interrupted a "git fetch" with ^C or something like that, -leaving _some_ of the new objects in the object database, but just -dangling and useless. - -Anyway, once you are sure that you're not interested in any dangling -state, you can just prune all unreachable objects: - ------------------------------------------------- -$ git prune ------------------------------------------------- - -and they'll be gone. But you should only run "git prune" on a quiescent -repository - it's kind of like doing a filesystem fsck recovery: you -don't want to do that while the filesystem is mounted. - -(The same is true of "git-fsck" itself, btw - but since -git-fsck never actually *changes* the repository, it just reports -on what it found, git-fsck itself is never "dangerous" to run. -Running it while somebody is actually changing the repository can cause -confusing and scary messages, but it won't actually do anything bad. In -contrast, running "git prune" while somebody is actively changing the -repository is a *BAD* idea). - [[hacking-git]] Hacking git =========== |